TY - JOUR A1 - Boon-Brett, L. A1 - Bousek, J. A1 - Black, G. A1 - Moretto, P. A1 - Castello, P. A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Banach, Ulrich T1 - Identifiying performance gaps in hydrogen safety sensor technology for automotive and stationary applications N2 - A market survey has been performed of commercially available hydrogen safety sensors, resulting in a total sample size of 53 sensors from 21 manufacturers. The technical specifications, as provided by the manufacturer, have been collated and are displayed herein as a function of sensor working principle. These specifications comprise measuring range, response and recovery times, ambient temperature, pressure and relative humidity, power consumption and lifetime. These are then compared against known performance targets for both automotive and stationary applications in order to establish in how far current technology satisfies current requirements of sensor end users. Gaps in the performance of hydrogen sensing technologies are thus identified and areas recommended for future research and development. KW - Hydrogen sensor KW - Hydrogen detection KW - Safety KW - Sensor performance testing KW - Performance specifications KW - Performance targets PY - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.10.064 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 35 IS - 1 SP - 373 EP - 384 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-22893 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Boon-Brett, L. A1 - Black, G. A1 - Banach, Ulrich T1 - Hydrogen sensors - A review N2 - Hydrogen sensors are of increasing importance in connection with the development and expanded use of hydrogen gas as an energy carrier and as a chemical reactant. There are an immense number of sensors reported in the literature for hydrogen detection and in this work these sensors are classified into eight different operating principles. Characteristic performance parameters of these sensor types, such as measuring range, sensitivity, selectivity and response time are reviewed and the latest technology developments are reported. Testing and validation of sensor performance are described in relation to standardisation and use in potentially explosive atmospheres so as to identify the requirements on hydrogen sensors for practical applications. KW - Hydrogen sensors KW - Hydrogen detection KW - Detection technologies KW - Technology developments PY - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2011.04.070 SN - 0925-4005 SN - 1873-3077 VL - 157 IS - 2 SP - 329 EP - 352 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-24037 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Boon-Brett, L. A1 - Palmisano, V. A1 - Frigo, G. A1 - Hellstrand, A. A1 - Kiesewetter, O. A1 - May, M. ED - Carcassi, M.N. T1 - Trends in gas sensor development for hydrogen safety N2 - Gas sensors are applied for facilitating the safe use of hydrogen in, for example, fuel cell and hydrogen fuelled vehicles. New sensor developments, aimed at meeting the increasingly stringent performance requirements in emerging applications are presented based on in-house technical developments and a literature study. The strategy of combining different detection principles, i.e. sensors based on electrochemical cells, semiconductors or field effects in combination with thermal conductivity sensor or catalytic combustion elements, in one new measuring system is reported. This extends the dynamic measuring range of the sensor while improving sensor reliability to achieve higher safety integrity through diverse redundancy. The application of new nanoscaled materials, nano wires, carbon tubes and graphene as well as the improvements in electronic components of fieldeffect, resistive-type and optical systems are evaluated in view of key operating parameters such as sensor response time, low energy consumption and low working temperature. T2 - ICHS2013 - 5th International conference on hydrogen safety CY - Brussels, Belgium DA - 09.09.2013 KW - Hydrogen KW - Safety KW - Sensors PY - 2013 SN - 978-2-9601366-0-9 SP - Paper 123, 1 EP - 14 AN - OPUS4-31079 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Boon-Brett, L. A1 - Palmisano, V. A1 - Bader, Mark Andreas T1 - Developments in gas sensor technology for hydrogen safety N2 - Gas sensors are applied for facilitating the safe use of hydrogen in, for example, fuel cell and hydrogen fuelled vehicles. New sensor developments, aimed at meeting the increasingly stringent performance requirements in emerging applications, are reviewed. The strategy of combining different detection principles, i.e. sensors based on electrochemical cells, semiconductors or field effects in combination with thermal conductivity sensing or catalytic combustion elements, in one new measuring system is reported. This extends the dynamic measuring range of the sensor while improving sensor reliability to achieve higher safety integrity through diverse redundancy. The application of new nanoscaled materials, nanowires, carbon tubes and graphene as well as the improvements in electronic components and optical elements are evaluated in view of key operating parameters such as measuring range, sensor response time and low working temperature. KW - Hydrogen sensor KW - Hydrogen safety PY - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.05.042 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 39 IS - 35 SP - 20474 EP - 20483 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-32379 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Boon-Brett, L. A1 - Buttner, W. J. T1 - Sensors for Safety and Process Control in Hydrogen Technologies N2 - This book is on sensors which are regularly deployed in technologies and processes related to hydrogen production, storage, distribution, and use. Not all types of sensors are equally suitable for specific hydrogen applications. The information in this book is intended to help the reader understand the basics of sensors, sensing technologies, sensor applications, and to provide guidelines for choosing the right sensors and the use of them correctly. Correct deployment of appropriate sensors demands knowledge of the sensing principle and of the physical or chemical quantities being measured. Because of the properties of hydrogen, the potential for its vastly increased use in a future low-carbon economy and possible hazards associated with its use, special attention is paid to hydrogen sensors. This book will not focus on the details of the hydrogen technologies nor on the many safety-related aspects of these technologies. Many books are already available on these topics. Instead the detection principle of hydrogen sensors and other sensor types used, in the dynamic and rapidly developing field of hydrogen technologies, are treated in detail in this book. In the first chapter a brief overview is presented on basic hydrogen properties and particularly on those properties which are most relevant for safety and for sensing. To illustrate the extensive field of contemporary applications and the exciting possibilities for near future sensor applications, existing and emerging markets using large quantities of hydrogen are mentioned. The role of sensors as devices for monitoring and control of processes and as safety monitoring devices is outlined. The second chapter gives an introduction to sensing technology and provides the Reader with relevant information pertaining to sensor definitions and classification, sensor metrics, and performance arameters, in addition to background information on sensor preparation technologies and techniques. While there are many books available which provide more exhaustive information on each of these topics, e.g., the level of detail provided in this chapter is sufficient to appreciate the salient features of sensing and sensing Technology which are central to hydrogen safety and monitoring of relevant applications. Chapter 3 provides a comprehensive overview of emerging and commercially available hydrogen sensors, an explanation of their sensing principle, and important aspects of their performance. A comprehensive and up-to-date account of the theory (physical or chemical principles), design, and practical implementations of hydrogen sensors for use in hydrogen related applications is presented. Similar information on chemical sensors for other gases, such as oxygen and trace components, which are also highly important in hydrogen technologies because of potential hazards to human health, process safety or facility performance, is provided in Chapter 4. In Chapter 5 descriptions of physical sensors for temperature, pressure, gas flow, and fire indication, which are also germane for the safe use of hydrogen, are provided. Standards, codes, and regulatory documents, which provide practical advice and legislative requirements regarding sensor deployment and performance, are described in Chapter 6. This chapter also makes reference to the main procedures for sensor testing in gas Standards including precise analytical methods and reference methods. The chapter concludes with a discussion on sensor selection and some installation guidelines are provided. In Chapter 7 traditional and emerging processes and technologies involving hydrogen are described. The application of sensors in processes for the production of hydrogen, hydrogen storage, distribution, and the use of hydrogen in stationary and mobile fuel cells is discussed. Furthermore, the use of hydrogen as a coolant and chemical reagent (medium) in various processes is described. The exploitation of sensors for replacing traditional analytical instrumentation is also discussed. Finally supplementary information is provided on hydrogen properties, measuring quantities, and sensor parameters. KW - Hydrogen Technologies KW - Hydrogen Sensors KW - Gas Sensors, Safety KW - Process Control PY - 2016 SN - 978-1-4665-9654-2 SP - 1 EP - 414 PB - CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group CY - Boca Raton, Florida, USA AN - OPUS4-35507 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -