TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Nusser, A. T1 - Zerstörungsfreien Einblick in den inneren Zustand hölzerner Kunstobjekte oder wie gehen wir mit unserem Kulturgut um T2 - BAM Fachbereichskolloqium 8.3 CY - BAM Berlin DA - 2014-12-15 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32232 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Nusser, A. T1 - Zerstörungsfreien Einblick in den inneren Zustand hölzerner Kunstobjekte oder wie gehen wir mit unserem Kulturgut um T2 - DGZfP-Arbeitskreis in der Technischen Universität Ilmenau CY - Ilmenau DA - 2014-12-11 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32230 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Fratzscher, Daniel A1 - Jechow, Mirko A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - X-ray Backscatter: The Appearence of Certain Features Depending on the Illumination T2 - Croatian Society of NDT, MATEST 2011 CY - Split, Croatia DA - 2011-11-02 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-25101 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - X-ray backscatter radioscopy for security applications with a novel twisted slit collimator T2 - 3rd Safety and Security Systems CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 2009-06-04 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20695 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - X-ray backscatter radioscopy for security applications with a novel twisted slit collimator KW - Röntgenrückstreuung KW - Kamera für hochenergetische Strahlung PY - 2009 SN - 1619-2486 IS - 10 SP - 22 EP - 25 PB - ddp Goldenbogen CY - Dresden AN - OPUS4-20711 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Jechow, Mirko A1 - Fratzscher, Daniel A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - X-ray backscatter imaging with a novel twisted collimator T2 - 10th European Conference on NDT (ECNDT) 2010 CY - Moscow, Russia DA - 2010-06-07 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-20763 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Nusser, A. T1 - X-ray and neutron radiological methods to support the conservation of wooden artworks soaked with a polluting impregnant 'carbolineum' N2 - Wooden artworks residing in churches for centuries inevitably suffered from decaying processes such as Wood worm infestation. About 100 years ago, this process was ceased with a polluting coal tar extract 'Carbolineum', a treatment usually applied to railway sleepers. Nowadays, this lead to undesired effects not only of causing dark stains on the surface of the treated sculptures but also in unimpaired release of traces of harmful substances into the atmosphere perceptible as the typical smell of coal tar oil. To resolve this problem, the knowledge of the internal structure could provide a support for this effort. As an example, sculptures from an epitaph in a church in northern Germany were subjected to X-ray and neutron computed tomography (CT). The purpose of using neutrons was to get information about the distribution of the impregnant Carbolineum. It consists of a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which should increase the absorption of neutrons. In contrast, X-rays are rather poorly absorbed by such substances as compared to the wood matrix. All radiographic approaches revealed traces of previous conservation measures that were not always documented in detail. Comparing the neutron images with those from the X-ray interrogation some differences became obvious indicating varied material compositions. Nails e.g. were clearly visible in the X-ray images rather than in the neutron ones. Some less visibly stained parts of the sculptures correspond with obviously replaced materials in the inside. These results will be used to identify ways how to treat the infested artworks. T2 - ECNDT 2014 - 11th European conference on non-destructive testing CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2014-10-06 KW - Radiographic testing (RT) KW - Computed tomography (CT) KW - Cultural heritage KW - Radiological methods KW - Carbolineum KW - Wooden artworks KW - Neutron-CT KW - X-ray CT KW - Neutron radiology PY - 2014 UR - http://www.ndt.net/events/ECNDT2014/app/content/Paper/155_Osterloh.pdf SN - 978-80-214-5018-9 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-32304 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Nusser, A. T1 - X-ray and neutron radiological methods to support the conservation of wooden artworks soaked with a polluting impregnant "Carbolineum" T2 - 11th European Conference on NDT (ECNDT 2014) CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2014-10-06 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32235 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Trommsdorf, Stephan A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - WG5: Extended Scope - Extended Demand, How to Meet this Challenge? T2 - Mine Action Academy, Polytech, Velika Gorica CY - Zagreb, Croatia DA - 2006-04-04 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-14532 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Ways to understand and approach rare events N2 - As a matter of fact, avoiding unexpected events with an undesired outcome is an element of survival strategies. Such events are encountered unexpectedly mainly because they occur rarely. Both, safety and security measures are the main pillars to prevent them by appropriate inspections. Common tools in both areas e.g. are radiological technologies enabling an insight into objects to detect suspicious features without even touching them. Since any of these measures is linked to efforts, costs or even obstructions of ongoing processes, it needs a rationale to invest into an appropriate activity. A putative objection to take action in this direction always could be the question 'when and how often it could happen'. This gave rise to find approaches how to define 'rare events' and how to deal with them. Since they entail both, the frequency of occurrence and the unpleasantness of the possible outcome make them to have something in common with the definition of risk: a combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm. Tackling putative consequences is one side of the coin whereas understanding the rareness of an event is the other, an aspect that worries but not always fully understood. As a first step in approaching the subject 'rare events', the putative occurrence rate is considered in terms of probability distribution functions or their cumulative ones, resp. The problems of estimating an incidence of such an event will be tackled subsequently with the problem of assessing the reliability of diagnostic measures. Any numeric approach of dealing with rare events inevitably remains an ill defined or 'ill-posed' problem that needs additional information for a reasonably satisfying solution. Ways to ease this situation can be found in utilizing additional information, also commonly called prior knowledge, that might be introduced via the Bayesian inference or by regularization algorithms. Simplified models will demonstrate how to apply such tools. As a consequence, there are ways helping to avoid unexpected ad 'surprises' by taking adequate measures in due time upon the correct perception of certain indications. T2 - ECNDT 2014 - 11th European conference on non-destructive testing CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 06.10.2014 KW - NDT-wide KW - Public security KW - Technical safety KW - Reliability KW - Indications and inspections KW - Compensation of insufficient knowledge PY - 2014 UR - http://www.ndt.net/events/ECNDT2014/app/content/Paper/562_Osterloh.pdf SN - 978-80-214-5018-9 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-32302 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Ways to Understand and Approach Rare Events T2 - 11th European Conference on NDT (ECNDT 2014) CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 2014-10-06 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32227 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe T1 - Ways of digital image processing to obtain fast and unbiased results N2 - The ultimate purpose of digital image filtering is to support the visual identification of certain features expressed by characteristic shapes and patterns. Numerous recipes, algorithms and ready made programs exist nowadays that predominantly have in common that users have to set certain parameters. Particularly if processing is fast and shows results rather immediately, the choice of parameters may be guided by making the image 'looking nice'. However, in practical situations most users are not in a mood to 'play around' with a displayed image, particularly if they are in a stressy situation as it may encountered in security applications. The requirements for the application of digital image processing under such circumstances will be discussed with an example of automatic filtering without manual parameter settings that even entails the advantage of delivering unbiased results. T2 - 18th WCNDT - World conference on nondestructive testing CY - Durban, South Africa DA - 2012-04-16 KW - Digital Image Processing KW - Digital filter KW - Filter parameter KW - Unbiased image processing KW - Security PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-620-52872-6 SP - 1 EP - 10 (Paper 284) AN - OPUS4-25875 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe T1 - Ways of Digital Image Processing to Obtain Fast and Unbiased Results T2 - 18th World Conference on NDT (WCNDT 2012) CY - Durban, South Africa DA - 2012-04-16 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-26655 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe T1 - Visualisation of radioactive materials and backscatter radiography with a novel collimation based camera system T2 - Future Security CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 2009-09-29 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20692 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Visualisation of radioactive materials and backscatter radiography with a novel collimation based camera system T2 - 4th Security research conference Karlsruhe CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 2009-09-29 KW - Kamera für hochenergetische Strahlung KW - Bildliche Wiedergabe der Formen von Strahlenquellen KW - Röntgenrückstreustrahlung KW - Anwendung für die öffentliche Sicherheit (Security) PY - 2009 IS - #052 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-20712 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Visual perception of spatial subjects T2 - DIR 2007 - International Symposium on Digital Industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography CY - Lyon, France DA - 2007-06-25 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-15952 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Visual perception of spatial subjects T2 - DIR 2007 - International Symposium on Digital industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography CY - Lyon, France DA - 2007-06-25 KW - Image (data) processing KW - Image interpretation KW - Physiological capabilities and constraints KW - Visibility of certain features KW - Perception of a subject PY - 2007 SP - 1 EP - 8 CY - Lyon, France AN - OPUS4-20713 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe ED - Ender, J. ED - Fiege, J. T1 - Variable irradiation geometry with a nex X-ray backscatter camera for security applications T2 - Future Security 2011 Conference CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2011-09-05 KW - Technical safety and public security KW - Bridging separate competence areas PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-8396-0295-9 SP - 128 EP - 131 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-25355 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Böcker, W. A1 - Noske, R. T1 - Treat detection technologies covering an extended range of eventualities T2 - ECNDT 2006 9. Europäische Konferenz für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-09-25 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-14312 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Richter, Heike A1 - Beckmann, Jörg A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - THz-Forschung in der BAM T2 - THz Harz Workshop der Technischen Universität Braunschweig, Arbeitsgruppe Terahertz-Systemtechnik, Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik CY - Altenau, Germany DA - 2004-09-19 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-5524 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Noske, Reinhard A1 - Böcker, Wolfgang D. G. A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Threat Detection Technologies Covering an Extended Range of Eventualities T2 - 9th European Conference on NDT CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-09-25 KW - Hazardous and toxic gasses and vapours KW - Warfare substances KW - Threats other than explosives KW - Multi-gas sensor KW - Detection technology PY - 2006 SN - 3-931381-86-2 SP - 1(?) EP - 11(?) PB - European Federation for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-14472 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Noske, Reinhard A1 - Böcker, Wolfgang D. G. A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Threat detection technologies covering an extended range of eventualities T2 - 9th European Conference on NDT, ECNDT Berlin 2006 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-09-25 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-14534 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Threat detection and imaging T2 - Future Security 2nd Securtiy Research Conference CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 2007-09-12 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-15953 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Threat detection and imaging T2 - 2nd Security research conference Karlsruhe CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 2007-09-12 KW - Digitale Bildbearbeitung KW - Automatische Rauscherkennung und Kompensation PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-86644-147-7 SP - 179 EP - 182 PB - Universitätsverlag Karlsruhe AN - OPUS4-20715 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - The dual of detection and inspection technologies T2 - Advanced Defeating IEDs Case Studies & Training Workshop 2008 CY - Brussels, Belgium DA - 2008-11-26 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-18648 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hasenstab, Andreas A1 - Krause, Martin A1 - Osterloh, Kurt T1 - Testing Of Wooden Construction Elements with Ultrasonic Echo Technique and X-Ray T2 - 9th European Conference on NDT CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-09-25 KW - NDT of Wood PY - 2006 SN - 3-931381-86-2 SP - 1(?) EP - 8(?) PB - European Federation for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-14422 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Technologies and Recent Developments to Inspect Suspicious Objects (update and details) T2 - EFNDT Working Group 5 - for Antipersonnel Mines Detection CY - Zagreb, Croatia DA - 2002-09-07 PY - 2002 VL - 7 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-1988 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Technologies and Recent Developments to Inspect Suspicious Objects (Principles) T2 - EFNDT Working Group 5 - for Antipersonnel Mines Detection CY - Zagreb, Croatia DA - 2002-03-04 PY - 2002 VL - 5 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-1982 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Jechow, Mirko A1 - Fratzscher, Daniel A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Bücherl, T. A1 - Hasenstab, A. A1 - Weiss, P. A1 - Weiss, C. A1 - Tannert, T. T1 - Strukturmerkmale im Holz - radiologisch gesehen N2 - Die radiologische Untersuchung von Holz ist hinsichtlich der Durchführung und Auswertung komplex. Im Gegensatz zu künstlich hergestellten Materialien zeichnet sich Holz besonders durch seine Heterogenität und Individualität aus, kein Stück ist wie das andere. Dies erschwert bei der radiologischen Inspektion die Fehlerdetektion, da diese teilweise schwer von natürlichen Wachstumsmerkmalen zu unterscheiden sind. Insektenfraßgänge und Hohlräume durch biologischen Abbau sind deutlich erkennbar, schwieriger wird es bei feinen Rissen und Anzeichen für Fäulnis. Metallische Einbauten wie Nägel und Bolzen sind natürlich gut zu erkennen, großflächigere Platten können jedoch den Einblick in die benachbarten Gebiete versperren. Klebstoffschichten sind im Röntgenbild nur dann sichtbar, wenn sie exakt parallel zum Strahlengang getroffen werden. Verschiedene Strukturmerkmale treten also radiologisch recht unterschiedlich in Erscheinung, deshalb liegt es nahe, zu deren Erkennung mehr als nur eine Durchstrahlungstechnologie anzuwenden. Während bei immobilen Objekten, d.h. Bauwerken und Bäumen, mobile Durchstrahlungstechniken mit Röntgen- oder Gammastrahlen (Se-75) in Frage kommen, stehen im Labor auch (schnelle) Neutronen alternativ zur Verfügung. Die verschiedenen Techniken, einschließlich der Tomographie mit Neutronen, werden an zwei größeren Prüfteilen demonstriert, einer Brettschichtholzprobe und einem Knotenpunkt aus einer Holzbrücke mit eingebauter Stahlplatte. Neutronen lassen Materialunterschiede differenzierter hervortreten und durchdringen sperrige Metallteile besser, trotz verringerter Bildqualität. An Verbesserungen wird derzeit gearbeitet. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2010 CY - Erfurt, Deutschland DA - 2010-05-10 KW - Mobile Radiographie KW - Holzbauteilprüfung PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-940283-26-9 IS - DGZfP-BB 122 (Poster 14) SP - 1 EP - 2 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-22532 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Jechow, Mirko A1 - Fratzscher, Daniel A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Bücherl, T. A1 - Hasenstab, A. A1 - Tannert, T. A1 - Weiss, C. A1 - Weiss, P. T1 - Strukturmerkmale im Holz - radiologisch gesehen T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2010, ZfP in Forschung, Entwicklung und Anwendung CY - Erfurt, Germany DA - 2010-05-10 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-22626 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Strahlenprüfung für innere Sicherheit T2 - 2. Internationale Fachmesse für Polizei- und Spezialausrüstung CY - Münster, Deutschland DA - 2002-06-04 PY - 2002 SP - 1 EP - 5 AN - OPUS4-1984 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Kanzler, Daniel T1 - Standardisation, Certification and Security: How to approach rate events T2 - CERTIFICATION 2013 / MATEST CY - Zagreb, Croatia DA - 2013-10-09 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29950 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Bücherl, T. A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Selective removal of stochastic artefacts from digigal neutron radiographic images T2 - FNDA 2011, Fast Neutron Detectors and Applications, 2 nd international Workshop CY - Ein-Gedi, Israel DA - 2011-11-06 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-25092 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt T1 - Security research and expertise at the BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing T2 - Archimedes first End-User and Operator Driven Roundtable: Towards More Efficient Civil Aviation Security? CY - Berlin-Schönhagen, Germany DA - 2012-12-03 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-27502 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Wrobel, Norma T1 - Safety and Security: How to Assess Risk T2 - Croatian Society of NDT, MATEST 2011 CY - Split, Croatia DA - 2011-11-02 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-25257 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Wrobel, Norma ED - Aschenbruck, N. ED - Martini, P. ED - Meier, M. ED - Tölle, J. T1 - Safety and security, dealing with risks N2 - Reducing risks and confining them to an acceptable level can be regarded as an essential commitment of technical applications for safety purposes and the public security measures. Rating the efficiency of such measures requires an assessment of the risk that is supposed to be reduced. However, approaching this subject means to face a plethora of existing literature and an ongoing discussion if and how this can be achieved. On one hand, it remains a rather uncertain estimate particularly if it comes to rare interrupting events. On the other hand, making a decision responsibly requires a certain rational base. Several approaches exist for assessing risks, from verbal to quantitative, depending on the individual case. The frequently quoted Delphi technique represents the verbal one, others such as the Bayesian statistics a quantitative one or the consequence/probability matrix in-between. A problem remains with understanding probability. Even if an event is highly unlikely it may happen right now. T2 - Future Security 2012 - 7th Security research conference CCIS CY - Bonn, Germany DA - 2012-09-04 KW - Risk definition KW - Risk assessment KW - Public safety and security PY - 2012 UR - http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-33161-9_13 SN - 978-3-642-33160-2 SN - 978-3-642-33161-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33161-9 SN - 1865-0929 SN - 1865-0937 VL - 318 SP - 77 EP - 80 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-27550 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Wrobel, Norma T1 - Safety and Security, Dealing with Risks T2 - 7th FutureSecurity CY - Bonn, Germany DA - 2012-09-04 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-27496 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Beckmann, Jörg A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Hasenstab, Andreas T1 - Rötgenrückstreuverfahren zur Charakterisierung von Objekten mit einseitigem Zugang T2 - DGZfP Jahrestagung CY - Münster, Germany DA - 2009-05-18 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20687 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Kolkoori, Sanjeevareddy A1 - Osterloh, Kurt T1 - Röntgenrückstreuradiografie - Eindringen statt Durchdringen, aber Bilder mit Schatten N2 - Der große praktische Vorteil der Rückstreuradiografie allgemein ist, dass kein Bilddetektor am Objekt auf der der Strahlenquelle gegenüberliegenden Seite aufgestellt werden muss. Dieses ist immer dann gegeben, wenn sich das Untersuchungsobjekt in oder an einer Wand befindet oder es so groß ist, dass eine Durchstrahlung aufgrund der zu durchdringenden Schichtdicken nicht infrage kommt. Von der üblichen Methode, das Objekt mit einem wandernden ausgeblendeten Einzelstrahl ('Bleistiftstrahl') abzutasten und die gesamte rückgestreute Strahlung großflächig zu registrieren, unterscheidet sich das hier verwendete Verfahren grundsätzlich. Das Objekt wird voll von einem (unkollimierten) Kegelstrahl angestrahlt. Das Bild wird mit einer Kamera aus absorbierendem Material (Wolfram, Blei) aufgenommen, die einen Matrixdetektor als Bildempfänger enthält. Die 'Optik' besteht aus einer besonders geformten Schlitzblende, die nach einem erweiterten Lochkameraprinzip arbeitet, das auch dickere Blendenmaterialschichten zulässt. Die voneinander unabhängige Positionierung von Kamera und Strahlenquellen erlaubt unterschiedliche Einstrahlgeometrien, die verschiedene Ergebnisbilder liefern. So erscheint ein komplexer Gegenstand vor einer rückstreuenden Wand völlig anders, als wenn er frei im Raum steht. Röntgenrückstreubilder müssen deshalb abhängig von ihrer 'Ausleuchtung' mit der Röntgenstrahlung und näheren Umgebung interpretiert werden. KW - Röntgen-Rückstreuradiographie KW - Schlitzblende KW - Variable Einstrahlgeometrie PY - 2013 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 55 IS - 9 SP - 689 EP - 693 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-29058 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Kolkoori, Sanjeevareddy T1 - Röntgen-Rückstreutechnik, "Licht und Schatten verstehen" T2 - BAM Abteilungsseminar 8 "Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2013-11-11 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29947 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Wrobel, Norma T1 - Risk assessment techniques samples T2 - 3rd EFNDT WG5 Workshop "NDT Technology for Public Security and Safety" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2012-10-22 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-27500 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Krstelj, V. A1 - Zvizdic, D. T1 - Repositioning of the EFNDT WG 5 T2 - Croatian Society of NDT, MATEST 2011 CY - Split, Croatia DA - 2011-11-02 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-25096 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Krstelj, V. A1 - Zvizdic, D. T1 - Repositioning of the EFNDT WG 5 T2 - Croatian Society of NDT, MATEST 2011 CY - Split, Croatia DA - 2011-11-02 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-25098 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Rare events - a probability approach or an ill-posed problem? N2 - Rare events are understood to be events occurring once in a while but with dramatic consequences. Their occurrence cannot be predicted precisely, only a probability might be estimated, for example from past experiences. However, it might be rather misleading to attempt to describe them by distribution curves that apply for frequent or repeated observations, such as the Gaussian bell shape. Alternative distributions have been introduced to characterise the intervals at which a certain event may occur. It is the aim of technical safety and public security to prevent adverse events. Detectable indications that are typical for their course and are observable have to be identified before an incident occurs. Since they should be characteristic for such cases, they themselves also constitute rare events. The problem encountered in any detection system is that nothing is perfect. As in medical diagnostics, true indications may be missed or false test responses may pretend to be something that does not exist. Balancing missed indications with false positive calls is achieved with the aid of the so-called receiver operating characteristics (ROC). However, with the aid of Bayes’ inference it can be shown that identifying signs of a rarely occurring indication is like looking for a needle in a haystack, even with an excellent detection Approach with a low miss rate and an even lower probability of false calls. The inclusion of additionally available information may lead to a more effective search strategy. When employing imaging methods for detecting flaws or illicit items, the identification of rare indications can be impeded by blurring noise or overlapping items. The identification of the features sought can be supported by including information on their typical characteristics by regularisation algorithms. The strategy of such an approach is demonstrated in a simplified example with a plain geometric figure (circle) corrupted with structural noise. The shape of the original figure was clearly recovered. In general, search strategies should aim at an indication typical for the event to be prevented; otherwise, alternative approaches have to be considered, including, perhaps, serendipity. KW - Rare events KW - Bayes statistics KW - Ill-posed problems PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1784/insi.2016.58.1.46 SN - 0007-1137 VL - 58 IS - 1 SP - 46 EP - 51 PB - British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing CY - Northampton AN - OPUS4-35312 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Jechow, Mirko A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Hasenstab, Andreas A1 - Bücherl, T. T1 - Radiology of wood, differently seen with fast neutrons T2 - 2nd FRM II USER MEETING CY - Garching, Germany DA - 2009-05-25 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20688 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Bücherl, T. A1 - Hasenstab, Andreas A1 - Tannert, T. A1 - Jechow, Mirko A1 - Fratzscher, Daniel A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Radiological interrogation of large wooden specimens with fast neutrons T2 - NeuWave-2 (Neutron Wavelength dependent imaging), Rutherford-Appleton-Laboratories CY - Abingdon, England DA - 2009-07-13 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20686 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Bücherl, T. A1 - Jechow, Mirko A1 - Fratzscher, Daniel A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Tannert, T. A1 - Hasenstab, Andreas A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Radiological examination of wood with neutrons, different perspectives T2 - 10th European Conference on NDT (ECNDT) 2010 CY - Moscow, Russia DA - 2010-06-07 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-20764 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Nusser, A. A1 - Schwabe, A. A1 - Kolkoori, Sanjeevareddy A1 - Bücherl, T. T1 - Radiography and Tomography: Interrogation of Wood with Neutrons T2 - Joint German-Israeli Research Programme Meeting (ACCIS) CY - Rehovot, Israel DA - 2013-11-24 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29946 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Fratzscher, Daniel A1 - Schwabe, A. A1 - Schillinger, B. A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Radiography and partial tomography of wood with thermal neutrons N2 - The effective high neutron scattering absorption coefficient of hydrogen (48.5 cm²/g) due to the scattering allows neutrons to reveal hydrocarbon structures with more contrast than X-rays, but at the same time limits the sample size and thickness that can be investigated. Many planar shaped objects, particularly wood samples, are sufficiently thin to allow thermal neutrons to transmit through the sample in a direction perpendicular to the planar face but not in a parallel direction, due to increased thickness. Often, this is an obstacle that prevents some tomographic reconstruction algorithms from obtaining desired results because of inadequate information or presence of distracting artifacts due to missing projections. This can be true for samples such as the distribution of glue in glulam (boards of wooden layers glued together), or the course of partially visible annual rings in trees where the features of interest are parallel to the planar surface of the sample. However, it should be possible to study these features by rotating the specimen within a limited angular range. In principle, this approach has been shown previously in a study with fast neutrons [2]. A study of this kind was performed at the Antares facility of FRM II in Garching with a 2.6×107/cm² s thermal neutron beam. The limit of penetration was determined for a wooden step wedge carved from a 2 cm×4 cm block of wood in comparison to other materials such as heavy metals and Lucite as specimens rich in hydrogen. The depth of the steps was 1 cm, the height 0.5 cm. The annual ring structures were clearly detectable up to 2 cm thickness. Wooden specimens, i.e. shivers, from a sunken old ship have been subjected to tomography. Not visible from the outside, clear radial structures have been found that are typical for certain kinds of wood. This insight was impaired in a case where the specimen had been soaked with ethylene glycol. In another large sample study, a planar board made of glulam has been studied to show the glued layers. This study shows not only the limits of penetration in wood but also demonstrates access to structures perpendicular to the surface in larger planar objects by tomography with fast neutrons, even with incomplete sets of projection data that covers an angular range of only 90° or even 60°. KW - Neutron computed tomography KW - Limited angle tomography KW - Wood KW - Annual rings PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2011.02.095 SN - 0168-9002 SN - 0167-5087 VL - 651 IS - 1 SP - 236 EP - 239 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-24918 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Fratzscher, Daniel A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Schillinger, Burkhard A1 - Schwabe, Andreas T1 - Radiography and partial tomography of wood with thermal neutrons T2 - 9th World Conference on Neutron Radiography CY - Rustenburg, South Africa DA - 2010-10-03 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-22512 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Rädel, Christoph A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Bücherl, T. T1 - Radiography (and Tomography) of wooden specimens with fission neutrons T2 - NEUtron WAVElength-dependent Imaging, International Workshop on energy selective neutron imaging CY - Garching, Germany DA - 2008-04-20 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-18647 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Jechow, Mirko A1 - Rädel, Christoph A1 - Hasenstab, Andreas A1 - Bücherl, T. T1 - Radiographie von Holz mit Blitzröhren und Neutronen T2 - Berner Fachhochschule Architektur, Holz und Bau CY - Bern, Switzerland DA - 2009-04-03 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20694 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Jechow, Mirko A1 - Hasenstab, Andreas A1 - Bücherl, T. T1 - Radiographie von Holz T2 - DGfH AG-Sitzung, MPA CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 2009-01-27 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20697 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Rädel, Christoph A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Hasenstab, A. A1 - Bücherl, T. T1 - Radiographie und Tomographie von Holz mit Neutronen T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2008 CY - St. Gallen, Switzerland DA - 2008-04-28 KW - Materialgeschichtliches KW - Möglichkeiten der Neutronenradiographie PY - 2008 SN - 978-3-940283-09-2 IS - DGZfP-BB 113 (Poster 30) SP - 727 EP - 733 AN - OPUS4-20714 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Nusser, A. A1 - Redmer, Bernhard A1 - Hohendorf, Stefan A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Kolkoori, Sanjeevareddy A1 - Schwabe, A. A1 - Bücherl, T. T1 - Radiographie und Tomographie als Grundlage für restauratorische Eingriffe in belastete hölzerne Kunstwerke T2 - 7. N.i.Ke.-Workshop, BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2013-10-17 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29948 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Rädel, Christoph A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Hasenstab, Andreas A1 - Bücherl, T. T1 - Radiographie and Tomographie von Holz mit Neutronen T2 - DGZfP-DACH-Jahrestagung 2008 CY - St. Gallen, Switzerland DA - 2008-04-28 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-18649 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Beckmann, Jörg A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Malitte, Hans-Joachim A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Radiographic Imaging for Assessment of UXO, Suspected of Chemical Warfare Material N2 - Radiography is a helpful method to identify the inherent structure of unexploded ordnances (UXO’s). Portable Computed Radiography (CR) systems on the basis of phosphor imaging plates , have attracted attention for NDT-applications during the last few years. A portable IP system “ACR 2000” has been tested for X-ray inspection of UXO's in the field. Digitised radiographs are presented to explain the needs and demands for a reliable characterisation of UXO's. Computed radiographs of UXO’s are compared with film radiographs exposed in the same way, to evaluate the reliability and to identify advantages and disadvantages of the CR system for UXO inspection. Film based and CR systems provide sufficient information for identification of chemical warfare agents in UXO's, which is an essential problem for explosive ordnance disposal. The advantages and the potential of the portable CR system is discussed on the basis of experiences gathered during different field trails. T2 - 8th ECNDT CY - Barcelona, Spain DA - 2002-06-17 PY - 2002 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/ecndt02/146/146.htm PB - European Federation for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Barcelona AN - OPUS4-1996 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Hasenstab, Andreas A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Alekseychuk, Oleksandr A1 - Meinel, Dietmar A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Radiographic and tomographic testing of wood T2 - ECNDT Berlin 2006, 9th European Conference on NDT CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-09-25 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-12727 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Hasenstab, Andreas A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Alekseychuk, Oleksandr A1 - Meinel, Dietmar A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Radiographic and Tomographic Testing of Wood T2 - 9th European Conference on NDT CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-09-25 KW - NDT of wood KW - Naturally grown material with individual structuring KW - Loss of integrity due to biological decay (rot) KW - CT KW - DR KW - IP PY - 2006 SN - 3-931381-86-2 SP - 1(?) EP - 10(?) PB - European Federation for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-14170 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Rädel, Christoph A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Meinel, Dietmar A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Bücherl, T. A1 - Hasenstab, Andreas T1 - Radiographic and Tomographic Inspection of Wooden Specimens with Fission Neutrons T2 - The 17th World Conference on Non-destructive Testing CY - Shanghai, China DA - 2008-10-25 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-18650 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Moherndl, A1 - Papenfuß, A1 - Schulz, J. A1 - Rinnebach, A1 - Kempgen, A1 - Becker, A1 - Michel, S. T1 - Podiumsdiskussion - Pro und Contra: Filmersatz durch digitale Medien, Empfehlung für die Zukunft T2 - 4. BAM-Workshop "Durchstrahlungsprüfung für die öffentliche Sicherheit" CY - Berlin, BAM, Deutschland DA - 2002-06-12 PY - 2002 VL - 4 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-1989 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt T1 - Physiologie des Sehens, was kann die Technik daraus lernen? T2 - DGZfP-UA Bildverarbeitung in der Durchstrahlungsprüfung CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2004-06-22 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-5523 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Fratzscher, Daniel A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Hasenstab, A. A1 - Bücherl, T. A1 - Schillinger, B. T1 - Partielle Tomographie mit Neutronen zur Beurteilung von Leimschichten in Holz N2 - Verleimte Holzproben wurden je nach Größe mit thermischen (ANTARES) bzw. schnellen Neutronen (NECTAR) an der Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II) der Technischen Universität München in Garching untersucht. Entweder ließen die durchstrahlbare Schichtdicke oder die eingeschränkte Strahlgeometrie es nicht zu, das Probenteil allseitig zu durchstrahlen. Um dennoch innere Strukturen wie Leimschichten zumindest mit einem eingeschränkten Winkelbereich tomographisch darzustellen, wurde mit Hilfe des Slice-Theorems erfolgreich rekonstruiert. Ein Brett von 2 cm Dicke wurde mit thermischen Neutronen erfolgreich untersucht, ein größeres mit schnellen. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2011 CY - Bremen, Germany DA - 30.05.2011 KW - Neutronentomographie KW - Eingeschränkter Winkelbereich KW - Holz PY - 2011 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-250649 SN - 978-3-940283-33-7 VL - 127 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-25064 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Fratzscher, Daniel A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Hasenstab, A. A1 - Bücherl, T. A1 - Schillinger, B. T1 - Partielle Tomographie mit Neutronen zur Beurteilung von Leimschichten in Holz T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2011, Mi.4.B.2 CY - Bremen, Germany DA - 2011-05-30 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-25087 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Redmer, Bernhard A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - On Human Perception of 3D Images T2 - International Symposium on Computed Tomography and Image Processing for Industrial Radiology CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2003-06-23 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4477 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hasenstab, A. A1 - Osterloh, Kurt ED - Michaelsen, H. T1 - Ohne Schäden in die Tiefe - Zerstörungsarme und zerstörungsfreie Verfahren zur Untersuchung von Holz KW - Diaphragm for high energy radiation KW - X-ray backscatter technology KW - Unilateral access KW - Security application PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-86568-462-2 SP - 474 EP - 479 PB - Michael Imhof AN - OPUS4-22537 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kolkoori, Sanjeevareddy A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Novel X-ray backscatter technique for detection of dangerous materials: application to aviation and port security N2 - Radiological inspections, in general, are the nondestructive testing (NDT) methods to detect the bulk of explosives in large objects. In contrast to personal luggage, cargo or building components constitute a complexity that may significantly hinder the detection of a threat by conventional X-ray transmission radiography. In this article, a novel X-ray backscatter technique is presented for detecting suspicious objects in a densely packed large object with only a single sided access. It consists of an X-ray backscatter camera with a special twisted slit collimator for imaging backscattering objects. The new X-ray backscatter camera is not only imaging the objects based on their densities but also by including the influences of surrounding objects. This unique feature of the X-ray backscatter camera provides new insights in identifying the internal features of the inspected object. Experimental mock-ups were designed imitating containers with threats among a complex packing as they may be encountered in reality. We investigated the dependence of the quality of the X-ray backscatter image on (a) the exposure time, (b) multiple exposures, (c) the distance between object and slit camera, and (d) the width of the slit. At the end, the significant advantages of the presented X-ray backscatter camera in the context of aviation and port security are discussed. KW - Inspection with x-rays KW - Detection of explosives KW - Compton imaging KW - Detection of defects PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/09/P09017 SN - 1748-0221 VL - 8 IS - 9 SP - P09017-1 EP - P09017-18 PB - Inst. of Physics Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-29329 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Hasenstab, Andreas A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Non-Destructive Testing of Wood by Radiography N2 - Throughout human history, wood has been used for various purposes: for building shelters, houses and bridges, for manufacturing furniture and household or agricultural appliances (from ploughs to spoons), as burning material or simply as walking sticks. Contemporarily, vast amounts of wood are going into paper production. As a consequence, different qualities of wood are selected appropriately for the various applications. Beams incorporated into buildings and constructions have to be sturdy and durable; boards for furniture are supposed to be free of knots or are expected to have certain ornamental structures. As long as wood is not simply destined for burning it should be free of undesired knots or internal damages such as rot or worm holes. Particularly in cases of infestation with wood destroying fungi that definitely impairs mechanical strength and even may generate hollows such damages are frequently invisible from the outside. Radiographic methods are capable to detect internal damages as well as hidden knots without the need of drilling holes or cutting a specimen to pieces. The most thoroughly method to visualise the interior of a wooden specimen is tomography which shows annual growth rings in their complete circumference and all the knots or damages that might be included. However, some of them as well as patterns of annual rings suitable for dendrological investigations are recognisable with a less laborious method that might be applicable even in the field, i.e. contemporary digital radiography combined with image processing. Samples of lumber shall be presented showing the typical annual ring structures and some infested areas. T2 - MATEST 2005 CY - Opatija, Croatia DA - 2005-10-06 KW - NDT of wood KW - Quality of wood KW - Tomography KW - Presentation of spatial data KW - Digital radiography KW - Image processing KW - Noise KW - On-site radiography PY - 2005 SN - 953-7283-00-3 SP - 108 EP - 119 PB - Croatian Society of Non-Destructive Testing (CrSNDT) CY - Opatija AN - OPUS4-11865 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Jechow, Mirko A1 - Fratzscher, Daniel A1 - Hasenstab, Andreas A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Bücherl, T. T1 - Neutronentomographie von Holzteilen T2 - Deutsche Tagung für Forschung mit Sychrotronstrahlung, Neutronen und Ionenstrahlen an Großgeräten (SNI 2010) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-02-24 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-20762 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Nusser, A. A1 - Kolkoori, Sanjeevareddy A1 - Schwabe, A. A1 - Bücherl, T. T1 - Neutron Computed Tomography as a Basis for Concepts in Preserving Wooden Works of Art T2 - NINMACH 2013 1st International Conference on Neutron Imaging and Neutron Methods in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage Research CY - Munich, Germany DA - 2013-09-09 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29952 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Redmer, Bernhard A1 - Rädel, Christoph A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Schnars, U. A1 - Henrich, R. A1 - Schimmelmann, O. A1 - Bavendiek, K. A1 - Jahn, M. T1 - Mobile X-ray Inspection of light weight materials N2 - Digital detectors such as phosphor imaging plates (IP) and digital detector arrays (DDA) allow radiographic inspection with higher efficiency and improved image quality in comparison to the classic film technique. Mobile X-ray flash tubes are used routinely for veterinarian and security applications. New high sensetive IPs and DDAs enable to apply them for inspection of light materials with low X-ray attenuation as in aluminium, plastics and composites. A versatile computed tompgraphy (CT) system was developed for in situ inspection of large aircraft components under production conditions. A gate based planar computed tomograph wsa developed and testes for inspection of integrety of the stringer incorporation. Successful test trials were performed to prove the detection rate of cracks in embedded stringers. Honey comb structures of aircrafts have to be inspected for water inclusions during in-service inspections. Thermography is a powerful method for in house inspections when variations in temperature caused e. g. by sunshine can be excluded. A new X-ray diaphragm was developed for mobile back scatter measurements of large components. This method is insensitive to heat alterations in the field and thus can be applied also outdoors. T2 - International Symposium on NDT in Aerospace CY - Fürth, Germany DA - 2008-12-03 KW - X-ray light materials KW - Computertomography KW - Laminography KW - Backscatter KW - Fibre composites KW - Flash generator PY - 2008 SN - 978-3-940283-12-2 N1 - Serientitel: Berichtsband / Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e. V. – Series title: Berichtsband / Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e. V. IS - 114 SP - 99 EP - 111 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-18927 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hasenstab, Andreas A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Robbel, Joachim A1 - Krause, Martin A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Hillemeier, B. T1 - Mobile Röntgenblitzröhren zum Auffinden von Holzschäden N2 - In diesem Beitrag wird die Anwendung von Radiographiesystemen zum Auffinden von Holzschäden beschrieben. Die Anlage besteht aus einer mobilen Röntgenblitzröhre und einem digitalen Radiographiesystem mit Speicherfolie oder einem Flachdetektor. An Hand der durchgeführten Versuche an Laub- und Nadelbäumen sowie an Eichenbalken der Marienkirche der Lutherstadt- Wittenberg wird die Detektion innerer Schäden gezeigt. T2 - Jahrestagung Zerstörungsfreie Materialprüfung 2004 CY - Salzburg, Österreich DA - 2004-05-17 PY - 2004 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/dgzfp04/papers/p15/p15.htm SN - 3-931381-55-2 SP - 1(?) EP - 8(?) PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-5217 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hasenstab, A. A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Mobile Röntgenblitzröhren zum Auffinden von Holzschäden N2 - "Um Holz auf Schäden hin zu untersuchen, müssen Verfahren auch vor Ort durchführbar sein. Mit Hilfe von mobilen, tragbaren Röntgenblitzröhren und digitalen Radiografiesystemen ist dies möglich. Um die Anzeichen einer Schädigung im digitalen Röntgenbild zu erkennen, ist eine Bildbearbeitung notwendig. Hier werden die Ergebnisse von Röntgenuntersuchungen mit Blitzgeneratoren, einem digitalen Radiografiesystem auf Halbleiterbasis und einer automatisch ablaufenden Bildbearbeitung vorgestellt. Bei den Beispielen handelt es sich jeweils um eine Probe aus Nadelholz und Laubholz, die von geschädigten Bäumen und Bauwerken entnommen wurden. Dem einbaufrischen Bauteil wurden künstliche Strukturen eingebracht. Die aufgeführten Beispiele demonstrieren, wie mit transportablen Geräten innere Schäden im Holz zerstörungsfrei aufgespürt werden können." (gekürztes Autorenreferat) Schadstellen und Fäulnis in trockenen Bäumen und in trockenen Holzbalken lassen sich mit den Mitteln der digitalen Radiographie darstellen. Diese Aufnahmetechniken kommen mit geringeren Strahlendosen als bei einer herkömmlichen Filmbelichtung aus. Die Verwendung digitaler Detektoren, kombiniert mit einer PC-basierten Bildbearbeitung, erlaubt eine schnelle Auswertung vor Ort. Die automatisierte Bildfilterung gestattet eine zügige Durchführung auch ohne tiefgehende Kenntnisse in der digitalen Bildauswertung. Diese spielt hier eine tragende Rolle, wobei die in den Rohbilddaten enthaltenen relevanten Informationen gegenüber denjenigen, die im Augenblick weniger oder nicht interessieren, hervorgehoben werden. Risse werden längs der Einstrahlrichtung gut sichtbar, senkrecht dazu verlaufende allerdings wegen mangelnder Kontrastunterschiede nicht. An dieser Stelle bietet sich die Ultraschall-Echotechnik als komplementäres Verfahren an. KW - Digitale Radiographie vor Ort KW - Holzfäule KW - Bauholz KW - Holzschäden PY - 2008 SN - 0018-3881 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 19(?) PB - DRW-Verl. Weinbrenner CY - Leinfelden-Echterdingen AN - OPUS4-20716 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Hasenstab, Andreas A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Krause, Martin A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen T1 - Mobile radiographische Untersuchung von Holz und Bäumen T2 - DGZfP Jahrestagung CY - Rostock, Deutschland DA - 2005-05-02 KW - Digitale Radiographie KW - Mobiles Röntgen PY - 2005 SN - 3-931381-64-1 N1 - Serientitel: Berichtsband / Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e. V. – Series title: Berichtsband / Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e. V. IS - 94-CD SP - 1(?) EP - 8(?) PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-11866 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beckmann, Jörg A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Malitte, Hans-Joachim A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Mobile Durchstrahlungsprüfung - Untersuchungen kampfstoffverdächtiger Objekte mit der Speicherfolientechnik PY - 2002 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 44 IS - 10 SP - 414 EP - 419 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-2079 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Minendetektion, verfigbare und zukünftige Verfahren T2 - Seminar "easyMine" (Realistic and systematic mine detection simulation tool) im DLR CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2003-02-06 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4468 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Rosenthal, Martina A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Guelle, D. A1 - Lewis, A. T1 - Metal Detector Test Trials in Germany and Croatia - ITEP Project 2.1.1.2 T2 - MATEST 2003 NDT Achievements and Challenges CY - Brijuni-Pula, Croatia DA - 2003-09-28 KW - Demining KW - Metal detectors KW - Reliability tests KW - ROC diagrams KW - Test and evaluation KW - CWA07 PY - 2003 N1 - Geburtsname von Rosenthal, Martina: Scharmach, M. - Birth name of Rosenthal, Martina: Scharmach, M. SP - 1(?) EP - 15(?) AN - OPUS4-2784 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Noske, Reinhard A1 - Böcker, Wolfgang D. G. A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Materialprüfung und Erkennung von Gefahren für die öffentliche Sicherheit T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2007 CY - Fürth, Deutschland DA - 2007-05-14 KW - Gefahrstoffe KW - Sicherheit KW - Kontrollen KW - Gefahrstoffnachweis KW - EFNDT Arbeitsgruppe 5 PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-931381-98-1 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-16074 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Noske, Reinhard A1 - Böcker, Wolfgang D. G. A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Materialprüfung und Erkennung von Gefahren für die öffentliche Sicherheit T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2007 CY - Fürth, Germany DA - 2007-05-14 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-16028 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Making the world a safer place - some know-how already exists T2 - MATEST 2009 (CrSNDT) CY - Cavtat, Croatia DA - 2009-09-23 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20693 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Kunte, Hans-Jörg A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Making the world a safer place - some know-how already exists T2 - MATEST 2009 CY - Cavtat/Dubrovnik, Croatia DA - 2009-09-23 KW - Existing hazards KW - Threat detection KW - Interdisciplinary approach KW - Existing safety rules and procedures KW - Bridging safety and security KW - Common definitions PY - 2009 SN - 978-953-7283-03-2 IS - #10 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-20710 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Fratzscher, Daniel A1 - Jechow, Mirko A1 - Bücherl, T. A1 - Schillinger, B. A1 - Hasenstab, A. A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Limited view tomography of wood with fast and thermal neutrons N2 - Neutrons are absorbed particularly by hydrogen containing materials so they can be used as a tool for visualising heterogeneous density distributions of organic materials. Penetration limits are set by the layer thicknesses and the neutron energies applied. In case of specimens with a flat shape the situation may be encountered that the object only could be penetrated in selected directions. In addition, the overall size may exceed the beam diameter and thus the viewing window if a certain region of interest should be studied by tomography without destroying the integrity of the specimen. This study shows the capabilities and limits of thermal and fast neutrons to investigate flat wooden specimens such as boards and girders by neutron tomography under such circumstances. Taking projections was impaired either by the limits of penetrability or by the total size of the object. As a consequence, projections were included for reconstruction only from a limited angular range of 90°. It could be shown that an approach based on the slice theorem was capable to visualise structural features along the beam directions while simply omitting the perpendicular ones without causing additional artefacts. Small samples with a thickness of up to 2 cm but several times broader could be studied with the ANTARES facility of the FRM II neutron source in Garching providing thermal neutrons while larger objects required a beam of higher energy as available in the NECTAR facility of the same institution. The fast (fission) neutrons (1.5 – 2 MeV) of this site allowed investigating an area of interest inside a girder with a cross section of 23.5 x 49 cm². Internal features such as inclusions could be detected as well as a heterogeneous density distribution in glue layers. T2 - International symposium on digital industrial radiology and computed tomography CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.06.2011 KW - Computed tomography KW - Slice theoreme KW - Limited angle tomography PY - 2011 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-250663 SN - 978-3-940283-34-4 VL - 128 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-25066 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Fratzscher, Daniel A1 - Jechow, Mirko A1 - Bücherl, T. A1 - Schillinger, B. A1 - Hasenstab, A. A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Limited View Tomgraphy of Wood with Fast and Thermal Neutrons T2 - International Symposium on Digital Industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography - Poster 14 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2011-06-20 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-25100 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Malitte, Hans-Joachim A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Leistung von Röntgenblitzröhren T2 - Workshop "USBV an Personen", Bundeskriminalamt CY - Wiesbaden, Germany DA - 2004-06-07 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-5522 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Pries, A.R. T1 - Interaction of albumin with the endothelial cell surface KW - Electron spin resonance KW - Molecular mobility KW - Endothelial surface layer PY - 2002 SN - 0002-9513 VL - 283 SP - H398 EP - H405 PB - American Physiological Society CY - Bethesda, Md. AN - OPUS4-1980 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe ED - Czichos, Horst ED - Tetsuya Saito, ED - Leslie Smith, T1 - Industrial Radiology KW - Fundamentals KW - Particle-Based Radiological Methods KW - Film Radiography KW - Digital Radiological Methods KW - Public Safety and Security PY - 2006 SN - 978-3-540-20785-6 SP - 844 EP - 858 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-14473 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Bücherl, T. A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Image recovery by removing stochastic artefacts identified as local asymmetries N2 - Stochastic artefacts are frequently encountered in digital radiography and tomography with neutrons. Most obviously, they are caused by ubiquitous scattered radiation hitting the CCD-sensor. They appear as scattered dots and, at higher frequency of occurrence, they may obscure the image. Some of these dotted interferences vary with time, however, a large portion of them remains persistent so the problem cannot be resolved by collecting stacks of images and to merge them to a median image. The situation becomes even worse in computed tomography (CT) where each artefact causes a circular pattern in the reconstructed plane. Therefore, these stochastic artefacts have to be removed completely and automatically while leaving the original image content untouched. A simplified image acquisition and artefact removal tool was developed at BAM and is available to interested users. Furthermore, an algorithm complying with all the requirements mentioned above was developed that reliably removes artefacts that could even exceed the size of a single pixel without affecting other parts of the image. It consists of an iterative two-step algorithm adjusting pixel values within a 3 × 3 matrix inside of a 5 × 5 kernel and the centre pixel only within a 3 × 3 kernel, resp. It has been applied to thousands of images obtained from the NECTAR facility at the FRM II in Garching, Germany, without any need of a visual control. In essence, the procedure consists of identifying and tackling asymmetric intensity distributions locally with recording each treatment of a pixel. Searching for the local asymmetry with subsequent correction rather than replacing individually identified pixels constitutes the basic idea of the algorithm. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated with a severely spoiled example of neutron radiography and tomography as compared with median filtering, the most convenient alternative approach by visual check, histogram and power spectra analysis. KW - Data processing methods KW - Image filtering KW - Pattern recognition KW - Cluster finding KW - Calibration and fitting methods PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/7/04/C04018 SN - 1748-0221 VL - 7 IS - April SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Inst. of Physics Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-25877 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt T1 - Human perception of images T2 - 5th BAM-DIN-Workshop on Image Technology CY - Berlin, Deutschland DA - 2005-04-18 PY - 2005 UR - http://www.ps.bam.de/info05/OST05.PDF SP - 16 pages PB - BAM CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-11864 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt T1 - How can Risk and Reliability being Assessed? T2 - EFNDT Working Group 5 Workshop 2011 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2011-09-26 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-25081 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kolkoori, Sanjeevareddy A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Redmer, Bernhard A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Hochenergieradiographie - Erkennung von Einzelheiten in großen, komplexen Schichttiefen N2 - Zur Durchstrahlung großer, dichter Objekte reichen die Energien, die mit normalen Röntgenröhren erzielt werden können, ab gewissen Schichtdicken nicht mehr aus. Als hochenergetische Strahlenquellen stehen Kobalt-60 und Elektronenbeschleuniger zur Verfügung. Als Einschränkung der Hochenergieradiographie ist der geringere Kontrast besonders beim Vorhandensein leichterer Objekte umgeben von Körpern bestehend aus schweren Elementen anzusehen. Es ist daher zu erwarten, dass Objekte aus organischen Substanzen hinter dicken Schwermetallwänden oder in Bohrungen von Metallblöcken schwer zu erkennen sind. Im Gegensatz zu einem Gammastrahler wie Kobalt-60 mit den beiden Spektrallinien um 1,3 MeV besitzt die Bremsstrahlung aus einem Beschleuniger einen wesentlichen Anteil an niederenergetischer Strahlung, der fließend zu höheren Energien übergeht. Es wird hier untersucht, welche Signaturen von leichten Materialien in einer Umgebung aus Schwermetall bis zu welcher Dicke und bis zu welchem Komplexizitätsgrad erkennbar sind. Mit einem Betatron (JME X-ray Betatron 7,5 MeV) und einem Matrixdetektor (Perkin Elmer XRD 1621) wurden Aufnahmen von unterschiedlichen leichten Objekten angefertigt, die zunehmend in eine Umgebung aus Schwermetallen gestellt wurden. Mit unterschiedlichen Energieeinstellungen wurde untersucht, inwieweit eine Materialerkennung hinter welcher Abschirmung möglich ist. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse werden mit Simulationen verglichen, die mit einer Software zur Modellierung von Durchstrahlungsverfahren (aRTist) erzeugt wurden. Dabei wird dem Problem der Aufhärtung bei Anwendung von Bremsstrahlung Rechnung getragen. Die Ergebnisse können sowohl zur Erkennung von Fremdkörpern in Maschinen oder Pumpen als auch zur Überprüfung von Frachtladungen im Bereich der öffentlichen Sicherheit und bei Zollkontrollen dienen. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2013 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 06.05.2013 KW - Hochenergieradiographie KW - Containerprüfung KW - Materialerkennung PY - 2013 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-288589 SN - 978-3-940283-49-8 IS - DGZfP-BB 141 (Mo.2.A.4) SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e.V. (DGZfP) AN - OPUS4-28858 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kolkoori, Sanjeevareddy A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Redmer, Bernhard A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Hochenergieradiografie - Erkennung von Einzelheiten in großen, komplexen Schichttiefen N2 - Zur Durchstrahlung großer, dichter Objekte reichen die Energien, die mit normalen Röntgenröhren erzielt werden können, ab gewissen Schichtdicken nicht mehr aus. Als hochenergetische Strahlenquellen stehen Kobalt-60 und Elektronenbeschleuniger zur Verfügung. Als Einschränkung der Hochenergieradiografie ist der geringere Kontrast besonders beim Vorhandensein leichterer Objekte umgeben von Körpern bestehend aus schweren Elementen anzusehen. Es ist daher zu erwarten, dass Objekte aus organischen Substanzen hinter dicken Schwermetallwänden oder in Bohrungen von Metallblöcken schwer zu erkennen sind. Im Unterschied zu einem Gammastrahler wie Kobalt-60 mit den beiden Spektrallinien um 1,3 MeV besitzt die Bremsstrahlung aus einem Beschleuniger einen wesentlichen Anteil an niederenergetischer Strahlung, der fließend zu höheren Energien übergeht. Es wird hier untersucht, welche Signaturen von leichten Materialien in einer Umgebung aus Schwermetall bis zu welcher Dicke und bis zu welchem Komplexitätsgrad erkennbar sind. Mit einem Betatron (JME X-ray Betatron 7,5 MeV) und einem Matrixdetektor (Perkin Elmer XRD 1621) wurden Aufnahmen von unterschiedlichen leichten Objekten angefertigt, die zunehmend in eine Umgebung aus Schwermetallen gestellt wurden. Mit unterschiedlichen Energieeinstellungen wurde untersucht, inwieweit eine Materialerkennung hinter welcher Abschirmung möglich ist. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse werden mit Simulationen verglichen, die mit einer Software zur Modellierung von Durchstrahlungsverfahren (aRTist) erzeugt wurden. Dabei wird dem Problem der Aufhärtung bei Anwendung von Bremsstrahlung Rechnung getragen. Die Ergebnisse können sowohl zur Erkennung von Fremdkörpern in Maschinen oder Pumpen als auch zur Überprüfung von Frachtladungen im Bereich der öffentlichen Sicherheit und bei Zollkontrollen dienen. KW - Hochenergieradiographie KW - Containerprüfung KW - Materialerkennung PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.110492 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 55 IS - 9 SP - 683 EP - 688 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-29057 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Kolkoori, Sanjeevareddy A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Ewert, Uwe ED - Lauster, M. T1 - High energy X-ray radiography: detection of dangerous materials in cargo containers N2 - For the radiographic investigation of large cargo Containers the energies of conventional Xray tubes are inadequately for certain layer thicknesses. In that case the high energy radiation sources like electron accelerators and gamma radiators (60CO) are adequate for the non invasive inspection of large Containers because of the high penetration through thick materials. Multiple imaging even enables to distinguish between different materials. The main challenging task in air and sea cargo Container inspection is to improve the detectability of contraband and dangerous materials which are hidden in the heterogeneously packed Containers by detailed analysis of cluttered radiographic images. So it is to be expected that objects of organic substances like certain explosives or their precursors are hard to identify behind thick walls of heavy metal objects such as engine-blocks with flat bottom holes. The primary aim here is to investigate the detectability of dangerous materials (typically of light elements) in cargo Containers using high energy X-ray digital radiography. T2 - 8th Future security research conference CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 17.09.2013 KW - Hochenergieradiographie KW - Containerprüfung KW - Materialerkennung PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-8396-0604-9 SP - 461 EP - 462 PB - Fraunhofer Verlag AN - OPUS4-29326 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Bücherl, T. A1 - Lierse von Gostomski, C. A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Bock, S. T1 - Filtering algorithm for dotted interferences N2 - An algorithm has been developed to remove reliably dotted interferences impairing the perceptibility of objects within a radiographic image. This particularly is a major challenge encountered with neutron radiographs collected at the NECTAR facility, Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz (FRM II): the resulting images are dominated by features resembling a snow flurry. These artefacts are caused by scattered neutrons, gamma radiation, cosmic radiation, etc. all hitting the detector CCD directly in spite of a sophisticated shielding. This makes such images rather useless for further direct evaluations. One approach to resolve this problem of these random effects would be to collect a vast number of single images, to combine them appropriately and to process them with common image filtering procedures. However, it has been shown that, e.g. median filtering, depending on the kernel size in the plane and/or the number of single shots to be combined, is either insufficient or tends to blur sharp lined structures. This inevitably makes a visually controlled processing image by image unavoidable. Particularly in tomographic studies, it would be by far too tedious to treat each single projection by this way. Alternatively, it would be not only more comfortable but also in many cases the only reasonable approach to filter a stack of images in a batch procedure to get rid of the disturbing interferences. The algorithm presented here meets all these requirements. It reliably frees the images from the snowy pattern described above without the loss of fine structures and without a general blurring of the image. It consists of an iterative, within a batch procedure parameter free filtering algorithm aiming to eliminate the often complex interfering artefacts while leaving the original information untouched as far as possible. KW - Neutron KW - Radiography KW - Tomography KW - Filtering KW - Evaluation KW - NECTAR PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2011.01.107 SN - 0168-9002 SN - 0167-5087 VL - 651 IS - 1 SP - 171 EP - 174 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-24917 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Lierse von Gostomski, C. A1 - Bock, S. T1 - Filtering algorithm for dotted interferences T2 - 9th World Conference on Neutron Radiography CY - Rustenburg, South Africa DA - 2010-10-03 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-22524 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Bücherl, T. A1 - Hasenstab, Andreas A1 - Rädel, Christoph A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Meinel, Dietmar A1 - Weidemann, Gerd A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Fast neutron radiography and tomography of wood as compared to photon based technologies T2 - DIR 2007 - International Symposium on Digital Industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography CY - Lyon, France DA - 2007-06-25 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-15955 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Rädel, Christoph A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Meinel, Dietmar A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Buecherl, T. A1 - Hasenstab, A. T1 - Fast neutron radiography and tomography of wood N2 - Wood is the material that has accompanied the whole development of mankind in various applications, for manufacturing tools and weapons, for buildings and constructions and also as fuel. It has various appearances and is subjected to decomposing changes, so there are sufficient arguments for non-destructive testing of wooden objects in the same way as is common practice with other technologically used materials. However, even today wood is rarely tested. Moreover, artefacts of cultural heritage containing wood are rare and delicate, so dismantling these for studying purposes is undesirable. Radiological inspection technologies are the methods of choice to provide a non-destructive insight. Interrogations of a specimen with various kinds of radiation provide different answers about their internal structures. High-quality detailed images are achievable with X-rays or gamma radiation in cases where heavy metals or other dense materials are not involved. Neutrons behave complementarily; they are avidly absorbed by light elements such as hydrogen on the one hand and yet are capable of easily penetrating heavy metals on the other. This provides an alternative for X-ray radiography and tomography when material characteristics are of primary interest rather than structural details, or when shielding with plates or sleeves of heavy metal severely impedes inspections with X-ray or gamma radiation technologies. However, due to the moderating effect of wooden samples it is essential to use fast neutrons for radiography and tomography of voluminous objects. Some typical examples described here will show the difference between neutron and X-ray photon-based radiographic technologies. KW - Materialgeschichtliches KW - Vergleich zwischen Röntgen- und Neutronenradiographie PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1784/insi.2008.50.6.307 SN - 0007-1137 VL - 50 IS - 6 SP - 307 EP - 311 PB - British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing CY - Northampton AN - OPUS4-18034 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt T1 - Erste Fachtagung Kampfmittelbeseitigung T2 - 1. Fachtagung Kampfmittelbeseitigung CY - Bad Kissingen, Deutschland DA - 2003-10-22 KW - Definition Kampfmittel KW - Fundmunition KW - Minen KW - Sprengstofffunde PY - 2003 SP - 1(?) EP - 4(?) AN - OPUS4-2788 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt T1 - Erkennung einer Gefahr - höhere Gewalt, Versagen oder Absicht? (Detection of a threat - force majeure, failure or intention?) T2 - Internationales Symposium 2009 für Sprengstoffermittlungsbeamte und Entschärfer unkonventioneller Spreng- und Brandvorrichtungen des BKAs CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 2009-11-09 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20696 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Röhrs, S. A1 - Schwabe, A. A1 - Radujcovic, S. A1 - Bücherl, T. A1 - Dangendorf, V. A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Reiche, I. A1 - Nüsser, A. ED - Zscherpel, Uwe ED - Kasperl, S. T1 - Elucidating the distribution of organic consolidants in wood by Neutron Tomography N2 - While the absorption of X-rays and gamma radiation is determined by the Z-number of the elements a specimen is composed of, it is the hydrogen making an effective contrast with neutron imaging. As a consequence, interrogating with neutrons presents a suitable tool to study the distribution of organic consolidants in materials such as wood as encountered in impregnated wooden artworks. Four different examples of objects are presented here to demonstrate the potential of neutron CT: 1) small wooden pieces of ship wrecks (< 2 cm thickness) interrogated with cold neutrons (0.5 meV at the ANTARES facility of the FRM II in Garching) to demonstrate the potential and the limitation of using low energy neutrons, 2) a wooden statue soaked with carbolineum (fission neutrons 1.8 MeV at the NECTAR facility of the FRM II), 3) a smaller wooden figure of a skull heavily soaked with carbolineum so it was too tight for the fission neutrons used before with accelerator neutrons (broad range about 5.5 MeV at the PTB in Braunschweig) and 4) pieces of charred wood to study the impregnation with a consolidant (NECTAR, FRM II). With the exception of the last example, all results have been combined with X-ray tomography (BAM 8.3 in Berlin). In the case of the charred wood specimens (example 4) the density histograms of the neutron tomography results were compared with those obtained from untreated references. The observed gain in specific density of the soaked specimens corresponded with an increase of specific weight. All results obtained so far showed distinct distribution patterns attributable to structural peculiarities or organic consolidants providing valuable support for subsequent restoration works. T2 - International symposium on digital industrial radiography and computed tomography DIR2019 CY - Fürth, Germany DA - 02.07.2019 KW - Neutron Imaging KW - Cold to fast neutron testing KW - Tomography of wood samples KW - Art restauration PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-505326 UR - https://www.ndt.net/search/docs.php3?id=24740 SN - 1435-4934 VL - 24 IS - 11 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - NDT.net CY - Kirchwald AN - OPUS4-50532 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Fratzscher, Daniel A1 - Jechow, Mirko A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Einstrahlgeometrie und Erkennbarkeit von Objekten in der Röntgenrückstreuradiographie N2 - Abweichend von der gängigen Vorgehensweise, mit einem Bleistiftstrahl die Lage eines Bildpunktes festzulegen und die rückgestreute Strahlung großflächig aufzunehmen, bietet die neu entwickelte Kamera Unabhängigkeit von Einstrahl- und Blickrichtung. Ausgestattet mit einer 'Optik' für hochenergetische Strahlung, wie die bereits beschriebene Schlitzblendenkamera, ist die variable Gestaltung von Einstrahl- und Blickrichtung möglich. Damit eröffnet sich die Chance, Strahlung absorbierende Details in einem Objekt sichtbar werden zu lassen, die sonst von einer streuenden Umgebung überstrahlt würden. Zudem wird gezeigt, wie sich das Erscheinungsbild von Objekten umgebungsbedingt im Rückstreubild ändern kann. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2011 CY - Bremen, Deutschland DA - 30.05.2011 KW - Röntgenrückstreuradiographie KW - Schlitzblendenkamera KW - Varibale Einstrahlgeometrie PY - 2011 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-250627 SN - 978-3-940283-33-7 IS - DGZfP-BB 127 (Poster 20) SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) AN - OPUS4-25062 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -