TY - JOUR A1 - D'Accardi, E. A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander A1 - Pelkner, Matthias A1 - Pohl, Rainer A1 - Palumbo, D. A1 - Galietti, U. T1 - Capability to detect and localize typical defects of laser powder bed fusion (L‑PBF) process: an experimental investigation with different non‑destructive techniques N2 - Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, generally called 3D printing, are widely used because their use provides a high added value in manufacturing complex-shaped components and objects. Defects may occur within the components at different time of manufacturing, and in this regard, non-destructive techniques (NDT) represent a key tool for the quality control of AM components in many industrial fields, such as aerospace, oil and gas, and power industries. In this work, the capability of active thermography and eddy current techniques to detect real imposed defects that are representative of the laser powder bed fusion process has been investigated. A 3D complex shape of defects was revealed by a μCT investigation used as reference results for the other NDT methods. The study was focused on two different types of defects: porosities generated in keyhole mode as well as in lack of fusion mode. Different thermographic and eddy current measurements were carried out on AM samples, providing the capability to detect volumetric irregularly shaped defects using non-destructive methods. KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Defect detection KW - Thermography KW - Eddy-current testing KW - Micro-computed tomography PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-546680 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40964-022-00297-4 SN - 2363-9512 VL - 7 IS - 6 SP - 1239 EP - 1256 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-54668 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Jan Peter A1 - Dell'Avvocato, G. A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer T1 - Assessing overload-induced delaminations in glass fiber reinforced polymers by its geometry and thermal resistance N2 - The one-dimensional thermal quadrupole method is used to evaluate a pulsed thermography measurement at delaminations in a glass-fiber reinforced plastic plate quantitatively. The large-scale delaminations have been induced by tension overload and are air-filled and are usually located at the same depth as the notch bottom of a notch on the rear side. While classical evaluation methods like pulsed phase thermography and thermal Signal reconstruction are focused on the delamination depth only, the thermal quadrupole method determines spatially resolved two parameters for delaminations, delamination depth and local thermal resistance. Interestingly, lateral heat flows do not disturb this kind of depth evaluation. KW - Pulsed thermography KW - Delamination KW - Debond KW - Composite materials PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2020.102309 VL - 116 SP - 102309 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-50937 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer A1 - Worzewski, Tamara A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane T1 - Cooling-down of thermal thick probes after flash excitation - A measure for the real energy density? N2 - Though flash lamps are one of the most applied heat sources in the field of Thermographic Testing (TT) using active thermography, only little is known about the actually achieved energy input into test objects. In this paper, an easy to realize sensor concept is proposed and experimentally evaluated. The concept is based on the measurement of the surface temperature of a thermal thick probe after flash excitation. After considering the sensor concept with FEM simulations the experimental investigation of four materials (two polymer and two building materials) is described. It will be shown that a suited coating is essential for the realization of the sensor concept. The experimental results prove the suitability of black rigid PVC as the most promising material. Using a coated PVC sample the energy density of short laser pulses, similar to flashes of flash lamps, could be determined exactly with an estimated relative uncertainty of only a few percent. KW - Infrared thermography KW - Flash lamps KW - Flash excitation KW - Flash thermography PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2015.07.014 SN - 1350-4495 VL - 72 SP - 258 EP - 265 PB - Pergamon Press CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-34284 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Worzewski, Tamara A1 - Röllig, Mathias A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Doroshtnasir, M. A1 - Steinfurth, H. A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer T1 - Thermographic inspection of a wind turbine rotor blade segment utilizing natural conditions as excitation source, Part I: Solar excitation for detecting deep structures in GFRP N2 - This study evaluates whether subsurface features in rotor blades, mainly made of Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastics (GFRP), can generally be detected with ‘‘solar thermography”. First, the suitability of the sun is tested for acting as a heat source for applying active thermography on a 30 mm thick GFRP test specimen. Second, a defective rotor blade segment is inspected outdoors under ideal natural conditions using the sun as excitation source. Additionally, numerical FEM-simulations are performed and the comparability between experiment and simulation is evaluated for outdoor measurements. KW - NDT KW - Numerical simulation KW - Solar excitation KW - On-site inspection KW - Structural health monitoring PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2016.04.011 SN - 1350-4495 VL - 76 SP - 756 EP - 766 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-36076 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Worzewski, Tamara A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer A1 - Doroshtnasir, M. T1 - Thermographic inspection of wind turbine rotor blade segment utilizing natural conditions as excitation source, Part II: The effect of climatic conditions on thermographic inspections – A long term outdoor experiment N2 - The present study continues the work described in part I of this paper in evaluating a longterm-experiment, where a rotor blade segment of a wind turbine is exposed to the elements and thereby monitored with passive thermography. First, it is investigated whether subsurface features in rotor blades – mainly made of GFRP – can generally be detected with thermography from greater distances under favorable conditions. The suitability of the sun for acting as a heat source in applying active thermography has been tested in the previous study. In this study, the climatic influence on thermographic measurement is evaluated. It is demonstrated that there are favorable and unfavorable circumstances for imaging thermal contrasts which reflect inner structures and other subsurface features like potential defects. It turns out that solar radiation serves as a very effective heat source, but not at all times of day. Other environmental influences such as diurnal temperature variations also create temperature contrasts that permit conclusions on subsurface features. Particular scenarios are reconstructed with FEM-simulations in order to gain deeper insight into the driving mechanisms that produce the observed thermal contrasts. These investigations may help planning useful outdoor operations for inspecting rotor blades with thermography. KW - NDT KW - Meteorological influence KW - Long-term experiment KW - FEM KW - On-site inspection PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infrared.2016.04.012 SN - 1350-4495 VL - 76 SP - 767 EP - 776 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-36078 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Myrach, Philipp A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer A1 - Röllig, Mathias A1 - Steinfurth, Henrik T1 - Detection and characterization of defects in isotropic and anisotropic structures using lockin thermography N2 - Lockin thermography is a well-suited method for the characterization of structures made of both metal and fiber reinforced plastic. In most cases, only phase images are analyzed, although the amplitude images might contain useful information as well. Thus, systematic studies of lockin thermography are presented, assessing amplitude and phase images for the detection and quantification of defects in isotropic (steel) and anisotropic (carbon fiber reinforced plastic) materials. Characterized defects are flat bottom holes with different diameters and various remaining wall thicknesses as well as crossed notches at different depths. The excitation frequency was varied while keeping the number of analyzed excitation periods nearly constant for each material. The data analysis was focused on the detectability of the defects both in the amplitude and phase images, including the determination of the signal-to-noise ratio and of the spatial resolution. As a result, the limits of defect detectability and spatial resolution are given for each material KW - Lockin-Thermography KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Steel KW - Carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics KW - Amplitude images KW - Phase images KW - Signal-to-noise ratio KW - Lateral resolution PY - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-352394 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging1010220 SN - 2313-433X VL - 1 SP - 220 EP - 248 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-35239 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer A1 - Zirker, Stefan A1 - Joniertz, Florian T1 - Determination of thermal parameters of concrete by active thermographic measurements N2 - The knowledge of the thermal parameters of a particular concrete is essential for thermal design of a building, but also could help to identify and assess the state of a concrete structure. Active thermography has the potential to be applied onsite and to provide a fast investigation of thermal properties. In this work, three different concrete samples were investigated by active thermography in reflection and in transmission setup. It was found that this method yields the same results without direct contact as the Transient Plane Source (TPS) method as an established inspection tool. KW - Concrete KW - Effusivity KW - Thermal diffusivity KW - Photothermal KW - Thermography KW - Hot disc method KW - Parker method KW - Onsite inspection PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-543781 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-022-00861-6 SN - 0195-9298 SN - 1573-4862 VL - 41 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-54378 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer T1 - Obituary of Christiane Maierhofer N2 - Obituary for Christiane Maierhofer, the head of the department "Thermographic Methods" at BAM (2015-2022). KW - Obituary KW - In Memoriam PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/17686733.2022.2105019 SN - 1768-6733 SN - 2116-7176 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 221 EP - 222 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London AN - OPUS4-55603 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chaudhuri, Somsubhro A1 - Stamm, Michael A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer T1 - Weather-dependent passive thermography and thermal simulation of in-service wind turbine blades N2 - . To cope with the increase in the manufacturing and operation of wind turbines, wind farm operators need inspection tools that are able to provide reliable information while keeping the downtime low. Current inspection techniques require to stop the wind turbine. This work presents the current progress in the project EvalTherm, in which passive thermography is evaluated as a possible non-destructive inspection tool for operational wind turbine blades (WTBs). A methodology to obtain thermal images of rotating WTBs has been established in this project. However, the quality of the results is heavily dependent on various aspects such as weather conditions, information on the inspected WTB, damage history, etc. In this work, a section of a used WTB is simulated using finite-element modelling (FEM) as well as experimentally tested for evaluating the accuracy of the model. Such a model will provide insight into the potential thermal response of a certain structure (with specific material properties) in given weather (boundary) conditions. The model is able to provide satisfactory predictions of the thermal response of the structure, as well as indicate what thermal contrast(s) result from artificial defects introduced in the structure. T2 - WindEurope Annual Event 2023 CY - Copenhagen, Denmark DA - 25.04.2023 KW - FEM KW - Thermografie KW - Wind turbine rotor blades KW - Windenergie Anlage Rotorblätter PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-582777 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2507/1/012025 VL - 2507 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - IOP Publishing Ltd. AN - OPUS4-58277 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krankenhagen, Rainer T1 - Influence of Moisture in Concrete on the Photothermal Response—A New Approach for a Measurement Method? N2 - Recently, the photothermal determination of the thermophysical properties of concrete under lab conditions was reported. Their values are mainly needed to look at the energy consumption of buildings. Additionally, changes in their values in relation to the initial state might also be a good indicator for material quality or for moisture. The present contribution explains the photothermal method in a more general way to indicate the potential for on-site application. Secondly, a special application case is regarded: the detection of moisture in concrete. Two concrete samples were soaked with water, followed by a drying period, to obtain different levels of water penetration. The water contents were determined by weighing, and the photothermal response was measured. The results show a large influence on the measured temperature transients, which is larger than expected from the original simple model. They clearly provide two points: the photothermal method is suited to detect moisture in concrete, but the magnitude of the actual measurement effect is not yet understood. KW - Thermal effusivity KW - Thermal conductivity KW - Moisture KW - Reflectivity PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-570439 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app13052768 VL - 13 IS - 5 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-57043 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -