TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Untersuchungen zur Chemi- und Thermolumineszenz von konjugierten Polymeren T2 - Disputation im Rahmen des Promotionsverfahrens am Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Freien Universität Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1999-05-25 PY - 1999 AN - OPUS4-7265 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Goering, Harald A1 - Stark, Wolfgang A1 - Bayerl, H. A1 - Brinkmann, P. T1 - Thermoanalytische Untersuchungen zur Phenolharzhärtung unter hohem Druck - Ein Weg zur Optimierung der Nachtemperung T2 - 3rd International Thermoset Conference CY - Iserlohn, Deutschland DA - 2005-04-21 KW - Post curing KW - High pressure DSC KW - DMA KW - Reaction kinetic KW - Phenolic resin PY - 2005 SP - 107 EP - 114 PB - Fachhochschule Südwestfalen - Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft CY - Iserlohn AN - OPUS4-7452 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Goering, Harald A1 - Stark, Wolfgang A1 - Bayerl, H. A1 - Brinkmann, P. T1 - Thermo Analytical Investigations of Phenol Moulding Compound Curing - Potential for Post-Cure Optimisation T2 - 3rd International Thermoset Conference CY - Iserlohn, Germany DA - 2005-04-21 KW - Post curing KW - High pressure DSC KW - DMA KW - Reaction kinetic KW - Phenolic resin PY - 2005 SP - 219 EP - 225 PB - Fachhochschule Südwestfalen - Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft CY - Iserlohn AN - OPUS4-7453 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Thermoanalytische Untersuchungen zur Phenolharzhärtung unter hohem Druck - ein Weg zur Optimierung der Nachtemperung T2 - 3. Internationale Duroplasttagung CY - Iserlohn, Germany DA - 2005-04-21 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-7354 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Hennecke, Manfred T1 - Chemiluminescence - An advanced method for small extent, early stages and accelerated testing of the thermooxidative degradation in polymers T2 - Makromolekulares Kolloquium Freiburg CY - Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany DA - 2000-02-24 PY - 2000 SP - 45 CY - Freiburg im Breisgau AN - OPUS4-2435 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Hennecke, Manfred T1 - Chemiluminescence - A promising new testing method for plastic optical fibres? T2 - 7th International Plastic Optical Fibres Conference (POF-7) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1998-10-05 PY - 1998 SN - 3-905084-55-4 VL - 7 SP - 248 EP - 249 PB - AKM AG CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-2433 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Brademann-Jock, Kerstin A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Goering, Harald T1 - Degradation effects of automotive coatings after weathering as detected by thermoluminescence T2 - 27th FATIPEC Congress CY - Aix-en-Provence, France DA - 2004-04-19 KW - Automobillacke KW - Bewitterung KW - Thermolumineszenz KW - Automotive coatings KW - Weathering KW - Thermoluminescence PY - 2004 VL - 3 SP - 1045 EP - 1050 PB - Association Francaise des Techniciens des Peintures, Vernis,Encres CY - Aix en Provence AN - OPUS4-4054 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kautek, Wolfgang A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - König, E. ED - Kautek, W. ED - König, E. T1 - Laser cleaning of ancient parchments T2 - LACONA I CY - Heraklion, Crete, Greece DA - 1995-10-04 PY - 1997 SN - 3-901025-68-5 VL - 18 SP - 69 EP - 78 PB - Mayer CY - Klosterneuburg AN - OPUS4-11784 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Daminelli-Widany, Grazia A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Influence of film thickness on laser ablation of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films N2 - Single-pulse damage thresholds of hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films were measured for 8-ns laser pulses at 532-nm wavelength. Layer thicknesses from below the optical penetration depth to above the thermal diffusion length (60 nm–13 µm) were examined. After correction of the damage-threshold values for the fraction of energy effectively absorbed by the material, the damage threshold was found to increase linearly with the layer thickness, also for film thicknesses below the optical penetration depth of a-C:H. The threshold fluence reached the bulk value for a layer thickness equal to the thermal diffusion length. The thermal diffusion coefficient was obtained from fitting the experimental data. Several phenomena like graphitization, blistering, exfoliation, and ablation were observed for different fluence regimes and film thicknesses. PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-005-3460-5 SN - 0340-3793 VL - 83 IS - 1 SP - 89 EP - 94 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-12022 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Schulze, Rolf-Dieter A1 - Brademann-Jock, Kerstin A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian ED - Pershin, L. T1 - Introduction of irregularities into plasma polymers by radiative and auto-oxidative processes T2 - 17th International Symposium on Plasma Chemistry (ISPC-17) CY - Toronto, Canada DA - 2005-08-07 PY - 2005 SP - 1(?) EP - 6(?) CY - Toronto AN - OPUS4-11943 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Kontrolle von Aushärtungsverlauf und Aushärtegrad mittels Thermoanalyse - DSC T2 - Rohima - Die deutsche FVK-Messe - Marktplatz Forschung CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 2006-06-27 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-12527 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Schulze, Rolf-Dieter A1 - Brademann-Jock, Kerstin A1 - Swaraj, Sufal A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian T1 - Charakterisierung von Plasmapolymeren mittels Thermolumineszenzmessungen N2 - Dünne, mit einem gepulsten Plasma hergestellte Polymerschichten wurden untersucht. Diese Plasmapolymere sollten eine chemisch besser definierte Struktur haben, weil der Anteil an rein chemisch polymerisiertem Produkt während der Plasma-aus-Zeit steigen sollte, während der Anteil an Schichtbildung, der innerhalb der kurzen Plasmapulse durch Monomerfragmentierung und statistische Polyrekombination erzeugt wird, zurückgedrängt wird. Der Monomerfragmentierungsprozeß ist im kontinuierlich brennenden Plasma (cw-Mode) demgegenüber der Hauptprozeß. Neben der Anwendung der klassischen Element- und Bindungsanalysentechnik XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) wurden hier die Schichten auch mittels Thermolumineszenz untersucht. Defekte und Strukturanomalitäten in Polymeren sollten mit dieser Methode charakterisiert werden können. Untersuchungsobjekte waren funktionalgruppentragende Plasmapolymerschichten, die biosensorische oder biokompatible Funktionen besitzen oder als Haftvermittler in Metall-Polymercompositen eingesetzt werden. Translated Abstract Characterization of Plasmapolymers by Thermoluminescence Thin plasma polymer films were deposited using the pulsed plasma (pp) mode. These plasma polymers should possess a more chemically regular structure because of the lower monomer fragmentation during the short plasma pulses and the chemical chain propagation during the plasma-less periods than those produced by the conventional continuous-wave (cw) mode. In addition to the use of the classic thin film characterization method XPS the method of thermoluminescence was applied to characterize defects and structural specifics in the polymer films produced by pp or cw-plasma mode. The thermoluminescence method was applied to functional groups-carrying plasma polymer layers, which are used in medical technology for forming biocompatible and bioactive coatings or in metal-polymer composites as adhesion-promoting interlayers. KW - Plasmapolymere KW - Thermolumineszenz KW - X-ray PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/vipr.200600287 SN - 0947-076X SN - 1522-2454 VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 32 EP - 37 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-12514 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Analysis of weathering effects in automotive coatings by thermoluminescence T2 - XXVIIIth FATIPEC Congress CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 2006-06-12 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-12548 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Screening the weathering stability of automotive coatings by chemiluminescence T2 - XXVIIIth FATIPEC Congress CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 2006-06-12 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-12549 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Schulze, Rolf-Dieter A1 - Brademann-Jock, Kerstin A1 - Swaraj, Sufal A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian T1 - Characterisation of plasma polymers by thermoluminescence N2 - Thin plasma polymer films were deposited using the pulsed plasma mode. These plasma polymers should possess a more regular structure than those produced by the conventional continuous-wave (cw) mode, because of lower monomer fragmentation caused by the plasma pulses and the chemical chain propagation during the plasmaless (free!) periods. The thermoluminescence method was applied to functional groups carrying plasma polymer layers which are used in medical technology. Examples are formation of biocompatible, biosensoric and bioactive coatings or in metal polymer composites such as adhesion-promoting interlayers. In addition to the use of the conventional X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy for thin film characterization, the new method of thermoluminescence was applied to characterize undesired defects and structural specifics produced in the polymer films by pp or cw plasma mode. The main areas of focus were oxygen-containing groups produced by post-plasma oxygen introduction via auto-oxidation, oxidation of implemented unsaturations and trapped radical sites known as typical irregular structures in plasma polymers. KW - Plasma polymers KW - Thermoluminescence KW - Structure KW - Defects KW - Pulsed plasma KW - Continuous-wave plasma PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2005.12.003 SN - 0257-8972 VL - 201 IS - 3-4 SP - 543 EP - 552 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-12818 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kautek, Wolfgang A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Rudolph, Pascale A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - König, E. T1 - Laser interaction with coated collagen und cellulose fibre composites: fundamentals of laser cleaning of ancient parchment manuscripts and paper N2 - Laser cleaning of delicate biological composite materials such as ancient parchment manuscripts from the 15th and 16th century and printed paper from the 19th century is demonstrated with an ultraviolet excimer pulsed laser at 308 nm. Laser fluence levels must stay below the ablation and destruction threshold of the parchment or paper substrate, and have to surpass the threshold of the contaminant matter. Foreign layers to be removed must exhibit a higher optical density than the artifact substrates. Synthetic carbonaceous dirt modelled by water-soluble black crayons showed a characteristically weak featureless laser-induced plasma spectroscopy spectrum near the noise limit. It turned out that laser-induced plasma spectroscopy is of limited use in monitoring halting points (or etch-stops) because it relies on the destruction not only of the laterally inhomogenously distributed contaminant but also of pigment phases on a microscopically rough parchment substrate. Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy, however, promises to be a valuable non-destructive testing technique for etch-stop monitoring. KW - Laser KW - Parchment KW - Papery KW - Spectroscopy KW - Laser cleaning PY - 1998 SN - 0169-4332 SN - 1873-5584 VL - 127-129 SP - 746 EP - 754 PB - North-Holland CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-11516 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rudolph, Pascale A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Kautek, Wolfgang A1 - König, E. T1 - Laserreinigung von Pergament und Papier PY - 1998 SN - 0933-4017 IS - 6 SP - 396 EP - 402 PB - Callwey CY - München AN - OPUS4-11598 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Stark, Wolfgang A1 - Goering, Harald A1 - Michel, Uwe T1 - Thermoanalyse der Phenolharzhärtung - Ein Weg zur Optimierung der Nachtemperung N2 - Angesichts der spezifischen Bedeutung der Aushärtung von Phenolharzen für ihre Eigenschaften als Ingenieurwerkstoffe besteht großes Interesse an deren quantitativer Charakterisierung. Mittels DSC-Messungen unter hohem Druck (HP-DSC) kann die Vernetzungsreaktion der Phenolharzformmassen durch die Unterdrückung der Verdampfung niedermolekularer Substanzen ohne störende Überlagerungen verfolgt werden. Mittels verschiedener Vernetzungsgrade können die Einflussparameter der Aufheizrate und der Nachtemperung optimiert werden. Die Messergebnisse ermöglichen eine Modellierung der Reaktionskinetik mit dem Ziel einer verbesserten Prozessführung und Qualitätskontrolle in der industriellen Praxis. KW - Phenolharze KW - Thermische Analyse KW - DMA KW - DSC KW - Aushärtung KW - Glasübergang PY - 2006 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 48 IS - 11-12 SP - 556 EP - 561 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-13802 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wurster, R. A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Characterization of laser-generated microparticles by means of a dust monitor and SEM imaging N2 - Nanosecond laser (1064 nm wavelength) cleaning of artificially soiled paper as a model sample simulating a real-world artwork was performed. During the cleaning process, the ejection of particles was monitored in situ by means of a dust monitor (8 size classes, ranging from 0.3 µm to >2 µm) and ex situ using a mini-cascade impactor (MKI, 5 stages). The cleaning result was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) considering possible laser-induced damages to the substrate. Size distributions of emitted particles were measured depending on the processing parameters: laser fluence, F, and pulse number per spot, N. High numbers of large (>2 µm) particles were collected by the mini-cascade impactor indicating a gas dynamical liftoff process. Obviously, these particles were not affected by the laser-matter interaction. The different methods (SEM, MKI, and dust monitor) are compared with respect to their usefulness for a proper interpretation of the cleaning results. PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1155/2006/31862 SN - 0278-6273 SN - 1476-3516 VL - 2006 IS - Article ID 31862 SP - 1 EP - 5(?) PB - Harwood Academic Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-14467 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Rauth, W. T1 - Kürzer in der Klimakammer - Rasche Beurteilung der Bewitterungsstabilität von 2K-PUR-Autolacken mittels Chemilumineszenz KW - Weathering KW - Chemiluminescence KW - Degradation KW - Coatings PY - 2007 SN - 0014-7699 VL - 113 IS - 9 SP - 46 EP - 49 PB - Vincentz CY - Hannover AN - OPUS4-15786 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engel, P. A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Lußky, Katharina A1 - Pentzien, Simone T1 - Analyse häufig verwendeter europäischer Papiere. Im Fokus: Fasermaterial, Füllstoffe und Leimung N2 - Restauratoren können verschiedene Papierarten mit dem bloßen Auge aufgrund von Merkmalen in der Textur und der Oberflächenbeschaffenheit, seinem Aussehen im Durchlicht sowie an Griff und Klang grob unterscheiden. Dabei ist sich der Restaurator stets der Tatsache bewusst, dass es sich lediglich um eine erste grobe Einschätzung handeln kann. Erst bei mikroskopischen Analysen und physikalischen Experimenten treten Charakteristika zu Tage, die eine weitere Annäherung an die Zusammensetzung des Papiers und damit seiner Provenienz erlauben. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit war es, ein europäisches Hadernpapier, ein holzhaltiges Zeichenpapier und ein Whatman®-Filterpapier mit zwei mikroskopischen Methoden und einer Verbrennungstechnik zu untersuchen. Das Fasermaterial, die Füllstoffe, die Leimung und eventuelle Verunreinigungen wurden detailliert evaluiert. Neben konventioneller Lichtmikroskopie kam die weniger bekannte Umweltrasterelektronenmikroskopie (ESEM = Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy) zum Einsatz, die neben der bildlichen Darstellung der Probenoberflächen zusätzlich eine Elementanalyse derselben gestattet. Letzteres erfordert allerdings das Vorhandensein eines zusätzlichen Röntgenspektrometers. Darüber hinaus wurden die verschiedenen Papiere trocken verascht. Es wurde eine oxidative Zerstörung der organischen Stoffe gewährleistet bis nur noch nichtbrennbare mineralische Asche zu verzeichnen war. Die Komplementarität der eingesetzten Methoden wird demonstriert und ein Einblick in die Zusammensetzung und Struktur der Papiere ermöglicht. Die Analysemethoden sind durch ihren partiell zerstörenden Charakter bzw. Limitierungen hinsichtlich der Objektgröße nur bedingt für die Untersuchung am Original geeignet, sehr wohl aber dafür, das Probenmaterial für Versuchsreihen genau zu definieren und zu standardisieren. PY - 2007 SN - 0933-4017 IS - 7 SP - 472 EP - 477 PB - Callwey CY - München AN - OPUS4-16046 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mäder, M. A1 - Holle, H. A1 - Schreiner, M. A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Kautek, Wolfgang ED - Johann Nimmrichter, ED - Kautek, Wolfgang ED - Manfred Schreiner, T1 - Traditional and laser cleaning methods of historic picture post cards T2 - LACONA VI CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2005-09-21 KW - Laser KW - Cleaning KW - Picture Post Card PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-540-72129-1 SN - 0930-8989 N1 - Serientitel: Springer proceedings in physics – Series title: Springer proceedings in physics IS - 116 SP - 281 EP - 286 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-16378 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Lerber, K. von A1 - Strlic, M. A1 - Kolar, J. A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Kennedy, C. A1 - Wess, T. A1 - Sokhan, M. A1 - Kautek, W. ED - Johann Nimmrichter, ED - Kautek, Wolfgang ED - Manfred Schreiner, T1 - Laser cleaning of undyed silk: Indications of chemical change T2 - LACONA VI CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2005-09-21 KW - Laser KW - Cleaning KW - Silk KW - Textiles KW - Viscometry KW - X-ray diffraction KW - SIMS PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-540-72129-1 SN - 0930-8989 N1 - Serientitel: Springer proceedings in physics – Series title: Springer proceedings in physics IS - 116 SP - 313 EP - 319 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-16379 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Lerber, K. von ED - Johann Nimmrichter, ED - Kautek, Wolfgang ED - Manfred Schreiner, T1 - Determination of a working range for the laser cleaning of soiled silk T2 - LACONA VI CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2005-09-21 KW - Laser KW - Cleaning KW - Silk KW - Textiles PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-540-72129-1 SN - 0930-8989 N1 - Serientitel: Springer proceedings in physics – Series title: Springer proceedings in physics IS - 116 SP - 321 EP - 327 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-16380 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Chemical analysis of scorch marks during smouldering of spruce wood - Fire debris, particles and smoke gases T2 - 10 th International IAFSS Symposium CY - College Park, MD, USA DA - 2011-06-19 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-23954 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Berger, Anka A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Krause, Ulrich ED - Kühle-Weidemeier, M. T1 - Self-ignition of deposits containing recycling materials - an underestimated phenomenon N2 - Fires on waste dumps, surface landfills, Underground stowing or storage facilities of Recycling factories may have multiple harmful effects on individuals on site and on environment. Possibly several tens of thousands of tons flare up plunging vast areas in smoke and releasing large amounts of flue gases. Experience shows that fire fighting takes days or even weeks and moreover, as long as hidden glowing nests exist fires may break out repeatedly weeks or months later. In the light of this, fire prevention is much easier to manage than extinction. It is of internst to identify the geometrical and physical conditions under which the mid-term or long-term storage of recycling materials can be performed avoiding self-ignition. Our Guideline presents a novel method developed at BAM which combines experimental tests on lab-scale with numerical simulations in Order to obtain permissible geometries of deposits and storage times at which self-ignition can be certainly avoided (Berger 2010). T2 - Waste-to-resources 2011 - 4th International Symposium MBT & MRF CY - Hannover, Germany DA - 24.05.2011 KW - Self-ignition KW - Hot storage tests KW - Numerical simulations KW - FTIR spectroscopy KW - Guideline PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-86955-747-2 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Cuvillier AN - OPUS4-23920 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Chemische Brandspurenanalytik T2 - BAM Kolloquium CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2011-11-09 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-24709 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Vitiated Cone Calorimeter-Experience and Characteristics T2 - Symposium on Cone Calorimeter, ISO meeting TC 92 SC3/SC4 Fire threat to people and environment CY - Ottawa, Canada DA - 2011-10-17 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-24600 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Rauchentwicklung und Rauchgaszusammensetzung von Photovoltaikmodulen im Brandfall T2 - VDI-Expertenforum: Photoviltaik und Brandschutz CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 2011-11-17 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-24783 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberstein, M. A1 - Geier, M. A1 - Grießmann, H. A1 - Partsch, U. A1 - Voelkel, L. A1 - Böhme, R. A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Koter, Robert A1 - Mann, Guido A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Towards an industrial laser doping process for the selective emitter using phosphoric acid as dopant N2 - Different laser supported approaches have already been realized, proving the great potential of laserdoped selective emitters (LDSE). However, it is challenging to establish a low-cost process by using pulsed laser tools. So far a single-step process only leads to satisfying results utilizing cw-lasers. In this paper we have examined a two-step process to produce laser-doped selective emitters on multicrystalline textured standard silicon photovoltaic wafers (90-Ω/sq-Emitter, SiN-antireflection coating (ARC)). The precise ARC removal by near-infrared fs-laser pulses (30 fs, 800 nm), and the doping of uncoated silicon wafers by ns-laser pulses (8 ns, 532 nm) were systematically investigated. In the fs-experiment, optimum conditions for ARC removal were identified. In the nsexperiments under suitable conditions (melting regime), the phosphorous concentration underneath the wafer surface was significantly increased and the sheet resistance was reduced by nearly a factor of two. Moreover, electrical measurements on fired metallization fingers deposited on the laser processed wafers showed low contact resistances. Hence, wafer conditioning with combined fs-laser- and ns-laser-processes are expected to be a promising technology for producing selective emitters. T2 - 26th European photovoltaic solar energy conference and exhibition CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 05.09.2011 KW - Laser processing KW - Doping KW - Selective emitter KW - Multicrystalline silicon PY - 2011 SN - 3-936338-27-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.4229/26thEUPVSEC2011-2BV.1.2 SP - 1220 EP - 1223 AN - OPUS4-24996 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Deubel, Jan A1 - Raspe, Tina A1 - Fettig, Ina A1 - Piechotta, Christian T1 - Chemische Brandspurenanalytik T2 - Vfdb 2012 -Jahresfachtagung CY - Köln, Deutschland DA - 2012-05-21 KW - Brandbeschleuniger KW - Brandgase KW - Brand KW - Partikel KW - Analytik PY - 2012 SP - 517 EP - 539 PB - VdS Schadenverhütung CY - Köln AN - OPUS4-25933 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Brandanalytik T2 - Arbeitstagung Brandschäden 2012 CY - Rennerod, Germany DA - 2012-05-09 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-25938 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Methoden der Brandspurenanalytik T2 - vfdb Jahrestagung 2012 CY - Cologne, Germany DA - 2012-05-21 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-25939 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - A Controlled-atmosphere Cone Calorimeter-Experiences and Characteristics T2 - Flammschutz-Workshop CY - Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany DA - 2011-11-28 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-24946 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Was ist eigentlich Rauch? Grundlagen zur Brandrauchzusammensetzung, Rauchentwicklung, Rauchgasanalytik und Rauchgastoxizität T2 - Prüfsachverständigentag 2012 CY - Kleinmachnow, Germany DA - 2012-09-28 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-26680 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Chemische Brandspurenanalytik in der BAM T2 - Arbeitstagung Brandspurenanalytik 2012 CY - Bautzen, Germany DA - 2012-10-01 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-26681 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Experimental studies on the effect of fire accelerants during living room fires T2 - Fire and Materials, 13th international Conference and Exhibition CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 2013-01-28 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-27693 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Deubel, Jan A1 - Werrel, Martin A1 - Fettig, Ina A1 - Raspe, Tina A1 - Piechotta, Christian T1 - Experimental studies on the effect of fire accelerant during living room fires N2 - The influence of fire accelerants on the fire behavior during living room fires was experimentally investigated by performing 5 different room fire scenarios. During the tests flre-technological quantities were determined as well as chemical-analytical studies were carried out. The focus was on the detection of smoke gases and the proof of used fire accelerants. The evaluation of traceable fire accelerants and the reconstruction of the fire development are based on a precise Chemical analysis of the combustion products. In this work an innovative methodology was developed to combine available analyticai techniques to draw conclusions from solid, liquid and gaseous fire residues about the fire process. Each ofthe fire rooms was equipped with the same living room inventory. The location and amount of fire accelerant (a mixture of diesel/gasoline) differed in 4 of 5 tests. Orte room fire experiment was carried out without fire accelerant. The following fire technological characteristics were determined during the room fire experiments: mass loss (of the complete room), temperatures (at several locations in the room), heat release and smoke gas emission (measured at three different locations: in the chimney, in the fire room and at the door opening). While the smoke gases were analysed by using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, the fire residues and swipe samples (particles) were examined by Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction- Gaschromatography-Mass spectrometry. These procedures make it possible to detect low concentrations of volatile components of the fire accelerants. The Chemical analyticai results of the fire accelerant detection are presented. T2 - Fire and materials 2013 - 13th International conference and exhibition CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 28.01.2013 KW - Accelerant KW - Chemical analysis KW - Toxicity PY - 2013 SP - 729 EP - 743 PB - Interscience Communications CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-27708 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Experimentelle Realisierung von Brandszenarien und deren brandtechnologische Analyse T2 - Brandursachenseminar der Landespolizei Mecklenburg-Vorpommern CY - Güstrow, Germany DA - 2012-11-12 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-27087 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Chemisch-analytischer Nachweis von festen, flüssigen und gasförmigen Brandprodukten T2 - Brandsymposium CY - Bad Liebenstein, Germany DA - 2012-11-13 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-27013 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Brandtechnologische und chemisch-analytische Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von Brandbeschleunigern bei Zimmerbränden T2 - Brand- und Explosionsschutztag 2013 CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 2013-03-21 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-27916 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Teichmann, Bernd A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Systematische Untersuchung des Brandverhaltens und des Feuerwiderstands von Photovoltaik-Modulen einschließlich der Emissionen im Brandfall und Entwicklung eines Prüfverfahrens zum Einfluss von PV-Modulen auf die harte Bedachung N2 - In Deutschland sind z.Zt. über 1 Million PV-Anlagen am Netz [1], Immer häufiger kommen dabei Dünnschichtmodule mit toxikologisch bedenklichen Inhaltsstoffen zum Einsatz wie z.B. Cadmium, Indium oder Selen. Aber selbst die klassischen Silizium Dickschichtmodule enthalten als Kontaktmaterial signifikante Mengen an Blei. Besonders aus Sicht des Brandschutzes werfen sich vor diesem Hintergrund mehrere Fragen auf: Wie groß ist die toxikologische Gefährdung durch PV-Module im Brandfall und wie verhalten sich die Module bei einem Brand? Um hier Transparenz zu schaffen, wurden in diesem Forschungsvorhaben systematische Branduntersuchungen an verschiedenartigen Photovoltaik-Modulen durchgeführt. Als Ergebnis können Aussagen getroffen werden zu: - Brandverhalten, - Feuerwiderstand der Module einschließlich der tragenden Konstruktion, - mechanische Integrität, - Einflüsse auf die harte Bedachung sowie - Emissionen im Brandfall. T2 - Brand- und Explosionsschutztag 2013 CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 21.03.2013 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-27918 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Einfluss von Brandbeschleunigern bei Wohnzimmerbränden und deren Nachweis T2 - Ulm-Freiberger Kalorimetrietage 2013 CY - Freiberg, Germany DA - 2013-02-27 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-27829 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Teichmann, Bernd A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Systematical fire tests of PV modules - research on fire resistance, toxicology and burning behaviour N2 - At the moment more than 1 Million photovoltaic (PV) power generators are connected to the national grid in Germany1. This leads to an increasing number of estimated 300 fire accidents caused by this technology every year. Often the fire brigades deny extinguishing a burning PV generator. The fear of electric shock and poisonous heavy metals in PV solar panels refrain the firemen from doing their task. The cause of a fire of PV Systems can be the ignition of the building where the generator is mounted on, arson or technical errors in the PV modules, like strings or the inverter. T2 - Interflam 2013 - 13th International fire science & engineering conference CY - Egham, Surrey, UK DA - 24.06.2013 KW - PV modules KW - Fire resistance KW - Fire behaviour PY - 2013 SN - 978-0-9556548-9-3 SP - 105 EP - 113 PB - Interscience Communications Limited AN - OPUS4-28885 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Systematical fire tests of PV modules T2 - Interflam 2013 CY - Egham, England DA - 2013-06-24 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-28765 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Deubel, Jan A1 - Werrel, Martin A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Krause, U. T1 - Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von Brandbeschleuniger auf den Verlauf von Raumbränden N2 - Zur Untersuchung des Einflusses von Brandbeschleuniger auf den Verlauf von Raumbränden wurden fünf Raumbrände im Originalmaßstab durchgeführt. Die Geometrie und Ausstattung des Brandraums entsprach einem Wohnzimmer. Ein Versuch wurde mit einem Feuerzeug ohne Brandbeschleuniger gezündet. Bei den restlichen Versuchen wurde ein Benzin-Diesel-Gemisch als Brandbeschleuniger an zwei verschiedenen Orten ausgebracht und mit einer Fernzündeinrichtung gezündet. Über die Messung von Temperaturen, Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten und Gasspezieskonzentrationen wurden einfallende Strahlungswärmestromdichten, die Wärmefreisetzungsrate und die Temperaturverteilung im Brandraum bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass durch die Verwendung des Brandbeschleunigers zur Zündung des Brandes die Brandentwicklung beschleunigt wurde. Die Maxima der betrachteten brandtechnologischen Größen wurden nicht beeinflusst. Der Einfluss der Brandbeschleuniger wurde aber in dem Zeitpunkt, zu dem diese Maxima auftreten, deutlich. T2 - 3. Magdeburger Brand- und Explosionsschutztag / vfdb-Workshop CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 21.03.2013 KW - Brandbeschleuniger KW - Raumbrand PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-00-041601-9 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-27989 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Teichmann, Bernd A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Feuerwiderstands von Photovoltaik-Modulen einschließlich der Emissionen im Brandfall und Entwicklung eines Prüfverfahrens zum Einfluss von PV-Modulen auf die harte Bedachung T2 - 3. Magdeburger Brand- und Explosionsschutztag / vfdb-Workshop CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 2013-03-21 KW - Photovoltaik KW - Brandverhalten KW - Feuerwiderstand KW - Rauchgas PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-00-041601-9 SP - 1 EP - 12(?) AN - OPUS4-27990 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Deubel, Jan A1 - Werrel, Martin A1 - Raspe, Tina A1 - Fettig, Ina A1 - Berger, Anka T1 - Brandtechnologische und chemisch-analytische Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von Brandbeschleunigern bei Zimmerbränden N2 - Anhand von 5 verschiedenen Zimmerbrandversuchen wurde der Einfluss von Brandbeschleunigern auf den Brandverlauf experimentell untersucht. Es wurden verschiedene brandtechnologische Kennwerte, wie der Massenverlust des gesamten Brandraums, Brandraumtemperaturen, die Wärmefreisetzungen sowie die Rauchgasemissionen ermittelt und beurteilt. Die Rauchgasanalyse erfolgte im Schlot, im Brandraum sowie in der Brandraumöffnung mittels Fourier Transformierte Infrarot-FTIR-Spektroskopie. Neben diesen brandtechnologischen Untersuchungen erfolgten auch chemisch-analytische Untersuchungen nach dem Brand, mit dem Ziel, den eingesetzten Brandbeschleuniger nachzuweisen. Im Anschluss an die jeweiligen Zimmerbrandversuche wurden verschiedene Brandrückstandsproben aus dem Brandschutt, Wischproben von den Wänden und den übriggebliebenen Gegenständen sowie Proben in Form von Adsorbensmaterialien und Tenax-Röhrchen genommen und mit Hilfe der HSSPME-GC-MS-Methode (Headspace-Solid Phase Micro Extraction-Gas Chromatographie-Massenspekrometrie) in Hinblick eines möglichen Brandbeschleunigernachweis analysiert. T2 - 3. Magdeburger Brand- und Explosionsschutztag / vfdb-Workshop CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 21.03.2013 KW - Analytik KW - Brandbeschleuniger KW - Raumbrand PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-00-041601-9 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-27991 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kotsifaki, D.G. A1 - Zekou, L. A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Serafetinides, A.A. ED - Saunders, D. ED - Strlic, M. ED - Korenberg, C. ED - Luxford, N. ED - Birkhölzer, K. T1 - Cleaning of artificially soiled papers by infrared and mid-infrared lasers N2 - One of the most important materials presenting and witnessing human culture is paper. The cleaning of paper is often necessary because contamination must be removed so that the fragile organic substrate can be preserved. The conventional cleaning methods are mechanical or involve the application of chemicals. These methods can damage drawings or print layers to some extent or make the original paper substrate brittle. More specifically, the use of a scalpel blade can cause damage to fibers. Chemical cleaning is difficult to perform locally, can dissolve foreign matter that then migrates into the paper substrate, or involves volatile organic compounds that can be harmful to the conservator. There is, therefore, a need for new conservation technologies aimed at the safe cleaning of paper. Lasers have proved to be an appropriate tool for cleaning as the energy dose and penetration depth at the specific point of contamination can be controlled. Additionally, if used properly, laser cleaning is not destructive to the paper. T2 - LACONA IX - Lasers in the conservation of artworks CY - London, UK DA - 07.09.2011 KW - Laser cleaning KW - Paper KW - Artificial soiling KW - Nanosecond laser KW - Microsecond laser PY - 2013 SN - 978-1-904982-87-6 SP - 219 EP - 221 PB - Archetype publications Ltd. AN - OPUS4-27956 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mohamed, Zeinab A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian T1 - Deposition of thick polymer or inorganic layers with flame-retardant properties by combination of plasma and spray processes N2 - Mixtures of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) and oxygen have been used for deposition of SiO2-like layers by plasma polymerization under low-pressure conditions onto polyethylene and polystyrene used as basecoat. Water glass was cast onto these 0.5 pm plasma thick siloxane-like layers with a thickness of 5 to 40 mu m. The adhesion of these bilayer systems and their flame resistance were tested. The effect of different plasma parameters such as monomer/gas ratio, pressure and power input into the discharge on the deposition rate and the composition of the formed layers was studied. Characterization and chemical composition of the formed films were performed using infrared, X-ray photoelectron and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Peel strengths of composites were measured and the locus of peel front propagation was detected. Thermal properties of composites were analyzed by thermo-gravimetric analysis. Finally, the fire-retardant properties of thick coated polymers were determined by exposure to flames and the behavior of coatings on the polymers during flaming was observed visually. T2 - 3. Magdeburger Brand- und Explosionsschutztag / vfdb-Workshop CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 21.03.2013 KW - Polymer KW - Plasmatechnologie KW - Analytik PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-00-041601-9 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-27988 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Chemische Brandspurenanalytik T2 - Workshop Chemische Brandspurenanalytik, BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2013-04-09 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-28035 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Kohlenmonoxiduntersuchungen beim Grillen mit verschiedenen Grillkohlearten T2 - BfR Symposium "Bewertungen von Vergiftungen" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2012-11-29 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-27365 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Quantitative Rauchgasanalyse bei Raumbränden T2 - ANAKON 2013 CY - Essen, Germany DA - 2013-03-04 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-27821 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Kalorimetrische Untersuchungen bei Raumbränden T2 - Ulm-Freiberger Kalorimetrietage 2013 CY - Freiberg, Germany DA - 2013-02-27 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-27827 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Welche energetischen und stofflichen Gefahren gehen von Raumbränden aus? T2 - vfdb Jahrestagung 2013 CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 2013-05-27 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-28579 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Deubel, Jan A1 - Werrel, Martin A1 - Raspe, Tina T1 - Welche stofflichen und energetischen Gefahren gehen von Wohnzimmerbränden aus? N2 - Welche stofflichen und energetischen Gefahren während und nach einem Wohnzimmerbrand auftreten können, werden im Rahmen dieses Vortrages vorgestellt. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei die Rauchgasentwicklung, die Wärmefreisetzung, die entstehenden Rauchgastemperaturen sowie die Rauchgaszusammensetzung. In den Einrichtungen der Gesellschaft für Materialforschung und Prüfungsanstalt für das Bauwesen Leipzig mbH (MFPA) wurden dazu fünf verschiedene Wohnzimmerbrandversuche durchgeführt. Die Modell-Zimmer wurden jeweils mit dem gleichen Mobiliar ausgestattet. Als Brandbeschleuniger kamen Benzin und Diesel als Gemisch zum Einsatz. Bei den Versuchen zeigte sich unter anderem, dass der Brandbeschleuniger deutlich die Zeit bis zum Flashover verkürzt. Aus den ermittelten Kennwerten zur Wärmefreisetzung und den Rauchgastemperaturen können Rückschlüsse auf die energetischen Gefahren abgeleitet werden. Die quantitative Erfassung toxischer Rauchgaskomponenten erfolgte mit Hilfe der Fourier-Transformations- Infrarot-(FTIR)-Spektroskopie. Die qualitative und quantitative Rauchgaszusammensetzung wurde dabei in der Brandraummitte, an der Brandraumöffnung, unter der Brandraumdecke und im Schlot ermittelt. Aus der Massenverlustrate und der quantitativen Rauchgasanalyse können Aussagen zur Rauchgastoxizität getroffen werden und die stofflichen Gefahren beurteilt werden. Das Wissen über die Bildung von energetischen und stofflichen Brandprodukten ermöglicht somit eine risikogerechte Beurteilung der Brandgefahren bei Raumbränden, auch in Hinblick auf die unterschiedlichen Brandphasen. T2 - Vfdb 2013 - 61. Jahresfachtagung CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 27.05.2013 KW - Brand KW - Rauchgasanalytik PY - 2013 SP - 771 EP - 787 CY - Altenberge AN - OPUS4-28628 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mann, Guido A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Beam diameter dependence of surface damage threshold of fused silica fibers and preforms for nanosecond laser treatment at 1064 nm wavelength N2 - Optical fibers made of fused silica are a common method of transmitting high laser pulse energies. Failure of those fibers is a significant risk. The determination of laser-induced damage thresholds (LIDT) on fiber end facets according to ISO 21254 standard is needed. In the past, single pulse nanosecond laser experiments showed an improvement of LIDT with increasing fiber core diameter for 1064 nm wavelength and a constant beam diameter of 50 µm. This paper pays particular attention to the influence of the laser beam diameter on damage resistance. All-silica fiber types (LEONI) with different core diameters (100–600 µm) were investigated using beam diameters in a range from 30 µm to 100 µm. For comparison experiments on fused silica preform material (Heraeus F300) were performed. On one hand, surface LIDT of fused silica preform material decreases significantly with increasing beam size. A model considering a random distribution of point defects explains the experimental data qualitatively. On the other hand, LIDT of fiber end facets stays constant. White light microscopy results suggest that the point defect density on fiber end facets is lower compared to the preform surface due to an excellent surface polish quality. KW - Laser-induced damage threshold KW - Nanosecond laser KW - Optical fiber KW - Fused silica KW - Spot size KW - Defect model PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2013.03.088 SN - 0169-4332 SN - 1873-5584 VL - 276 SP - 312 EP - 316 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-28310 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - CO Emission aus Holzkohle beim Grillen T2 - 10. BfR Symposium "Bewertungen von Vergiftungen" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2013-04-30 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-28399 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mohamed, Zeinab A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Hidde, Gundula A1 - Schimanski, A. A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian T1 - Deposition of thick polymer or inorganic layers with flame-retardant properties by combination of plasma and spray processes N2 - Mixtures of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) and oxygen have been used for deposition of SiO2-like layers by plasma polymerization under low-pressure conditions onto polyethylene and polystyrene used as basecoat. Water glass was cast onto these 0.5 µm plasma thick siloxane-like layers with a thickness of 5 to 40 µm. The adhesion of these bilayer systems and their flame resistance were tested. The effect of different plasma parameters such as monomer/gas ratio, pressure and power input into the discharge on the deposition rate and the composition of the formed layers was studied. Characterization and chemical composition of the formed films were performed using infrared, X-ray photoelectron and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Peel strengths of composites were measured and the locus of peel front propagation was detected. Thermal properties of composites were analyzed by thermo-gravimetric analysis. Finally, the fire-retardant properties of thick coated polymers were determined by exposure to flames and the behavior of coatings on the polymers during flaming was observed visually. KW - Plasma polymerization KW - Hexamethyldisiloxane plasma polymer KW - Polystyrene KW - Polyethylene KW - Flame retardancy PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.04.039 SN - 0257-8972 VL - 228 SP - 266 EP - 274 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-28735 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Deubel, Jan A1 - Werrel, Martin A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Raspe, Tina T1 - Raumbrände - Teil 1: Versuchsaufbau und brandtechnologische Untersuchungen N2 - Dieser Bericht behandelt die Durchführung, Auswertung und Ergebnisse einer Versuchsserie zu Raumbränden. Diese wurde zur Untersuchung von Fragestellungen zum Einfluss von Brandbeschleuniger auf den Brandverlauf sowie zu den Möglichkeiten des Nachweises des Brandbeschleunigers in kriminaltechnischen Ermittlungen durchgeführt. Die Versuche haben im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts Brandspurenanalytik der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung im Jahr 2012 an der Brandprüfstelle Laue der Gesellschaft für Materialforschung und Prüfungsanstalt für das Bauwesen Leipzig mbH stattgefunden. Im Forschungsprojekt wurden verschiedene Materialien und ihr Brandverhalten in Kombination mit flüssigen Brandbeschleunigern in der Rauchdichtekammer (DIN EN ISO 5659-2), dem Cone Calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) und dem Single Burning Item Test (DIN EN 13823) untersucht. Die Untersuchungen hatten zwei Schwerpunkte. Einerseits wurde im Anschluss an die Versuche der Brandrückstand mit analytischen Methoden mit dem Ziel des Nachweises des Brandbeschleunigers untersucht. Andererseits dienen die gemessenen Größen wie Massenverlustrate, Wärmefreisetzungsrate und Temperaturen innerhalb der Proben als Vergleichsgrößen bei der Validierung numerischer Simulationen und der genutzten Materialmodelle. Ergänzend zu den kleinskaligen Versuchen wurden die selben Materialien in den in diesem Bericht vorgestellten Raumbränden verwendet, um das Brandverhalten im Originalmaßstab zu untersuchen. Der gesamte Bericht gliedert sich in drei Teile. Der hier vorliegende Teil 1 thematisiert den Aufbau, die Durchführung und die brandtechnologische Auswertung der Versuche und diskutiert Untersuchungsergebnisse zum Brandverlauf. In Teil 2 werden die analytischen Methoden zum Nachweis des Brandbeschleunigers in den Brandrückständen vorgestellt und ausgewertet und in Teil 3 werden Empfehlungen zur Probenahme von Proben zum Brandbeschleunigernachweis auf Basis der gewonnen Erkenntnisse im Forschungsprojekt gegeben sowie die Ergebnisse der in diesem Bericht vorgestellten Versuche vorgestellt. Die hier beschriebenen Versuche bildeten einen typischen Wohnzimmerbrand ab. In einem Brandraum mit einer Fläche von 20m² wurden verschiedene Einrichtungsgegenstände, wie Sofas, Regale, ein Esstisch, vier Stühle und ein Couchtisch, als Brandlast angeordnet. Insgesamt wurden fünf Versuche bei identischer Brandlast durchgeführt. Beim ersten Versuch erfolgte die Zündung mit einem Feuerzeug an einem der Sofas. Bei den vier weiteren Versuchen wurde mit einem Benzin-Diesel-Gemisch als Brandbeschleuniger an jew. unterschiedlichen Positionen im Brandraum gezündet. Während dem Versuch wurden die Temperaturen im Brandraum mit Mantelthermoelementen, Wärmeströme auf Oberflächen mit Plattenthermometern, die Konzentration verschiedener Gasspezies, der globale Massenverlust, der Fluidmassenstrom durch die Zuluftöffnung und die Wärmefreisetzungsrate gemessen. Im Anschluss an den Versuch wurden Brandschutt- und Rußwischproben genommen. Diese wurden mit dem Ziel des Nachweises der verwendeten Brandbeschleuniger analysiert. Die Zündung mit Brandbeschleuniger führte primär zu einer erhöhten Brandentwicklungsgeschwindigkeit. Der Flashover trat bei allen Versuchen, die mit Brandbeschleuniger gezündet wurden, wesentlich früher auf, als bei dem ersten Versuch, der mit einem Feuerzeug gezündet wurde. Die erreichten Maximalwerte der brandtechnologischen Kenngrößen, wie beispielsweise die Temperaturen im Brandraum oder die Wärmefreisetzungsrate, waren jedoch bei allen fünf Versuchen in der gleichen Größenordnung. Die gewonnen Daten zum Brandverlauf können als Vergleichswerte für numerische Simulationen verwendet werden. KW - Raumbrände KW - Rauchgase KW - Wärmefreisetzung KW - Rauchgastemperaturen KW - Analytik PY - 2013 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-294517 SN - 978-3-9815944-2-3 SN - 0938-5533 SP - 1 EP - 278 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-29451 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zur Brandgefährdung in Lagern von Recyclingstoffen T2 - 6. Sekundärrohstoff-Workshop CY - Nordhausen, Germany DA - 2013-10-17 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29438 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Hennecke, Manfred T1 - Excitation energy transfer of a bichromophoric cross-shaped molecule investigated by polarized fluorescence spectroscopy N2 - The excitation energy transfer (EET) of a bichromophoric cross-shaped molecule was investigated by stationary polarized fluorescence spectroscopy in the solid state. For this purpose 2,2[prime],7,7[prime]-tetrakis(biphenyl-4-yl)-9,9[prime]-spirobifluorene was embedded in a polymeric bisphenol-A-polycarbonate (PC) matrix. The dependence of the fluorescence on concentration and wavelength was determined. The role of the intermolecular and intramolecular EET is dealt with separately and discussed by means of the degree of polarization. The intermolecular excitation energy transfer is described in terms of a Förster transfer mechanism. The intramolecular transfer is prevented for the zero-point vibrational levels by the molecular cross-shaped structure, but is found for a wide range of wavelength, presumably based on vibrationally excited states. PY - 2000 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.481620 SN - 0021-9606 SN - 1089-7690 VL - 112 IS - 22 SP - 9822 EP - 9827 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-1038 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Kunze, Ralf A1 - Brademann-Jock, Kerstin A1 - Raabe, Hans-Joachim ED - Eichhorn, K.-J. ED - Fischer, D. T1 - Thermoluminescence - A useful method to investigate the stability of PP-fleece textiles T2 - 14th European Symposium on Polymer Spectroscopy ; 14th ESOPS CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2001-09-02 PY - 2001 SN - 3-527-30474-6 SN - 1022-1360 IS - 184 SP - 106 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-1159 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Brademann-Jock, Kerstin A1 - Raabe, Hans-Joachim A1 - Kunze, Ralf T1 - Thermoluminescence - a new method to investigate weathering effects of automotive coatings T2 - 24th Meeting "Polymer Degradation Discussion Group (PDDG) - Environmental Degradation and Stabilisation of Polymers" CY - Brighton, England, UK DA - 2001-09-12 PY - 2001 IS - C10 SP - 13 AN - OPUS4-1161 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Brademann-Jock, Kerstin A1 - Raabe, Hans-Joachim A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Kunze, Ralf T1 - Thermoluminescence - A new method to investigate Weathering Effects of Greenhouse Coverings T2 - 2nd International Conference on Polymer Modification, Degradation and Stabilisation (MoDeSt) CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 2002-06-30 PY - 2002 VL - 82 IS - 2 PB - Elsevier CY - Orlando, Fla. AN - OPUS4-1448 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Brademann-Jock, Kerstin A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Raabe, Hans-Joachim A1 - Schulz, Ulrich ED - Adler, H.-J. T1 - Thermoluminescence - a new method to investigate weathering effects of automotive coatings T2 - 26th FATIPEC Congress CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2002-09-09 PY - 2002 SN - 3-527-30477-0 SN - 1022-1360 N1 - Serientitel: Macromolecular symposia – Series title: Macromolecular symposia IS - 187 SP - 44 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-1476 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Kunze, Ralf T1 - Thermolumineszenz-Untersuchungen zum Alterungsprozess in Polymeren T2 - GEFTA-Jahrestagung ; TA-Symposium CY - Bochum, Deutschland DA - 2002-09-18 PY - 2002 SP - 1(?) AN - OPUS4-1529 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Brademann-Jock, Kerstin A1 - Raabe, Hans-Joachim A1 - Kunze, Ralf T1 - Thermoluminescence - a new method to investigate weathering effects in polymers T2 - Polydays 2002 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2002-09-30 PY - 2002 AN - OPUS4-1530 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gorokhovatsky, Y.A. A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Brademann-Jock, Kerstin A1 - Stark, Wolfgang A1 - Temnov, Dmitri A1 - Kuvshinova, Oksana A1 - Goldade, V.A. ED - Fleming, R. J. T1 - Thermally stimulated luminescence in LDPE fibers T2 - 11th International Symposium on Electrets (ISE 11) CY - Melbourne, Australia DA - 2002-10-01 PY - 2002 SN - 0-7803-7560-2 SP - 138 EP - 140 PB - IEEE Service Center CY - Piscataway, NJ AN - OPUS4-1654 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Charakterisierung durch thermo-analytische Verfahren T2 - Lehrgang Lacktechnologie, Modul 5: "Charakterisierung von Beschichtungen", BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2002-04-24 PY - 2002 AN - OPUS4-1655 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Hennecke, Manfred T1 - Chemiluminescence: A promising new testing method for plastic optical fibers N2 - The thermo-oxidative degradation of a polymeric optical cable is investigated by chemiluminescence, The results are reliable and reproducible. Two distinct processes are reported marked by a peak and a plateau behavior versus the time, respectively. Both processes are ruled by thermally activated processes. Beside the dependencies of temperature and time, the influence of absorbed water is discussed. Chemiluminescence is proposed as a promising candidate for a suitable testing method assessing the thermo-oxidative stability of plastic optical fibers and cables. it requires not more than a simple one-day testing procedure and has the advantage that it can be carried out even within the lo cv temperature ranges of the cables' intended use. KW - Chemiluminescence KW - Chemilumineszenz PY - 1999 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/50.803022 SN - 0733-8724 SN - 1558-2213 VL - 17 IS - 11 SP - 2291 EP - 2296 PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-718 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Schulz, Ulrich A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Chemiluminescence of polyethylenes as accelerated test for the efficiency of stabilisers and of the effect of recycling procedures T2 - Workshop on chemiluminescence CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 2000-10-19 PY - 2000 SP - 1 EP - 10(?) AN - OPUS4-991 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Thermo oxidative investigations on efficiency of UV stabiliser in automotive coatings T2 - Polydays 2006 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-10-04 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-13448 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Kleber, F. A1 - Hollaus, F. A1 - Diem, M. A1 - Sablatnig, R. T1 - Can modern technologies defeat nazi censorship? KW - Laser cleaning KW - Multispectral imaging KW - Image enhancement KW - Ancient manuscripts KW - Image restoration PY - 2010 SN - 1556-4673 VL - 2 IS - 3, Article 1 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Association for Computing Machinery CY - New York, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-25651 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Kleber, F. A1 - Hollaus, F. A1 - Diem, M. A1 - Sablatnig, R. ED - Park, J.-I. ED - Kim, J. T1 - Can Modern Technologies Defeat Nazi Censorship? N2 - Censorship of parts of written text was and is a common practice in totalitarian regimes. It is used to destroy information not approved by the political power. Recovering the censored text is of interest for historical studies of the text. This paper raises the question, whether a censored postcard from 1942 can be made legible by applying multispectral imaging in combination with laser cleaning. In the fields of art conservation (e.g. color measurements), investigation (e.g. Analysis of underdrawings in paintings), and historical document analysis, multispectral imaging techniques have been applied successfully to give visibility to information hidden to the human eye. The basic principle of laser cleaning is to transfer laser pulse energy to a contamination layer by an absorption process that leads to heating and evaporation of the layer. Partial laser cleaning of postcards is possible; dirt on the surface can be removed and the obscured pictures and writings made visible again. We applied both techniques to the postcard. The text could not be restored since the original ink seems to have suffered severe chemical damage. T2 - ACCV 2012 Workshops, 11th Asian conference on computer vision CY - Daejeon, Korea DA - 05.11.2012 KW - Laser cleaning KW - Multispectral imaging KW - Image restoration KW - Image enhancement PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-642-37483-8 SN - 0302-9743 VL - II IS - LNCS 7729 SP - 13 EP - 24 PB - Springer CY - Berlin Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-28160 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Untersuchungen zur Chemie- und Thermolumineszenz von konjugierten Polymeren N2 - Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit stehen die konjugierten Polymere, die sich durch äußerst interessante elektrooptische Eigenschaften auszeichnen. Die sich daraus ergebenden Anwendungen liegen vor allem auf dem Gebiet der Elektrolumineszenz, z. B. als LED- Materialien. Ein Hauptproblem für die Einsatzfähigkeit ist die Stabilität der konjugierten Polymere. Dabei spielen Oxida-tionsprozesse sowie strukturelle und morphologische Veränderungen eine entscheidende Rolle. Zur Untersuchung der thermooxidativen Stabilität wurde die Chemilumineszenz-Methode (CL) und zum Nachweis der strukturellen und morphologischen Defekte die Thermolumineszenz-Methode (TL) eingesetzt. Um die Stabilität der konjugierten Polymere zu erhöhen, wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit zahlreiche Einflussfaktoren auf die thermooxidative Stabilität sowie auf die molekulare Beweglichkeit mit Hilfe der CL und der TL untersucht und diskutiert. T3 - BAM Forschungsberichtreihe - 233 PY - 2000 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-2178 SN - 978-3-89701-360-6 SN - 0938-5533 VL - 233 SP - 1 EP - 66 PB - Wirtschaftsverlag NW CY - Bremerhaven AN - OPUS4-217 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kautek, Wolfgang A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Brzezinka, Klaus-Werner T1 - Pulsed-laser deposition and boron-blending of diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin films KW - Pulslaser KW - Bor KW - Dünnfilmtechnologie KW - Dünnfilm, diamantartig PY - 1996 SN - 0169-4332 SN - 1873-5584 VL - 106 SP - 158 EP - 165 PB - North-Holland CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-630 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rappsilber, Tim A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Raspe, Tina A1 - Wagner, Patrick A1 - Liebner, Christian A1 - Strzyz, Thaddeus A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico T1 - Hazard classification of different lithium-ion battery types after triggering thermal runaway N2 - For a better understanding of relevant parameters influencing the thermal runaway, this work classifies the behavior of six different types of lithium-ion batteries. Based on 145 repeatable tests, this research has created a unique and detailed database of battery behavior during thermal runaway. It contains information about changes in cell temperature, voltage, mass loss, smoke gas release and gas pressure. When it comes to characterizing the thermal runaway behavior across different cell types, this work eliminates the need for complex meta-analyses, which can only provide limited information due to the different test conditions in different test benches. In a pressure-resistant 100 dm³ autoclave and an 8-m³ room with connected multi gas analysis, 24 setups were examined under identical conditions. The investigations were carried out as a function of the variation parameters cell geometry, cathode active material, state of charge and initiation method of thermal runaway. The analysis of the measurement data reveals clear differences in the thermal runaway behavior of the tested cell types and can be used as a reference for determining the hazard potential in individual assessment categories of different cells. All measured values from both test benches as well as the visual evaluation of the cell behavior during the test runs in the 8 m³ room are made available in a comprehensive data table in the supplementary material. KW - Lithium Ion KW - Thermal Runaway KW - State of charge KW - Hazard classification KW - gas emission PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-634429 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2025.105691 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 97 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-63442 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rappsilber, Tim A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Raspe, Tina ED - Grayson, Stephen T1 - Engineering Safety in EV's: Analysis of occupant safety using a multifunctional real-scale model car N2 - For vehicle occupant safety, it is important to investigate the effects on people of the pollutants and temperatures emitted by electric vehicle traction batteries in the event of a fire. Fire tests on complete vehicles are the most realistic way of investigating the effects on vehicle occupants. However, these types of real fire tests are very complex and only represent one specific fire scenario with the corresponding specific boundary conditions. We would like to present an engineering method that makes it possible to investigate the effects on the occupants' ability to escape in various damage scenarios with different vehicle geometries without wasting expensive resources. T2 - Interflam 2025 CY - London, United Kingdom DA - 30.06.2025 KW - Lithium ion battery KW - Occuoant safety KW - Gas KW - Flames PY - 2025 SP - 422 EP - 425 AN - OPUS4-63617 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Werrel, Martin A1 - Deubel, Jan A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Krause, U. T1 - The calculation of the heat release rate by oxygen consumption in a controlled-atmosphere cone calorimeter N2 - The standard cone calorimeter according to ASTM E 1354 and ISO 5660 enables reaction-to-fire tests to be performed in ambient atmospheric conditions. A controlled-atmosphere chamber modifies the standard apparatus in a way that allows tests to be performed in nonambient conditions as well. The enclosed chamber is placed underneath the standard exhaust hood and does not have a closed connection to the hood. With this open arrangement, the exhaust gases are diluted by excess air drawn in from the laboratory surroundings. Heat-induced changes in the consequential dilution ratio affect the calculation of fire quantities and, when neglected, lead to deviations of up to 30% in heat release rate. The paper introduces a test protocol and equations to calculate the heat release rate taking dilution effects into account. A mathematical correction is shown that compensates for the dilution effects while avoiding extensive mechanical changes in the equipment. KW - Controlled-atmosphere cone calorimeter KW - Heat release rate KW - Oxygen consumption KW - Cone calorimeter KW - Vitiation and ventilation control KW - Excess air PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2175 SN - 0308-0501 SN - 1099-1018 VL - 38 IS - 2 SP - 204 EP - 226 PB - Heyden CY - London AN - OPUS4-30317 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Klippel, Alexander T1 - Experimental and numerical investigations of the burning behavior of vehicle materials small, intermediate and large scale investigations T2 - Interflam 2010 - 12th International fire science & engineering conference (Proceedings) CY - Nottingham, UK DA - 2010-07-05 PY - 2010 SN - 978-0-9541216-6-2 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. VL - 2 SP - 1139 EP - 1150 CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-21853 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Werrel, Martin A1 - Deubel, Jan A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Antonatus, E. A1 - Krause, U. A1 - Duerler, F. T1 - Use and benefit of a controlled-atmosphere cone calorimeter N2 - A controlled-atmosphere cone calorimeter that is built by modifying the Standard apparatus with the addition of a controlled-atmosphere chamber offers a time- and cost-saving approach for reaction-to-fire testing in vitiation- and ventilation-controlled atmospheres. Due to the design of the added enclosure no mechanical changes on cone calorimeter’s Standard ductwork are required. This offers some advantages but also important limitations. The design has an open connection between the outlet of the added enclosure and the cone calorimeter’s exhaust hood. Therefore, sufficient ambient air from the laboratory surroundings is drawn into the System to introduce effects which have the potential to affect test results significantly. A procedure which is is suitable to consider physical effects of the ambient air on the calculation of the heat release rate is presented as well as initial results of an application towards toxic potency assessment. Signs for Chemical effects of the ambient air such as post reactions are shown but subject of an ongoing work. T2 - Fire and materials 2013 - 13th International conference and exhibition CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 28.01.2013 KW - Controlled-atmosphere cone calorimeter KW - Heat release rate KW - Oxygen consumption KW - Smoke toxicity PY - 2013 SP - 273 EP - 286 PB - Interscience Communications CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-27707 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico A1 - Krentel, Daniel A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Rudolph, Michael A1 - Schoppa, André A1 - Storm, Sven-Uwe A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz T1 - Experimental investigation of consequences of LPG vehicle tank failure under fire conditions N2 - In case of a vehicle fire, an installed LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) tank with a malfunctioning safety device poses severe hazards. To investigate the consequences in case of tank failure, we conducted 16 tests with toroidal shaped LPG vehicle tanks. Three tanks were used for a Hydraulic Burst Test under standard conditions. Another three tanks were equipped with a statutory safety device and were subjected to a gasoline pool fire. The safety device prevented tank failure, as intended. To generate a statistically valid dataset on tank failure, ten tanks without safety devices were exposed to a gasoline pool fire. Five tanks were filled to a level of 20 %; the re-maining five were filled to a level of 100 %. In order to gain information on the heating process, three tem-perature readings at the tank surface, and three nearby flame temperatures were recorded. At distances of l = (7; 9; 11) m to the tank, the overpressure of the shock wave induced by the tank failure and the unsteady tem-peratures were measured. All ten tanks failed within a time of t < 5 min in a BLEVE (boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion). Seven of these resulted directly in a catastrophic failure. The other three resulted in partial failure followed by catastrophic failure. A near field overpressure at a distance of l = 7 m of up to p = 0.27 bar was measured. All ten tests showed massive fragmentation of the tank mantle. In total, 50 fragments were found. These 50 fragments make-up 88.6 % of the original tank mass. Each fragment was georeferenced and weighed. Fragment throwing distances of l > 250 m occurred. For the tanks with a fill level of 20 %, the average number of fragments was twice as high as it was for the tanks that were filled completely. KW - Blast wave KW - BLEVE KW - Consequences KW - Explosion KW - LPG PY - 2018 UR - https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1XnFv_Ld32ewKu DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2018.09.006 SN - 0950-4230 VL - 56 SP - 278 EP - 288 PB - Elsevier CY - Kidlington - Oxford AN - OPUS4-46238 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Strength and weakness of an Open Controlled-atmosphere Cone Calorimeter T2 - Controlled-atmoshere Cone Calorimetr Workshop CY - NIST, Gaithersburg, USA DA - 2015-10-18 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-35307 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Knaust, Christian A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Brandverhalten von Bauprodukten - Brauchen wir Regelungen für die Menge und Giftigkeit der Rauchgase? PY - 2008 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. IS - 3 SP - 24 EP - 27 PB - Vds Schadenverhütung Verl. CY - Köln AN - OPUS4-18378 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Krause, Ulrich T1 - Chemical analysis of smoke of burning upholstered bus seats T2 - 11th International symposium on fire protection CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 2010-06-08 KW - Upholstered seats KW - FTIR spectroscopy KW - Combustion KW - Smouldering KW - Fire behaviour PY - 2010 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. SP - 1 EP - 12(?) AN - OPUS4-21445 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Chemical analysis of upholstered seats for investigation of bus fires T2 - 11th International Seminar on Fire Protection, trade fair Interschutz 2010 CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 2010-06-06 PY - 2010 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. AN - OPUS4-21426 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Smoke gas composition and temperatures during a car fire T2 - 11th International Seminar on Fire Protection, trade faire Interschutz 2010 CY - Leipzig, Germany DA - 2010-06-06 PY - 2010 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. AN - OPUS4-21427 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Kalorimetrische Untersuchungen von Polymerwerkstoffen unter Abbrandbedingungen T2 - Ulm-Freiberger Kalorimetrietage CY - Ulm-Freiberg, Germany DA - 2009-03-18 PY - 2009 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. AN - OPUS4-19113 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Kalorimetrische Untersuchungen von Polymerwerkstoffen unter Verschwelungsbedingungen T2 - Gefta Jahrestagung CY - Giessen, Germany DA - 2009-10-07 PY - 2009 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. AN - OPUS4-20164 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Investigations of smoke gas composition during a car fire T2 - 12th international conference on fire science and engineering, Interflam CY - Nottingham, England DA - 2010-07-05 PY - 2010 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. AN - OPUS4-21716 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Krause, Ulrich T1 - Brandanalytische Untersuchungen von Polymerwerkstoffen - Toxizität von Rauchgasen am Beispiel von Polyvinylchlorid (PVC) N2 - Zur Toxizität von Brandgasen insbesondere von organischen Stoffen liegen bisher noch unzureichende Erkenntnisse vor, obwohl diese für die Sicherheit der damit konfrontierten Personen oft von entscheidender Bedeutung sind. Ziel der hier dargestellten Untersuchungen ist es, die Zusammensetzung des Brandgases und die Menge der Brandgaskomponenten im Brandfall zu beurteilen und zu quantifizieren sowie entsprechende Prozeduren hierfür aufzuzeigen. Dazu wurden verschiedene Brandszenarien, die durch Verwendung von unterschiedlichen Arten von Prüföfen simuliert wurden, sowie Proben in den unterschiedlichen Größenmaßstäben untersucht. Durch den Einsatz eines mobilen FTIR-Gerätes (Fourier Transformations Infrarot Spektroskopie) ist es experimentell möglich, zeitaufgelöst quantitative Bestimmungen einzelner toxischer Brandgaskomponenten während der jeweiligen Brandszenarien zu ermitteln und somit eine Abschätzung der Toxizität vorzunehmen. Am Beispiel von Polyvinylchlorid (PVC) wird gezeigt, welche Auswirkungen die unterschiedlichen Brandszenarien auf die qualitative und quantitative Brandgaszusammensetzung haben. KW - Fire KW - Combustion KW - Smoke gases KW - Toxicity KW - PVC KW - Polymer KW - FTIR KW - Analysis KW - Fire scenario PY - 2010 SN - 0025-5300 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. VL - 52 IS - 3 SP - 124 EP - 131 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-21042 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Knaust, Christian T1 - Untersuchung realer Wohnungsbrände durch Großversuch und Computermodellierung T2 - 10. SKZ Fachtagung - Kunststoffe, Brandschutz und Flammschutzmittel CY - Würzburg, Deutschland DA - 2009-05-13 PY - 2009 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. IS - Abschnitt F SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - SKZ CY - Würzburg AN - OPUS4-19612 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V. A1 - Slachciak, Nadine A1 - Elert, Anna Maria A1 - Griepentrog, Michael A1 - Fischer, Daniel A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Sahre, Mario A1 - Dörfel, Ilona A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Koter, Robert A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - Tribological performance of titanium samples oxidized by fs-laser radiation, thermal heating, or electrochemical anodization N2 - Commercial grade-1 titanium samples (Ti, 99.6%) were treated using three alternative methods, (i) femtosecond laser processing, (ii) thermal heat treatment, and (iii) electrochemical anodization, respectively, resulting in the formation of differently conditioned superficial titanium oxide layers. The laser processing (i) was carried out by a Ti:sapphire laser (pulse duration 30 fs, central wavelength 790 nm, pulse repetition rate 1 kHz) in a regime of generating laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). The experimental conditions (laser fluence, spatial spot overlap) were optimized in a sample-scanning setup for the processing of several square-millimeters large surface areas covered homogeneously by these nanostructures. The differently oxidized titanium surfaces were characterized by optical microscopy, micro Raman spectroscopy, variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, and instrumented indentation testing. The tribological performance was characterized in the regime of mixed friction by reciprocating sliding tests against a sphere of hardened steel in fully formulated engine oil as lubricant. The specific tribological performance of the differently treated surfaces is discussed with respect to possible physical and chemical mechanisms. KW - Femtosecond laser KW - Titanium KW - Oxidation KW - Friction PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-445609 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-1745-8 SN - 0947-8396 SN - 1432-0630 VL - 124 IS - 4 SP - 326, 1 EP - 10 PB - Springer-Verlag AN - OPUS4-44560 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rappsilber, Tim A1 - Yusfi, Nawar A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Hahn, S.-K. A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico T1 - Meta-analysis of heat release and smoke gas emission during thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries N2 - Herein a meta-analysis of 76 experimental research papers from 2000 to 2021 is given about possible effects on the thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery cells. Data on the hazards of gas emissions and released heat are related to each other and differentiated by cell properties such as, cell geometry, cathode type or state of charge. Quantitative information on the total heat release in the range of 2.0–112.0 kJ Wh−1, the peak heat release rate in the range of 0.006–2.8 kW Wh−1and the smoke gas emission were extracted, normalized in terms of cell energy (Wh), combined in a data library and compared graphically. The total amount of gas emitted (3–48 mmol Wh−1) as well as the released amount of carbon monoxide (1–161 mg Wh−1) and hydrogen fluoride (2–197 mg Wh−1) were investigated as a function of the state of charge and cell geometry. The analysis reveals that the measured values are significantly influenced by the types of calorimeters and smoke gas analyzers used as well as by the type of thermal runaway trigger. This meta-analysis can serve as an important basis for any risk assessment of lithium-ion batteries. KW - Lithium-ion battery KW - Thermal runaway KW - Cathode active material KW - Heat release KW - Smoke gas emission PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-568071 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.106579 SN - 2352-152X VL - 60 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-56807 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Carabba, L. A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Bignozzi, M.C. T1 - Acoustic emission study of heat-induced cracking in fly ash-based alkali-activated pastes and lightweight mortars N2 - Alkali-activated fly ashes have been proposed for various applications where resistance against high temperatures is required, yet several details regarding the response of these materials to heat-exposure need to be clarified. In the present study, heat-induced cracking in fly ash-based alkali-activated pastes and lightweight mortars was analyzed by in-situ acoustic emission (AE) detection during complete heating-cooling cycles (up to ∼1100 °C), augmented by thermogravimetry and ex-situ SEM and XRD analyses. The applicability of the lightweight mortars as passive fire protection coatings was assessed by recording temperature-time curves of mortar-coated steel plates. Cracking during heating was limited and associated exclusively with the dehydration of the materials in the temperature range ∼90–360 °C. However, samples heated to temperatures above ∼600 °C exhibited intense cracking on cooling. This was attributed to differential deformations caused by local sintering and partial melting at the glass transition temperature, and subsequent quenching on cooling. KW - Alkali-activated materials KW - Acoustic emission KW - Fire proofing KW - Heat resistance KW - Cracking PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.04.013 SN - 0958-9465 SN - 1873-393X VL - 102 SP - 145 EP - 156 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-47904 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Carabba, L. A1 - Masi, G. A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Bignozzi, M.C. ED - Serdar, M. ED - Stirmer, N. ED - Provis, J. T1 - Thermal properties and steel corrosion in light-weight alkali-activated mortars N2 - This study aims at investigating the use of coal fly ash-based alkali activated mortars as passive fire protection system for steel structures. These systems are used to slow down the temperature rise of the steel substrate in case of fire. In addition, the protective system should guarantee the ability to prevent and/or mitigate steel corrosion phenomena. The behavior of a light-weight mortar was compared to that of a normal-weight mortar. Density and porosity were measured to better characterize the physical properties of the mortars. The degree of protection in case of fire was assessed by performing medium-scale fire tests. Acoustic emission measurements were conducted to analyze cracking phenomena during the high temperature exposure. The corrosion process was evaluated using an electrochemical approach in order to monitor the durability of the developed material. Preliminary results show that a 20 mm-thick layer of light-weight mortar is able to protect the steel substrate from reaching the critical temperature of 500 °C for 38 minutes in case of cellulosic fire. In addition, alkali activated mortars provide protection for carbon steel in presence of aggressive environment (i.e. presence of chlorides). The corrosion resistance is strictly related to the physical properties of the developed mortars. T2 - International Conference on Sustainable Materials, Systems and Structures (SMSS 2019) CY - Rovinj, Croatia DA - 20.03.2019 KW - Fire resistance KW - Steel corrosion KW - Acoustic emission KW - Alkali-activated materials PY - 2019 SN - 978-2-35158-223-7 VL - 1 SP - 125 EP - 132 PB - RILEM Publications CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-47584 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Schoch, Rebecca A1 - Schubert, Martina T1 - Holz-Kunststoff-Verbundwerkstoffe - Wie beeinflussen Flammschutzmittel die Rauchgaszusammensetzung im Brandfall? N2 - Der steigende Einsatz von Holz-Kunststoff-Verbundwerkstoffen (Wood Plastic Composite, WPC) erfordert das Wissen um seine spezifischen Eigenschaften, insbesondere dem Brand risiko. Dabei können Flammschutzmittel die Entflammbarkeit, Wärmeabgabe und die Brandausbreitung des Materials verringern. Deshalb sind der gezielte und effiziente Einsatz und die Kenntnis über die Wirkungsweise der Flammschutzmittel im WPC für den Brandschutz von enormer Bedeutung. Dazu gehört auch die Rauchentwicklung im Brandfall. Rauch beeinflusst aufgrund seiner Toxizität und seiner Sichttrübung die Fluchtmöglichkeit der betroffenen Personen. In der Rauchkammer nach ISO 5659-2 wird die Rauchentwicklung von flachen Werkstoffproben ermittelt. Die Rauchgastoxizität bzw. die Rauchgaszusammensetzung wird mithilfe der FTIR (Fourier Transformierte Infrarot)-Spektroskopie ermittelt. Frei werdende Partikel schädigen die Atemorgane und beeinflussen damit auch die Fluchtfähigkeit von Personen im Brandfall. Aussagen zur Partikelemission können mithilfe eines an die Rauchkammer gekoppelten Partikelanalysators getroffen werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene flammgeschützte WPC-Systeme hinsichtlich ihres Rauchverhaltens in der Rauchkammer untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zu emittierten toxischen Gasen, Partikeln und zur Rauchentwicklung werden vorgestellt und in Abhängigkeit von den eingesetzten Flammschutzmitteln im WPC diskutiert. KW - Rauchgase KW - Holz-Kunststoff-Verbundwerkstoffe KW - Partikel KW - Flammschutz PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.201900020 VL - 96 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-48157 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander A1 - Skoczowsky, Danilo A1 - Schukar, Marcus A1 - Pötzsch, Sina A1 - Pötschke, Samuel A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Fiber optic sensors for high-temperature measurements on composite tanks in fire N2 - For the purpose of increasing payload and reduce freight cost, lightweight composite tank containers used for Transportation have been progressively developed during the last years. Compared to conventionally produced cylindrical steel tanks, the fiber-reinforced solutions allow greater flexibility in the tank design. Despite a number of further material-related benefits of fiber-reinforced composites as non-conductive and non-magnetic behavior as well as corrosion resistance and high strength, the optimization of their thermal degradation properties during combustion is still a challenge. To improve the fire performance of lightweight composite containers, special intumescent fire protection coatings can be applied onto the outside tank surface. This paper presents fire tests on glass-fiber-reinforced plastic transport tanks with complex geometries sheltered with different surface-applied fire protection systems. To evaluate the fire resistance of the tank structures, a fiber optic monitoring system was developed. This system is based on distributed temperature measurements using high-Resolution optical backscatter reflectometry and pointwise reference measurements using fiber Bragg gratings. Thereby, all the fiber optic sensors were directly integrated in the composite layer structure of the tanks. The focus of the presented work is on the demonstration of capability of fiber optic monitoring system in such high-temperature application. Moreover, the fiber optic measurements provide new insights into the efficiency of intumescent coating applied for fire protection of fiber-reinforced plastic transport tanks. KW - Fire resistance KW - Composite material KW - Glass-fiber-reinforced plastic transport tank KW - Distributed fiber optic sensing KW - Optical backscatter reflectometry KW - Fiber optic sensor PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-481972 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-019-00338-7 SN - 2190-5452 SN - 2190-5479 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-48197 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Häßler, Mai A1 - Häßler, Dustin A1 - Hothan, Sascha A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Fire tests of steel tension rod systems with intumescent coating N2 - Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the performance of intumescent coating on tension rod systems and their components. Steel tension rod systems consist of tension rods, fork end connectors and associated intersection or gusset plates. In case of fire, beside the tension rods themselves, the connection parts require appropriate fire protection. Intumescent fire protection coatings prevent a rapid heating of the steel and help secure the structural load-carrying capacity. Because the connection components of tension rod systems feature surface curvature and a complex geometry, high demand is placed on the intumescence and thermal protection performance of the coatings. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, experimental studies were carried out for steel tension rod systems with intumescent coating. The examined aspects include the foaming and cracking behaviour, the influence of different dry film thicknesses, the heating rate of the steel connecting parts in comparison to the tension rods, and the mounting orientation of the tension rods together with their fork end connectors. Findings – The results show that a decrease in surface curvature and/or an increase inmass concentration of the steel components leads to a lower heating rate of the steel. Moreover, the performance of the intumescent coating on tension rod systems is influenced by themounting orientation of the steel components. Originality/value – The findings based on fire tests contribute to a better understanding of the intumescent coating performance on connection components of tension rod systems. This subject has not been extensively studied yet. KW - Steel KW - Fire test KW - Intumescent coating KW - Reactive fire protection system KW - Tension rod system PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1108/JSFE-01-2019-0005 SN - 2040-2317 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 22 EP - 32 PB - Emerald Publishing Limited AN - OPUS4-48714 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rappsilber, Tim A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Below, Philipp T1 - Wood crib fire tests to evaluate the influence of extinguishing media and jet type on extinguishing performance at close range N2 - This paper is intended to be the first study to discuss the fire suppressing performance of the four most common extinguishing media under the same reproducible conditions. The tests were performed in bench-scale and used standardized 5A wood cribs as well as a miniature extinguishing system with a liquid flow rate of 1.4 lmin−1. The tests results present a consistent overview of the fire suppression efficacies of water, water with a foaming agent, nozzle-aspirated foam and compressed air foam. Depending on their jet types, the cooling capabilities of the extinguishing media water and water with a foaming agent were compared to the cooling capability of a full Jet of wet, general and dry foams. The results show that compressed air foam suppressed fire most effectively under the test conditions. Because of the convoluted crib structure, water and water with foaming agents used from a distance are more effective in the form of a full jet rather than a spraying jet. At close range, spraying jets multiply their effectiveness. A slight difference can be observed in the cooling performance of extinguishing foams that use foaming agents from different manufacturers. The paper establishes a link between the foaming agent's cooling capability and its wetting power by relating the results of wood crib fire tests according to DIN EN 3–7 and findings from laboratory immersion tests compliant with DIN EN 1772. KW - CAF KW - Druckluftschaum KW - Löschen KW - Krippe PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.04.014 SN - 0379-7112 SN - 1873-7226 VL - 106 SP - 136 EP - 145 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-47996 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -