TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Wasserstoffsensoren zur Brandfrüherkennung T2 - 4. Brand- und Explosionsschutztage 2015 CY - Magdeburg, Deutschland DA - 2015-03-26 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33102 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mohamed, Zeinab A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Cured melamine systems as thick fire-retardant layers deposited by combination of plasma technology and dip-coating N2 - Melamine and melamine resins are widely used as fire-retardants for polymer building materials. Cured melamine systems are used in heat-sensitive items, such as furniture and window frames and sills. In this work, differently cured methylated poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde) (cmPMF) resins were used as fire-retardant coverage for poly(styrene) (PS) and poly(ethylene) (PE) building materials. Such polymer layers should have several tenths of micrometers thickness to produce sufficient fire retardancy. These thick layers were produced by dip-coating. To promote sufficient adhesion of such thick coating to the polyolefin substrates, also in the case of high temperatures occurring at fire exposure, the polymer substrates were firstly coated with a few hundred nanometer thick adhesion-promoting plasma polymer layer. Such thin plasma polymer layers were deposited by low-pressure plasma polymerization of allyl alcohol (ppAAl). It was assumed that the hydroxyl groups of ppAAl interact with the melamine resin; therefore, ppAAl was well suited as adhesion promoter for thick melamine resin coatings. Chemical structure and composition of polymer films were investigated using infrared-attenuated total reflectance and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Peel strengths of coatings were measured. After peeling, the peeled polymer surfaces were also investigated using optical microscopy and XPS the layers for identification of the locus of peel front propagation. Thermal properties were analyzed using TGA (thermo-gravimetric analyses). Finally, the fire-retardant properties of such thick coated polymers were evaluated by exposure to flames. KW - Plasma polymerization KW - Dip-coating KW - Curing KW - Methylated poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde) KW - Polystyrene KW - Polyethylene KW - Flame retardancy KW - Polymer KW - Plasma KW - Melamine resin KW - Fire retardant PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2014.995911 SN - 0169-4243 SN - 1568-5616 VL - 29 IS - 9 SP - 807 EP - 820 PB - VNU Science Press CY - Utrecht AN - OPUS4-32795 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Despinasse, Marie-Claire A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - First developments of a new test to evaluate the fire behavior of photovoltaic modules on roofs N2 - A new test for photovoltaic (PV) modules exposed to an external fire source on roofs is proposed, and first results are presented. This is a simplification of the standards commonly in use for testing PV modules as roofing parts, roofing components or building components. Most of the tests required different fire scenarios and the use of burning brands such as wood cribs. In our study we proposed replacing wooden burning brands with a propane burner, the output of which is close to the one that can be observed in the burning of wooden cribs 500 g and 2 kg in size. The fire behavior was assessed by measuring smoke evolution, burning drips, flaming debris, and the time to burn-through of monocrystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous silicon panels. Two different configurations of the burner were tested, with the fire source on the top of the module or under the tilted module, respectively. The fire behavior of the modules was dependent on the burner output (16 to 46 kW), but also on the construction type of the panel (glass/glass or glass/plastic sheet) and on the position of the fire source (top or bottom). These preliminary tests for further development of the procedure yielded encouraging results for the evaluation of PV panels on roofs. KW - Fire test KW - Photovoltaics KW - Roofs KW - Temperature measurements KW - Fire behavior KW - Fire engineering KW - Burn-through PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.11.011 SN - 0379-7112 VL - 71 SP - 49 EP - 57 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Kidlington, Oxford AN - OPUS4-32160 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Koter, Robert A1 - Hartelt, Manfred A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Höhm, S. A1 - Rosenfeld, A. A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Tribological performance of femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures on titanium and a high toughness bearing steel N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples) were processed on steel (X30CrMoN15-1) and titanium (Ti) surfaces by irradiation in air with linear polarized femtosecond laser pulses with a pulse duration of 30 fs at 790 nm wavelength. For the processing of large LIPSS covered surface areas (5 mm × 5 mm), the laser fluence and the spatial spot overlap were optimized in a sample-scanning geometry. The laser-processed surfaces were characterized by optical microscopy (OM), white light interference microscopy (WLIM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Spatial LIPSS periods between 450 and 600 nm were determined. The nanostructured surface regions were tribologically tested under reciprocal sliding conditions against a 10-mm diameter ball of hardened 100Cr6 steel. Paraffin oil and engine oil were used as lubricants for 1000 sliding cycles at 1 Hz with a normal load of 1.0 N. The corresponding wear tracks were analyzed by OM and SEM. In particular cases, the laser-generated nanostructures endured the tribological treatment. Simultaneously, a significant reduction of the friction coefficient and the wear was observed in the laser-irradiated (LIPSS-covered) areas when compared to the non-irradiated surface. The experiments reveal the potential benefit of laser surface structuring for tribological applications. KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Femtosecond laser processing KW - Tribology KW - Metals PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.08.111 SN - 0169-4332 SN - 1873-5584 VL - 336 SP - 21 EP - 27 PB - North-Holland CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-32861 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Entwicklung eines neuen Brandtests für Solarmodule T2 - Brandchutz-Workshop des BWS-Bundesverband Solarwirtschaft e. V. CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2014-04-30 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-30656 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Teichmann, Bernd A1 - Despinasse, Marie-Claire A1 - Klaffke, Benjamin T1 - Systematische Untersuchung des Brandverhaltens und des Feuerwiderstandes von PV-Modulen einschließlich der Emissionen im Brandfall und Entwicklung eines Prüfverfahrens zum Einfluss von PV-Modulen auf die harte Bedachung (Solarmodule im Brandfall) N2 - Es wurden systematische Brandversuche an verschiedenen PV-Modulen durchgeführt. Dabei wurden verschiedene Brandszenarien unterschiedlicher Beanspruchungsniveaus mit handelsüblichen Modulen realisiert und das Brandverhalten sowie die Feuerwiderstandsfähigkeit analysiert. Brände an Photovoltaik-Anlagen sind extrem selten, treten aber dennoch auf. Fünf verschiedene Modularten, dazu gehörten monokristalline Si-Dickschicht- und Si-Dünnschicht-Module, CIGS-, CdTe-Module sowie Silizium-Folien-Module, wurden verschiedenen Brandszenarien unterworfen. Dabei wurden verschiedene Brandsätze ober- und unterhalb der PV-Module auf einem Schräg- und Flachdach gezündet, um das Brandverhalten beurteilen zu können. KW - Solarmodule KW - Brandprüfungen KW - Rauchgase KW - Schwermetalle KW - FTIR KW - Rauchgasanalytik KW - Brandrückstände KW - ICP-OES PY - 2014 SN - 978-3-8167-9248-2 IS - F 2897 SP - 1 EP - 159 PB - Fraunhofer IRB Verl. CY - Stuttgart AN - OPUS4-30950 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Smoke and fire analysis T2 - Fire Science Workshop CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2013-11-29 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-30981 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mohamed, Zeinab A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Adhesion promotion of thick fire-retardant melamine polymer dip-coatings at polyolefin surfaces by using plasma polymers N2 - Melamine and melamine resins are widely used as fire retardants for polymer materials used in pharmaceutical, plastic, textile, rubber, and construction industry. Melamine-based flame retardants act by blowing off intumescent layers, char formation, and emission of quenching ammonia gas and diluent molecular nitrogen. Special advantages are: low cost, low smoke density and toxicity, low corrosive activity, safe handling, and environmental friendliness. Methylated poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde) (mPMF) was used as thick (≥40 µm) fire-retardant coating for plasma pretreated polymers. A combined low-pressure plasma pretreatment consisting of oxygen plasma exposure followed by deposition of thin poly(allylamine) (ppAAm) and poly(allyl alcohol) (ppAAl) plasma polymers as adhesion promoters have improved the adhesion of thick mPMF coatings strongly. Chemical structure and composition of deposited polymer films were characterized by infrared-attenuated total reflectance and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). After peeling, the peeled layer surfaces were also investigated for identification of the locus of failure and their topography using optical microscopy and XPS. Often the adhesion promotion was so efficient that the peeling of coating was not possible. Thermal properties of plasma polymers and dip-coating films were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis. Significant improvement of fire-retardant properties of coated polymers was confirmed by flame tests. KW - Adhesion KW - Thick melamine layers KW - Plasma polymerization KW - Dip-coating KW - Methylated poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde) KW - Polystyrene KW - Polyethylene KW - Flame retardancy KW - Fire retardant KW - Melamine resin KW - Polymer KW - Plasma PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2014.943339 SN - 0169-4243 SN - 1568-5616 VL - 28 IS - 21 SP - 2113 EP - 2132 PB - VNU Science Press CY - Utrecht AN - OPUS4-31485 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Werrel, Martin A1 - Deubel, Jan A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Brandtechnologische Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von Brandbeschleunigern auf den Verlauf von Raumbränden N2 - Bei der Ermittlung von Brandursachen und bei der Rekonstruktion von Brandverläufen kommt der Frage, ob und wie bei der Entstehung und Entwicklung des betreffenden Brandes Brandbeschleuniger beteiligt waren, eine bedeutende Rolle zu. Dennoch stehen umfangreiche experimentelle Daten zu originalmaßstäblichen Raumbrandversuchen, die den Einfluss von Brandbeschleunigern untersuchen, oder zumindest beiläufig berücksichtigen, kaum bis nicht zur Verfügung. Dieser Artikel berichtet über eine originalmaßstäbliche Versuchsserie, die diesen Einfluss auf den Verlauf von Raumbränden zum Gegenstand hatte. Es zeigt sich, dass die Beteiligung von Brandbeschleunigern einen unwesentlichen Einfluss auf die Ausprägung einzelner brandtechnologischer Kenngrößen, wie Wärmefreisetzungsrate, Brandraumtemperatur, Kohlenmonoxidfreisetzung uvm. hat, sich die Zeitspannen zum Eintreten von Ereignissen oder zum Erreichen bestimmter Kriterien jedoch erheblich verändern. PY - 2014 SN - 1868-6540 IS - 2 SP - 68 EP - 71 PB - Ebner Verlag GmbH & Co. KG CY - Ulm AN - OPUS4-31488 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Koter, Robert A1 - Hartelt, Manfred A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Höhm, S. A1 - Rosenfeld, A. A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures on steel and titanium alloy for tribological applications N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS, ripples) were generated on stainless steel (100Cr6) and titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) surfaces upon irradiation with multiple femtosecond laser pulses (pulse duration 30 fs, central wavelength 790 nm). The experimental conditions (laser fluence, spatial spot overlap) were optimized in a sample-scanning geometry for the processing of large surface areas (5 × 5 mm²) covered homogeneously by the nanostructures. The irradiated surface regions were subjected to white light interference microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealing spatial periods around 600 nm. The tribological performance of the nanostructured surface was characterized by reciprocal sliding against a ball of hardened steel in paraffin oil and in commercial engine oil as lubricants, followed by subsequent inspection of the wear tracks. For specific conditions, on the titanium alloy a significant reduction of the friction coefficient by a factor of more than two was observed on the laser-irradiated (LIPSS-covered) surface when compared to the non-irradiated one, indicating the potential benefit of laser surface structuring for tribological applications. PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-014-8229-2 SN - 0947-8396 VL - 117 IS - 1 SP - 103 EP - 110 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-31450 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Solarmodule im Brandfall T2 - 3. Brandschutz-Workshop CY - Cologne, Germany DA - 2014-04-03 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-30520 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Cyanid und Kohlemonoxid bei wohnungsbränden - Realität und Versuch T2 - Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Rechtsmedizin CY - Heringsdorf, Germany DA - 2014-09-09 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-30524 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fettig, Ina A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Deubel, Jan A1 - Werrel, Martin A1 - Raspe, Tina A1 - Piechotta, Christian T1 - Evaluation of a headspace solid-phase microextraction method for the analysis of ignitable liquids in fire debris N2 - The chemical analysis of fire debris represents a crucial part in fire investigations to determine the cause of a fire. A headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) procedure for the detection of ignitable liquids in fire debris using a fiber coated with a mixture of three different sorbent materials (Divinylbenzene/Carboxen/Polydimethylsiloxane, DVB/CAR/PDMS) is described. Gasoline and diesel fuel were spiked upon a preburnt matrix (wood charcoal), extracted and concentrated with HS-SPME and then analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The experimental conditions—extraction temperature, incubation and exposure time—were optimized. To assess the applicability of the method, fire debris samples were prepared in the smoke density chamber (SDC) and a controlled-atmosphere cone calorimeter. The developed methods were successfully applied to burnt particleboard and carpet samples. The results demonstrate that the procedure that has been developed here is suitable for detecting these ignitable liquids in highly burnt debris. KW - Forensic science KW - Arson analysis KW - Fire debris KW - Ignitable liquids KW - Solid-phase microextraction KW - Smoke density chamber KW - Cone calorimeter PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12342 SN - 0022-1198 SN - 1556-4029 VL - 59 IS - 3 SP - 743 EP - 749 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken, NJ, USA AN - OPUS4-30038 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Kunststoff-Verbundmaterialien im Brandtest N2 - Wesentlich für das Sicherheitsniveau und damit der nachhaltigen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Technologiestandortes Deutschland ist der Brandschutz in Industrieanlagen, in Gebäuden und im Transportwesen. Die Verwendung von neuen innovativen Materialien, im Leichtbau oder von neuen Brandschutzbeschichtung, resultiert in neuartigen Herausforderungen und sich verändernden Brandschutzvorschriften. Im Rahmen des Vortrages werden Brandversuche von neuen Materialien bis hin zu Raumbränden, neue und alte Brandprüfungen gezeigt und Rückschlüsse für den heutigen Brandschutz gezogen. T2 - Kolloqiuim Chemieverein e.V. CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 15.03.2017 KW - Verbundmaterialien KW - Brandtest PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39928 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Quantitative Rauchgasanalyse mittels FTIR-Spektroskopie - Anforderungen, Kalibrierung, Reproduzierbarkeit N2 - Die Fourier-Transformations-Infrarot-(FTIR)-Spektroskopie ist eine universell einsetzbare Methode zur Rauchgasanalyse. Um verlässliche quantitative Aussagen zu Rauchgaskonzentrationen treffen zu können, müssen die Anforderungen an die FTIR-Spektrometer, die Probenahme sowie die Kalibrierung entsprechend der ISO 19702:2015 eingehalten werden. Im Rahmen dieses Vortrages werden diese Anforderungen sowie die Kalibrierung näher beschrieben und die Reproduzierbarkeit quantitativer Rauchgasmessungen an drei Beispielen beschrieben. T2 - Brand- und Explosionsschutztag CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 23.03.2017 KW - Rauchgase KW - FTIR-Spektroskopie KW - Brandversuche PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39930 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Rappsilber, Tim A1 - Raspe, Tina T1 - Quantitative Rauchgasanalyse mittels FTIR-Spektroskopie - Anforderungen, Kalibrierung, Reproduzierbarkeit N2 - Die Fourier-Transformations-Infrarot-(FTIR)-Spektroskopie ist eine universell einsetzbare Methode zur Rauchgasanalyse. Um verlässliche quantitative Aussagen zu Rauchgaskonzentrationen treffen zu können, müssen die Anforderungen an die FTIR-Spektrometer, die Probenahme sowie die Kalibrierung entsprechend der ISO 19702:2015 eingehalten werden. Im Rahmen dieses Vortrages werden diese Anforderungen sowie die Kalibrierung näher beschrieben und die Reproduzierbarkeit quantitativer Rauchgasmessungen an drei Beispielen beschrieben. T2 - 5. Brand- und Explosionsschutztage 2017 CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 23.03.2017 KW - Rauchgase KW - FTIR-Spektroskopie KW - Brandversuche PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-00-056201-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.978.300/0562013 VL - 2017 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg CY - Magdeburg AN - OPUS4-39931 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rappsilber, Tim A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Mischbrandkrippen als Bemessungsbrände zur Unterstützung der Löschwirkung von Druckluftschäumen N2 - Dieser Bericht befasst sich mit Bemessungsbränden zur Untersuchung der Effektivität von Druckluftschäumen. Als normative Brandlast wurden dazu neuentwickelte Mischbrandkrippen verwendet. Diese Krippen sollen den steigenden Anteil synthetischer Materialien im Alltag wiederspiegeln und somit hohe Anforderungen an das Löschmittel stellen. Dieses Paper behandelt die Vorbereitung, Durchführung und Auswertung von zwei Versuchsreihen sowohl im Outdoor- als auch im Indoor-Bereich. Das Paper befasst sich mit der Untersuchung der Effektivität des Löschmittels Druckluftschaum im Vergleich zu Wasser und Netzwasser anhand von acht Outdoor- und vier Indoor-Mischkrippenbränden. Aus den In-door-Brandversuchen gehen zudem Aussagen über die Rauchgaszusammensetzung während des Brandverlaufes hervor. Die Ergebnisse der Bemessungsbrände zeigen, dass Druckluftschäume aufgrund ihrer zeitgleich wirkenden Löscheffekte, unter den getesteten Bedingungen eine bessere Brandunterdrückung erzielen, als herkömmliche Löschmittel. T2 - Brand- und Explosionsschutztage 2017 CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 23.03.2017 KW - Mischbrandkrippen KW - Löschwirkung KW - Brandversuche PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-00-056201-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.978.300/0562013 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg CY - Magdeburg AN - OPUS4-39933 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Kirner, Sabrina A1 - Koter, Robert A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures on titanium nitride coatings for tribological applications N2 - Titanium nitride (TiN) was coated on different substrate materials, namely pure titanium (Ti), titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) and steel (100Cr6), generating 2.5 μm thick TiN layers. Using femtosecond laser pulses (30 fs, 790 nm, 1 kHz pulse repetition rate), large surface areas (5 mm × 5 mm) of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) with sub-wavelength periods ranging between 470 nm and 600 nm were generated and characterized by optical microscopy (OM), white light interference microscopy (WLIM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In tribological tests, coefficients of friction (COF) of the nanostructured surfaces were determined under reciprocating sliding conditions (1 Hz, 1.0 N normal load) against a 10-mm diameter ball of hardened 100Cr6 steel during 1000 cycles using two different lubricants, namely paraffin oil and engine oil. It turned out that the substrate material, the laser fluence and the lubricant are crucial for the tribological performance. However, friction and wear could not be significantly reduced by LIPSS on TiN layers in comparison to unstructured TiN surfaces. Finally, the resulting wear tracks on the nanostructured surfaces were investigated with respect to their morphology (OM, SEM), depth (WLIM) and chemical composition by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and, on one hand, compared with each other, on the other hand, with non-structured TiN surfaces. KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Femtosecond laser ablation KW - Titanium nitride films KW - Friction KW - Wear PY - 2017 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433216322486 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.10.132 SN - 0169-4332 SN - 1873-5584 VL - 418 IS - Part B SP - 572 EP - 579 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-40507 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Deubel, Jan A1 - Werrel, Martin A1 - Fettig, Ina A1 - Raspe, Tina T1 - Experimental studies on the effect of fire accelerants during living room fires and detection of ignitable liquids in fire debris N2 - Reconstructing the course of a fire and performing chemical analysis of ignitable liquids in fire debris is an important tool to conduct fire investigations in suspected arson cases. Here, a total of five fire tests has been performed to investigate the effect of fire accelerants on the fire development of a room fire and to prove the capability of analytical methods. Different experimental scenarios have been realized (no accelerant, accelerant applied at different positions, and different amounts of fire accelerant). Each test room was equipped with an identical set of living room furnishing. The location and amount of the fire accelerant applied löschen varied in four of five tests. One experiment was carried out without fire accelerant. Fire quantities such as mass loss (of the entire room), gas temperatures (at several locations in the room), and heat release were determined during the experiments, and chemical-analytical studies were carried out. A headspace solid phase micro extraction procedure, using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, was used to analyze fire debris samples to potentially detect ignitable liquids. Beside the analysis of fire debris samples, swipe soot samples were analyzed and the detectability of the fire accelerant used was demonstrated. Results show that it is possible to provide evidence of ignitable liquids in soot samples collected from walls. This allows an additional sampling strategy at potential crime scenes, besides taking fire debris samples. KW - Fire behavior KW - Room fire test KW - Heat release KW - Temperatures KW - Fire debris KW - Ignitable liquids KW - Solid phase microextraction KW - Gas chromatography PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2263 SN - 0308-0501 SN - 1099-1018 VL - 39 IS - 7 SP - 636 EP - 646 PB - Heyden CY - London AN - OPUS4-34550 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Raspe, Tina A1 - Despinasse, Marie-Claire A1 - Moritz, W. A1 - Nörthemann, K. T1 - Wasserstoffsensoren zur früheren Branddetektion - Systematische Untersuchungen zur Wasserstoffgenerierung bei Schwelbränden und Entwicklung eines Wasserstoffsensors zur Brandfrüherkennung einschließlich Vergleich mit anderen Branddetektionssystemen N2 - Wasserstoff als Brandprodukt entsteht in einer sehr frühen Brandphase, insbesondere bei Schwelbränden. Durch die Entwicklung eines geeigneten Wasserstoffsensors ist es nicht nur möglich, sehr frühzeitig einen entstehenden Brand zu detektieren, sondern durch die Erkennung eines Entstehungsbrandes und frühzeitiger Löschmaßnahmen ergibt sich eine Vermeidung von Personen- und Sachschäden. Die sich in der Entwicklung befindlichen Wasserstoffsensoren wurden von der TLTS GmbH zur Verfügung gestellt. Im Rahmen dieses Projektes wurden diese Sensoren in verschiedenen Testbränden, d.h. sowohl im Labormaßstab, in der Rauchkammer, als auch in Realbrandszenarien in einer 2-Raum-Containerwohnung mit verschiedenen wohnungstypischen Materialien und Gebrauchsgegenständen getestet, insbesondere in Kombination mit anderen analytischen Methoden und im Vergleich mit anderen Detektionssystemen. Der Schwerpunkt lag in der Rauchgaskomponentendetektion in der frühen Brandphase, insbesondere der Wasserstoffgenerierung in Abhängigkeit des Brandszenarios. Es erfolgten umfangreiche Untersuchungen bezüglich der Korrelation von Brandmaterialien, thermischen Bedingungen, Strömungsverhältnissen und geometrischen Bedingungen zur Wasserstoffgenerierung, ihrem zeitlichen Verlauf und der Relation zu anderen entstehenden Gasen (z.B. Kohlenstoffmonoxid) und der Rauchentwicklung unter exakt definierten (reproduzierbaren) Brandentstehungsbedingungen. Dadurch wurde eine quantifizierbare Bewertung des Wasserstoffsensors gegenüber bestehenden Systemen erreicht. Aus den Untersuchungen sind ebenfalls Schlussfolgerungen zu den Vorteilen und Grenzen der Implementierung von Wasserstoffsensoren in Multisensor-Brandmelder ableitbar. Es konnte anhand der Testbrände gezeigt werden, dass der H2-Sensor bei Schwelbrandversuche von wohnungstypischen Materialien geeignet ist und ein sehr frühzeitiger Nachweis sehr geringer H2-Konzentrationen, noch bevor Rauch und CO detektiert werden können, möglich ist und diese somit eine Alternative oder Ergänzung zu traditionellen Rauch- und CO-Meldern für mehr Sicherheit sind. Für den kommerziellen Einsatz dieser Sensoren müssen die Einflussfaktoren, wie z.B. mit der Luftfeuchtigkeit und Querempfindlichkeiten, wie z.B. mit anderen Brandgasen, wie CO weiter verbessert werden. KW - Wasserstoffsensoren KW - Branddetektion PY - 2016 SN - 978-3-9817502-9-4 VL - 2016 SP - 1 EP - 184 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-35773 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Early fire detection: Are hydrogen sensors able to detect pyrolysis of household materials? N2 - We analysed the hydrogen generation during the smouldering of polymeric materials, which are typically used in the household, in the Smoke Density Chamber coupled to a new developed hydrogen sensor to detect early stages of fires. The results of hydrogen generation were compared with the emission of carbon monoxide and smoke during the fire scenarios. Additionally, the results were compared with parameters used in traditional commercial detection systems. In this scenario, the hydrogen sensor showed encouraging results for the detection of fires in earlier phase compared to traditional detectors. Furthermore, we tested the new developed hydrogen sensor in a real room with different fire scenarios. We have also investigated interferences, e.g. steam and cigarette smoke. The hydrogen sensor could detect hydrogen generation in the earliest stage of fire, even before CO and smoke were developed in detectable amounts. Therefore, the hydrogen sensor can be applied for early fire detection in case of pyrolysis. The sensors are quite good for detecting pyrolysis gases. But when it comes to a fast ignition other techniques are more suitable for it. The sensors are best for combination with other techniques, such as smoke detectors. T2 - 12th IAFSS Conference CY - Lund, Sweden DA - 12.6.2017 KW - Hydogen sensor KW - Smouldering KW - Detection PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40688 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Despinasse, Marie-Claire A1 - Raspe, Tina A1 - Nörthemann, K. A1 - Moritz, W. T1 - Early fire detection: Are hydrogen sensors able to detect pyrolysis of house hold materials? N2 - We analysed the hydrogen generation during the smouldering of polymeric materials, which are typically used in the household, in the Smoke Density Chamber coupled to a new developed hydrogen sensor to detect early stages of fires. The results of hydrogen generation were compared with the emission of carbon monoxide and smoke during the fire scenarios. Additionally, the results were compared with parameters used in traditional commercial detection systems. In this scenario, the hydrogen sensor showed encouraging results for the detection of fires in earlier phase compared to traditional detectors. Furthermore, we tested the new developed hydrogen sensor in a real room with different fire scenarios. We have also investigated interferences, e.g. steam and cigarette smoke. The hydrogen sensor could detect hydrogen generation in the earliest stage of fire, even before CO and smoke were developed in detectable amounts. Therefore, the hydrogen sensor can be applied for early fire detection in case of pyrolysis. The sensors are quite good for detecting pyrolysis gases. But when it comes to a fast ignition other techniques are more suitable for it. The sensors are best for combination with other techniques, such as smoke detectors. T2 - IAFSS 12th Symposium 2017 CY - Lund, Sweden KW - Fire chemistry KW - Hydrogen sensor PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.04.035 SN - 0379-7112 SN - 1873-7226 VL - 91 SP - 1059 EP - 1067 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-41895 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Smoke gas analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy T2 - 14th International Conference on Automatic Fire Detection, AUBE CY - Duisburg, Germany DA - 2009-09-08 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19835 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Berger, Anka A1 - Krause, Ulrich T1 - Chemisch-analytische Untersuchung von Brandprodukten aus Recycling-Zwischenlagern N2 - Organische Produkte, wie Papier/Pappe, Textilien oder Kunststoffe, sind meist brennbar. In Recycling-Zwischenlagern werden solche Stoffe in großen Mengen gelagert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, welche gasförmigen Produkte im Falle eines Brandes – verursacht z. B. durch Selbstentzündung – entstehen. Verschiedene Fraktionen (Papier/Pappe, Textilien und Kunststoffe) aus Recycling-Zwischenlagern wurden zunächst mechanisch zerkleinert. Dazu wurden die Proben aus den jeweiligen Fraktionen so zerkleinert, dass letztendlich homogene Verteilungen vorlagen. Mit Hilfe von verschiedenen Zerkleinerungsmühlen konnten auf diese Weise Korngrößen bis zu 0,2 mm erhalten werden. Diese homogenen Probenverteilungen wurden anschließend im DIN-Rohr nach DIN 53436 verschwelt. Die entstehenden Rauchgase wurden mit Hilfe der FTIR-Spektroskopie brandanalytisch untersucht. Dabei unterschied sich die Zusammensetzung der Rauchgase beim Verschwelprozess teilweise erheblich. Die bei der Verschwelung entstehenden Rauchgase enthalten bei Brandstoffen ohne Heteroatome in erster Linie toxische Bestandteile, wie Kohlenmonoxid und Kohlendioxid. Bei der Verschwelung von Kunststoffen mit Heteroatomen können zusätzlich zu den Hauptkomponenten Kohlenmonoxid, Kohlendioxid und Wasser auch noch weitere toxische Rauchgaskomponenten nachgewiesen werden. Dabei kommt es bei chlorhaltigen Kunststoffen vorwiegend zur Bildung von Chlorwasserstoff, bei stickstoffhaltigen Kunststoffen zur Bildung von Ammoniak und Blausäure. KW - Recycling-Zwischenlager KW - Rauchgase KW - Analytik KW - FTIR-Spektroskopie KW - Kunststoffe KW - Papier KW - Pappe KW - Textilien KW - Schwelbrand PY - 2009 SN - 0027-2957 SN - 1863-9763 VL - 41 IS - 6 SP - 298 EP - 303 PB - Erich Schmidt CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-19613 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der quantitativen Gasanalyse mittels FTIR-Spektroskopie T2 - Ulm-Freiberger Kalorimetrietage CY - Freiberg, Germany DA - 2009-03-18 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19615 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krüger, Simone ED - Heinz Luck, ED - Ingolf Willms, T1 - Smoke gas analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy T2 - AUBE ´09 - 14th International conference on automatic fire detection CY - Duisburg, Germany DA - 2009-09-08 KW - Smoke gase KW - FTIR KW - Polymer KW - SBI KW - Brandschacht KW - DIN tube furnace PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-940402-01-1 VL - 1 SP - 165 EP - 172 CY - Duisburg, Germany AN - OPUS4-19848 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Smoke gas analysis of polymeric toys by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy T2 - 14th International Conference on Automatic Fire Detection, AUBE CY - Duisburg, Germany DA - 2009-09-08 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19850 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Chemical analysis of spruce wood during thermal exposure T2 - Joint Symposium on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Dresden 26-28 May 2010 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2010-05-26 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21337 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Torsions pendulum and DMA measurements of PC sticks T2 - Joint Symposium on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2010-05-26 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21338 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Thermoanalytical investigations in the Smoke Density Chamber T2 - Joint Symposium on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2010-05-26 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21339 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Thermoanalytical investigations during a car fire T2 - Joint Symposium on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2010-05-26 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21429 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Wurster, R. ED - M. Castillejo, ED - P. Moreno, ED - M. Oujja, ED - R. Radvan, ED - J. Ruiz, T1 - Monitoring of the laser cleaning process of artificially soiled paper N2 - Laser cleaning of soiled paper is a challenging task due to the fact that a contamination has to be removed and a fragile organic material has to be preserved. The ejection of particles forms a significant channel for the removal of unwanted surface contaminations and can be exploited for an in-situ monitoring of the cleaning procedure. 532-nm-nanosecond single and multi pulse laser cleaning of artificially soiled Whatman© paper was performed. Particles were registered with a dust monitor. These in-situ experiments were combined with ex-situ investigations of cleaning and substrate damage thresholds by means of light and scanning electron microscopic techniques. The cleaning efficiency measured by a multi-spectral imaging system was compared to the in-situ particle monitoring. Additionally, possible color changes of the paper substrate were evaluated. T2 - LACONA VII International Conference, "Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks" CY - Madrid, Spain DA - 2007-09-17 PY - 2008 SN - 978-0-415-47596-9 SP - 345 EP - 351 PB - Taylor & Francis AN - OPUS4-17974 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea T1 - Cleaning of artificially soiled paper with 532-nm nanosecond laser radiation N2 - Cleaning of paper is a challenging task due to the fact that a contamination should be removed and a fragile organic original material has to be preserved. Pulsed laser cleaning of artificially soiled Whatman© filter paper samples serving as models for historical paper was performed. Different cleaning strategies employing 8-ns laser pulses at 532 nm wavelength were applied to clean paper avoiding undesired effects like discoloration (yellowing) and mechanical deterioration of the substrate. Multi shot experiments with low-energy pulses were compared with single pulse investigations utilizing high pulse energies achieving a constant energy load incident on the samples in both cases. The cleaning efficiency and possible yellowing effects were evaluated by means of a multi spectral imaging system. An extensive microscopic analysis of the cleaned parts of the samples provided insight into the remaining soiling on the surface and in the bulk of the paper material after laser treatment. As a reference, a hard and a soft eraser were used to clean the samples. KW - Laser cleaning KW - Paper KW - Colorimetry PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-008-4476-4 SN - 0947-8396 VL - 92 IS - 1 SP - 179 EP - 183 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-17331 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Vorstellen einer Methodik für das Monitoring von Recycling-Zwischenlagern T2 - Workshop "Brandvermeidung in Recycling-Zwischenlagern" CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 2009-01-22 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-18952 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Lußky, Katharina A1 - Engel, P. ED - Günter Wiedemann, ED - Udo Klotzbach, ED - Ulrich Bauer-Bornemann, T1 - Laserreinigung von künstlich verschmutzten europäischen Papieren des 19. Jahrhunderts N2 - Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Laserreinigung von gebräuchlichen Papieren des 19. Jahrhunderts in Kombination mit zwei Schmutzvarianten. Aufgrund der weiten Verbreitung in Bibliotheken und Kunstsammlungen wurden Hadernpapier und holzhaltiges Papier ausgewählt. Als Referenz diente Whatman-Filterpapier. Zur künstlichen Verschmutzung wurden Zeichenkohle oder Standardschmutz (Standard Test Dust SAE J 726 fine, mit Flammruß im Verhältnis 20:1 gemischt) mit Hilfe von Pinsel und Staubsauger jeweils auf die drei Papierarten aufgetragen und in den Faserverbund eingesaugt. Die Nutzung von Modellproben erweist sich für grundlegende Untersuchungen als vorteilhaft, da das Vorhandensein hinreichend großer Flächen (gleichartiger Objekte) für einen Vergleich mit Ergebnissen klassischer Reinigungstechniken unabdingbar ist. Die preiswerten Proben erlauben darüber hinaus auch die Anwendung zerstörender Analysetechniken. Für die Laserreinigungsexperimente wurde ein Nd:YAG-Laser mit Impulsdauern in der Größenordnung von 10 ns bei 532 nm Wellenlänge und einer Repetitionsrate von 500 Hz verwendet. Die Laser-Bearbeitungsstation erlaubt die flächige Bearbeitung von Objekten, wobei der Laserstrahl bewegt wird. Der Laser wird mittels Computer ferngesteuert und unter Klasse-1-Sicherheitsbedingungen betrieben. Bei der Untersuchung der Modellproben wurde jeweils die Anzahl der Impulse pro Probenstelle sowie die Laser-Energiedichte variiert. Ziel der Arbeiten war die Ermittlung eines Laser-Arbeitsbereiches für die Reinigung der verschiedenen Papierproben. Die Modellobjekte wurden vor und nach der Laserbehandlung mittels lichtmikroskopischer, rasterelektronenmikroskopischer und colorimetrischer Analysemethoden untersucht. T2 - Tagung "Laseranwendung in Restaurierung und Denkmalpflege" CY - Osnabrück, Deutschland DA - 2009-01-30 KW - Laserreinigung KW - Nd:YAG-Laser KW - Hadernpapier KW - Holzhaltiges Papier KW - Filterpapier KW - Mikroskopie KW - Farbmessung PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-8167-8106-6 SP - 177 EP - 189 PB - Fraunhofer IRB Verl. CY - Stuttgart AN - OPUS4-20059 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Torsionspendelmessungen an PC-Stäben zur Bestimmung eines Standards für den Schubmodul T2 - Gefta Jahrestagung CY - Giessen, Germany DA - 2009-10-07 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20161 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Vergleichende DMA-Untersuchungen von PC-Stäben T2 - Gefta Jahrestagung CY - Giessen, Germany DA - 2009-10-07 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20162 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Holle, H. A1 - Kautek, W. A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Mäder, M. A1 - Schreiner, M. T1 - Laser cleaning on historic picture postcards N2 - This contribution compares traditional cleaning and laser methods. Partial laser cleaning with a nanosecond pulse laser (wavelength of 532 nm) has proved very promising for future application in paper conservation-restoration. Traditional cleaning methods are not always sufficient or successful in surface cleaning of objects of art. Comparative studies of traditional paper cleaning methods and laser cleaning were made on several historic picture postcards printed with the chromolithography technique. PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-85028-490-5 SP - 189 EP - 206 PB - Berger Horn CY - Wien, Austria AN - OPUS4-20397 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Lussky, K. A1 - Engel, P. A1 - Krüger, Jörg ED - Engel, Patricia T1 - Laser cleaning of artificially soiled paper N2 - Laser cleaning for works of art on paper might be a supplemental, noncontact method to overcome some of the limitations of traditional dry cleaning techniques. Three different types of paper (pure-cellulose filter paper, rag paper, and wood-pulp paper) were mechanically soiled with pulverized charcoal in a standardized procedure to make model samples. These samples were characterized microscopically and by means of lightness measurements using a multi-spectral imaging system. A prototype laser workstation with Laser Class I conditions for the operator was used for the cleaning experiments. For 10-ns laser pulses at a wavelength of 532 nm, a set of laser parameters was established for a successful cleaning of the samples avoiding damage to the paper substrate. Single- and multi-pulse illumination conditions were tested. An extensive microscopic analysis after laser treatment of the cleaned parts of the samples provided insight into the remaining soiling on the surface and in the bulk of the paper material. PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-85028-490-5 SP - 171 EP - 188 PB - Berger Horn CY - Wien, Austria AN - OPUS4-20398 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Berger, Anka A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Krause, Ulrich T1 - Chemisch-analytische Untersuchung von Brandprodukten aus verschiedenen Deponiefraktionen T2 - 4. Praxistagung Deponie 2010 CY - Hannover, Deutschland DA - 2010-11-30 KW - Recyclingstoffe KW - Zwischenlager KW - FTIR-Spektroskopie KW - Verschwelung KW - Rauchgasanalyse KW - Recycling materials KW - Intermediate storage KW - FTIR-spectroscopy KW - Smouldering KW - Analysis of smoke PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-86955-555-3 SP - 1 EP - 17(?) AN - OPUS4-22728 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Investigations on particles and smoke gas composition during smouldering of spruce wood T2 - ANAKON 2011 CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 2011-03-22 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-23407 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Koter, Robert A1 - Krüger, Jörg ED - Engel, P. ED - Schirò, J. ED - Larsen, R. ED - Moussakova, E. ED - Kecskeméti, I. T1 - Cleaning of soiled paper model samples using short and ultrashort laser pulses N2 - Paper is one of the most important materials representing and witnessing human culture particularly as a carrier medium for text and image. As soiling hampers the reception of information, paper cleaning techniques are needed. Traditional mechanical and chemical cleaning methods are used by conservator-restorers. In some cases, a classical cleaning procedure of paper objects yields unsatisfactory results or a conventional treatment is even impossible. Especially, fragile paper objects cause problems due to mechanical instabilities. Laser cleaning as a non-contact method might be a way to overcome some of the limitations of classical cleaning techniques. Laser parameters have to be chosen to achieve removal of the soiling without influencing the artwork. Any immediate as well as long-term effects causing an irreversible change of the artwork have to be avoided. At present, most laser applications are found in stone and metal conservation, while laser treatment of complex organic materials like paper is still not fully developed for application in conservators' workshops. This contribution describes recent work of pulsed laser cleaning of soiled model samples. Pure cellulose, rag paper and wood-pulp paper were mechanically soiled with pulverized charcoal in a standardized procedure to make model samples representing essential characteristics of contaminated real-world artworks. Afterwards, model samples were cleaned using short and ultrashort laser pulses in the nanosecond and femtosecond time domain, respectively. An extensive analysis of the model samples after laser treatment using an optical microscope and a multi-spectral imaging system allows a comparison of the cleaning results obtained with both laser sources. T2 - Conference 'New Approaches to Book and Paper Conservation - Restoration' CY - Horn, Austria DA - 09.05.2011 KW - Laser cleaning KW - Ablation KW - Laser impact on surfaces KW - Paper KW - Femtosecond laser KW - Nanosecond laser PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-85028-518-6 SP - 519 EP - 532 PB - Verlag Berger, Horn CY - Vienna, Austria AN - OPUS4-23705 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Stability of poly(phenyl-1,4-phenylene vinylene) investigated by thermo- and chemilumineszenz T2 - Excited States, Photochemistry, and Application CY - Noordwijk, Netherlands DA - 1998-06-16 PY - 1998 AN - OPUS4-23144 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Chemilumineszenzuntersuchungen zur Stabilität von elektrooptischen Funktionspolymeren T2 - Präsentationsveranstaltung des Berliner Verbandes für Polymerforschung CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1999-05-20 PY - 1999 AN - OPUS4-23147 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Chemilumineszenzuntersuchungen zur Stabilität von elektrooptischen Funktionspolymeren T2 - GDCh Fachgruppe Makromolekulare Chemie CY - Mainz, Germany DA - 1998-03-23 PY - 1998 AN - OPUS4-23143 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krause, Ulrich A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Berger, Anka T1 - Bewertung von Brandgefahr und Rauchgastoxizität bei Recyclinglagern N2 - Brände bei der Lagerung von Deponiestoffen und Recyclingprodukten sind durch hohe Wärmefreisetzung und extreme Rauchentwicklung gekennzeichnet. Im Rauch enthalten sind in Abhängigkeit vom Ausgangsmaterial toxische oder gesundheitsgefährdende Stoffe. Löscharbeiten erfordern einen hohen Personal- und Materialaufwand und ziehen sich häufig über Tage, manchmal sogar über Wochen oder Monate hin. Der Schwerpunkt im Umgang mit solchen Materialien muss deshalb auf der Brandprävention liegen. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt eine in der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) entwickelte Methodik vor, bei der in einer Kombination von Labortests und numerischen Simulationsrechnungen Haldengeometrien und zulässige Lagerungszeiten abgeleitet werden können, bei denen Selbstentzündung sicher vermieden wird. KW - Recycling KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Toxizität KW - Rauchgas PY - 2011 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 1 IS - 1/2 SP - 32 EP - 38 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-23381 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - The influence of paper type and state of degradation on laser cleaning of artificially soiled paper N2 - Lasers can be a supplemental tool for restorers to overcome some of the limitations of traditional dry cleaning techniques for works of art on paper. The laser working range has to be optimized allowing for safe removal of contamination and limitation of damage to the substrate. This paper addresses the influence of paper type and state of degradation on laser working range. Three types of new paper (pure cellulose, bleached pulp paper, rag paper) were degraded and characterized with respect their degree of polymerization. Laser-induced damage thresholds of new and degraded paper were determined using SEM and viscometry. Additionally, artificially soiled model samples were made using two kinds of soiling, namely pulverized charcoal and soot-blackened standard test dust. Cleaning thresholds of soiled paper samples were evaluated. A working range for all combinations of paper and soiling between 0.05 J/cm2 and 0.5 J/cm2 was found for the application of 8-ns laser pulses at 532 nm wavelength. T2 - LACONA VIII - Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks VIII CY - Sibiu, Romania DA - 21.09.2009 KW - Nanosecond laser cleaning KW - Paper KW - Ageing KW - Degree of polymerization KW - Cleaning threshold KW - Damage threshold PY - 2011 SN - 978-0-415-58073-1 SP - 59 EP - 65 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-23634 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Analysis of toxic smoke gases using FTIR spectroscopy T2 - 9th IAFSS Symposium CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 2008-09-21 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-18180 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Analytische Untersuchungen zur Toxizität von Rauchgasen T2 - VfdB-Jahrestagung 2009 CY - Mannheim, Germany DA - 2009-05-24 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19480 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Koter, Robert A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Cleaning of artificially soiled paper using nanosecond, picosecond and femtosecond laser pulses N2 - Cleaning of cultural assets, especially fragile organic materials like paper, is a part of the conservation process. Laser radiation as a non-contact tool offers prospects for that purpose. For the studies presented here, paper model samples were prepared using three different paper types (pure cellulose, rag paper, and wood-pulp paper). Pure cellulose serves as reference material. Rag and woodpulp paper represent essential characteristics of the basic materials of real-world artworks. The papers were mechanically soiled employing pulverized charcoal. Pure and artificially soiled paper samples were treated with laser pulses of 28 fs (800 nm wavelength) and 8–12 ns (532 nm) duration in a multi pulse approach. Additionally, the cellulose reference material was processed with 30 ps (532 nm) laser pulses. Damage and cleaning thresholds of pure and soiled paper were determined for the different laser regimes. Laser working ranges allowing for removal of contamination and avoiding permanent modification to the substrate were found. The specimens prior and after laser illumination were characterized by light-optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as multi spectral imaging analysis. The work extends previous nanosecond laser cleaning investigations on paper into the ultra-short pulse duration domain. KW - Laser cleaning KW - Ablation KW - Laser impact on surfaces KW - Paper KW - Femtosecond laser PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-010-5809-7 SN - 0947-8396 VL - 101 IS - 2 SP - 441 EP - 446 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-22155 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krüger, Simone ED - Schulz, E. T1 - Rauchgasanalyse und Brandverhalten von verschiedenen Sitzmaterialien im Transportsektor T2 - 5. Internationale Expertentagung Bahnbrandschutz CY - Wien, Österreich DA - 2010-10-21 KW - Upholstered seats KW - FTIR spectroscopy KW - Combustion KW - Smouldering KW - Fire behaviour PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-940727-23-7 VL - 30 SP - 4 EP - 15 PB - IFV Bahntechnik CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-22279 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -