TY - JOUR A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V. A1 - Slachciak, Nadine A1 - Elert, Anna Maria A1 - Griepentrog, Michael A1 - Fischer, Daniel A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Sahre, Mario A1 - Dörfel, Ilona A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Koter, Robert A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - Tribological performance of titanium samples oxidized by fs-laser radiation, thermal heating, or electrochemical anodization N2 - Commercial grade-1 titanium samples (Ti, 99.6%) were treated using three alternative methods, (i) femtosecond laser processing, (ii) thermal heat treatment, and (iii) electrochemical anodization, respectively, resulting in the formation of differently conditioned superficial titanium oxide layers. The laser processing (i) was carried out by a Ti:sapphire laser (pulse duration 30 fs, central wavelength 790 nm, pulse repetition rate 1 kHz) in a regime of generating laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). The experimental conditions (laser fluence, spatial spot overlap) were optimized in a sample-scanning setup for the processing of several square-millimeters large surface areas covered homogeneously by these nanostructures. The differently oxidized titanium surfaces were characterized by optical microscopy, micro Raman spectroscopy, variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, and instrumented indentation testing. The tribological performance was characterized in the regime of mixed friction by reciprocating sliding tests against a sphere of hardened steel in fully formulated engine oil as lubricant. The specific tribological performance of the differently treated surfaces is discussed with respect to possible physical and chemical mechanisms. KW - Femtosecond laser KW - Titanium KW - Oxidation KW - Friction PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-445609 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-1745-8 SN - 0947-8396 SN - 1432-0630 VL - 124 IS - 4 SP - 326, 1 EP - 10 PB - Springer-Verlag AN - OPUS4-44560 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rappsilber, Tim A1 - Yusfi, Nawar A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Hahn, S.-K. A1 - Fellinger, Tim-Patrick A1 - Krug von Nidda, Jonas A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico T1 - Meta-analysis of heat release and smoke gas emission during thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries N2 - Herein a meta-analysis of 76 experimental research papers from 2000 to 2021 is given about possible effects on the thermal runaway of lithium-ion battery cells. Data on the hazards of gas emissions and released heat are related to each other and differentiated by cell properties such as, cell geometry, cathode type or state of charge. Quantitative information on the total heat release in the range of 2.0–112.0 kJ Wh−1, the peak heat release rate in the range of 0.006–2.8 kW Wh−1and the smoke gas emission were extracted, normalized in terms of cell energy (Wh), combined in a data library and compared graphically. The total amount of gas emitted (3–48 mmol Wh−1) as well as the released amount of carbon monoxide (1–161 mg Wh−1) and hydrogen fluoride (2–197 mg Wh−1) were investigated as a function of the state of charge and cell geometry. The analysis reveals that the measured values are significantly influenced by the types of calorimeters and smoke gas analyzers used as well as by the type of thermal runaway trigger. This meta-analysis can serve as an important basis for any risk assessment of lithium-ion batteries. KW - Lithium-ion battery KW - Thermal runaway KW - Cathode active material KW - Heat release KW - Smoke gas emission PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-568071 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.106579 SN - 2352-152X VL - 60 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-56807 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Carabba, L. A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Bignozzi, M.C. T1 - Acoustic emission study of heat-induced cracking in fly ash-based alkali-activated pastes and lightweight mortars N2 - Alkali-activated fly ashes have been proposed for various applications where resistance against high temperatures is required, yet several details regarding the response of these materials to heat-exposure need to be clarified. In the present study, heat-induced cracking in fly ash-based alkali-activated pastes and lightweight mortars was analyzed by in-situ acoustic emission (AE) detection during complete heating-cooling cycles (up to ∼1100 °C), augmented by thermogravimetry and ex-situ SEM and XRD analyses. The applicability of the lightweight mortars as passive fire protection coatings was assessed by recording temperature-time curves of mortar-coated steel plates. Cracking during heating was limited and associated exclusively with the dehydration of the materials in the temperature range ∼90–360 °C. However, samples heated to temperatures above ∼600 °C exhibited intense cracking on cooling. This was attributed to differential deformations caused by local sintering and partial melting at the glass transition temperature, and subsequent quenching on cooling. KW - Alkali-activated materials KW - Acoustic emission KW - Fire proofing KW - Heat resistance KW - Cracking PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.04.013 SN - 0958-9465 SN - 1873-393X VL - 102 SP - 145 EP - 156 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-47904 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Carabba, L. A1 - Masi, G. A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Bignozzi, M.C. ED - Serdar, M. ED - Stirmer, N. ED - Provis, J. T1 - Thermal properties and steel corrosion in light-weight alkali-activated mortars N2 - This study aims at investigating the use of coal fly ash-based alkali activated mortars as passive fire protection system for steel structures. These systems are used to slow down the temperature rise of the steel substrate in case of fire. In addition, the protective system should guarantee the ability to prevent and/or mitigate steel corrosion phenomena. The behavior of a light-weight mortar was compared to that of a normal-weight mortar. Density and porosity were measured to better characterize the physical properties of the mortars. The degree of protection in case of fire was assessed by performing medium-scale fire tests. Acoustic emission measurements were conducted to analyze cracking phenomena during the high temperature exposure. The corrosion process was evaluated using an electrochemical approach in order to monitor the durability of the developed material. Preliminary results show that a 20 mm-thick layer of light-weight mortar is able to protect the steel substrate from reaching the critical temperature of 500 °C for 38 minutes in case of cellulosic fire. In addition, alkali activated mortars provide protection for carbon steel in presence of aggressive environment (i.e. presence of chlorides). The corrosion resistance is strictly related to the physical properties of the developed mortars. T2 - International Conference on Sustainable Materials, Systems and Structures (SMSS 2019) CY - Rovinj, Croatia DA - 20.03.2019 KW - Fire resistance KW - Steel corrosion KW - Acoustic emission KW - Alkali-activated materials PY - 2019 SN - 978-2-35158-223-7 VL - 1 SP - 125 EP - 132 PB - RILEM Publications CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-47584 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Schoch, Rebecca A1 - Schubert, Martina T1 - Holz-Kunststoff-Verbundwerkstoffe - Wie beeinflussen Flammschutzmittel die Rauchgaszusammensetzung im Brandfall? N2 - Der steigende Einsatz von Holz-Kunststoff-Verbundwerkstoffen (Wood Plastic Composite, WPC) erfordert das Wissen um seine spezifischen Eigenschaften, insbesondere dem Brand risiko. Dabei können Flammschutzmittel die Entflammbarkeit, Wärmeabgabe und die Brandausbreitung des Materials verringern. Deshalb sind der gezielte und effiziente Einsatz und die Kenntnis über die Wirkungsweise der Flammschutzmittel im WPC für den Brandschutz von enormer Bedeutung. Dazu gehört auch die Rauchentwicklung im Brandfall. Rauch beeinflusst aufgrund seiner Toxizität und seiner Sichttrübung die Fluchtmöglichkeit der betroffenen Personen. In der Rauchkammer nach ISO 5659-2 wird die Rauchentwicklung von flachen Werkstoffproben ermittelt. Die Rauchgastoxizität bzw. die Rauchgaszusammensetzung wird mithilfe der FTIR (Fourier Transformierte Infrarot)-Spektroskopie ermittelt. Frei werdende Partikel schädigen die Atemorgane und beeinflussen damit auch die Fluchtfähigkeit von Personen im Brandfall. Aussagen zur Partikelemission können mithilfe eines an die Rauchkammer gekoppelten Partikelanalysators getroffen werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene flammgeschützte WPC-Systeme hinsichtlich ihres Rauchverhaltens in der Rauchkammer untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zu emittierten toxischen Gasen, Partikeln und zur Rauchentwicklung werden vorgestellt und in Abhängigkeit von den eingesetzten Flammschutzmitteln im WPC diskutiert. KW - Rauchgase KW - Holz-Kunststoff-Verbundwerkstoffe KW - Partikel KW - Flammschutz PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.201900020 VL - 96 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-48157 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wosniok, Aleksander A1 - Skoczowsky, Danilo A1 - Schukar, Marcus A1 - Pötzsch, Sina A1 - Pötschke, Samuel A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Fiber optic sensors for high-temperature measurements on composite tanks in fire N2 - For the purpose of increasing payload and reduce freight cost, lightweight composite tank containers used for Transportation have been progressively developed during the last years. Compared to conventionally produced cylindrical steel tanks, the fiber-reinforced solutions allow greater flexibility in the tank design. Despite a number of further material-related benefits of fiber-reinforced composites as non-conductive and non-magnetic behavior as well as corrosion resistance and high strength, the optimization of their thermal degradation properties during combustion is still a challenge. To improve the fire performance of lightweight composite containers, special intumescent fire protection coatings can be applied onto the outside tank surface. This paper presents fire tests on glass-fiber-reinforced plastic transport tanks with complex geometries sheltered with different surface-applied fire protection systems. To evaluate the fire resistance of the tank structures, a fiber optic monitoring system was developed. This system is based on distributed temperature measurements using high-Resolution optical backscatter reflectometry and pointwise reference measurements using fiber Bragg gratings. Thereby, all the fiber optic sensors were directly integrated in the composite layer structure of the tanks. The focus of the presented work is on the demonstration of capability of fiber optic monitoring system in such high-temperature application. Moreover, the fiber optic measurements provide new insights into the efficiency of intumescent coating applied for fire protection of fiber-reinforced plastic transport tanks. KW - Fire resistance KW - Composite material KW - Glass-fiber-reinforced plastic transport tank KW - Distributed fiber optic sensing KW - Optical backscatter reflectometry KW - Fiber optic sensor PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-481972 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13349-019-00338-7 SN - 2190-5452 SN - 2190-5479 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-48197 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Häßler, Mai A1 - Häßler, Dustin A1 - Hothan, Sascha A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Fire tests of steel tension rod systems with intumescent coating N2 - Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the performance of intumescent coating on tension rod systems and their components. Steel tension rod systems consist of tension rods, fork end connectors and associated intersection or gusset plates. In case of fire, beside the tension rods themselves, the connection parts require appropriate fire protection. Intumescent fire protection coatings prevent a rapid heating of the steel and help secure the structural load-carrying capacity. Because the connection components of tension rod systems feature surface curvature and a complex geometry, high demand is placed on the intumescence and thermal protection performance of the coatings. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, experimental studies were carried out for steel tension rod systems with intumescent coating. The examined aspects include the foaming and cracking behaviour, the influence of different dry film thicknesses, the heating rate of the steel connecting parts in comparison to the tension rods, and the mounting orientation of the tension rods together with their fork end connectors. Findings – The results show that a decrease in surface curvature and/or an increase inmass concentration of the steel components leads to a lower heating rate of the steel. Moreover, the performance of the intumescent coating on tension rod systems is influenced by themounting orientation of the steel components. Originality/value – The findings based on fire tests contribute to a better understanding of the intumescent coating performance on connection components of tension rod systems. This subject has not been extensively studied yet. KW - Steel KW - Fire test KW - Intumescent coating KW - Reactive fire protection system KW - Tension rod system PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1108/JSFE-01-2019-0005 SN - 2040-2317 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 22 EP - 32 PB - Emerald Publishing Limited AN - OPUS4-48714 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rappsilber, Tim A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Below, Philipp T1 - Wood crib fire tests to evaluate the influence of extinguishing media and jet type on extinguishing performance at close range N2 - This paper is intended to be the first study to discuss the fire suppressing performance of the four most common extinguishing media under the same reproducible conditions. The tests were performed in bench-scale and used standardized 5A wood cribs as well as a miniature extinguishing system with a liquid flow rate of 1.4 lmin−1. The tests results present a consistent overview of the fire suppression efficacies of water, water with a foaming agent, nozzle-aspirated foam and compressed air foam. Depending on their jet types, the cooling capabilities of the extinguishing media water and water with a foaming agent were compared to the cooling capability of a full Jet of wet, general and dry foams. The results show that compressed air foam suppressed fire most effectively under the test conditions. Because of the convoluted crib structure, water and water with foaming agents used from a distance are more effective in the form of a full jet rather than a spraying jet. At close range, spraying jets multiply their effectiveness. A slight difference can be observed in the cooling performance of extinguishing foams that use foaming agents from different manufacturers. The paper establishes a link between the foaming agent's cooling capability and its wetting power by relating the results of wood crib fire tests according to DIN EN 3–7 and findings from laboratory immersion tests compliant with DIN EN 1772. KW - CAF KW - Druckluftschaum KW - Löschen KW - Krippe PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.04.014 SN - 0379-7112 SN - 1873-7226 VL - 106 SP - 136 EP - 145 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-47996 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Moustapha, M.E. A1 - Farag, Z.R. A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Geesi, M.H. A1 - Friedrich, J.F. T1 - Potentiometric studies on the influence of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) on the thermal degradation behavior of poly(vinyl chloride) blends N2 - The thermal degradation behavior of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) blends was investigated using potentiometric measurements of the released HCl gas during the degradation process, estimating the degree of discoloration of the degraded samples and measuring the thermal stability values (Ts) values. The influence of the PVP percentage in the blend and, moreover, the addition of commercial dibasic lead carbonate stabilizer to the blend on its thermal stability was studied. It was found that the dehydrochlorination rate of the blend was promoted by increasing the PVP concentration in the blend. KW - Poly(vinyl chloride) KW - Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) KW - Potentiometry PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111304 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 61 IS - 2 SP - 179 EP - 183 PB - Carl Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-47360 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tschirschwitz, Rico A1 - Krentel, Daniel A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Habib, Abdel Karim A1 - Kohlhoff, Harald A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Neumann, Patrick P. A1 - Rudolph, Miachael A1 - Schoppa, André A1 - Storm, Sven-Uwe A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz ED - Aga, Diana ED - Daugulis, Andrew ED - Li Puma, Gianluca ED - Lyberatos, Gerasimos ED - Tay, Joo Hwa ED - Lima, Éder Claudio T1 - Hazards from failure of CNG automotive cylinders in fire N2 - Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a widely used automotive fuel in a variety of countries. In case of a vehicle fire where the safety device also malfunctions, a failure of the CNG automotive cylinder could occur. Such a cylinder failure is associated with severe hazards for the surrounding environment. Firstly, a comprehensive analysis is given below, summarizing various accidents involving CNG automotive cylinders and their consequences. In an extensive experimental program, 21 CNG automotive cylinders with no safety device were tested. Of the 21, burst tests were carried out on 5 Type III and 5 Type IV cylinders. Furthermore, fire tests with 8 Type III and 3 Type IV cylinders were conducted. Apart from cylinder pressure, inner temperature and cylinder mantle temperature, the periphery consequences, such as nearfield blast pressure and fragmentation are documented. The maximum measured overpressure due to a Type III cylinder failure was p = 0.41 bar. Each traceable fragment was georeferenced. All-in-all, fragment throw distances of d > 300 m could be observed. As one key result, it can be stated that the tested Type IV CNG cylinders showed less critical failure behavior then the Type III cylinders under fire impingement. KW - CNG KW - Composite cylinder KW - Gas cylinder KW - Tank failure KW - Fragments PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.026 SN - 0304-3894 SN - 1873-3336 VL - 367 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Elsevier CY - New York City, New York, USA AN - OPUS4-47135 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Carraba, L. A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Pirskawetz, Stephan A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Bignozzi, M.C. ED - Falikman, V. ED - Realfonzo, R. ED - Coppola, L. ED - Hajek, P. ED - Riva, R. T1 - Fly ash-based lightweight geopolymer mortars for fire protection N2 - The present study aims to investigate the use of geopolymer mortars as passive fire protection system for steel structures. Coal fly ashes were used as aluminosilicate source and perlite was employed as aggregate to obtain a lightweight system. In addition, a geopolymer mortar containing quartz aggregate was produced for comparison. The geopolymer mortars were applied on stainless steel plates and exposed to both, cellulosic and hydrocarbon standard fire curves, according to ISO 834-1 and EN 1363-2, respectively. Acoustic emission measurements were conducted to analyze cracking phenomena during the high temperature exposure. The resulting temperature-time curves showed that the investigated system is effective in retarding the temperature rise of the steel plates. When the cellulosic fire curve was applied, a 20 mm [0.79 in.] thick layer of lightweight geopolymer mortar protected the steel substrate from reaching the critical temperature of 500 °C [932 °F] for at least 30 minutes, avoiding the rapid decrease of its mechanical properties and thus representing an important safety measure against accidental fires. No spalling phenomena on heating were detected; however, significant cracking was observed on cooling. KW - Alkali-activated materials KW - Geopolymers KW - Fire protection KW - Fire proofing KW - Acoustic emission PY - 2018 SN - 978-1-64195-022-0 VL - 326 SP - 26.1 EP - 26.10 PB - American Concrete Institute CY - Farmington Hills AN - OPUS4-46154 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Watolla, Marie-Bernadette A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Sturm, Patrick A1 - Rickard, W.D.A. A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Intumescent geopolymer-bound coatings for fire protection of steel N2 - The passive fire protection of steel structures and other load-bearing components will continue to gain importance in future years. In the present contribution, novel intumescent aluminosilicate (geopolymer-bound) composites are proposed as fire-protective coatings on steel. Steel plates coated with these materials were exposed to the standard temperature-time curve as defined in ISO 834 – 1:1999. The coatings partially foamed during curing and expanded further during thermal exposure, demonstrating their intumescent characteristic.Thermogravimetryandoscillatory rheometry determined that the intumescent behavior is attributed to a transition to a viscous state (loss factor > 1) in the temperature range of major water release, differing from conventional geopolymers. XRD and SEM images showed that the coatings had characteristics of ceramic or glass-ceramic foams after fire resistance testing, suggesting superior performance under challenging conditions. The thickness of the coatings influenced their foaming and intumescent behavior and thus the time for the coated steel plates to reach 500 °C. A number of additives were also studied with the best performance obtained from samples containing sodium tetraborate.Acoating of just 6mmwas able to delay the time it takes for a steel substrate to reach 500 °C to more than 30 minutes. KW - Geopolymers KW - Fire protection KW - Intumescence KW - Coatings KW - Fire resistance PY - 2017 UR - https://www.ceramic-science.com/articles/all-articles.html?article_id=100558 DO - https://doi.org/10.4416/JCST2017-00035 VL - 8 IS - 3 (Topical issue: Geopolymers) SP - 351 EP - 364 PB - Göller Verlag CY - Baden-Baden AN - OPUS4-42139 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Berger, Anka A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Krause, Ulrich T1 - Investigations of smoke gas composition during a car fire T2 - Interflam 2010 - 12th International fire science & engineering conference (Proceedings) CY - Nottingham, UK DA - 2010-07-05 KW - FTIR spectroscopy KW - Combustion KW - Smouldering KW - Fire behaviour KW - Car fire PY - 2010 SN - 978-0-9541216-6-2 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. VL - 2 SP - 1755 EP - 1760 CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-21854 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Kalorimetrische Untersuchungen von Polstersitzen zur Aufklärung von Busbränden T2 - Gefta Jahrestagung CY - Giessen, Germany DA - 2009-10-07 PY - 2009 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. AN - OPUS4-20163 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Watolla, Marie-Bernadette A1 - Morys, Michael A1 - Häßler, Dustin A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Neue Wege: Reaktive Brandschutzbeschichtungen für Extrembedingungen N2 - Wesentlich für das Sicherheitsniveau und damit die nachhaltige Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Technologiestandortes Deutschland ist der Brandschutz in Industrieanlagen, in Gebäuden und im Transportwesen. Der vorbeugende bauliche Brandschutz hat u. a. das Ziel, die Brand- und Rauchausbreitung im Brandfall für eine gewisse Zeit zu behindern, damit die erforderlichen Lösch- und Rettungsarbeiten durchgeführt werden können. Dies geschieht u.a. durch Anforderungen an die Feuerwiderstandsfähigkeit brandbeanspruchter Bauteile. Der Feuerwiderstand eines Bauteils ist die Fähigkeit während eines angegebenen Zeitraums in einer genormten Feuerwiderstandsprüfung bezüglich mechanischer Stabilität und/oder thermischer Isolierung nicht zu versagen. Reaktive Brandschutzbeschichtungen erhöhen für viele Bauteile sehr effektiv den Feuerwiderstand. Die Beschichtungen und die Brandprüfungen müssen jedoch an die immer komplexeren Anwendungen und/oder extremeren Anforderungen angepasst und weiterentwickelt werden. Aktuelle Forschungsschwerpunkte liegen dabei in der Entwicklung neuer Materialien (z.B. Geopolymere, keramisierende Beschichtungen, silikonbasierte Beschichtungen) für extreme Brandszenarien (extreme Temperaturen, lange Beanspruchungszeiten) und in der Realisierung komplexer Funktionalitäten (komplexe Geometrien, bewegliche Komponenten) sowie in der Entwicklung neuer Testmethoden (Feuerwiderstand als bench-scale Tests, kostengünstiges Screening, Feuerwiderstand in extremen Brandszenarien). Die Entwicklung geht dabei weg von der präskriptiven Bewertung hin zur leistungsorientierten (performance-based) Bewertung in individuellen Brandszenarien oder von komplexen Bauteilen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit werden Lösungsansätze für die neuen Herausforderungen an die reaktiven Brandschutzsysteme unter Extrembedingungen und deren Testmöglichkeiten vorgestellt und diskutiert. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei neu entwickelte bench-scale Testmethoden zum Screening von neuen Beschichtungsmaterialien sowie zur Beurteilung spezieller bzw. materialspezifischer Aspekte des Feuerwiderstands unter Extrembedingungen. KW - Reaktive Brandschutzsysteme KW - Brandtest PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.201600032 SN - 0932-8351 SN - 1437-0999 VL - 93 IS - 8 SP - 531 EP - 542 PB - Ernst & Sohn CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-37115 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Berger, Anka A1 - Gude, Nicolas T1 - Investigation of smoke gases and temperatures during car fire – large-scale and small-scale tests and numerical investigations N2 - The hazards for passengers during vehicle fires result from the increasing temperature and the emitted smoke gases. A fire was set on a car to investigate the development of temperature and of gaseous fire products in the passenger compartment. The study was based on a full-scale test with a reconstructed scene of a serious car fire. The aim of this work was to identify the conditions for self-rescuing of passengers during a car fire. A dummy, equipped with several thermocouples, was placed on the driver’s seat. Also, the smoke gases were continuously collected through a removable probe sensor corresponding to the nose of the dummy in the passenger compartment and analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, several car components were investigated in the smoke density chamber (smoke emission and smoke gas composition). It was found that the toxic gases already reached hazardous levels by 5 min, while the temperatures at the dummy were at that time less than 80 °C. The toxicity of smoke gases was assessed using the fractional effective dose concept. The various experimentally parameters (temperature and smoke gas composition) were implemented into numerical simulations with fire dynamics simulator. Both the experimental data and the numerical simulations are presented and discussed. KW - Smoke gases KW - FTIR spectroscopy KW - Car fire KW - Temperatures KW - FED KW - Numerical simulations PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2342 SN - 1099-1018 VL - 40 IS - 6 SP - 785 EP - 799 PB - Wiley CY - Sussex, UK AN - OPUS4-37518 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Knaust, Christian A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Raspe, Tina A1 - Deubel, Jan T1 - Detailed analysis of a smouldering fire scenario at the murder scene - experimental and numerical investigations N2 - Based on forensic evidence, a smouldering fire was observed to have occurred at a murder scene. Identification of a reasonable timeline – specifically the fire dynamics of the ignition and fire growth that occurred coincident with the death that took place – became an important focus of the criminal investigation that followed. The fire service was called when a neighbour saw a grey smoke escaping through the ventilation system of the bathrooms on the roof of the house. One flat door with elevated temperatures was found. The fire fighter who entered the flat first reported later that the flat was completely filled with smoke and all windows were closed. When the fire fighter opened the balcony door, he saw flames on the sofa that he extinguished. Then he found a body on the floor. The autopsy showed later that the victim was dead before the fire started. The police suspected that the murderer probably had deliberately set the fire to destroy evidence. One suspect had been witnessed to be in the flat approximately 2 h before the fire was detected by the neighbour. The aim of this project was to investigate how the fire most likely started and developed. KW - Fire investigation KW - Smouldering fire KW - Fire development KW - Crime KW - Numerical modelling PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.2222 SN - 0308-0501 SN - 1099-1018 VL - 38 IS - 8 SP - 806 EP - 816 PB - Heyden CY - London AN - OPUS4-32016 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Knaust, Christian A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Brandverhalten von Bauprodukten: Brauchen wir Regelungen für die Menge und Giftigkeit der Rauchgase? T2 - 57. Jahresfachtagung der Vereinigung zur Förderung des Deutschen Brandschutzes e.V. (vfdb 2008) CY - Bochum, Deutschland DA - 2008-04-27 PY - 2008 N1 - Geburtsname von Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. - Birth name of Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja: Hofmann, A. SP - 169 EP - 178 AN - OPUS4-17755 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Birgit Angelika A1 - Ziemann, M. A A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Gabsch, T. A1 - Koch, W. A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Technical analysis of a Central Asian wall painting detached from a Buddhist cave temple on the northern Silk Road N2 - A great number of Central Asian wall paintings, archeological materials, architectural fragments, and textiles, as well as painting fragments on silk and paper, make up the so called Turfan Collection at the Asian Art Museum in Berlin. The largest part of the collection comes from the Kucha region, a very important cultural center in the third to ninth centuries. Between 1902 and 1914, four German expeditions traveled along the northern Silk Road. During these expeditions, wall paintings were detached from their original settings in Buddhist cave complexes. This paper reports a technical study of a wall painting, existing in eight fragments, from the Buddhist cave no. 40 (Ritterhöhle). Its original painted surface is soot blackened and largely illegible. Grünwedel, leader of the first and third expeditions, described the almost complete destruction of the rediscovered temple complex and evidence of fire damage. The aim of this case study is to identify the materials used for the wall paintings. Furthermore, soot deposits as well as materials from conservation interventions were of interest. Non-invasive analyses were preferred but a limited number of samples were taken to provide more precise information on the painting technique. By employing optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, and Raman spectroscopy, a layer sequence of earthen render, a ground layer made of gypsum, and a paint layer containing a variety of inorganic pigments were identified. KW - Wall paintings KW - Central Asia KW - Silk Road KW - Pigments KW - Microscopy PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-357297 DO - https://doi.org/10.1179/2047058414Y.0000000152 VL - 61 IS - 2 SP - 113 EP - 122 PB - Routledge Taylor & Francis Group CY - London AN - OPUS4-35729 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Höhm, S. A1 - Hartelt, Manfred A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Koter, Robert A1 - Marschner, S. A1 - Rosenfeld, A. A1 - Krüger, Jörg ED - König, K. ED - Ostendorf, A. T1 - Femtosecond laser-induced surface nanostructures for tribological applications N2 - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) were generated on two types of steel (100Cr6, X30CrMoN15-1) and two types of titanium (Ti, Ti6A14V) surfaces upon irradiation with multiple linear polarized femtosecond laser pulses in air environment (pulse duration 30 fs, central wavelength 790 nm, pulse repetition rate 1 kHz, Gaussian beam shape). Teh conditions (laser fluence, spatial spot overlap) were optimized in a sample-scanning geometry for the processing of large surface areas covered homogeneously by two different types of LIPSS - either near wavelength or sub-100 nm structures. The tribological performance of the nanostructured surfaces was characterized under reciprocating sliding at 1 Hz against a ball of hardened steel using different lubricants and normal forces. After 1000 cycles the corresponding wear tracks were characterized by optical and scanning electron microscopy. For specific conditions, the wear was strongly reduced and laser-generated nanostructures endured the tribological treatment. Simultaneously, a significant reduction of the friction coefficient was observed in the laser-irradiated LIPSS-covered areas, indicating the benefit of laser surface structuring for tribological applications. The spatially Gaussian shaped beam used for the laser processing was transformed via beam shaping into a top hat distribution at the surface of the samples for optimization. The tribological performance of the laser-induced nanostructures is discussed on the basis of different physical and chemical mechanisms. PY - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-332647 SN - 978-3-11-033718-1 SN - 978-3-11-035432-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110354324-011 SP - Chapter 7, 141 EP - 156 PB - De Gruyter AN - OPUS4-33264 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schmidt, Birgit A1 - Koch, W. A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Krüger, Jörg ED - Gabsch, T. T1 - Der Einsatz von Lasertechnik an Modellsystemen zentralasiatischer Wandmalereifragmente N2 - Eine Diplomarbeit im Studiengang Restaurierung an der Fachhochschule Potsdam bot den Rahmen. laserinduzierte Reinigung von ruß- und kunststoffbeschichteten Malschichten zu erproben. Dabei bildeten Untersuchungen zur Materialerfassung an originalen Wandmalereifragmenten der »Ritterhöhle« (Kirish. 6. bis 7.Jh. n. Chr.), heute im Besitz des Museums für Asiatische Kunst. Berlin, die Voraussetzung zum Bau adäquater Modellsysteme sowie der Auswahl geeigneter Laserparameter. In Zusammenarbeit mit der Arbeitsgruppe »Impulslaser-Technologien. Lasersicherheit« (Fachgruppe 6.4) an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) konnten Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Laserreinigung ermittelt werden, hu Zuge dessen sollten die Erkenntnisse dieser modellhaften Versuche eine Diskussion zur Anwendbarkeit der Lasertechnologie an originalen Objekten bereichern. KW - Laserreinigung KW - Wandmalerei KW - Verrußung KW - Kunststoffschicht KW - Probekörper PY - 2012 SN - 978-3-7338-0385-8 IS - Kap. 10 SP - 152 EP - 157 PB - Koehler & Amelang GmbH AN - OPUS4-26178 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Berger, Anka A1 - Krause, Ulrich T1 - Chemical-analytical investigation of fire products in intermediate storages of recycling materials N2 - Organic materials like paper, cardboard, textiles or plastics are mostly flammable. In intermediate storages for recycling products, these materials are stored in large amounts. If fire occurs in these stores, large emissions of smoke and other potentially harmful products are likely. In the present study, the gaseous products released from fires of such materials—for example, because of self-ignition—were investigated. Different fractions (paper/cardboard, textiles and plastics) were crushed at low temperatures (about 80 K) and subsequently allowed to smoulder at different temperatures using the German standard Deutsches Institut für Normung 53436. The gases produced were sampled and analysed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The chemical composition of these gases differed considerably depending on fuel type. For flammable materials without heteroatom, the gases consisted predominantly of toxic compounds like carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Smouldering of materials containing heteroatoms showed, in addition to carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water vapour, further toxic components containing the heteroatom. Materials containing chlorine produced hydrogen chloride, and materials containing nitrogen produced ammonia and hydrogen cyanide. KW - Recycling deposits KW - Fire gases KW - FTIR spectroscopy KW - Plastic wastes KW - Paper wastes KW - Textile wastes KW - Smouldering fire PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.1098 SN - 0308-0501 SN - 1099-1018 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 165 EP - 175 PB - Heyden CY - London AN - OPUS4-25791 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -