TY - CONF A1 - Pötzsch, Sina A1 - Timme, Sebastian A1 - Sklorz, Christian A1 - Skoczowsky, Danilo A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Fire protection systems for tanks made of GFRP N2 - The application of lightweight materials for tanks for transportation appears promising. Besides saving weight and therefore transportation costs, new complex geometries that depart from common cylindrical shapes of steel tanks can be manufactured. For transportation of dangerous goods, fire and explosion safety must be maintained to prevent accidents with serious consequences. In this work the fire behavior of lightweight tanks made from glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) with complex geometries is investigated. Pretests on intermediate scale GFRP plates are conducted to identify suitable fire protection systems and surface treatments for composite tanks. The fire resistance is shown to be improved by addition of fire protective coatings and integrated layers. Finally, a complex rectangular GFRP tank with a holding capacity of 1100 liters is fire protected with an intumescent fire coating. The tank is filled up to 80 % with water and burned under an engulfing fully developed fire. It was shown that the intumescent layer could expand before the decomposition of the resin occurred. Furthermore, the adhesion between tank surface and coating was maintained. The structure could withstand a fire for more than 20 min. T2 - ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (IMECE) 2017 CY - Tampa, Florida, USA DA - 03.11.2017 KW - Lightweight tank KW - Composites in fire KW - GFRP KW - Fire retardants KW - Intumescent layer PY - 2017 SN - 978-0-7918-5849-3 VL - 14 SP - Article UNSP V014T14A017, 1 EP - 6 PB - ASME Press AN - OPUS4-42991 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schmidt, Birgit Angelika A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Roth, C. A1 - Beier, O. A1 - Hartmann, A. A1 - Grünler, B. T1 - Decontamination of biocidal loaded wooden artworks by means of laser and plasma processing N2 - Many wooden artworks are contaminated by DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) as a result of a surface treatment by means of the liquid preservative Hylotox-59©. It was used until the end of the 1980s. DDT crystal structures are formed on the wood surfaces by the "blooming" of chlorine compounds. In addition to an aesthetic disturbance, it is assumed that DDT represents a health risk. Even decades after applying, the toxins in the wood preservatives are still detectable because they are of low volatility in many wood samples. Contaminated waste wood with natural biocide ageing, gilded and wood carved elements of an old picture frame and wooden samples with paint layers were provided by the Schlossmuseum Sondershausen. Non-contact procedures using laser and plasma appear reasonable to remove the DDT crystals. During the experiments, health and safety issues for the operator have to be taken into account. The removal of DDT was evaluated employing femtosecond and nanosecond laser radiation and cold atmospheric plasma techniques with different working gases (air, nitrogen, and argon). Before laser application, a chlorine measurement representing the DDT density on the wooden surface is done by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis as reference. After laser processing, the XRF analysis is used again at the same surface position to determine the depletion rate. Additionally, a documentation and characterization of the sample surface is performed before and after laser and plasma treatment using optical microscopy (OM). For plasma processing with various systems a chlorine measurement is done by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. T2 - 11th Conference on Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks CY - Kraków, Poland DA - 20.09.2016 KW - Decontamination KW - DDT KW - Wooden artworks KW - Femtosecond laser KW - Cold atmospheric pressure plasma PY - 2017 SN - 978-83-231-3875-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.12775/3875-4.17 SP - 241 EP - 251 PB - NCU Press CY - Toruń AN - OPUS4-43526 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Farag, Zeinab A1 - Moustapha, M. A1 - Hidde, Gundula A1 - Friedrich, Jörg A1 - Azzam, M. A1 - Krüger, Simone ED - Mital, K.L. T1 - Promotion of Adhesion of Green Flame Retardant Coatings onto Polyolefins by Depositing Ultra-Thin Plasma Polymer Films N2 - Various methods have been used for introducing fire retardant additives into polymers. Deposition of thick fire retardant coatings directly onto polymer substrates is an alternative technique. An important advantage of the coating technique is the preservation of the physical and chemical integrity of the polymer material. Moreover, the fire retardancy of the polymer materials can be achieved following their production. Suitable coating materials are inorganics, intumescent, char-forming, oxygendiluting, and cooling or radical quenching layers. The most important problem is to achieve sufficient coating thickness to withstand the direct attack of flame and to protect the polymer bulk from pyrolysis, otherwise blistering of coating, caused by emitted pyrolysis gases, is often observed. To avoid blistering of coating, the adhesion between polyolefin substrate and fire retardant coating has to be extraordinarily high. In order to achieve such a high level of adhesion, the polymer surface has to be modified with adhesion-promoting functional groups. The deposition of thin plasma polymers as adhesion-promoting layers with NH2, OH or COOH groups has been the most suited method. These functional groups are able to form covalent bonds and other interactions between the fire-resistant coating and the plasma-modified polyolefin substrate. Additionally, the plasma polymer counteracts the strong mechanical stresses in the laminate on exposure to high temperatures by its flexibility. KW - Plasma KW - Adhesion PY - 2017 SN - 978-1-119-40748-5 SN - 978-1-119-40638-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119407485 VL - 2 SP - 399 EP - 427 PB - Scrivener Publishing CY - Beverly, USA AN - OPUS4-47227 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Birgit Angelika A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Femtosecond and nanosecond laser decontaminations of biocidal-loaded wooden artworks N2 - Until the end of the 1980s many wooden artworks underwent surface treatment by liquid preservatives, e.g. Hylotox-59. DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) crystal structures are formed on the wooden surfaces by the "blooming" of chlorine compounds by time. In addition to an aesthetic disturbance, it is assumed that DDT represents a health risk. Therefore, the removal of DDT crystals from the surfaces is requested. Contaminated wood with natural biocide ageing, gilded and wood carved elements and wooden samples with paint layers were provided by the Schlossmuseum Sondershausen, Germany. Laser cleaning on selected surface areas on the objects was done by means of femtosecond and nanosecond laser pulses. For the same object, cleaning results using 30-fs laser pulses at 800 nm wavelength are compared to findings utilizing 10-ns laser pulses at 1064 nm wavelength. Before and after laser treatment, chlorine measurements at the same surface position were done by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) as an indicator for the presence of DDT. In this way, pointwise chlorine depletion rates can be obtained for the different pulse duration regimes and wavelengths. Additionally, the object surfaces were examined using optical microscopy and multi spectral imaging analysis. T2 - EMRS Spring Meeting 2017, Symposium X “New frontiers in laser interaction: from hard coatings to smart materials" CY - Strasbourg, France DA - 22.05.2017 KW - Laser cleaning KW - Decontamination KW - Wood KW - DDT KW - Femtosecond laser PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-017-1316-4 SN - 0947-8396 SN - 1432-0630 VL - 123 IS - 11 SP - Article 696, 1 EP - 9 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-42564 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Kunststoff-Verbundmaterialien im Brandtest N2 - Wesentlich für das Sicherheitsniveau und damit der nachhaltigen Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Technologiestandortes Deutschland ist der Brandschutz in Industrieanlagen, in Gebäuden und im Transportwesen. Die Verwendung von neuen innovativen Materialien, im Leichtbau oder von neuen Brandschutzbeschichtung, resultiert in neuartigen Herausforderungen und sich verändernden Brandschutzvorschriften. Im Rahmen des Vortrages werden Brandversuche von neuen Materialien bis hin zu Raumbränden, neue und alte Brandprüfungen gezeigt und Rückschlüsse für den heutigen Brandschutz gezogen. T2 - Kolloqiuim Chemieverein e.V. CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 15.03.2017 KW - Verbundmaterialien KW - Brandtest PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39928 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Quantitative Rauchgasanalyse mittels FTIR-Spektroskopie - Anforderungen, Kalibrierung, Reproduzierbarkeit N2 - Die Fourier-Transformations-Infrarot-(FTIR)-Spektroskopie ist eine universell einsetzbare Methode zur Rauchgasanalyse. Um verlässliche quantitative Aussagen zu Rauchgaskonzentrationen treffen zu können, müssen die Anforderungen an die FTIR-Spektrometer, die Probenahme sowie die Kalibrierung entsprechend der ISO 19702:2015 eingehalten werden. Im Rahmen dieses Vortrages werden diese Anforderungen sowie die Kalibrierung näher beschrieben und die Reproduzierbarkeit quantitativer Rauchgasmessungen an drei Beispielen beschrieben. T2 - Brand- und Explosionsschutztag CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 23.03.2017 KW - Rauchgase KW - FTIR-Spektroskopie KW - Brandversuche PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-39930 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Rappsilber, Tim A1 - Raspe, Tina T1 - Quantitative Rauchgasanalyse mittels FTIR-Spektroskopie - Anforderungen, Kalibrierung, Reproduzierbarkeit N2 - Die Fourier-Transformations-Infrarot-(FTIR)-Spektroskopie ist eine universell einsetzbare Methode zur Rauchgasanalyse. Um verlässliche quantitative Aussagen zu Rauchgaskonzentrationen treffen zu können, müssen die Anforderungen an die FTIR-Spektrometer, die Probenahme sowie die Kalibrierung entsprechend der ISO 19702:2015 eingehalten werden. Im Rahmen dieses Vortrages werden diese Anforderungen sowie die Kalibrierung näher beschrieben und die Reproduzierbarkeit quantitativer Rauchgasmessungen an drei Beispielen beschrieben. T2 - 5. Brand- und Explosionsschutztage 2017 CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 23.03.2017 KW - Rauchgase KW - FTIR-Spektroskopie KW - Brandversuche PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-00-056201-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.978.300/0562013 VL - 2017 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg CY - Magdeburg AN - OPUS4-39931 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rappsilber, Tim A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Mischbrandkrippen als Bemessungsbrände zur Unterstützung der Löschwirkung von Druckluftschäumen N2 - Dieser Bericht befasst sich mit Bemessungsbränden zur Untersuchung der Effektivität von Druckluftschäumen. Als normative Brandlast wurden dazu neuentwickelte Mischbrandkrippen verwendet. Diese Krippen sollen den steigenden Anteil synthetischer Materialien im Alltag wiederspiegeln und somit hohe Anforderungen an das Löschmittel stellen. Dieses Paper behandelt die Vorbereitung, Durchführung und Auswertung von zwei Versuchsreihen sowohl im Outdoor- als auch im Indoor-Bereich. Das Paper befasst sich mit der Untersuchung der Effektivität des Löschmittels Druckluftschaum im Vergleich zu Wasser und Netzwasser anhand von acht Outdoor- und vier Indoor-Mischkrippenbränden. Aus den In-door-Brandversuchen gehen zudem Aussagen über die Rauchgaszusammensetzung während des Brandverlaufes hervor. Die Ergebnisse der Bemessungsbrände zeigen, dass Druckluftschäume aufgrund ihrer zeitgleich wirkenden Löscheffekte, unter den getesteten Bedingungen eine bessere Brandunterdrückung erzielen, als herkömmliche Löschmittel. T2 - Brand- und Explosionsschutztage 2017 CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 23.03.2017 KW - Mischbrandkrippen KW - Löschwirkung KW - Brandversuche PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-00-056201-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.978.300/0562013 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg CY - Magdeburg AN - OPUS4-39933 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Kirner, Sabrina A1 - Koter, Robert A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures on titanium nitride coatings for tribological applications N2 - Titanium nitride (TiN) was coated on different substrate materials, namely pure titanium (Ti), titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) and steel (100Cr6), generating 2.5 μm thick TiN layers. Using femtosecond laser pulses (30 fs, 790 nm, 1 kHz pulse repetition rate), large surface areas (5 mm × 5 mm) of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) with sub-wavelength periods ranging between 470 nm and 600 nm were generated and characterized by optical microscopy (OM), white light interference microscopy (WLIM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In tribological tests, coefficients of friction (COF) of the nanostructured surfaces were determined under reciprocating sliding conditions (1 Hz, 1.0 N normal load) against a 10-mm diameter ball of hardened 100Cr6 steel during 1000 cycles using two different lubricants, namely paraffin oil and engine oil. It turned out that the substrate material, the laser fluence and the lubricant are crucial for the tribological performance. However, friction and wear could not be significantly reduced by LIPSS on TiN layers in comparison to unstructured TiN surfaces. Finally, the resulting wear tracks on the nanostructured surfaces were investigated with respect to their morphology (OM, SEM), depth (WLIM) and chemical composition by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and, on one hand, compared with each other, on the other hand, with non-structured TiN surfaces. KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Femtosecond laser ablation KW - Titanium nitride films KW - Friction KW - Wear PY - 2017 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433216322486 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.10.132 SN - 0169-4332 SN - 1873-5584 VL - 418 IS - Part B SP - 572 EP - 579 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-40507 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Early fire detection: Are hydrogen sensors able to detect pyrolysis of household materials? N2 - We analysed the hydrogen generation during the smouldering of polymeric materials, which are typically used in the household, in the Smoke Density Chamber coupled to a new developed hydrogen sensor to detect early stages of fires. The results of hydrogen generation were compared with the emission of carbon monoxide and smoke during the fire scenarios. Additionally, the results were compared with parameters used in traditional commercial detection systems. In this scenario, the hydrogen sensor showed encouraging results for the detection of fires in earlier phase compared to traditional detectors. Furthermore, we tested the new developed hydrogen sensor in a real room with different fire scenarios. We have also investigated interferences, e.g. steam and cigarette smoke. The hydrogen sensor could detect hydrogen generation in the earliest stage of fire, even before CO and smoke were developed in detectable amounts. Therefore, the hydrogen sensor can be applied for early fire detection in case of pyrolysis. The sensors are quite good for detecting pyrolysis gases. But when it comes to a fast ignition other techniques are more suitable for it. The sensors are best for combination with other techniques, such as smoke detectors. T2 - 12th IAFSS Conference CY - Lund, Sweden DA - 12.6.2017 KW - Hydogen sensor KW - Smouldering KW - Detection PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40688 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Despinasse, Marie-Claire A1 - Raspe, Tina A1 - Nörthemann, K. A1 - Moritz, W. T1 - Early fire detection: Are hydrogen sensors able to detect pyrolysis of house hold materials? N2 - We analysed the hydrogen generation during the smouldering of polymeric materials, which are typically used in the household, in the Smoke Density Chamber coupled to a new developed hydrogen sensor to detect early stages of fires. The results of hydrogen generation were compared with the emission of carbon monoxide and smoke during the fire scenarios. Additionally, the results were compared with parameters used in traditional commercial detection systems. In this scenario, the hydrogen sensor showed encouraging results for the detection of fires in earlier phase compared to traditional detectors. Furthermore, we tested the new developed hydrogen sensor in a real room with different fire scenarios. We have also investigated interferences, e.g. steam and cigarette smoke. The hydrogen sensor could detect hydrogen generation in the earliest stage of fire, even before CO and smoke were developed in detectable amounts. Therefore, the hydrogen sensor can be applied for early fire detection in case of pyrolysis. The sensors are quite good for detecting pyrolysis gases. But when it comes to a fast ignition other techniques are more suitable for it. The sensors are best for combination with other techniques, such as smoke detectors. T2 - IAFSS 12th Symposium 2017 CY - Lund, Sweden KW - Fire chemistry KW - Hydrogen sensor PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.04.035 SN - 0379-7112 SN - 1873-7226 VL - 91 SP - 1059 EP - 1067 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-41895 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Watolla, Marie-Bernadette A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Sturm, Patrick A1 - Rickard, W.D.A. A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Intumescent geopolymer-bound coatings for fire protection of steel N2 - The passive fire protection of steel structures and other load-bearing components will continue to gain importance in future years. In the present contribution, novel intumescent aluminosilicate (geopolymer-bound) composites are proposed as fire-protective coatings on steel. Steel plates coated with these materials were exposed to the standard temperature-time curve as defined in ISO 834 – 1:1999. The coatings partially foamed during curing and expanded further during thermal exposure, demonstrating their intumescent characteristic.Thermogravimetryandoscillatory rheometry determined that the intumescent behavior is attributed to a transition to a viscous state (loss factor > 1) in the temperature range of major water release, differing from conventional geopolymers. XRD and SEM images showed that the coatings had characteristics of ceramic or glass-ceramic foams after fire resistance testing, suggesting superior performance under challenging conditions. The thickness of the coatings influenced their foaming and intumescent behavior and thus the time for the coated steel plates to reach 500 °C. A number of additives were also studied with the best performance obtained from samples containing sodium tetraborate.Acoating of just 6mmwas able to delay the time it takes for a steel substrate to reach 500 °C to more than 30 minutes. KW - Geopolymers KW - Fire protection KW - Intumescence KW - Coatings KW - Fire resistance PY - 2017 UR - https://www.ceramic-science.com/articles/all-articles.html?article_id=100558 DO - https://doi.org/10.4416/JCST2017-00035 VL - 8 IS - 3 (Topical issue: Geopolymers) SP - 351 EP - 364 PB - Göller Verlag CY - Baden-Baden AN - OPUS4-42139 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -