TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Early fire detection: Are hydrogen sensors able to detect pyrolysis of household materials? N2 - We analysed the hydrogen generation during the smouldering of polymeric materials, which are typically used in the household, in the Smoke Density Chamber coupled to a new developed hydrogen sensor to detect early stages of fires. The results of hydrogen generation were compared with the emission of carbon monoxide and smoke during the fire scenarios. Additionally, the results were compared with parameters used in traditional commercial detection systems. In this scenario, the hydrogen sensor showed encouraging results for the detection of fires in earlier phase compared to traditional detectors. Furthermore, we tested the new developed hydrogen sensor in a real room with different fire scenarios. We have also investigated interferences, e.g. steam and cigarette smoke. The hydrogen sensor could detect hydrogen generation in the earliest stage of fire, even before CO and smoke were developed in detectable amounts. Therefore, the hydrogen sensor can be applied for early fire detection in case of pyrolysis. The sensors are quite good for detecting pyrolysis gases. But when it comes to a fast ignition other techniques are more suitable for it. The sensors are best for combination with other techniques, such as smoke detectors. T2 - 12th IAFSS Conference CY - Lund, Sweden DA - 12.6.2017 KW - Hydogen sensor KW - Smouldering KW - Detection PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40688 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Despinasse, Marie-Claire A1 - Raspe, Tina A1 - Nörthemann, K. A1 - Moritz, W. T1 - Early fire detection: Are hydrogen sensors able to detect pyrolysis of house hold materials? N2 - We analysed the hydrogen generation during the smouldering of polymeric materials, which are typically used in the household, in the Smoke Density Chamber coupled to a new developed hydrogen sensor to detect early stages of fires. The results of hydrogen generation were compared with the emission of carbon monoxide and smoke during the fire scenarios. Additionally, the results were compared with parameters used in traditional commercial detection systems. In this scenario, the hydrogen sensor showed encouraging results for the detection of fires in earlier phase compared to traditional detectors. Furthermore, we tested the new developed hydrogen sensor in a real room with different fire scenarios. We have also investigated interferences, e.g. steam and cigarette smoke. The hydrogen sensor could detect hydrogen generation in the earliest stage of fire, even before CO and smoke were developed in detectable amounts. Therefore, the hydrogen sensor can be applied for early fire detection in case of pyrolysis. The sensors are quite good for detecting pyrolysis gases. But when it comes to a fast ignition other techniques are more suitable for it. The sensors are best for combination with other techniques, such as smoke detectors. T2 - IAFSS 12th Symposium 2017 CY - Lund, Sweden KW - Fire chemistry KW - Hydrogen sensor PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.04.035 SN - 0379-7112 SN - 1873-7226 VL - 91 SP - 1059 EP - 1067 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-41895 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Smoke gas analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy T2 - 14th International Conference on Automatic Fire Detection, AUBE CY - Duisburg, Germany DA - 2009-09-08 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19835 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Berger, Anka A1 - Krause, Ulrich T1 - Chemisch-analytische Untersuchung von Brandprodukten aus Recycling-Zwischenlagern N2 - Organische Produkte, wie Papier/Pappe, Textilien oder Kunststoffe, sind meist brennbar. In Recycling-Zwischenlagern werden solche Stoffe in großen Mengen gelagert. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde untersucht, welche gasförmigen Produkte im Falle eines Brandes – verursacht z. B. durch Selbstentzündung – entstehen. Verschiedene Fraktionen (Papier/Pappe, Textilien und Kunststoffe) aus Recycling-Zwischenlagern wurden zunächst mechanisch zerkleinert. Dazu wurden die Proben aus den jeweiligen Fraktionen so zerkleinert, dass letztendlich homogene Verteilungen vorlagen. Mit Hilfe von verschiedenen Zerkleinerungsmühlen konnten auf diese Weise Korngrößen bis zu 0,2 mm erhalten werden. Diese homogenen Probenverteilungen wurden anschließend im DIN-Rohr nach DIN 53436 verschwelt. Die entstehenden Rauchgase wurden mit Hilfe der FTIR-Spektroskopie brandanalytisch untersucht. Dabei unterschied sich die Zusammensetzung der Rauchgase beim Verschwelprozess teilweise erheblich. Die bei der Verschwelung entstehenden Rauchgase enthalten bei Brandstoffen ohne Heteroatome in erster Linie toxische Bestandteile, wie Kohlenmonoxid und Kohlendioxid. Bei der Verschwelung von Kunststoffen mit Heteroatomen können zusätzlich zu den Hauptkomponenten Kohlenmonoxid, Kohlendioxid und Wasser auch noch weitere toxische Rauchgaskomponenten nachgewiesen werden. Dabei kommt es bei chlorhaltigen Kunststoffen vorwiegend zur Bildung von Chlorwasserstoff, bei stickstoffhaltigen Kunststoffen zur Bildung von Ammoniak und Blausäure. KW - Recycling-Zwischenlager KW - Rauchgase KW - Analytik KW - FTIR-Spektroskopie KW - Kunststoffe KW - Papier KW - Pappe KW - Textilien KW - Schwelbrand PY - 2009 SN - 0027-2957 SN - 1863-9763 VL - 41 IS - 6 SP - 298 EP - 303 PB - Erich Schmidt CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-19613 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der quantitativen Gasanalyse mittels FTIR-Spektroskopie T2 - Ulm-Freiberger Kalorimetrietage CY - Freiberg, Germany DA - 2009-03-18 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19615 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krüger, Simone ED - Heinz Luck, ED - Ingolf Willms, T1 - Smoke gas analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy T2 - AUBE ´09 - 14th International conference on automatic fire detection CY - Duisburg, Germany DA - 2009-09-08 KW - Smoke gase KW - FTIR KW - Polymer KW - SBI KW - Brandschacht KW - DIN tube furnace PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-940402-01-1 VL - 1 SP - 165 EP - 172 CY - Duisburg, Germany AN - OPUS4-19848 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Smoke gas analysis of polymeric toys by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy T2 - 14th International Conference on Automatic Fire Detection, AUBE CY - Duisburg, Germany DA - 2009-09-08 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19850 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Chemical analysis of spruce wood during thermal exposure T2 - Joint Symposium on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Dresden 26-28 May 2010 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2010-05-26 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21337 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Torsions pendulum and DMA measurements of PC sticks T2 - Joint Symposium on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2010-05-26 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21338 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Thermoanalytical investigations in the Smoke Density Chamber T2 - Joint Symposium on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2010-05-26 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21339 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Thermoanalytical investigations during a car fire T2 - Joint Symposium on Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2010-05-26 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21429 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Wurster, R. ED - M. Castillejo, ED - P. Moreno, ED - M. Oujja, ED - R. Radvan, ED - J. Ruiz, T1 - Monitoring of the laser cleaning process of artificially soiled paper N2 - Laser cleaning of soiled paper is a challenging task due to the fact that a contamination has to be removed and a fragile organic material has to be preserved. The ejection of particles forms a significant channel for the removal of unwanted surface contaminations and can be exploited for an in-situ monitoring of the cleaning procedure. 532-nm-nanosecond single and multi pulse laser cleaning of artificially soiled Whatman© paper was performed. Particles were registered with a dust monitor. These in-situ experiments were combined with ex-situ investigations of cleaning and substrate damage thresholds by means of light and scanning electron microscopic techniques. The cleaning efficiency measured by a multi-spectral imaging system was compared to the in-situ particle monitoring. Additionally, possible color changes of the paper substrate were evaluated. T2 - LACONA VII International Conference, "Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks" CY - Madrid, Spain DA - 2007-09-17 PY - 2008 SN - 978-0-415-47596-9 SP - 345 EP - 351 PB - Taylor & Francis AN - OPUS4-17974 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea T1 - Cleaning of artificially soiled paper with 532-nm nanosecond laser radiation N2 - Cleaning of paper is a challenging task due to the fact that a contamination should be removed and a fragile organic original material has to be preserved. Pulsed laser cleaning of artificially soiled Whatman© filter paper samples serving as models for historical paper was performed. Different cleaning strategies employing 8-ns laser pulses at 532 nm wavelength were applied to clean paper avoiding undesired effects like discoloration (yellowing) and mechanical deterioration of the substrate. Multi shot experiments with low-energy pulses were compared with single pulse investigations utilizing high pulse energies achieving a constant energy load incident on the samples in both cases. The cleaning efficiency and possible yellowing effects were evaluated by means of a multi spectral imaging system. An extensive microscopic analysis of the cleaned parts of the samples provided insight into the remaining soiling on the surface and in the bulk of the paper material after laser treatment. As a reference, a hard and a soft eraser were used to clean the samples. KW - Laser cleaning KW - Paper KW - Colorimetry PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-008-4476-4 SN - 0947-8396 VL - 92 IS - 1 SP - 179 EP - 183 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-17331 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Vorstellen einer Methodik für das Monitoring von Recycling-Zwischenlagern T2 - Workshop "Brandvermeidung in Recycling-Zwischenlagern" CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 2009-01-22 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-18952 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Lußky, Katharina A1 - Engel, P. ED - Günter Wiedemann, ED - Udo Klotzbach, ED - Ulrich Bauer-Bornemann, T1 - Laserreinigung von künstlich verschmutzten europäischen Papieren des 19. Jahrhunderts N2 - Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Laserreinigung von gebräuchlichen Papieren des 19. Jahrhunderts in Kombination mit zwei Schmutzvarianten. Aufgrund der weiten Verbreitung in Bibliotheken und Kunstsammlungen wurden Hadernpapier und holzhaltiges Papier ausgewählt. Als Referenz diente Whatman-Filterpapier. Zur künstlichen Verschmutzung wurden Zeichenkohle oder Standardschmutz (Standard Test Dust SAE J 726 fine, mit Flammruß im Verhältnis 20:1 gemischt) mit Hilfe von Pinsel und Staubsauger jeweils auf die drei Papierarten aufgetragen und in den Faserverbund eingesaugt. Die Nutzung von Modellproben erweist sich für grundlegende Untersuchungen als vorteilhaft, da das Vorhandensein hinreichend großer Flächen (gleichartiger Objekte) für einen Vergleich mit Ergebnissen klassischer Reinigungstechniken unabdingbar ist. Die preiswerten Proben erlauben darüber hinaus auch die Anwendung zerstörender Analysetechniken. Für die Laserreinigungsexperimente wurde ein Nd:YAG-Laser mit Impulsdauern in der Größenordnung von 10 ns bei 532 nm Wellenlänge und einer Repetitionsrate von 500 Hz verwendet. Die Laser-Bearbeitungsstation erlaubt die flächige Bearbeitung von Objekten, wobei der Laserstrahl bewegt wird. Der Laser wird mittels Computer ferngesteuert und unter Klasse-1-Sicherheitsbedingungen betrieben. Bei der Untersuchung der Modellproben wurde jeweils die Anzahl der Impulse pro Probenstelle sowie die Laser-Energiedichte variiert. Ziel der Arbeiten war die Ermittlung eines Laser-Arbeitsbereiches für die Reinigung der verschiedenen Papierproben. Die Modellobjekte wurden vor und nach der Laserbehandlung mittels lichtmikroskopischer, rasterelektronenmikroskopischer und colorimetrischer Analysemethoden untersucht. T2 - Tagung "Laseranwendung in Restaurierung und Denkmalpflege" CY - Osnabrück, Deutschland DA - 2009-01-30 KW - Laserreinigung KW - Nd:YAG-Laser KW - Hadernpapier KW - Holzhaltiges Papier KW - Filterpapier KW - Mikroskopie KW - Farbmessung PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-8167-8106-6 SP - 177 EP - 189 PB - Fraunhofer IRB Verl. CY - Stuttgart AN - OPUS4-20059 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Torsionspendelmessungen an PC-Stäben zur Bestimmung eines Standards für den Schubmodul T2 - Gefta Jahrestagung CY - Giessen, Germany DA - 2009-10-07 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20161 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Vergleichende DMA-Untersuchungen von PC-Stäben T2 - Gefta Jahrestagung CY - Giessen, Germany DA - 2009-10-07 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20162 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Holle, H. A1 - Kautek, W. A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Mäder, M. A1 - Schreiner, M. T1 - Laser cleaning on historic picture postcards N2 - This contribution compares traditional cleaning and laser methods. Partial laser cleaning with a nanosecond pulse laser (wavelength of 532 nm) has proved very promising for future application in paper conservation-restoration. Traditional cleaning methods are not always sufficient or successful in surface cleaning of objects of art. Comparative studies of traditional paper cleaning methods and laser cleaning were made on several historic picture postcards printed with the chromolithography technique. PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-85028-490-5 SP - 189 EP - 206 PB - Berger Horn CY - Wien, Austria AN - OPUS4-20397 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Lussky, K. A1 - Engel, P. A1 - Krüger, Jörg ED - Engel, Patricia T1 - Laser cleaning of artificially soiled paper N2 - Laser cleaning for works of art on paper might be a supplemental, noncontact method to overcome some of the limitations of traditional dry cleaning techniques. Three different types of paper (pure-cellulose filter paper, rag paper, and wood-pulp paper) were mechanically soiled with pulverized charcoal in a standardized procedure to make model samples. These samples were characterized microscopically and by means of lightness measurements using a multi-spectral imaging system. A prototype laser workstation with Laser Class I conditions for the operator was used for the cleaning experiments. For 10-ns laser pulses at a wavelength of 532 nm, a set of laser parameters was established for a successful cleaning of the samples avoiding damage to the paper substrate. Single- and multi-pulse illumination conditions were tested. An extensive microscopic analysis after laser treatment of the cleaned parts of the samples provided insight into the remaining soiling on the surface and in the bulk of the paper material. PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-85028-490-5 SP - 171 EP - 188 PB - Berger Horn CY - Wien, Austria AN - OPUS4-20398 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Berger, Anka A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Krause, Ulrich T1 - Chemisch-analytische Untersuchung von Brandprodukten aus verschiedenen Deponiefraktionen T2 - 4. Praxistagung Deponie 2010 CY - Hannover, Deutschland DA - 2010-11-30 KW - Recyclingstoffe KW - Zwischenlager KW - FTIR-Spektroskopie KW - Verschwelung KW - Rauchgasanalyse KW - Recycling materials KW - Intermediate storage KW - FTIR-spectroscopy KW - Smouldering KW - Analysis of smoke PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-86955-555-3 SP - 1 EP - 17(?) AN - OPUS4-22728 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Investigations on particles and smoke gas composition during smouldering of spruce wood T2 - ANAKON 2011 CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 2011-03-22 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-23407 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Koter, Robert A1 - Krüger, Jörg ED - Engel, P. ED - Schirò, J. ED - Larsen, R. ED - Moussakova, E. ED - Kecskeméti, I. T1 - Cleaning of soiled paper model samples using short and ultrashort laser pulses N2 - Paper is one of the most important materials representing and witnessing human culture particularly as a carrier medium for text and image. As soiling hampers the reception of information, paper cleaning techniques are needed. Traditional mechanical and chemical cleaning methods are used by conservator-restorers. In some cases, a classical cleaning procedure of paper objects yields unsatisfactory results or a conventional treatment is even impossible. Especially, fragile paper objects cause problems due to mechanical instabilities. Laser cleaning as a non-contact method might be a way to overcome some of the limitations of classical cleaning techniques. Laser parameters have to be chosen to achieve removal of the soiling without influencing the artwork. Any immediate as well as long-term effects causing an irreversible change of the artwork have to be avoided. At present, most laser applications are found in stone and metal conservation, while laser treatment of complex organic materials like paper is still not fully developed for application in conservators' workshops. This contribution describes recent work of pulsed laser cleaning of soiled model samples. Pure cellulose, rag paper and wood-pulp paper were mechanically soiled with pulverized charcoal in a standardized procedure to make model samples representing essential characteristics of contaminated real-world artworks. Afterwards, model samples were cleaned using short and ultrashort laser pulses in the nanosecond and femtosecond time domain, respectively. An extensive analysis of the model samples after laser treatment using an optical microscope and a multi-spectral imaging system allows a comparison of the cleaning results obtained with both laser sources. T2 - Conference 'New Approaches to Book and Paper Conservation - Restoration' CY - Horn, Austria DA - 09.05.2011 KW - Laser cleaning KW - Ablation KW - Laser impact on surfaces KW - Paper KW - Femtosecond laser KW - Nanosecond laser PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-85028-518-6 SP - 519 EP - 532 PB - Verlag Berger, Horn CY - Vienna, Austria AN - OPUS4-23705 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Stability of poly(phenyl-1,4-phenylene vinylene) investigated by thermo- and chemilumineszenz T2 - Excited States, Photochemistry, and Application CY - Noordwijk, Netherlands DA - 1998-06-16 PY - 1998 AN - OPUS4-23144 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Chemilumineszenzuntersuchungen zur Stabilität von elektrooptischen Funktionspolymeren T2 - Präsentationsveranstaltung des Berliner Verbandes für Polymerforschung CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1999-05-20 PY - 1999 AN - OPUS4-23147 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Chemilumineszenzuntersuchungen zur Stabilität von elektrooptischen Funktionspolymeren T2 - GDCh Fachgruppe Makromolekulare Chemie CY - Mainz, Germany DA - 1998-03-23 PY - 1998 AN - OPUS4-23143 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krause, Ulrich A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Berger, Anka T1 - Bewertung von Brandgefahr und Rauchgastoxizität bei Recyclinglagern N2 - Brände bei der Lagerung von Deponiestoffen und Recyclingprodukten sind durch hohe Wärmefreisetzung und extreme Rauchentwicklung gekennzeichnet. Im Rauch enthalten sind in Abhängigkeit vom Ausgangsmaterial toxische oder gesundheitsgefährdende Stoffe. Löscharbeiten erfordern einen hohen Personal- und Materialaufwand und ziehen sich häufig über Tage, manchmal sogar über Wochen oder Monate hin. Der Schwerpunkt im Umgang mit solchen Materialien muss deshalb auf der Brandprävention liegen. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt eine in der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) entwickelte Methodik vor, bei der in einer Kombination von Labortests und numerischen Simulationsrechnungen Haldengeometrien und zulässige Lagerungszeiten abgeleitet werden können, bei denen Selbstentzündung sicher vermieden wird. KW - Recycling KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Toxizität KW - Rauchgas PY - 2011 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 1 IS - 1/2 SP - 32 EP - 38 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-23381 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - The influence of paper type and state of degradation on laser cleaning of artificially soiled paper N2 - Lasers can be a supplemental tool for restorers to overcome some of the limitations of traditional dry cleaning techniques for works of art on paper. The laser working range has to be optimized allowing for safe removal of contamination and limitation of damage to the substrate. This paper addresses the influence of paper type and state of degradation on laser working range. Three types of new paper (pure cellulose, bleached pulp paper, rag paper) were degraded and characterized with respect their degree of polymerization. Laser-induced damage thresholds of new and degraded paper were determined using SEM and viscometry. Additionally, artificially soiled model samples were made using two kinds of soiling, namely pulverized charcoal and soot-blackened standard test dust. Cleaning thresholds of soiled paper samples were evaluated. A working range for all combinations of paper and soiling between 0.05 J/cm2 and 0.5 J/cm2 was found for the application of 8-ns laser pulses at 532 nm wavelength. T2 - LACONA VIII - Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks VIII CY - Sibiu, Romania DA - 21.09.2009 KW - Nanosecond laser cleaning KW - Paper KW - Ageing KW - Degree of polymerization KW - Cleaning threshold KW - Damage threshold PY - 2011 SN - 978-0-415-58073-1 SP - 59 EP - 65 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-23634 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Analysis of toxic smoke gases using FTIR spectroscopy T2 - 9th IAFSS Symposium CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 2008-09-21 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-18180 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Analytische Untersuchungen zur Toxizität von Rauchgasen T2 - VfdB-Jahrestagung 2009 CY - Mannheim, Germany DA - 2009-05-24 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19480 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Conradi, Andrea A1 - Koter, Robert A1 - Krüger, Jörg T1 - Cleaning of artificially soiled paper using nanosecond, picosecond and femtosecond laser pulses N2 - Cleaning of cultural assets, especially fragile organic materials like paper, is a part of the conservation process. Laser radiation as a non-contact tool offers prospects for that purpose. For the studies presented here, paper model samples were prepared using three different paper types (pure cellulose, rag paper, and wood-pulp paper). Pure cellulose serves as reference material. Rag and woodpulp paper represent essential characteristics of the basic materials of real-world artworks. The papers were mechanically soiled employing pulverized charcoal. Pure and artificially soiled paper samples were treated with laser pulses of 28 fs (800 nm wavelength) and 8–12 ns (532 nm) duration in a multi pulse approach. Additionally, the cellulose reference material was processed with 30 ps (532 nm) laser pulses. Damage and cleaning thresholds of pure and soiled paper were determined for the different laser regimes. Laser working ranges allowing for removal of contamination and avoiding permanent modification to the substrate were found. The specimens prior and after laser illumination were characterized by light-optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as well as multi spectral imaging analysis. The work extends previous nanosecond laser cleaning investigations on paper into the ultra-short pulse duration domain. KW - Laser cleaning KW - Ablation KW - Laser impact on surfaces KW - Paper KW - Femtosecond laser PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-010-5809-7 SN - 0947-8396 VL - 101 IS - 2 SP - 441 EP - 446 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-22155 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krüger, Simone ED - Schulz, E. T1 - Rauchgasanalyse und Brandverhalten von verschiedenen Sitzmaterialien im Transportsektor T2 - 5. Internationale Expertentagung Bahnbrandschutz CY - Wien, Österreich DA - 2010-10-21 KW - Upholstered seats KW - FTIR spectroscopy KW - Combustion KW - Smouldering KW - Fire behaviour PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-940727-23-7 VL - 30 SP - 4 EP - 15 PB - IFV Bahntechnik CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-22279 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Rauchgasanalyse und Brandverhalten von verschiedenen Sitzmaterialien im Transportsektor - ein Vergleich T2 - V. Internationale Expertentagung FIRE SAFETY IN RAIL SYSTEMS CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 2010-10-21 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-22271 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kautek, Wolfgang A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Röllig, Mathias A1 - Rudolph, Pascale A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Maywald-Pitellos, C. A1 - Bansa, H. A1 - Grösswang, H. A1 - König, E. T1 - Near-UV laser interaction with contaminants and pigments on parchment: laser cleaning diagnostics by SE-microscopy, VIS-, and IR-spectroscopy PY - 2000 SN - 1296-2074 SN - 1778-3674 VL - 1 IS - sup.1 PB - Elsevier CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-5981 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kautek, Wolfgang A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Rudolph, Pascale A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Maywald-Pitellos, C. A1 - Bansa, H. A1 - Grösswang, H. A1 - König, W. ED - Fotakis, C. T1 - Near-Ultraviolet Pulsed Laser Interaction with Contaminants and Pigments on Parchment: Spectroscopic Diagnostics for Laser Cleaning Safety T2 - 5th International Conference on Optics within Life Sciences CY - H¯erakleion, Greece DA - 1998-01-01 PY - 2000 SN - 3-540-66648-6 N1 - Serientitel: Optics within life sciences – Series title: Optics within life sciences IS - 5 SP - 100 EP - 107 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-6189 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Thermolumineszenz-Untersuchungen zum Alterungsprozess in Polymeren T2 - Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Thermische Analyse CY - Bochum, Germany DA - 2002-09-18 PY - 2002 AN - OPUS4-7266 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Chemi- und Thermolumineszenzuntersuchungen zur Stabilität von elektrolumineszierenden Funktionspolymeren T2 - Jahrestagung der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft 1997 CY - Münster, Germany DA - 1997-03-17 PY - 1997 AN - OPUS4-7257 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Investigation of the stability of poly(phenyl-1,4-phenylenevinylene), P-PPV in different polymeric matrices by chemiluminescence T2 - 5th International Conference on Methods and Applications of Fluorescence Spectroscopy CY - Kleinmachnow, Germany DA - 1997-09-21 PY - 1997 AN - OPUS4-7258 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Chemilumineszenz-Untersuchungen zur Stabilität von elektro-optischen Funktionspolymeren T2 - Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker 1998 CY - Mainz, Germany DA - 1998-03-23 PY - 1998 AN - OPUS4-7259 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Chemi- und Thermolumineszenz-Untersuchungen zur Stabilität von Poly(phenyl-p-phenylenvinylen), P-PPV T2 - Jahrestagung des Berliner Verbands für Polymerforschung e. V. CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1998-05-14 PY - 1998 AN - OPUS4-7260 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Investigation of Stability of Poly(phenyl-1,4-phenylenevinylene) by Thermo- and Chemiluminescence T2 - Excited States, Photochemistry, and Application CY - Noordwijk, Netherlands DA - 1998-06-16 PY - 1998 AN - OPUS4-7261 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Untersuchungen des Degradationsprozesses von Polyolefinen bei verschiedenen Recyclingmethoden durch Chemilumineszenz und IR-Spektroskopie T2 - Umwelttagung der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker 1998 CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 1998-09-27 PY - 1998 AN - OPUS4-7262 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Chemiluminescence of conjugated polymers T2 - International Workshop on Practical Applications of Chemiluminescence at the Oxidation of Chemical Systems CY - Smolenice, Slovakia DA - 1998-11-02 PY - 1998 AN - OPUS4-7263 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Chemi- und Thermolumineszenz-Untersuchungen von konjugierten Polymeren T2 - Vortragsreihe "Moderne Probleme der Physikalischen Chemie" im Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Freien Universität Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1998-12-11 PY - 1998 AN - OPUS4-7264 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Untersuchungen zur Chemi- und Thermolumineszenz von konjugierten Polymeren T2 - Disputation im Rahmen des Promotionsverfahrens am Institut für Physikalische Chemie der Freien Universität Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1999-05-25 PY - 1999 AN - OPUS4-7265 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Goering, Harald A1 - Stark, Wolfgang A1 - Bayerl, H. A1 - Brinkmann, P. T1 - Thermoanalytische Untersuchungen zur Phenolharzhärtung unter hohem Druck - Ein Weg zur Optimierung der Nachtemperung T2 - 3rd International Thermoset Conference CY - Iserlohn, Deutschland DA - 2005-04-21 KW - Post curing KW - High pressure DSC KW - DMA KW - Reaction kinetic KW - Phenolic resin PY - 2005 SP - 107 EP - 114 PB - Fachhochschule Südwestfalen - Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft CY - Iserlohn AN - OPUS4-7452 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Goering, Harald A1 - Stark, Wolfgang A1 - Bayerl, H. A1 - Brinkmann, P. T1 - Thermo Analytical Investigations of Phenol Moulding Compound Curing - Potential for Post-Cure Optimisation T2 - 3rd International Thermoset Conference CY - Iserlohn, Germany DA - 2005-04-21 KW - Post curing KW - High pressure DSC KW - DMA KW - Reaction kinetic KW - Phenolic resin PY - 2005 SP - 219 EP - 225 PB - Fachhochschule Südwestfalen - Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft CY - Iserlohn AN - OPUS4-7453 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Simone T1 - Thermoanalytische Untersuchungen zur Phenolharzhärtung unter hohem Druck - ein Weg zur Optimierung der Nachtemperung T2 - 3. Internationale Duroplasttagung CY - Iserlohn, Germany DA - 2005-04-21 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-7354 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Hennecke, Manfred T1 - Chemiluminescence - An advanced method for small extent, early stages and accelerated testing of the thermooxidative degradation in polymers T2 - Makromolekulares Kolloquium Freiburg CY - Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany DA - 2000-02-24 PY - 2000 SP - 45 CY - Freiburg im Breisgau AN - OPUS4-2435 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Hennecke, Manfred T1 - Chemiluminescence - A promising new testing method for plastic optical fibres? T2 - 7th International Plastic Optical Fibres Conference (POF-7) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1998-10-05 PY - 1998 SN - 3-905084-55-4 VL - 7 SP - 248 EP - 249 PB - AKM AG CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-2433 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Brademann-Jock, Kerstin A1 - Krüger, Simone A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Goering, Harald T1 - Degradation effects of automotive coatings after weathering as detected by thermoluminescence T2 - 27th FATIPEC Congress CY - Aix-en-Provence, France DA - 2004-04-19 KW - Automobillacke KW - Bewitterung KW - Thermolumineszenz KW - Automotive coatings KW - Weathering KW - Thermoluminescence PY - 2004 VL - 3 SP - 1045 EP - 1050 PB - Association Francaise des Techniciens des Peintures, Vernis,Encres CY - Aix en Provence AN - OPUS4-4054 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kautek, Wolfgang A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - König, E. ED - Kautek, W. ED - König, E. T1 - Laser cleaning of ancient parchments T2 - LACONA I CY - Heraklion, Crete, Greece DA - 1995-10-04 PY - 1997 SN - 3-901025-68-5 VL - 18 SP - 69 EP - 78 PB - Mayer CY - Klosterneuburg AN - OPUS4-11784 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -