TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Oliver T1 - Recycled fertilizers: Do we need new regulations and analytical methods? N2 - More and more fertilizers emerge from recycled waste materials. This requires new analytical methods and/or the adaption of existing ones to new materials and matrices. KW - Environmenatal analysis KW - Resource recovery KW - Fertilizer PY - 2016 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X16000398 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.017 SN - 0956-053X VL - 50 SP - 1 EP - 2 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-35654 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Oliver T1 - Qualitätssicherung bei Kunststofferzeugnissen T1 - Quality assurance for plastics products PY - 1983 VL - 73 IS - 9 SP - 537 EP - 542 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-37562 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Olberg, Sina A1 - Senz, R. A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Comparison of stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and solid phase micro extraction (SPME) for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in complex aqueous matrices N2 - Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and solid phase microextraction (SPME) are well-established sample preparation methods for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples. However, complex matrices especially characterized by slurry particles and dissolved organic matter (DOM) can hamper the extraction of PAH with both SBSE and SPME and lead to different results. Thus, we produced aqueous eluates from PAH-contaminated soils differing in particle size distribution and organic matter content and determined the PAH concentration in the eluates with both SBSE and SPME. Furthermore, we tested the influence of filtration on the PAH analysis. The excess finding of PAH with SBSE compared to SPME ranged from −16.6 to 24.5 %. The differences increased after filtration. We found a strong positive correlation of the excess finding to the total organic carbon content (TOC) and a negative one to the pH value. The results indicate that SBSE is less affected by complex matrices than SPME. KW - Leaching tests KW - Complex environmental samples KW - Stir bar sorptive extraction KW - Solid phase microextraction KW - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-015-2670-5 SN - 0049-6979 SN - 0043-1168 VL - 226 IS - 12 SP - 397, 1 EP - 9 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-34971 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Kleber, F. A1 - Hollaus, F. A1 - Diem, M. A1 - Sablatnig, R. T1 - Can modern technologies defeat nazi censorship? KW - Laser cleaning KW - Multispectral imaging KW - Image enhancement KW - Ancient manuscripts KW - Image restoration PY - 2010 SN - 1556-4673 VL - 2 IS - 3, Article 1 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Association for Computing Machinery CY - New York, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-25651 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maszkowska, J. A1 - Kolodziejska, M. A1 - Bialk-Bielinska, A. A1 - Mrozik, W. A1 - Kumirska, J. A1 - Stepnowski, P. A1 - Palavinskas, R. A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Kalbe, Ute T1 - Column and batch tests of sulfonamide leaching from different types of soil N2 - Sulfonamides (SAs) and their metabolites present severe hazards to human health and the environment, mainly because of antibiotic resistance. Knowledge of their bioavailability, including their sorption to soils and their impact on the soil-groundwater pathway, is crucial to their risk assessment. Laboratory batch and column leaching tests are important tools for determining the release potential of contaminants from soil or waste materials. Batch and column tests were carried out with soils differing in particle size distribution, organic matter content and pH, each spiked with sulfonamides (sulfadimethoxine (SDM), sulfaguanidine (SGD), sulfisoxazole (SX)). In order to test the applicability of leaching tests to polar contaminants batch and column tests were also compared. In the column tests, release was found to depend on the properties of both soil and sulfonamides. The fastest release was observed for coarse-grained soil with the smallest organic matter content (MS soil; 100% decrease in concentration until liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) of 0.9 L kg-1 for all SAs). The slowest release was established for sulfadimethoxine (24.5% decrease in concentration until L/S 1.22 L kg-1). The results of the batch and column tests were comparable to a large extent, with slightly higher concentrations being obtained in the column test experiments of fine-grained soils with a high organic matter content. KW - Sulfonamides KW - Leaching KW - Column test KW - Batch test KW - Soil PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.05.053 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 260 SP - 468 EP - 474 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-28855 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Berger, Wolfgang A1 - Hally, S. T1 - Development of leaching procedures for synthetic turf systems containing scrap tyre granules N2 - Scrap tyres are widely reused in the form of granules as infill materials or component of sub-base layers in construction of sporting grounds such as synthetic turf areas and athletic track surfaces. The recycled rubber may contain organic and inorganic pollutants due to the presence of vulcanisation catalysts, stabilisers and other additives which can be released into soil and groundwater in the case of outdoor sports facilities. In order to evaluate the amount of potentially mobile pollutants, leaching tests can be employed. This study aimed particularly at the investigation of the feasibility of column tests using complete synthetic surface flooring or turf system assemblies. The release of zinc and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) leached from components of sports surfaces containing recycled rubber granules was considered. Additionally, batch tests on coated and uncoated styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) granules aged by artificial weathering were performed to indicate its possible influence on the leaching behaviour of zinc and PAH. The chosen approach of column tests simulating typical complete synthetic sports surface installations has been proven to be feasible and robust. The time-dependent leaching behaviour and interactions between single components can be evaluated by column tests. Zinc was the most relevant contaminant in the eluates and its leachability was enhanced after accelerated ageing by artificial weathering. Leachable PAH were found in relatively low but well detectable amounts which increase by ageing as well. KW - Waste rubber KW - SBR KW - Artificial turf KW - Leaching KW - behaviour KW - Column test KW - Batch test KW - Weathering PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-013-9248-5 SN - 1877-2641 SN - 1877-265X VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 745 EP - 757 PB - Springer Science + Business Media CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-29454 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mioduszewska, K. A1 - Maszkowska, J. A1 - Bialk-Bielinska, A. A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Liberek, B. A1 - Lukaszewicz, P. A1 - Stepnowski, P. T1 - The leaching behavior of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide from soil in the presence of co-contaminant - Mixture sorption approach N2 - Anticancer drugs (ACDs) exhibit high biological activity, they are cytotoxic, genotoxic, and are constantly released into the environment as a result of incomplete metabolism. Consequently they pose a serious threat to the environment and human health due to their carcinogenic,mutagenic and/or reproductive toxicity properties. Knowledge of their bioavailability, including their sorption to soils and their impact on the soil–groundwater pathway, is crucial for their risk assessment. Laboratory batch and column leaching tests are important tools for determining the release potential of contaminants from soil or waste material. Batch and column tests were carried out with soils differing in physicochemical properties, each spiked with cyclophosphamide (CK) or ifosfamide (IF). Moreover, due to the fact that environmental pollutants may occur as coexisting compounds in the soil themobility evaluation for ACDs in the mixture with metoprolol (MET; β-blocker) as a co-contaminant was performed. In order to assess appropriateness, the batch and column tests were compared. The release depended on the properties of both the soil and the presence of co-contaminants. The faster release was observed for coarse-grained soil with the smallest organic matter content (MS soil: 90% decrease in concentration until liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) of 0.3 L kg−1 for all tests' layout) than for loamy sand (LS soil: 90% decrease in concentration until ratio L/S of 0.75 L kg−1). ACDs are highly mobile in soil systems. Furthermore, the decrease of mobility of ifosfamide was observed with the presence of a co-contaminant (metoprolol) in both of the soils (in MS soil a decrease of 29%; in LS soil a decrease of 26%). The mobility of cyclophosphamide does not depend on the presence of a contaminant for MS soil, but also exhibits a decrease of 21% in LS soil. PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.002 SN - 0048-9697 SN - 1879-1026 VL - 542 SP - 915 EP - 922 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-34972 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Berger, Wolfgang A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Lopez Meza, Sarynna T1 - Leaching experiments on the release of heavy metals and PAH from soil and waste materials N2 - Leaching tests are fundamental tools for the assessment of long-term impact of contaminated waste materials on the soil-groundwater pathway. Experiments were carried out in the framework of standardization and validation of column percolation and batch test procedures, in particular concerning the stipulation of the experimental setup. The colloid release of column and batch experiments was compared and the influence of different column filling heights (12.5–50 cm) on the release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from soil was studied, as well as the effect of varying contact times (2.5–16 h) on the release of chromium from construction and demolition (C&D) waste and municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash. The results indicate that filtration of the eluate, which is required for batch tests, does not always allow the simulation of the actual colloid amount in soil pore water. Medium column heights four times the inner diameter of the column seemed to provide reasonable equilibrium adjustment conditions and avoid major biodegradation. The release of chromium was only marginally affected by the contact time, varied between 0.115 and 0.150 mg/kg for demolition waste eluate at a liquid-to-solid ratio of approximately 5 L/kg. KW - Column tests KW - Batch tests KW - Waste materials KW - Leaching KW - Standardization PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.016 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 207-208 SP - 51 EP - 55 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-24030 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Richter, E. A1 - Egeler, P. A1 - Römbke, J. A1 - Berger, Wolfgang T1 - New approach to the ecotoxicological risk assessment of artificial outdoor sporting grounds N2 - Artificial surfaces for outdoor sporting grounds may pose environmental and health hazards that are difficult to assess due to their complex chemical composition. Ecotoxicity tests can indicate general hazardous impacts. We conducted growth inhibition (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) and acute toxicity tests (Daphnia magna) with leachates obtained from batch tests of granular infill material and column tests of complete sporting ground assemblies. Ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM) leachate showed the highest effect on Daphnia magna (EC50 < 0.4% leachate) and the leachate of scrap tires made of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) had the highest effect on P. subcapitata (EC10 = 4.2% leachate; EC50 = 15.6% leachate). We found no correlations between ecotoxicity potential of leachates and zinc and PAH concentrations. Leachates obtained from column tests revealed lower ecotoxicological potential. Leachates of column tests of complete assemblies may be used for a reliable risk assessment of artificial sporting grounds. KW - Artificial outdoor sporting grounds KW - Ecotoxicological tests KW - Leaching procedures KW - Risk assessment PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.12.024 SN - 0269-7491 SN - 0013-9327 SN - 1873-6424 VL - 175 SP - 69 EP - 74 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - New York, NY [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-27623 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Christoph, Gabriele A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Berger, Wolfgang T1 - Comparison of stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in complex aqueous matrices N2 - Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) is an equilibrium extraction method used amongst others for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in aqueous samples. We compared SBSE to liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) for aqueous eluates obtained from batch and column tests of PAH contaminated soils to check whether SBSE might be considered as an alternative sample preparation method. We used soils with different particle size distribution, organic matter content, and resulting eluate turbidity to test the sample preparation methods on eluates with matrices of varying complexity. Furthermore, we studied the influence of diluted organic matter (DOM) on the PAH sorption process to the polymer coating of the stir bar during SBSE. In the majority of cases, we found higher PAH concentrations (up to 288%) with SBSE than with LLE. The turbidity correlates with the difference in PAH results, i.e. the greater the turbidity in the eluate, the more PAH we found with SBSE compared to LLE. We observed no similar trend regarding the amount of total organic carbon (TOC). The presence of DOM in the eluate seems to hamper the SBSE slightly, the PAH recovery varied between 82 and 104%. KW - Stir bar sorptive extraction KW - Liquid-liquid extraction KW - Leaching KW - Batch test KW - Column test KW - Complex aqueous matrix PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2011.06.035 SN - 0039-9140 VL - 85 IS - 3 SP - 1428 EP - 1434 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-24031 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Berger, Wolfgang A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Hennecke, D. A1 - Hoffe, S. T1 - Validierung des Schüttelverfahrens DIN 19527 für organische Schadstoffe N2 - Die im Jahre 1999 in Kraft getretene Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung (BBodSchV) befindet sich gegenwärtig in der Phase der Novellierung. Darüber hinaus ist die Einführung einer Ersatzbaustoffverordnung zur Verwertung mineralischer Abfälle vorgesehen. Beide Verordnungen erfordern für eine Gefahrenbeurteilung Prüfwerte, die auf der Grundlage validierter Elutionsverfahren hergeleitet sind. Im DIN-Normenausschuss NA 119-01-02-05 UA „Elutionsverfahren“ wurden Anfang 2009 zwei Normen zur Elution von Feststoffen verabschiedet. DIN 19528 beinhaltet ein Säulenverfahren zur grundlegenden Charakterisierung und für die Übereinstimmungsuntersuchung sowohl für anorganische Stoffe als auch für organische Stoffe (nur polyzyklische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe - PAK) und DIN 19529 ein Schüttelverfahren für anorganische Stoffe mit einem Wasser- Feststoffverhältnis von 2 l/kg. Beide Normen wurden auf der Grundlage von Ringversuchen validiert. Die Diskussion zur Erarbeitung eines Schüttelverfahrens für organische Stoffe verlief zunächst äußerst konträr. Auf Initiative von Kördel wurde zur Erarbeitung von E DIN 19527 (Schüttelverfahren für organische Stoffe mit einem Wasser-/Feststoffverhältnis von 2 l/kg) ein Ringversuch organisiert, bei dem zwar unterschiedliche Bodenarten Berücksichtigung fanden, die organischen Schadstoffe aber auf PAK beschränkt blieben. In einem Forschungsvorhaben zur Bewertung der Robustheit von E DIN 19527 zeigte sich, dass eine einfache Übertragung der Ergebnisse mit PAK-belasteten Böden auf andere Schadstoffgruppen nicht ohne Weiteres möglich ist. Für beide o. g. Verordnungen war es somit erforderlich, das Schüttelverfahren auch für weitere prioritäre organische Schadstoffgruppen wie Mineralölkohlenwasserstoffe (MKW), polychlorierte Biphenyle (PCB) und Phenole in Böden und Bodenmaterialien zu validieren. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse von Ringversuchen zur Validierung von DIN 19527 vorgestellt, bei denen zwei unterschiedliche mit prioritären organischen Schadstoffen kontaminierte Böden/Bodenmaterialien eingesetzt wurden. PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.37307/j.1864-8371.2013.01.04 SN - 0942-3818 SN - 1864-8371 IS - 1 SP - 5 EP - 8 PB - Erich Schmidt Verlag CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-27786 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Litzba, Andreas A1 - Berger, Wolfgang A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Krüger, Oliver T1 - Vergleich von Übereinstimmungstests mit Säulen- und Schüttelverfahren am Beispiel PAK- und MKW-belasteter Böden N2 - Mit dem Entwurf der im Januar 2011 vom Bundesumweltministerium vorgelegten Mantelverordnung, welche eine Novelle der Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung sowie der Grundwasserverordnung sowie die neue Ersatzbaustoffverordnung (ErsatzbaustoffV) umfasst, werden neue Methoden zur Herstellung von wässrigen Eluaten im Gesetzestext verankert, In der Novelle der BBodSchV werden in diesem Zusammenhang für organische Schadstoffe u.a. Säulen- oder Schüttelverfahren genannt. Bei den Säulenversuchen sollen Perlcolate bis zu einem Flüssigkeits-Feststoffverhältnis von 2 1/lcg entsprechend dem Übereinstimmungstest nach DIN 19528 gesammelt werden. Das Schüttelverfahren soll nach E DIN 19527 („Schüttelverfahren zur Untersuchung des Elutionsverhaltens von organischen Stoffen mit einem Wasser/Feststoff-Verhältnis von 2 1/lcg“) durchgeführt werden. In der Ersatzbaustoffverordnung wird als Verfahren zur Herstellung von wässrigen Eluaten bisher nur das Säulenverfahren nach DIN 19528 („Perlcolationsverfahren zur gemeinsamen Untersuchung des Elutionsverhaltens von anorganischen und organischen Stoffen“) genannt. In diesem Beitrag wird ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse von Säulen- und Schüttelverfahren als Übereinstimmungstest für Böden und Bodenmaterialien, welche mit polyzyklischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAK) und Mineralölkohlenwasserstoffen (MICW) belastet sind, vorgenommen. KW - Elutionsverfahren KW - Übereinstimmungstest KW - Säulenverfahren KW - Schüttelverfahren KW - Kontaminierte Böden KW - PAK KW - MKW PY - 2011 SN - 0942-3818 SN - 1864-8371 VL - 20 IS - 5 SP - 205 EP - 210 PB - Schmidt CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-24646 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Meißner, K. A1 - Sobottka, S. T1 - Sorption effects interfering with the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in aqueous samples N2 - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are severe environmental pollutants that are analyzed frequently. The risk assessment of PAH impact to groundwater can be performed using leaching tests. Therby a liquid–solid separation step including centrifugation may be required, which in turn might lead to loss of analytes due to sorption on the equipment. Thus we determined the PAH recoveries from various container materials (polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polytetraflourethylene (PTFE), stainless steel (ES), and perflouroalkoxy (PFA)) and compared them to selected PAH properties. We found the best recoveries for PFA (68%) and PTFE (65%) containers. We found good negative correlations (-0.93 and better) between PAH recovery and log partition coefficient organic carbon–water (log KOC) for PFA, PTFE, and ES containers. KW - PAH recoveries KW - Sorption KW - Plastic surfaces KW - Centrifuge containers PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.01.038 SN - 0039-9140 VL - 122 SP - 151 EP - 156 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-31383 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphorus in recycling fertilizers - analytical challenges N2 - The importance of secondary raw materials for phosphorus (P) fertilizer production is expected to increase in the future due to resource depletion, supply risks, and heavy metal contamination of fossil phosphate resources. Municipal wastewater is a promising source for P recovery. In Germany for instance, it contains almost 50% of the total amount of P that is currently applied as mineral fertilizer. Several procedures have been developed to recover and re-use P resulting in a growing number of recycling fertilizers that are currently not regulated in terms of fertilizer efficiency. We tested various materials and matrices for their total P content, solubility of P in neutral ammonium citrate (Pnac) and water, and performed robustness tests to check if existing analytical methods are suitable for those new materials. Digestion with inverse aqua regia was best suited to determine the total P content. Pnac sample preparation and analyses were feasible for all matrices. However, we found significant time and temperature dependencies, especially for materials containing organic matter. Furthermore, several materials didn’t reach equilibrium during the extractions. Thus, strict compliance of the test conditions is strongly recommended to achieve comparable results. KW - Recycling fertilizer PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.02.034 SN - 0013-9351 SN - 1096-0953 VL - 155 SP - 353 EP - 358 PB - Elsevier CY - Rotterdam AN - OPUS4-39430 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -