TY - JOUR A1 - Abou-Ras, D. A1 - Caballero, R. A1 - Fischer, C.-H. A1 - Kaufmann, C.A. A1 - Lauermann, I. A1 - Mainz, R. A1 - Mönig, H. A1 - Schöpke, A. A1 - Stephan, C. A1 - Streeck, C. A1 - Schorr, S. A1 - Eicke, A. A1 - Döbeli, M. A1 - Gade, B. A1 - Hinrichs, J. A1 - Nunney, T. A1 - Dijkstra, H. A1 - Hoffmann, V. A1 - Klemm, D. A1 - Efimova, V. A1 - Bergmaier, A. A1 - Dollinger, G. A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Rockett, A.A. A1 - Perez-Rodriguez, A. A1 - Alvarez-Garcia, J. A1 - Izquierdo-Roca, V. A1 - Schmid, T. A1 - Choi, P.-P. A1 - Müller, M. A1 - Bertram, F. A1 - Christen, J. A1 - Khatri, H. A1 - Collins, R.W. A1 - Marsillac, S. A1 - Kötschau, I. T1 - Comprehensive comparison of various techniques for the analysis of elemental distributions in thin films N2 - The present work shows results on elemental distribution analyses in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films for solar cells performed by use of wavelength-dispersive and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) in a scanning electron microscope, EDX in a transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron, angle-dependent soft X-ray emission, secondary ion-mass (SIMS), time-of-flight SIMS, sputtered neutral mass, glow-discharge optical emission and glow-discharge mass, Auger electron, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, by use of scanning Auger electron microscopy, Raman depth profiling, and Raman mapping, as well as by use of elastic recoil detection analysis, grazing-incidence X-ray and electron backscatter diffraction, and grazing-incidence X-ray fluorescence analysis. The Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films used for the present comparison were produced during the same identical deposition run and exhibit thicknesses of about 2 µm. The analysis techniques were compared with respect to their spatial and depth resolutions, measuring speeds, availabilities, and detection limits. KW - Elemental distributions KW - Comparison KW - Depth profiling KW - Chemical mapping KW - Thin films KW - Solar cells KW - Chalcopyrite-type KW - Cu(In,Ga)Se2 PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927611000523 SN - 1431-9276 SN - 1435-8115 VL - 17 IS - 5 SP - 728 EP - 751 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-24506 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Philipp, B. A1 - Wagenknecht, W. A1 - Nehls, Irene A1 - Klemm, D. A1 - Stein, A. A1 - Heinze, Th. T1 - Regioselective derivatization of cellulose-routes of synthesis, effects on properties and areas of application KW - Zellulose KW - Routing KW - Regioselektivität PY - 1996 SN - 0032-3918 SN - 0370-050X VL - 21 SP - 115 EP - 161 PB - Gordon and Breach CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-701 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Klemm, D. A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Strub, E. A1 - Röhrich, J. A1 - Bohne, W. A1 - Hoffmann, V. A1 - Wetzig, K. T1 - Potential candidates of certified reference material for determination of hydrogen concentration with glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GD-OES) - a feasibility study N2 - Three different coatings/layers have been found in a feasibility study as potential candidates for certified reference materials for the determination of hydrogen concentration by GD-OES: (i) electroplated zinc, (ii) carbon-rich coatings and (iii) amorphous silicon layers. KW - CRM KW - Hydrogen KW - GDS PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/b717924c SN - 0267-9477 SN - 1364-5544 VL - 23 SP - 460 EP - 462 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - London AN - OPUS4-17335 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roduner, E. A1 - Kaim, W. A1 - Sarkar, B. A1 - Urlacher, V.B. A1 - Pleiss, J. A1 - Gläser, R. A1 - Einicke, W.-D. A1 - Sprenger, G.A. A1 - Beifuß, U. A1 - Klemm, E. A1 - Liebner, Christian A1 - Hieronymus, Hartmut A1 - Hsu, S.-F. A1 - Plietker, B. A1 - Laschat, s. T1 - Selective catalytic oxidation of C-H bonds with molecular oxygen N2 - Although catalytic reductions, cross-couplings, metathesis, and oxidation of C=C double bonds are well established, the corresponding catalytic hydroxylations of C–H bonds in alkanes, arenes, or benzylic (allylic) positions, particularly with O2, the cheapest, 'greenest', and most abundant oxidant, are severely lacking. Certainly, some promising examples in homogenous and heterogenous catalysis exist, as well as enzymes that can perform catalytic aerobic oxidations on various substrates, but these have never achieved an industrial-scale, owing to a low space-time-yield and poor stability. This review illustrates recent advances in aerobic oxidation catalysis by discussing selected examples, and aims to stimulate further exciting work in this area. Theoretical work on catalyst precursors, resting states, and elementary steps, as well as model reactions complemented by spectroscopic studies provide detailed insight into the molecular mechanisms of oxidation catalyses and pave the way for preparative applications. However, O2 also poses a safety hazard, especially when used for large scale reactions, therefore sophisticated methodologies have been developed to minimize these risks and to allow convenient transfer onto industrial scale. KW - Coupling reactions KW - Feedstocks KW - Hydroxylation KW - Molecular oxygen KW - Oxidation KW - Catalytic oxidation KW - Micro reactor KW - Explosion KW - Safety PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201200266 SN - 1867-3880 VL - 5 IS - 1 SP - 82 EP - 112 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-27637 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -