TY - JOUR A1 - Golusda, L. A1 - Kühl, A. A. A1 - Lehmann, M. A1 - Dahlke, K. A1 - Mueller, S. A1 - Boehm-Sturm, P. A1 - Saatz, Jessica A1 - Traub, Heike A1 - Schnorr, J. A1 - Freise, C. A1 - Taupitz, M. A1 - Biskup, K. A1 - Blanchard, V. A1 - Klein, O. A1 - Sack, I. A1 - Siegmund, B. A1 - Paclik, D. T1 - Visualization of inflammation in experimental colitis by magnetic resonance imaging using very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles N2 - Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) comprise mainly ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn´s disease (CD). Both forms present with a chronic inflammation of the (gastro) intestinal tract, which induces excessive changes in the composition of the associated extracellular matrix (ECM). In UC, the inflammation is limited to the colon, whereas it can occur throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract in CD. Tools for early diagnosis of IBD are still very limited and highly invasive and measures for standardized evaluation of structural changes are scarce. To investigate an efficient non-invasive way of diagnosing intestinal inflammation and early changes of the ECM, very small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (VSOPs) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were applied in two mouse models of experimental colitis: the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis and the transfer model of colitis. For further validation of ECM changes and inflammation, tissue sections were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. For in depth ex-vivo investigation of VSOPs localization within the tissue, Europium-doped VSOPs served to visualize the contrast agent by imaging mass cytometry (IMC). VSOPs accumulation in the inflamed colon wall of DSS-induced colitis mice was visualized in T2* weighted MRI scans. Components of the ECM, especially the hyaluronic acid content, were found to influence VSOPs binding. Using IMC, colocalization of VSOPs with macrophages and endothelial cells in colon tissue was shown. In contrast to the DSS model, colonic inflammation could not be visualized with VSOP-enhanced MRI in transfer colitis. VSOPs present a potential contrast agent for contrast-enhanced MRI to detect intestinal inflammation in mice at an early stage and in a less invasive manner depending on hyaluronic acid content. KW - Inflammation KW - Imaging KW - Immunohistochemistry KW - MRI KW - Nanoparticle KW - Extracellular matrix KW - Laser ablation KW - ICP-MS PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-555395 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.862212 SN - 1664-042X VL - 13 IS - July 2022 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-55539 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wintzheimer, S. A1 - Szczerba, Wojciech A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Kashiwaya, S. A1 - Klein, A. A1 - Jaegermann, W. A1 - Toupance, T. A1 - Shmeliov, A. A1 - Nicolosi, V. A1 - Heuzé, K. A1 - Mandel, K. A1 - Dembski, S. T1 - Discovering the determining parameters for the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 colloids based on an anomalous dependence on the specific surface area N2 - The photocatalytic (PC) performance of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles strongly depends on their specific surface, the presence of crystal defects, their crystal phase, and the exposed crystal facets. In order to understand which of these factors contributes most significantly to the PC activity of TiO2 colloids, all of them have to be individually analyzed. This study entails the synthesis of five anatase nanocrystal samples. By maintaining the same reactant ratios as well as hydrothermal sol–gel synthesis route and only varying the autoclaving time or temperature, different crystallite sizes are obtained under comparable experimental conditions. A decrease in PC performance with increase in specific surface area is found. Such an unexpected counterintuitive result establishes the basis for a better understanding of the crucial factors that ultimately determine the PC activity. These are investigated by studying nanocrystals bulk and surface structure and morphology using a selection of complementary analysis methods (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), X-ray diffraction (XRD)…). It is found that a change in the nanocrystal morphology from an equilibrium state truncated tetragonal bipyramid to a more elongated rod-like structure accompanied by an increase in oxygen vacancies is responsible for an augmented PC activity of the TiO2 nanocrystals. KW - Ti-based colloids KW - Photocatalysis KW - Spectroscopy KW - XAFS PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.201800216 SN - 0934-0866 SN - 1521-4117 VL - 35 IS - 9 SP - 1800216, 1 EP - 10 PB - Wiley Online Library AN - OPUS4-46068 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, T. A1 - von der Au, Marcus A1 - Reese, A. A1 - Klein, O. A1 - Hildebrandt, L. A1 - Pröfrock, D. T1 - Substituting HF by HBF4 – an optimized digestion method for multi-elemental sediment analysis via ICP-MS/MS N2 - Determination of elemental mass fractions in sediments plays a major role in evaluating the environmental status of aquatic ecosystems. Herewith, the optimization of a new total digestion protocol and the subsequent analysis of 48 elements in different sediment reference materials (NIST SRM 2702, GBW 07313, GBW 07311 and JMC-2) based on ICP-MS/MS detection is presented. The developed method applies microwave acid digestion and utilizes HBF4 as fluoride source for silicate decomposition. Similar to established protocols based on HF, HBF4 ensures the dissolution of the silicate matrix, as well as other refractory oxides. As HBF4 is not acutely toxic; no special precautions have to be made and digests can be directly measured via ICP-MS without specific sample inlet systems, evaporation steps or the addition of e.g. H3BO3, in order to mask excess HF. Different acid mixtures with and without HBF4 were evaluated in terms of digestion efficiency based on the trace metal recovery. The optimized protocol (5 mL HNO3, 2 mL HCL, 1 mL HBF4) allows a complete dissolution of the analyzed reference materials, as well as quantitative recoveries for a wide variety of certified analytes. Low recoveries for e.g. Sr, Ba and rare earth elements due to fluoride precipitation of HF-based digestions protocols, can be avoided by the usage of HBF4 instead. Based on the usage of high purity HBF4 all relevant trace, as well as matrix elements can be analyzed with sufficiently low LOQs (0.002 μg L−1 for U up to 6.7 μg L−1 for Al). In total, 34 elements were within a recovery range of 80%–120% for all three analyzed reference materials GBW 07313, GBW 07311 and JMC-2. 14 elements were outside a recovery range of 80%–120% for at least one of the analyzed reference materials. KW - Reference Materials KW - Sediment KW - HF free Digestion PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510480 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/D0AY01049A SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-51048 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thinnes, A. A1 - Westenberger, M. A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Letho, L. A1 - Wirth, F. A1 - Lau, H. A1 - Klein, J. T1 - Cholinergic and metabolic effects of metformin in mouse brain N2 - Metformin is widely used as a first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes, but central effects of metformin have received little attention. When metformin (200 mg/kg i.p.) was administered to C57Bl6 mice, metformin concentration in cerebrospinal fluid peaked at 29 μM after 30 min but dropped quickly and was low at 90 min. In mouse hypothalamus sampled by microdialysis, systemically administered metformin caused minor and transient increases of acetylcholine, glucose and lactate while choline levels decreased. When metformin (0.2−10 mM) was locally infused via retrodialysis, there was a short-lasting increase of acetylcholine in the hypothalamus. Extracellular lactate levels in hypothalamus showed a massive increase upon metformin infusion while glucose levels decreased. In isolated mitochondria of mouse brain, metformin inhibited oxygen consumption and the activity of complex I. Inhibition of mitochondrial respiration likely explains lactate formation in the brain during metformin infusion which may cause lactic acidosis during metformin intoxication. The changes of cholinergic activity in the hypothalamus may be associated with appetite suppression observed during metformin treatment. KW - Metformin KW - Blood-brain barrier KW - Lactate KW - Glucose KW - Microdialysis KW - Hypothalamus PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.02.018 SN - 0361-9230 VL - 170 SP - 211 EP - 217 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam, Niederlande AN - OPUS4-52189 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ressel, P. A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Urban, Ingrid A1 - Klein, A. A1 - Vogel, K. A1 - Kräutle, H. T1 - Transmission electron microscopy study of rapid thermally annealed Pd/Ge contacts on In0.53Ga0.47As N2 - Phase formation in rapid thermally annealed Pd/Ge contacts on In0.53Ga0.47As has been investigated by means of cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, convergent-beam electron diffraction, and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis. Solid-phase regrowth is observed to occur similarly as in Pd/Ge contacts on GaAs or InP. The reaction starts at low temperatures with the formation of an amorphous Pd–In–Ga–As layer, which crystallizes at elevated temperatures yielding hexagonal Pd4In0.53Ga0.47As being first described in this work. At temperatures .250 °C, this phase decomposes due to epitaxial solid-phase regrowth of In0.53Ga0.47As and formation of Pd–Ge phases. The stable composition is reached at temperatures .350 °C with excess Ge diffused through top Pd–Ge to the contact interface and growing epitaxially on the semiconductor. KW - Semiconductor KW - Thin film contact layer KW - Electron microscopy KW - Intermetallic phases PY - 1996 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.363348 SN - 0021-8979 VL - 80 IS - 7 SP - 3910 EP - 3914 AN - OPUS4-38537 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kuhmann, J. F. A1 - Chiang, C. H. A1 - Harde, P. A1 - Reier, F. A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Urban, Ingrid A1 - Klein, A. T1 - Pt thin-film metallization for FC-bonding using SnPb60/40 solder bump metallurgy N2 - Platinum does not form any adherent oxides and can be easily wetted by tin-based solders. Platinum is also an available metallization in semiconductor laboratories. Therefore we investigated the diffusion of platinum thin-film metallizations into eutectic tin–lead solder by using a high-resolution secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) profiling from the back side. It is shown that an intermetallic phase (PtSn4) is formed during soldering, which controls the consumption of platinum during soldering and in operation. The consumption of platinum follows the well-known parabolic diffusion law. The activation energy of this process is 0.63 eV. Even at extended heating cycles of 2 min at 250°C, 190 nm from the original 300 nm of the platinum film remain undissolved. This high stability makes platinum a very attractive thin-film metallization for flip-chip (FC) bonding of new microsystems. KW - Pt thin film metallization KW - FC solder bonding KW - Diffusion KW - SIMS PY - 1998 SN - 0921-5093 VL - A242 SP - 22 EP - 25 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-38540 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nebauer, E. A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Hilsenbeck, J. A1 - Würfl, J. A1 - Klein, A. T1 - XTEM and TFXRD investigations of ohmic Ti/Al/Ti/Au/WSiN contacts on AlGaN/GaN HFET layer systems N2 - The microstructural features of the high-temperature-stable ohmic contact system Ti/Al/Ti/Au/WSiN on AlGaN/GaN were investigated using analytical transmission electron microscopy and thin film x-ray diffraction. For two typical rapid thermal annealing steps at 750 ◦C (non-ohmic behaviour) and 850 ◦C (ohmic behaviour) the intermetallic phases at the metal–semiconductor interface are presented. Increased annealing leads to the transformation of an Al2Au-AlAuTi phase mixture to a mixture of Al2Au-Al3Au8 phases and the formation of Ti-Al-nitride layers at the interfaces. In light of these results the electrical contact properties are discussed. KW - Ohmic contact KW - WSiN diffusion barrier KW - Rapid thermal annealing KW - Intermetallic phases KW - AlGaN/GaN heterostructure PY - 2002 SN - 0268-1242 VL - 17 SP - 249 EP - 254 PB - IOP Publishing Ltd AN - OPUS4-38543 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schönherr, J. A. A1 - Duarte, Larissa A1 - Madia, Mauro A1 - Zerbst, Uwe A1 - Geilen, M. B. A1 - Klein, M. A1 - Oechsner, M. T1 - Robust determination of fatigue crack propagation thresholds from crack growth data N2 - The robust determination of the threshold against fatigue crack propagation DKth is of paramount importance in fracture mechanics based fatigue assessment procedures. The standards ASTM E647 and ISO 12108 introduce operational definitions of DKth based on the crack propagation rate da/dN and suggest linear fits of logarithmic DK– da/dN test data to calculate DKth. Since these fits typically suffer from a poor representation of the actual curvature of the crack propagation curve, a method for evaluating DKth using a nonlinear function is proposed. It is shown that the proposed method reduces the artificial conservativeness induced by the evaluation method as well as the susceptibility to scatter in test data and the influence of test data density. KW - Fatigue crack propagation threshold KW - ISO 12108 KW - ASTM E647 KW - Data evaluation methods KW - Experimental determination PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-552153 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15144737 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 15 IS - 14 SP - 1 EP - 21 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-55215 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Renz, F. A1 - Zaba, C. A1 - Roßberg, L. A1 - Jung, S. A1 - Klein, M. A1 - Klingelhöfer, G. A1 - Wünsche, A. A1 - Reinhardt, S. A1 - Menzel, Michael T1 - Spin transition in heptanuclear star-shaped iron(III)-antimony(V) NCS- and CN-bridged compounds N2 - The precursor [FeIII(L)Cl] (LH2 = N,N'-bis(2'-hydroxy-benzyliden)-1,6-diamino-3-azahexane) has been prepared and Mössbauer spectroscopy assigned a high-spin (S = 5/2) state at room temperature. The precursor is combined with the bridging units [SbV(X)6]- (X = CN-, NCS-) to yield star-shaped heptanuclear clusters [(LFeIII-X)6SbV]Cl5. The star-shaped compounds are in general high-spin systems at room temperature. On cooling to 20 K some of the iron(III) centers switch to the low-spin state as indicated by Mössbauer spectroscopy, i.e. multiple electronic transitions. While the cyano-bridged complex performs a multiple spin transition the thiocyanate-compound shows no significant population at both temperatures. KW - Heptanuclear KW - High-spin molecule KW - SbV KW - Multistability KW - Multiple spin transition PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2008.12.027 SN - 0277-5387 VL - 28 IS - 9-10 SP - 2036 EP - 2038 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ; Jena AN - OPUS4-19659 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klein, H.-H. A1 - Schade, A. A1 - Eichler, Thorsten A1 - Pruckner, F. T1 - Parkhaus "Am Gericht" in Frankfurt am Main - Eine Sanierung mit kathodischem Korrosionsschutz N2 - Parkhäuser haben nach mehreren Jahrzehnten der Nutzung häufig Sanierungsbedarf in Bezug auf die tragende Stahlbetonkonstruktion, die durch eingedrungene Chloride aus eingeschlepptem Tausalz und die hierdurch hervorgerufene Korrosion der Bewehrung in der Tragfähigkeit erheblich beeinträchtigt sein kann. Das Verfahren des kathodischen Korrosionsschutzes kann hier als elektrochemisches Instandsetzungsverfahren eine wirtschaftliche und zuverlässige Alternative zu herkömmlichen Sanierungsverfahren bieten. Voraussetzungen sind intensive Voruntersuchungen, die Kenntnis der sinnvollen Anwendungsgrenzen des Systems, eine qualitativ hochwertige bauliche Umsetzung des Systems und die Nutzung der Möglichkeiten der Überwachung des Instandsetzungserfolges durch Monitoring, was am Beispiel des Parkhauses Am Gericht in Frankfurt am Main erläutert wird. Parking garage Am Gericht in Frankfurt am Main - a refurbishment with cathodic corrosion protection. After several decades in use a refurbishment is often necessary for the bearing structure of reinforced concrete parking garages due to chlorides, which have been brought into concrete by road salt, and the resulting corrosion of the reinforcement, which may lead to a serious decrease of the bearing capacity. With the system of the cathodic protection of the reinforcement exists a cost-effective and reliable technique as an alternative to common solutions. An intensive investigation of the structure, the knowledge of the reasonable limits of the system, excellent design and execution of the construction work and the monitoring of the working system are nevertheless required, which is illustrated by the example of the parking garage Am Gericht in Frankfurt am Main. KW - Stahlbeton KW - Kathodischer Korrosionsschutz KW - Korrosion KW - Lochkorrosion KW - Instandsetzung KW - Elektrochemische Verfahren PY - 2007 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.200710040 SN - 0932-8351 SN - 1437-0999 SN - 0005-6820 SN - 0341-1052 SN - 0932-6359 SN - 0932-8351 VL - 84 IS - 7 SP - 465 EP - 476 PB - Ernst & Sohn CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-17871 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Procop, Mathias A1 - Klein, A. A1 - Rechenberg, I. A1 - Krüger, D. T1 - AES Depth profiling of semiconducting multilayer structures using an ion beam bevelling technique PY - 1997 SN - 0937-0633 VL - 358 SP - 358 EP - 360 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-7097 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Procop, Mathias A1 - Klein, A. A1 - Rechenberg, I. A1 - Krüger, D. T1 - AES Depth Profiling of Semiconducting Epitaxial Layers with Thicknesses in the Nanometre Range Using an Ion Beam Bevelling Technique KW - AES KW - Depth profiling KW - Ion beam bevelling PY - 1997 SN - 0142-2421 SN - 1096-9918 VL - 25 SP - 458 EP - 463 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-7098 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Urban, Ingrid A1 - Klein, A. A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Merkel, U. T1 - Phasenbildung in Metall-Halbleiterkontaktschichten und Präparationstechnik für TEM-Untersuchung T2 - 9. Internationale Metallographie-Tagung CY - Leoben, Deutschland DA - 1994-09-28 PY - 1995 SN - 3-446-18221-7 SN - 0343-3579 N1 - Serientitel: Sonderbände der praktischen Metallographie – Series title: Sonderbände der praktischen Metallographie IS - 26 SP - 339 EP - 349 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-2505 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ressel, P. A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Urban, Ingrid A1 - Dörfel, Ilona A1 - Klein, A. A1 - Vogel, K. A1 - Kräutle, H. T1 - Transmission electron microscopy study of rapid thermally annealed Pd/Ge contacts on IN0.53Ga0.47As PY - 1996 SN - 0021-8979 SN - 1089-7550 VL - 88 SP - 3910 EP - 3914 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-2514 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klein, A. A1 - Urban, Ingrid A1 - Ressel, P. A1 - Nebauer, E. A1 - Merkel, U. A1 - Österle, Werner T1 - Preparation, transmission electron microscopy, and microanalytical investigations of metal-III-V semiconductor interfaces PY - 1996 SN - 1044-5803 SN - 1873-4189 VL - 37 SP - 143 EP - 151 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-2528 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eichler, Thorsten A1 - Isecke, Bernd A1 - Klein, H.-H. A1 - Schade, A. A1 - Pruckner, F. A1 - Michel, S. T1 - Kathodischer Korrosionsschutz von Stahl in Beton - Instandsetzung des Parkhauses "Am Gericht" in Frankfurt am Main N2 - Die Instandsetzung von Stahlbetonbauteilen bzw.-werken, welche durch chloridinduzierte Korrosion der Bewehrung gefährdet oder bereits geschädigt sind, hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten weltweit an Bedeutung gewonnen. Der kathodische Korrosionsschutz, als elektrochemisches Instandsetzungsverfahren, bildet in diesem Fall eine zuverlässige und oftmals kostengünstige Methode zur Instandsetzung. Am Beispiel des Parkhauses Am Gericht in Frankfurt am Main werden die Durchführung solch einer Maßnahme sowie die Besonderheiten des Verfahrens beschrieben. Es werden die theoretischen Hintergründe erläutert und die praktische Umsetzung sowie zu klärende Detailfragen beschrieben. Die Daten der ersten Depolarisationsmessungen zeigen den aktuellen Zustand der Anlage sowie des Schutzobjektes. KW - Stahlbeton KW - Kathodischer Korrosionsschutz KW - Korrosion KW - Lochkorrosion KW - Instandsetzung KW - Elektrochemische Verfahren PY - 2007 SN - 0005-9900 SN - 1437-1006 VL - 102 IS - 5 SP - 310 EP - 320 PB - Ernst CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-14769 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kelm, Jürgen A1 - Kühn, H. A1 - Klein, M. A1 - Wiesmath, A. A1 - Demco, D.E. A1 - Blümich, B. A1 - Gold, P.W. T1 - The NMR-MOUSE: quality control of elastomers KW - NMR-MOUSE KW - Double-quantum NMR KW - Quality control KW - Elastomers PY - 2001 SN - 1090-7807 SN - 0022-2364 VL - 19 SP - 497 EP - 499 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego, Calif. AN - OPUS4-1034 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Nebauer, E. A1 - Hilsenbeck, J. A1 - Würfl, J. A1 - Klein, A. T1 - XTEM and TFXRD investigations of ohmic Ti/Al/Ti/Au/WSiN contacts on AlGaN/GaN HFET layer systems N2 - The microstructural features of the high-temperature-stable ohmic contact system Ti/Al/Ti/Au/WSiN on AlGaN/GaN were investigated using analytical transmission electron microscopy and thin film x-ray diffraction. For two typical rapid thermal annealing steps at 750 °C (non-ohmic behaviour) and 850 °C (ohmic behaviour) the intermetallic phases at the metal-semiconductor interface are presented. Increased annealing leads to the transformation of an Al2Au-AlAuTi phase mixture to a mixture of Al2Au-Al3Au8 phases and the formation of Ti-Al-nitride layers at the interfaces. In light of these results the electrical contact properties are discussed. PY - 2002 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/17/3/312 SN - 0268-1242 SN - 1361-6641 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - 249 EP - 254 PB - IOP Publ. CY - Bristol AN - OPUS4-1380 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Duarte, Larissa A1 - Madia, Mauro A1 - Zerbst, Uwe A1 - Schönherr, J. A. A1 - Geilen, M. B. A1 - Klein, M. A1 - Oechsner, M. T1 - Recent developments in the determination of fatigue crack propagation thresholds N2 - The impact of crack closure and environmental effects on the experimental determination of the fatigue crack propagation threshold is a major problem for the assessment of cyclically loaded components, especially at low stress ratios 𝑅. In this work, the influence of the experimental procedure and air humidity on d𝑎∕d𝑁 − 𝛥𝐾 data at different 𝑅 is discussed. Unlike the results at 𝑅 = −1, the threshold values obtained at 𝑅 ≈ 0.8, i.e. under negligible crack closure levels, show a very small scatter band regardless of the variation of the test parameters and environmental conditions. KW - Fatigue crack propagation threshold KW - Component assessment KW - Crack closure KW - Environmental effects KW - Testing parameters PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2022.107131 SN - 0142-1123 VL - 164 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-55403 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Burgbacher, G. A1 - Kafka, P. A1 - Klein, G. A1 - Konersmann, Rainer A1 - Loock, J. A1 - Rupp, M. A1 - Scholz, A. A1 - Seel, H. A1 - Spitzer, C. T1 - Risikoabschätzung Chlorlagerung/Chlortransport unter Einbeziehung der Seveso II-Richtlinie und der Störfallverordnung (2000) N2 - Die BAM, Berlin, die Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS), Köln, und der TÜV Süd, München, erarbeiteten eine vergleichende Untersuchung (Risikostudie) an einer realen Anlage zur Lagerung - einschließlich des Transports - von Chlor als für die Studie geeigneten gefährlichen Stoff. T3 - BAM Forschungsberichtreihe - 269 PY - 2005 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-1820 SN - 978-3-86509-319-1 SN - 0938-5533 VL - 269 SP - 1 EP - 240 PB - Wirtschaftsverlag NW CY - Bremerhaven AN - OPUS4-182 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jahnke, Annika A1 - Beck, Aaron J. A1 - Becker, Richard L. A1 - Bedulina, Daria A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Gerdts, Gunnar A1 - Hildebrandt, Lars A1 - Joerss, Hanna A1 - Klein, Ole A1 - Korduan, Janine A1 - Laforsch, Christian A1 - Lannig, Gisela A1 - Leslie, Heather A. A1 - Lips, Stefan A1 - Menger, Frank A1 - Nabi, Deedar A1 - Oberbeckmann, Sonja A1 - Primpke, Sebastian A1 - Pröfrock, Daniel A1 - Ramsperger, Anja F.R.M. A1 - Römerscheid, Mara A1 - Schmitt-Jansen, Mechthild A1 - Scholz-Böttcher, Barbara M. A1 - Tröppner, Oliver A1 - Wendt-Potthoff, Katrin A1 - Kühnel, Dana T1 - Perspective article: Multisectoral considerations to enable a circular economy for plastics N2 - Plastics are widely used but improper disposal and release lead to increasing global pollution, threatening environmental and human health. To address this issue, we suggest intersectoral collaboration to achieve zero plastic pollution. The outcomes of the project P-LEACH demonstrated the enormous complexity and range of potential toxic effects of plastic-associated chemicals and micro-/nanoplastics released into water from UV-weathered plastics. We initiated an intersectoral dialogue amongst scientists, manufacturers, regulators and representatives of civil society about how to alleviate the negative impacts of plastic pollution. Circular economy offers a framework for selecting non-toxic chemicals, extending product (re)use, and waste reduction, which act to alleviate pollution when applied to plastics. We suggest three measures to advance a circular economy of plastics: 1.) Increase simplicity of chemicals in virgin plastics combined with transparent information on the contents; 2.) Consider recyclability already in plastic material and product design; 3.) Foster communication through intersectoral dialogue. Major cornerstones are the provision of standardized, easy-to-use tools to characterize plastics and plastic leachates chemically and (eco)toxicologically, the enhancement of citizen awareness enabling them to make informed choices, the creation of economic incentives for manufacturers, and sector-specific regulations to provide products that safeguard environmental and human health. KW - Plastics KW - Circular economy KW - Cross-sectoral dialogue KW - Recyclability KW - Plastic-associated chemicals PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-638280 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139326 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 496 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-63828 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -