TY - JOUR A1 - Hellmuth, K.-H. A1 - Siitari-Kauppi, M. A1 - Klobes, Peter A1 - Meyer, Klaus A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen T1 - Imaging and Analyzing Rock Porosity by Autoradiography and Hg-porosimetry/X-ray Computertomography-Applications N2 - The application of two sets of methods for the characterization of rock pore systems is reported. Both are discussed in the context of other techniques described in the literature. (i) Impregnation with labelled polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and autoradiography or direct measurement of the tracer activity allows the investigation of the pattern of the spatial porosity distribution and quantitative measurement of mineral-specific, local porosities, porosity gradients as well as an assessment of hydraulic and diffusive transport properties. (ii) Quantitative information on surface areas within certain pore size ranges can be achieved by combination of mercury intrusion porosimetry with X-ray absorption computertomography. As examples of applications of these techniques, the effects of weathering, alteration, mechanical stress and large diameter coring on the pore network of rocks have been studied. PY - 1999 SN - 1464-1895 VL - 24 IS - 7 SP - 569 EP - 573 PB - Pergamon CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-11980 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Link, T. A1 - Epishin, Alexander A1 - Klaus, M. A1 - Brückner, Udo A1 - Reznicek, A. T1 - (100) Dislocations in nickel-base superalloys: Formation and role in creep deformation N2 - α(1 0 0) Dislocations are observed in nickel-base superalloys after creep deformation at high temperatures and low stresses. They are formed in the γ/γ´ interfaces by a three step mechanism. First, primary dislocations with Burgers vector α/2(1 0 1) and 60° character are left behind in the interfaces when dislocation loops glide through the γ channels. The 60° dislocations move into edge orientation and react forming secondary dislocations α/2(1 1 0). In the third step, new primary dislocations are knit into the already existing meshes of primary and secondary dislocations, which results in hexagonal misfit dislocation networks consisting of secondary dislocations α/2(1 1 0) and tertiary dislocations α(1 0 0), both of edge type. This self-organisation process is explained by dislocation theory and crystallography. Creep deformation accelerates when the α(1 0 0) interfacial dislocations enter the γ´ phase. During their climb towards the opposite interface, they attain a characteristic rectangular shape. This shape and the importance of the α(1 0 0) super dislocations for creep deformation are discussed. KW - Superalloys KW - Creep KW - Dislocation reactions KW - Dislocation theory KW - Deformation mechanisms PY - 2005 SN - 0921-5093 SN - 1873-4936 VL - 405 IS - 1-2 SP - 254 EP - 265 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-11968 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Klobes, Peter A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich A1 - Meyer, Klaus A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Siitari-Kauppi, M. A1 - Hellmuth, K.-H. ED - Gray, W. T1 - Investigation of rock samples using x-ray-microcomputer-tomography before and after mercury intrusion porosimetry N2 - A new method for the physical characterization of rock matrices for use in site investigations of nuclear waste repositories has been developed. The method can provide information needed in the assessment of the performance of the geosphere working as a natural barrier retarding the migration of radionuclides by diffusion into the rock matrix. Most conventional methods for the physical characterization of rocks give only bulk information. The combination of mercury porosimetry and computer tomography can give 3-D data on mineral-specific porosity distributions with additional pore size information. Additionally, limits for mineral-specific internal surface areas can be estimated, which is essential for the assessment of water-rock interaction and reactive interaction with radionuclides (sorption). Results of measurements on granitic rock (granodiorite) from the Baltic shield are discussed and integrated with results by complementary methods. T2 - 20th Materials Research Society Symposium on the Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management CY - Boston, MA, USA DA - 1996-12-02 PY - 1997 SN - 1-558-99369-X SN - 0272-9172 N1 - Serientitel: Materials Research Society symposium proceedings – Series title: Materials Research Society symposium proceedings IS - 465 SP - 863 EP - 870 PB - Materials Research Society CY - Pittsburgh, Pa. AN - OPUS4-11971 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Alexander, I. A1 - Braun, H.-J. A1 - Dettmann, T. A1 - Fimmen, H. A1 - Haberkamp, H. A1 - Katz, H. A1 - Krischok, Frank A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Pötzsch, Klaus-Michael A1 - Zentgraf, R. A1 - Putzschke, M. T1 - Bericht über den Ablauf und die Ursachen der Havarie des Tankmotorschiffes 'Waldhof' am 13. Januar 2011 auf dem Mittelrhein (Rhein-km 553,75) KW - Schiffshavarie KW - Gefahrgut-Tankschiff KW - Schwimmstabilität PY - 2013 IS - S-312.4/016 SP - 1 EP - 224 AN - OPUS4-27729 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kozich, V. A1 - Werncke, W. A1 - Dreyer, J. A1 - Brzezinka, Klaus-Werner A1 - Rini, M. A1 - Elsaesser, T. T1 - Vibrational excitation and energy redistribution after ultrafest internal conversion in 4-nitroaniline N2 - Nonequilibrium vibrational excitations of para-nitroaniline (PNA, 4-nitroaniline) occurring after internal conversion from the photoexcited charge transfer state are studied by picosecond anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Vibrational excess populations with distinctly different picosecond rise and decay times are found for a number of modes with frequencies between 860 and 1510 cm–1, including the overtone of a non-Raman active mode. A nonthermal distribution of vibrational populations exists up to about 6 ps after photoexcitation. The time-resolved experiments are complemented by steady-state infrared and Raman measurements as well as calculations based on density functional theory, providing a detailed analysis of the steady-state vibrational spectra of PNA and two of its isotopomers. A weakly Raman active vibration at about 1510 cm–1 displays the fastest rise time and a pronounced excess population and—thus—represents the main accepting mode. We suggest that an out-of-plane mode giving rise to the overtone Raman band at this frequency acts both as coupling and accepting mode in the internal conversion process. PY - 2002 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1482698 SN - 0021-9606 SN - 1089-7690 VL - 117 IS - 2 SP - 719 EP - 726 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-1637 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Witke, Klaus A1 - Kunze, Ralf A1 - Neubert, Dietmar A1 - Mehner, Hartmut A1 - Feist, M. A1 - Kemnitz, E. T1 - Two oxidation states and four different coordinations of iron in an unusual chloro complex: TG-MS, Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopic investigations of the thermal behaviour N2 - Conventional simultaneous thermal analysis, capillary-coupled TG–MS, in situ and ex situ Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopy, as well as chemical analysis have been used for the investigation of the first decomposition step of the mixed valence chloroferrate (dmpipzH2)6[Fe(II)Cl4]2[Fe(III)Cl4]2[Fe(II)Cl5][Fe(III)Cl6]. Under argon at ca. 200°C, an almost complete reduction proceeds in a solid state reaction forming Fe(II). It is accompanied by the release of HCl and, to a minor degree, carbon containing species. A multi-phase product with at least two chloroferrate species, coke, and C,H,N-containing polymers is formed. Binuclear iron complexes, such as (dmpipzH)2[Fe(II)2Cl6], and small amounts of (dmpipzH)[Fe(III)Cl4] have been proposed to be the major and minor component of the product mixture, respectively. KW - Mixed valence chloroferrate KW - Thermal decomposition KW - Intramolecular reduction PY - 2000 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(00)00546-3 SN - 0040-6031 SN - 1872-762X VL - 361 IS - 1-2 SP - 53 EP - 60 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-988 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, Yue A1 - Martin, A. A1 - Wolf, G.-U. A1 - Rabe, S. A1 - Worzala, H. A1 - Lücke, B. A1 - Meisel, M. A1 - Witke, Klaus T1 - Structural transformations of VOHPO4.1/2H2O in the Presence of Ammonia KW - Vanadium KW - Ammoniak KW - Phosphat KW - Phyrophosphorsäure PY - 1996 SN - 0897-4756 SN - 1520-5002 VL - 8 IS - 5 SP - 1135 EP - 1140 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-684 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mehner, Hartmut A1 - Witke, Klaus A1 - Feist, M. A1 - Troyanov, S.I. A1 - Kemnitz, E. T1 - Halogenometallate von Übergangselementen mit Kationen stickstoffhaltiger heterozyklischer Basen. VII Zwei Oxidationsstufen und vier verschiedene Koordinationen von Eisen in einer Verbindung. Synthese, Kristallstruktur und spektroskopische Charakterisierung von 1,4-Dimethylpiperazinium-Chloroferrat(II, III), (dmpipzH2)6[FeIICl4]2[FeIIICl4]2[FeIICl5] [FeIIICl6] KW - Halogenometallate KW - Spektroskopische Charakterisierung PY - 1999 SN - 0044-2313 SN - 1521-3749 SN - 0372-7874 SN - 0863-1786 SN - 0863-1778 N1 - Sprachen: Deutsch/Englisch - Languages: German/English VL - 625 IS - 1 SP - 141 EP - 146 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-738 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Cabeza, Sandra A1 - Artzt, Katia A1 - Haubrich, J. A1 - Klaus, M. A1 - Genzel, Ch. A1 - Requena, G. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - An Assessment of Subsurface Residual Stress Analysis in SLM Ti-6Al-4V N2 - Ti-6Al-4V bridges were additively fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) under different scanning speed conditions, to compare the effect of process energy density on the residual stress state. Subsurface lattice strain characterization was conducted by means of synchrotron diffraction in energy dispersive mode. High tensile strain gradients were found at the frontal surface for samples in an as-built condition. The geometry of the samples promotes increasing strains towards the pillar of the bridges. We observed that the higher the laser energy density during fabrication, the lower the lattice strains. A relief of lattice strains takes place after heat treatment. KW - Selective laser melting KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Heat treatment KW - Ti-6Al-4V KW - Synchrotron X-ray diffraction KW - Residual stress PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-395759 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10040348 SN - 1996-1944 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - Article 348, 1 EP - 14 AN - OPUS4-39575 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schröder, Jakob A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Fritsch, Tobias A1 - Serrano-Munoz, Itziar A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Sprengel, Maximilian A1 - Klaus, M. A1 - Genzel, C. A1 - Schneider, J. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - On the influence of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical behavior of laser powder bed fused Inconel 718 N2 - A range of heat treatments have been developed for wrought Inconel 718 to obtain desired properties. For additively manufactured Inconel 718, the recently developed standard ASTM F3301 provides guidance for heat treatment of powder bed fusion specimens. Although this standard is based on standards developed for wrought Inconel 718, it does not include direct aging. Since direct aging reduces the number of processing steps, it can result in a post processing cost reduction if the desired properties are obtained. In this study, we characterized the microstructure and tensile behavior of Inconel 718 specimens produced by a laser powder bed fusion process. The specimens were heat treated according to two different routines after stress relieving: a full heat Treatment versus a one-step direct aging process. Differences in the resulting texture and grain morphology were observed. The ex-situ stress-strain behavior was broadly similar. However, a slight increase in yield strength was observed for the direct aged specimen. In order to understand this behavior, investigations with in-situ synchrotron Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction tensile testing revealed differences in the load partitioning among different Crystal directions. Importantly, the elastic anisotropy expressed by the magnitude of the diffraction elastic constants showed a dependency on the microstructures. KW - Electron microscopy KW - X-ray analysis KW - Inconel 718 KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Mechanical behavior KW - Diffraction elastic constants PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2020.140555 VL - 805 SP - 40555 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-52142 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roveda, Ilaria A1 - Serrano-Munoz, Itziar A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Madia, Mauro A1 - Pirling, T. A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Klaus, M. A1 - Haubrich, J. A1 - Requena, G. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Influence of a 265 °C heat treatment on the residual stress state of a PBF-LB/M AlSi10Mg alloy N2 - Laser Powder Bed Fusion (PBF-LB/M) additive manufacturing (AM) induces high magnitude residual stress (RS) in structures due to the extremely heterogeneous cooling and heating rates. As the RS can be deleterious to the fatigue resistance of engineering components, great efforts are focused on understanding their generation and evolution after post-process heat treatments. In this study, one of the few of its kind, the RS relaxation induced in an as-built PBF-LB/M AlSi10Mg material by a low-temperature heat treatment (265 °C for 1 h) is studied by means of X-ray and neutron diffraction. Since the specimens are manufactured using a baseplate heated up to 200 °C, low RS are found in the as-built condition. After heat treatment a redistribution of the RS is observed, while their magnitude remains constant. It is proposed that the redistribution is induced by a repartition of stresses between the a-aluminium matrix and the silicon phase, as the morphology of the silicon phase is affected by the heat treatment. A considerable scatter is observed in the neutron diffraction RS profiles, which is principally correlated to the presence (or absence) of pockets of porosity developed at the borders of the chessboard pattern. KW - Neutron diffraction KW - Additive manufacturing PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-565115 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07997-w SN - 1573-4803 VL - 57 SP - 22082 EP - 22098 PB - Springer Science + Business Media CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-56511 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich A1 - Ecker, Klaus A1 - Görner, Wolf A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Krumrey, M. T1 - Layout and first XRF Applications of the BAMline at BESSY II+ N2 - The first hard x-ray beamline at BESSY II has been installed by BAM and PTB at a superconducting 7 T wavelength shifter. The main optical elements of the beamline are a double-multilayer monochromator and a double-crystal monochromator. Depending on the application, the two devices are used separately or in-line. The main applications of the monochromatic radiation with photon energies up to 60 keV are x-ray fluorescence analysis, micro computed tomography, x-ray topography, detector calibration and reflectometry. Calculable undispersed radiation up to 200 keV is available for radiometric applications. KW - BAMline KW - XRF PY - 2005 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.750 SN - 0049-8246 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 160 EP - 163 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-11929 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schälike, Stefan A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter A1 - Gawlowski, M. A1 - Schönbucher, A. T1 - Validation of submodels for CFD simulation of n-hexane pool flames including interferometry N2 - Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is used to predict transient and time-averaged glame temperatures and species concentrations of an n-hexane pool flame. Employing a combination of an assumed probability density function approach with laminar flamelets using detailed kinetic data and large-eddy simulation with Smagorinsky submodel is shown to be a promising way in modeling pool and tank fires. The measured species concentration and flame temperature profiles from gas chromatography, thermocouple measurements and holographic interferometry are used to validate the submodels for CFD simulation of pool flames. KW - Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) KW - Interferometry KW - Large eddy simulation (LES) KW - Non-premixed flame KW - Pool fire PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201100179 SN - 0009-286X SN - 1522-2640 VL - 84 IS - 4 SP - 484 EP - 490 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-25418 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Som, Tirtha A1 - Troppenz, G.V. A1 - Wendt, R. R. A1 - Wollgarten, M. A1 - Rappich, J. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Rademann, Klaus T1 - Graphene oxide/alpha-Bi2O3 composites for visible-light photocatalysis, chemical catalysis, and solar energy conversion N2 - The growing challenges of environmental purification by solar photocatalysis, precious-metal-free catalysis, and photocurrent generation in photovoltaic cells receive the utmost global attention. Here we demonstrate a one-pot, green chemical synthesis of a new stable heterostructured, ecofriendly, multifunctional microcomposite that consists of α-Bi2O3 microneedles intercalated with anchored graphene oxide (GO) microsheets (1.0 wt?%) for the above-mentioned applications on a large economical scale. The bare α-Bi2O3 microneedles display two times better photocatalytic activities than commercial TiO2 (Degussa-P25), whereas the GO-hybridized composite exhibits approximately four to six times enhanced photocatalytic activities than the neat TiO2 photocatalyst in the degradation of colored aromatic organic dyes (crystal violet and rhodamine 6G) under visible-light irradiation (300 W tungsten lamp). The highly efficient activity is associated with the strong surface adsorption ability of GO for aromatic dye molecules, the high carrier acceptability, and the efficient electron–hole pair separation in Bi2O3 by individual adjoining GO sheets. The introduction of Ag nanoparticles (2.0 wt?%) further enhances the photocatalytic performance of the composite over eightfold because of a plasmon-induced electron-transfer process from Ag nanoparticles through the GO sheets into the conduction band of Bi2O3. The new composites are also catalytically active and catalyze the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in the presence of borohydride ions. Photoanodes assembled from GO/α-Bi2O3 and Ag/GO/α-Bi2O3 composites display an improved photocurrent response (power conversion efficiency ~20?% higher) over those prepared without GO in dye-sensitized solar cells. KW - Bismuth KW - Dyes/pigments KW - Environmental chemistry KW - Graphene KW - Photochemistry PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201300990 SN - 1864-5631 SN - 1864-564X VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - 854 EP - 865 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-30390 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - King, M.J. A1 - Iacobucci, P.A. A1 - Mak, W.A. A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter T1 - Report about the IGUS EOS meeting 2011 in Washington, D.C. N2 - IGUS is the International Group of Experts on the Explosion Risks of Unstable Substances. IGUS was established in 1962 with the objective to harmonize test methods used by different countries to identify and quantify the explosive properties of unstable materials. Over the years, IGUS has continued to offer scientists, who are advisers to their governments, and others, a forum to exchange data and information. The Energetic and Oxidizing Substances (EOS) working group as a sub-group of IGUS is dealing with test methods, Classification and safety aspects relating to organic peroxides, self-reactive substances and other energetic substances, fertilizers, ammonium nitrate and oxidizers. The EOS working group holds an annual meeting alternating between Europe, the United States and Japan. The 2011 meeting took place from the 27th to the 29th of April 2011 at the Madison Hotel in Washington, D. C. The meeting was hosted by the Organic Peroxide Producers Safety Division (OPPSD) of the Society of Plastics Industry, Inc. (SPI). This was the fourth EOS meeting held in the USA since 1994. Of particular importance is the fact that 39 colleagues from authorities, universities, research institutes and industries attended the meeting. The delegates came from USA, Canada, China, France, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom and Germany. This confirms the breadth and scope of this forum and the value the participants associate with being able to contact other colleagues from around the world enabling the effective exchange of scientific results and discussion on the wide-ranging Problems concerning energetic and oxidizing materials. T2 - IGUS EOS Meeting 2011 CY - Washington D.C., USA DA - 27.04.2011 KW - IGUS KW - EOS KW - Organic peroxides KW - Self-reactive substances KW - Test methods KW - Oxidizers KW - Round robin test PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-26364 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Menrad, Andreas A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Gründer, Klaus-Peter A1 - Wagner, M.H. T1 - The internal pressure test in experiment and simulation - Influence of the wall thickness variation and the change of the packaging behavior after the impact of standard liquids N2 - The effect of the wall thickness variation of blow-moulded bodies made of high-density polyethylene on an internal pressure test after prestoring the packaging with standard liquids was evaluated in experiments and simulations. The objects of the investigation were jerrycans used for the transportation and storage of dangerous goods. The wall thickness was determined using two alternative methods to the magnetostatic measurement. These alternative methods are used for research purpose to get a volumetric model of the jerrycan wall as a geometric model for the simulation. The comparison of the experiments and the simulations of the internal pressure test were performed using the digital image correlation method. The integral strain and deformation of the whole jerrycan was detected by measuring the total mass of the jerrycan being filled with water during the internal pressure test. This is a suitable alternative to the optical measurements of local deformation by the digital image correlation method. Prestorage at 40°C without the influence of chemicals strengthens the jerrycan, whereas the swelling effect of butyl acetate and hydrocarbon mixture softens the jerrycan. The comparison with the experiment is necessary to verify the accuracy of the simulation. It shows that the deformation can be simulated more precisely by using the actual measured geometry. The weakening of the high-density polyethylene caused by a hydrocarbon mixture can be simulated using the Arrhenius equation. The aim of the simulation was to discover whether it is possible to use specimens to predict the behaviour of a packaging both after the influence of standard liquids. T2 - 18th IAPRI World packaging conference CY - San Luis Obispo, CA, USA DA - 17.06.2012 KW - Wall thickness KW - Internal pressure test KW - Finite element KW - Simulation KW - Jerrycan PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.1983 SN - 0894-3214 VL - 26 IS - 6 SP - 311 EP - 326 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester, UK AN - OPUS4-29282 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Witt, Klaus A1 - Cui, G. A1 - Luo, M.R. A1 - Rigg, B. A1 - Roesler, G. T1 - Uniform Colour Spaces Based on the DIN99 Colour-Difference Formula N2 - Several colour-difference formulas such as CMC, CIE94, and CIEDE2000 have been developed by modifying CIELAB. These formulas give much better fits for experimental data based on small colour differences than does CIELAB. None of these has an associated uniform colour space (UCS). The need for a UCS is demonstrated by the widespread use of the a*b* diagram despite the lack of uniformity. This article describes the development of formulas, with the same basic structure as the DIN99 formula, that predict the experimental data sets better than do the CMC and CIE94 colour-difference formulas and only slightly worse than CIEDE2000 (which was optimized on the experimental data). However, these formulas all have an associated UCS. The spaces are similar in form to L*a*b*. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 282-290, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). KW - DIN99-Farbabstandsformel KW - Uniform colour space KW - Colour-difference metrics KW - Colour discrimination ellipses PY - 2002 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/col.10066 SN - 0361-2317 SN - 1520-6378 VL - 27 IS - 4 SP - 282 EP - 290 PB - Wiley CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-1417 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Pistol, Klaus A1 - Huismann, S. A1 - Diederichs, U. A1 - Pimienta, P. A1 - Jumppanen, U.M. A1 - Mindeguia, J.C. T1 - Stress-strain-relation, compressive strength and modulus of elasticity N2 - This chapter report the most recent experimental results on mechanical behaviour at high temperature of high-performance concretes. After a short introduction, subsection 5.2 describes the main testing methods that were used in the analysed studies. Sub-section 5.3 collects and compares; the temperature-dependency of the compressive strength and modulus of elastici1ty of many experimental studies. The influence of parameters such as the initial compressive strength, the type of aggregate, the presence of additions, the W/C ratio, the moishrre content and the way the mechanical test was performed is analysed. Sub-section 5.4 presents the experimental results obtained under a constant temperature, i.e. creep tests at high temperature. Sub-section 5.5 presents experimental results obtained under increasing temperahrre. These results allow assessing the free thennal strain of concrete (when no mechanical load is applied) and the so-called "transient the1mal strain". Finally, subsection 5.6 collects and analyses the few results conceming the temperature-dependency of the tensile strength of high-perfo1mance concretes. KW - Stress-strain-relation KW - High temperature PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-319-95431-8 SN - 978-3-319-95432-5 SN - 2213-204X SN - 2213-2031 SP - 89 EP - 105 PB - Springer CY - Swizerland AN - OPUS4-47212 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -