TY - JOUR A1 - de Camp, N. V. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Bergeler, J. T1 - Light-cured polymer electrodes for non-invasive EEG recordings N2 - We invented the first non-metallic, self-adhesive and dry biosignalling electrode. The PEDOT polymer electrode changes its aggregate state and conductivity by a light curing procedure. The electrode can be applied as a gel underneath hair without shaving. With the aid of blue light, the electrode can be hardened within a few seconds at the desired location on the scalp. The cured polymer electrode is highly conductive and can be applied on a very small location. Unlike other EEG electrodes, our electrode does not lose conductivity upon drying. Furthermore, our electrode strongly bonds to Skin and does not require any additional adhesive. Short circuits due to an outflow of gel are prevented with this technique. Therefore, the PEDOT polymer electrode is extremely well suited for applications that, up to now, have been challenging, such as non-invasive EEG recordings from awake and freely moving animals, EEG recordings from preterm babies in the neonatal intensive care unit or long-term recordings in the case of sleep monitoring or epilepsy diagnostics. We addressed two technical questions in this work. First, is the EEG recorded with polymer electrodes comparable to a standard EEG? Second, is it possible to record full-band EEGs with our electrodes? KW - Light curing KW - Polymer KW - Electric conductivity PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-459803 UR - https://rdcu.be/7aPD DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32304-6 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 8 IS - 14041 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Nature Publishing Group CY - London AN - OPUS4-45980 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhandarov, S. A1 - Mäder, E. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Scheffler, C. A1 - Poitzsch, C. A1 - Fliescher, S. T1 - Investigation of interfacial strength parameters in polymer matrix composites: Compatibility and reproducibility N2 - Effects of various geometrical and physical factors, as well as the method of data reduction (analysis of experimental forceedisplacement curves) on the values of local interfacial strength parameters (local IFSS, td, and critical energy release rate, Gic) determined by means of a single fiber pull-out test are discussed. Experimental results of our pull-out tests on several fiberepolymer matrix systems showed that td and Gic weakly depended on geometrical factors. However, the pull-out test appeared to be sensitive to the conditions of specimen formation and testing, such as changing the nature of the contacting surfaces (fiber sizing) and the fiber pull-out rate. Of several methods of td and Gic Determination from a forceedisplacement curve, the most reliable and reproducible one is the approach based on the values of the maximum force recorded in a pull-out test and the interfacial frictional force immediately after fiber debonding. KW - Interface KW - Interfacial shear strength KW - Pull-out composite materials KW - Polymer matrix composites KW - Critical energy release rate KW - Geometrical factors PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-460918 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2018.06.002 SN - 2542-5048 VL - 1 IS - 1 SP - 82 EP - 92 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-46091 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Sahin, M. A1 - Schlögl, S. A1 - Wang, J. A1 - Kaynak, B. A1 - Mühlbacher, I. A1 - Ziegler, W. A1 - Kern, W. A1 - Grützmacher, H. T1 - Tailoring the interfaces in glass fiber-reinforced photopolymer composites N2 - The present work provides a comparative study on the interface and adhesion properties of surface modified single glass fibers embedded in an acrylate matrix. To facilitate a covalent bonding at the fibermatrix interface, the fibers are functionalized with selected organosilanes that comprise either passive (unsaturated C¼C bonds of methacrylate moieties) or photoactive functionalities (photocleavable bis(acyl)phosphane oxide groups). Immobilization of the functional silanes is carried out by a classic silanization reaction involving a condensation reaction across the surface hydroxyl groups of the inorganic glass fibers. The change of the physico-chemical properties of the fibers due to desizing and subsequent surface modification is monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and zeta potential measurements. In addition, scanning electron microscopy is used to follow the changes in surface morphology. After the modification step, the desized and modified single fibers are embedded in a photocurable acrylate resin formulation. By performing single fiber pull-out tests, maximum pull-out force, friction strength and apparent interfacial shear strength are determined as a function of the coupled silanes. The results reveal that the attached organosilanes lead to a significant increase in adhesion strength, whilst the performance of the photo-cleavable organosilane is superior to the passive methacryl-functional derivative. KW - Photocleavable organosilanes KW - Fiber-matrix interface KW - Photopolymer composites KW - Single fiber pull-out test KW - Surface modification PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.03.020 SN - 0032-3861 VL - 141 SP - 221 EP - 231 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - New York AN - OPUS4-44784 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaiser, T. M. A1 - Braune, C. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Schulz-Kornas, E. T1 - Nano-indentation of native phytoliths and dental tissues: implications for herbivore-plant combat and dental wear proxies N2 - Tooth wear induced by abrasive particles is a key process affecting dental function and life expectancy in mammals. Abrasive particles may be plant endogenous opal phytoliths, exogene wind-blown quartz dust or rain borne mineral particles ingested by mammals. Nano-indentation hardness of abrasive particles and dental tissues is a significant yet not fully established parameter of this tribological system. We provide consistent nano-indentation hardness data for some of the major antagonists in the dental tribosystem (tooth enamel, tooth dentine and opaline phytoliths from silica controlled cultivation). All indentation data were gathered from native tissues under stable and controlled conditions and thus maximize comparability to natural systems. Here we show that native (hydrated) wild boar enamel exceeds any hardness measures known for dry herbivore tooth enamel by at least 3 GPa. The native tooth enamel is not necessarily softer then environmental quartz grit, although there is little overlap. The native hardness of the tooth enamel exceeds that of any silica phytolith hardness recently published. Further, we find that native reed phytoliths equal native suine dentine in hardness, but does not exceed native suine enamel. We also find that native suine enamel is significantly harder than dry enamel and dry phytoliths are harder than native phytoliths. Our data challenge the claim that the culprit of tooth wear may be the food we chew, but suggest instead that wear may relates more to exogenous than endogenous abrasives. KW - Phytolith KW - Indentation hardness KW - Enamel KW - Dentine KW - Tooth wear PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-451417 UR - http://zoobank.org/5C7DBB2B-B27D-4CE6-9656-33C4A0DA0F39 DO - https://doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.2.22678 VL - 2 SP - 55 EP - 63 PB - PENSOFT CY - USA AN - OPUS4-45141 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, Luman A1 - de Greef, Nils A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Van Bilzen, Bart A1 - Locquet, Jean-Pierre A1 - Verpoest, Ignaas A1 - Won Seo, Jin T1 - Carbon nanotube-grafted carbon fiber polymer composites: Damage characterization on the micro scale N2 - Multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) e carbon fibers (CFs)hybrid materials were produced by directly growing CNTs on CFs by means of chemical vapor deposition. For the latter, the oxidative dehydrogenation reaction of C2H2 and CO2 was applied, which allows growing CNTs without damaging the CF surface. Uni-directional nano-engineered carbon fiber reinforced composites (nFRCs) were fabricated by impregnating these hybrid materials with epoxy. The nFRCs subjected to single fiber push-out tests revealed a decrease of the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of about 36% compared to the carbon fiber composites without CNTs. By means of transverse three-point bending tests performed on pre-notched composite beams inside a scanning electron microscope, the fracturing behavior parallel to the fibers was studied in-situ. The nFRCs showed significantly reduced fiber/matrix debonding while CNTs pull-out, CNTs bridging as well as matrix failure occurred. These results demonstrate that the presence of CNTs in nFRCs affects the stress distribution and consequently the damage Initiation as well as the damage propagation. The presence of CNTs suppresses the stress concentration at the fiber/Matrix interface and reduces the debonding of CFs from the matrix. However, our results indicate that the stress concentration shifts towards the CNTs' ends/matrix interface and causes promoted matrix failure leading to lower IFSS. KW - Carbon fibres nanotubes interface PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.06.004 SN - 1359-8368 SN - 1879-1069 VL - 126 SP - 202 EP - 210 PB - Elsevier CY - Niederlande AN - OPUS4-42202 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Taketa, I. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Gorbatikh, L. A1 - Lomov, S. A1 - Verpoest, I. T1 - Influence of cooling rate on the properties of carbon fiber unidirectional composites with polypropylene, polyamide 6, and polyphenylene sulfide matrices N2 - The longitudinal and transverse strength of three unidirectional thermoplastic prepreg systems: carbon fiber/polypropylene (CF/PP), polyamide 6 (CF/PA6), and polyphenylene sulfide (CF/PPS) are studied and analytical formulas are proposed for the estimation of matrix and fiber/matrix interface properties from composites properties. Since the matrices are semi-crystalline thermoplastics, the influence of cooling rate on the strength is statistically evaluated. While the 0° tensile strength is found to be independent of the cooling rate, the 90° tensile strength is strongly influenced by the matrix type and cooling rate. The matrix modulus increases as the cooling rate is decreased; the degree of crystallinity also increases. The matrix residual stress, interfacial shear strength, and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness are also found to depend on the cooling rate, with the trends different for different matrices. KW - Matrix residual stress KW - Thermoplastic prepreg KW - Unidirectional composites KW - Cooling rate KW - Interfacial strength PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/09243046.2019.1651083 SN - 0924-3046 SN - 1568-5519 N1 - Die originale japanische Version des Artikels erschien in: Journal of the Japan Society for Composite Materials, Jg. 44, Nr. 4 (2018), S. 123-128. - The original Japanese version of the article was published in: Journal of the Japan Society for Composite Materials, vol. 44, no. 4 (2018), pp. 123-128. VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 101 EP - 113 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London AN - OPUS4-45433 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Valentini, Martino A1 - De Almeida, Olivier A1 - Kakkonen, Markus A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Dorigato, Andrea A1 - Kallio, Pasi A1 - Fredi, Giulia T1 - Effect of fiber surface state on the thermomechanical and interfacial properties of in situ polymerized polyamide 6/basalt fiber composites N2 - This study investigates the thermomechanical properties and interfacial adhesion of novel in-situ polymerized anionic polyamide 6 (aPA6) composites reinforced with basalt fibers (BF). The impact of different BF surface states - as-received (BFa), ethanol-washed (BFw), and thermally desized (BFu) on composite performance is examined through a comprehensive approach. For the first time, anionic PA6/BF composites with very low residual monomer content were successfully produced via thermoplastic resin transfer molding (tRTM). The PA6/BFw composites exhibited the highest interlaminar/interfacial shear strength in short beam shear test (52 ±8 MPa) and fiber push out test (34 ± 11 MPa) tests. Fiber microdebonding test, performed only on PA6/BFw, yielded a low interfacial shear strength (12 ± 4 MPa), which was attributed to droplet porosity resulting from concurrent polymerization and crystallization. Thermal desizing significantly deteriorated interfacial strength (19.6 ± 1.2 MPa in short beam shear test). This multi-technique characterization provides insights into optimizing the fiber–matrix adhesion in these advanced thermoplastic composites. KW - Anionic Polyamide 6 KW - Reactive thermoplastics KW - Basalt fibers KW - Microdebonding KW - Fiber push out KW - Short beam shear test PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-623596 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2024.108681 SN - 1878-5840 VL - 190 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Niederlande AN - OPUS4-62359 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Testing the fibre matrix interface of short glass fibre reinforced PMCs with using the push out technique N2 - With this presentation, the push-out technique is explained. The focus of the experimental work is on the characterization of the fiber-matrix interface of short fiber reinforced composites. The reinforcing component was glass fibers and the matrix polymer was PA6.6 and PPA. It is demonstrated for the first time that the push-out technique ca be applied on injection molded short fiber PMC and is sensitive to the mechanical interface properties. Further studies are planned on the influence of multiple processing, the temperature and humidity. T2 - Composirtes United Workshop „Fiber Matrix Interphases“ CY - Online meeting DA - 09.11.2023 KW - Polymer Matrix Composite KW - Glass Fibres KW - PA6.6 KW - PPA KW - Push-out Test KW - Interface Strength PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-59053 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krauklis, A. E. A1 - Starovka, O. A1 - Gibhardt, D. A1 - Aouissi, H. A. A1 - Burlakovs, J. A1 - Sabalina, A. A1 - Fiedler, Bodo A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Reversible and irreversible effects on the epoxy GFRP fiber-matrix interphase due to hydrothermal aging N2 - Epoxy R-Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composite plates were hydrothermally aged at 60 ◦C for 23, 75, and 133 days. The water content reached 0.97 wt%, 1.45 wt% and 1.63 wt%, respectively. The studied GFRP matrix was inert to hydrolysis or chain scission, allowing for investigation of irreversible changes in the fiber-matrix interphase due to hydrothermal aging upon re-drying. During each period, a subset of the specimens was removed from the water bath and dried in a chamber. The weight loss upon drying was explained with epoxy leaching (impurities), sizing-rich interphase hydrolysis, glass fiber surface hydrolysis, accumulated degradation products escaping, and water changing state from bound to free. The influence of hydrothermal aging on the fiber-matrix interfacial properties was investigated. Lower interfacial strength of hydrothermally aged (wet) samples was attributed to plasticization of the epoxy, plasticization and degradation of the sizing-rich interphase (including formation of hydrolytic flaws), and hydrolytic degradation of the glass fiber surface. The kinetics of epoxy-compatible epoxysilane W2020 sizing-rich interphase hydrolysis provided an estimate of ca. 1.49%, 4.80%, and 8.49% of the total composite interphase degraded after 23, 75, and 133 days, respectively. At these conditions, the interface lost 39%, 48%, and 51% of its strength. Upon re-drying the specimens, a significant part of the interfacial strength was regained. Furthermore, an upward trend was observed, being 13%, 10% and 3% strength, respectively; thus, indicating a possibility of partial recovery of properties. KW - GFRP KW - Hydrothermal Ageging KW - Interphase KW - Water Diffusion KW - Desorption KW - Interfacial Strength PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-581554 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2023.100395 SN - 2666-6820 VL - 12 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam, Niederlande AN - OPUS4-58155 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Einzelfaserausdrück und -durchdrückversuche T2 - Wissenschaftskolloquium "Nanotechnologie für Kunststoffverbunde", Haus der Wissenschaft, Veranstalter: Virtuelles Institut Nanotechnologie in Polymer Composites CY - Braunschweig, Deutschland DA - 2014-09-30 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32040 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Carbonfaserverstärkte Polymere als Energiespeicher T2 - 47. Metallurgisches Seminar "Materialien für die Energieerzeugung, -nutzung und -speicherung" CY - Wernigerode, Deutschland DA - 2014-11-11 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32041 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Prüfung der Faser-Matrix-Wechselwirkung in Kompositen mittels Einzelfaser push- und pull-out Methoden T2 - 4. Wildauer Duromer-Tagung, TH Wildau CY - Wildau, Deutschland DA - 2014-03-03 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32036 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Mechanical characterization of the fiber-matrix interface in brittle and ductile polymers by using pull-out and push-out tests T2 - COMPO2014 Nanocomposites&Biocomposites, Weizmann Institute of Science CY - Rehovot, Israel DA - 2014-04-28 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32037 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Was war die Schadensursache - was der Folgeschaden? T2 - polymertec 14 gemeinsam mit 14. Problemseminar "Deformation und Bruchverhalten von Kunststoffen", Hochschule Merseburg CY - Merseburg, Deutschland DA - 2014-06-25 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32038 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Verbundwerkstoffe als Energiespeicher T2 - 4. Umwelt- und Technologietag, Fa. Brose CY - Coburg, Deutschland DA - 2014-09-25 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32039 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shirshova, N. A1 - Bismarck, A. A1 - Carreyette, S. A1 - Fontana, Q.P.V. A1 - Greenhalgh, E.S. A1 - Jacobsson, P. A1 - Johansson, P. A1 - Marczewski, M.J. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Kucernak, A.R.J. A1 - Scheers, J. A1 - Shaffer, M.S.P. A1 - Steinke, J.H.G. A1 - Wienrich, Malte T1 - Structural supercapacitor electrolytes based on bicontinuous ionic liquid-epoxy resin systems N2 - 'Structural electrolytes' retain the desirable mechanical characteristics of structural (epoxy) resins whilst introducing sufficient ionic conductivity to operate as electrolytes in electrochemical devices. Here, a series of ionic liquid–epoxy resin composites were prepared to identify the optimum system microstructure required to achieve a high level of multifunctionality. The ionic conductivity, mechanical properties, thermal stability and morphology of the cured epoxy based structural electrolytes were studied as a function of phase composition for three fully formulated high performance structural epoxy systems. At only 30 wt% of structural resin and 70 wt% of ionic liquid based electrolyte, stiff monolithic plaques with thicknesses of 2–3 mm were obtained with a room temperature ionic conductivity of 0.8 mS cm-1 and a Young's modulus of 0.2 GPa. This promising performance can be attributed to a long characteristic length scale spinodal microstructure, suggesting routes to further optimisation in the future. KW - Epoxy KW - Ionic liquid KW - Supercapacitor PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta13163g SN - 2050-7496 SN - 2050-7488 VL - 1 IS - 48 SP - 15300 EP - 15309 PB - RSC CY - London [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-29735 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - ElAbshihy, K. T1 - Circumventing boundary effects while characterizing epoxy/copper interphases using nanoindentation N2 - Characterization of the size and mechanical properties of interphases is essential when designing multicomponent materials. When nanoindentation is used to investigate the size and mechanical properties of an interphase, a common challenge is that the indenter or the stress zone formed around it are often restricted by the reinforcement, making it difficult to distinguish the mechanical property variations caused by the interphase itself from those caused by the boundary effect. In this work, a testing system was developed that allows determining the indent affected zone and accounting for it in the interphase measurements of an epoxy/Cu system. Using finite element analysis, we confirmed the validity of the proposed system. Nanoindentation was used to investigate the Interphase between copper and two different epoxy systems; amine-cured and anhydride-cured. Nanoindentation results showed that a copper layer that is only 10 nm thick still exhibits a constriction effect on the indentations in its vicinity. The amine-cured epoxy did not show any sign of interphase existence using the introduced method. However, a soft interphase with a thickness of ~1.7 μm was measured on theanhydride-cured epoxy. Furthermore, we show that the proposed system can be used to determine the interphase thickness as well as its relative mechanical properties regardless of the indentation depth. This system can be further used for investigating other polymer/metal interphases to better understand the factors influencing them, thus helping engineer the interphase size and properties to enhance composite performance. KW - Interphase KW - Polymer-metal KW - Epoxy KW - Copper KW - Composites KW - Nanoindentation PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/09276440.2017.1286878 SN - 0927-6440 SN - 1568-5543 VL - 24 IS - 9 SP - 833 EP - 848 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - UK AN - OPUS4-39128 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Sonderprüfverfahren für Verbundwerkstoffe T2 - Vortragsveranstaltung VDI-AK Kunststofftechnik, BV BB an der TU Berlin CY - Berlin, Deutschland DA - 2011-03-17 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-34456 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Qian, H. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Chan, K.L.A. A1 - Kazarian, S.G. A1 - Greenhalgh, E.S. A1 - Bismarck, A. A1 - Shaffer, M.S.P. T1 - Mapping local microstructure and mechanical performance around carbon nanotube grafted silica fibres: Methodologies for hierarchical composites N2 - The introduction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) modifies bulk polymer properties, depending on intrinsic quality, dispersion, alignment, interfacial chemistry and mechanical properties of the nanofiller. These effects can be exploited to enhance the matrices of conventional microscale fibre-reinforced polymer composites, by using primary reinforcing fibres grafted with CNTs. This paper presents a methodology that combines atomic force microscopy, polarised Raman spectroscopy, and nanoindentation techniques, to study the distribution, alignment and orientation of CNTs in the vicinity of epoxy-embedded micrometre-scale silica fibres, as well as, the resulting local mechanical properties of the matrix. Raman maps of key features in the CNT spectra clearly show the CNT distribution and orientation, including a ‘parted’ morphology associated with long grafted CNTs. The hardness and indentation modulus of the epoxy matrix were improved locally by 28% and 24%, respectively, due to the reinforcing effects of CNTs. Moreover, a slower stress relaxation was observed in the epoxy region containing CNTs, which may be due to restricted molecular mobility of the matrix. The proposed methodology is likely to be relevant to further studies of nanocomposites and hierarchical composites. KW - Nanotubes KW - Silica fibres KW - Nano indentation KW - Mapping PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c1nr10497g SN - 2040-3364 SN - 2040-3372 VL - 3 IS - 11 SP - 4759 EP - 4767 PB - RSC Publ. CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-34718 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Mechanische Eigenschaften des Faser/Matrix Interfaces in Verbundwerkstoffen T2 - ILA 2010-Berlin Airshow, Konferenz: Composites in der Luft- und Raumfahrt CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-06-08 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21415 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - mechanical properties of the fibre/matrix interface region of composite materials T2 - Eingeladener Vortrag Katholike Universitaet Leuven CY - Leuven, Belgium DA - 2010-07-01 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-23078 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Bestimmung zeitabhängiger lokaler Eigenschaften von Polymeren mit der Nano-Indentationstechnik T2 - 15. Nationales SAMPE Symposium, BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2009-02-18 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19013 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Local mechanical relaxation time spectroscopy with using the nano indentation technique T2 - THERMOSETS 2009 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2009-10-01 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20123 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Marotzke, Christian A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Local failure processes in fiber reinforced polymers N2 - The breakage of a fiber and its effect on the strain energy is studied in a model composite, this is, a single fiber embedded in a dogbone specimen. The fracture process is recorded by an acoustic emission device, the crack patterns are monitored under a microscope. A finite element analysis is performed in order to estimate the energy released by different failure scenarios. The abilities and limitations of the acoustic emission analysis in characterizing different failure types in fiber reinforced composites are evaluated. T2 - ICCM17 - 17th International conference on composite materials CY - Edinburgh, UK DA - 2009-07-27 KW - Fiber KW - Interface KW - Composite material KW - Failure KW - Acoustic emission KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Energy release rate KW - Finite element analysis PY - 2009 IS - D7:8 SP - 1 EP - 10 CY - Edinburgh, UK AN - OPUS4-21295 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Single Fiber Pull-out Test T2 - 4th International CFK-Valley Stade Convention CY - Stade, Germany DA - 2010-06-15 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-23289 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pommet, M. A1 - Juntaro, J. A1 - Heng, J.Y.Y. A1 - Mantalaris, A. A1 - Lee, A.F. A1 - Wilson, K. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Shaffer, M.S.P. A1 - Bismarck, A. T1 - Surface modification of natural fibers using bacteria: depositing bacterial cellulose onto natural fibers to create hierarchical fiber reinforced nanocomposites N2 - Triggered biodegradable composites made entirely from renewable resources are urgently sought after to improve material recyclability or be able to divert materials from waste streams. Many biobased polymers and natural fibers usually display poor interfacial adhesion when combined in a composite material. Here we propose a way to modify the surfaces of natural fibers by utilizing bacteria (Acetobacter xylinum) to deposit nanosized bacterial cellulose around natural fibers, which enhances their adhesion to renewable polymers. This paper describes the process of modifying large quantities of natural fibers with bacterial cellulose through their use as substrates for bacteria during fermentation. The modified fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, single fiber tensile tests, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and inverse gas chromatography to determine their surface and mechanical properties. The practical adhesion between the modified fibers and the renewable polymers cellulose acetate butyrate and poly(l-lactic acid) was quantified using the single fiber pullout test. KW - Composires KW - Bacteria KW - Surface KW - Cellulose natural fibers PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/bm800169g SN - 1525-7797 VL - 9 IS - 6 SP - 1643 EP - 1651 PB - ACS Publ. CY - Washington, DC, USA AN - OPUS4-23162 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Juntaro, J. A1 - Pommet, M. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Mantalaris, A. A1 - Shaffer, M.S.P. A1 - Bismarck, A. T1 - Creating Hierarchical Structures in Renewable Composites by Attaching Bacterial Cellulose onto Sisal Fibers KW - Nanotubes KW - Cellulose KW - Polymer KW - Interface KW - Hierarchical Structures PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200703176 SN - 0935-9648 SN - 1521-4095 VL - 20 IS - 16 SP - 3122 EP - 3126 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-18258 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tran, M.Q. A1 - Ho, K.K.C. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Shaffer, M.S.P. A1 - Bismarck, A. T1 - Carbon fibre reinforced poly(vinylidene fluoride): Impact of matrix modification on fibre/polymer adhesion N2 - The quality of interfacial interaction is dictated by the surface chemistry of the carbon fibres and the composition of the matrix. The composition of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) was modified by the addition of maleic anhydride grafted PVDF. The surface properties of the various matrix formulations were characterised by contact angle and electrokinetic measurements. Carbon fibres were modified by industrial electrochemical oxidation and oxidation in nitric acid, or the use of a traditional epoxy-sizing of industrially oxidised fibres. The surface composition, morphology and wetting behaviour of the carbon fibres was characterised. The interaction between modified PVDF and the carbon fibres was studied by direct contact angle measurements between PVDF melt on single carbon fibres and by single fibre pull-out tests. The best wetting and adhesion behaviour was achieved between PVDF containing 5 ppm grafted maleic anhydride (MAH) and epoxy-sized carbon fibres. The addition of MAH-grafted PVDF to the unmodified PVDF caused the apparent interfacial shear strength to increase by 184%. The apparent interfacial shear strength of this fibre–matrix combination allowed for the utilisation of 100% of the yield tensile strength of PVDF. KW - A. Carbon fibres KW - A. Coupling agents KW - B. Interface KW - B. Adhesion KW - Wetting PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.02.021 SN - 0266-3538 VL - 68 IS - 7-8 SP - 1766 EP - 1776 PB - Elsevier CY - Barking AN - OPUS4-18259 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Godara, A. A1 - Gorbatikh, L. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Warrier, A. A1 - Rochez, O. A1 - Mezzo, L. A1 - Luizi, F. A1 - van Vuure, A.W. A1 - Lomov, S.V. A1 - Verpoest, I. T1 - Interfacial shear strength of a glass fiber/epoxy bonding in composites modified with carbon nanotubes N2 - In recent years, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown on fibers have attracted a lot of interest as an additional reinforcing component in conventional fiber-reinforced composites to improve the properties of the fiber/matrix interface. Due to harsh growth conditions, the CNT-grafted fibers often exhibit degraded tensile properties. In the current study we explore an alternative approach to deliver CNTs to the fiber surface by dispersing CNTs in the fiber sizing formulation. This route takes advantage of the developed techniques for CNT dispersion in resins and introduces no damage to the fibers. We focus on unidirectional glass fiber/epoxy macro-composites where CNTs are introduced in three ways: (1) in the fiber sizing, (2) in the matrix and (3) in the fiber sizing and matrix simultaneously. Interfacial shear strength (IFSS) is investigated using single-fiber push-out microindentation. The results of the test reveal an increase of IFSS in all three cases. The maximum gain (over 90%) is achieved in the composite where CNTs are introduced solely in the fiber sizing. KW - A. Carbon nanotubes KW - A. Hybrid composites KW - A. Polymer-matrix composites (PMCs) KW - B. Interfacial strength PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2010.04.010 SN - 0266-3538 VL - 70 IS - 9 SP - 1346 EP - 1352 PB - Elsevier CY - Barking AN - OPUS4-22171 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Bestimmung der Haftfestigkeit in Verbundwerkstoffen mittels Indentations- und Durchdrückexperimenten T2 - DGM Fachausschuss "Gefüge und Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen" CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 2004-11-26 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-4705 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Mikromechanische Testmethoden zur Bestimmung von Haftung und Reibung in Faserverbundwerkstoffen T2 - Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Institut für Strukturmechanik CY - Braunschweig, Germany DA - 2004-02-04 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-4700 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Mechanische Charakterisierung des Faser-Matrix-Interface mit Einzelfaser-Tests T2 - Werkstoffwoche 2004: Kongress für innovative Werkstoffe, Verfahren und Anwendungen CY - Munich, Germany DA - 2004-09-21 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-4701 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - A model of spherulitic crystallization based on growing lameallae T2 - 9th Microsymposium of Electron Microscopy in Materials Science CY - Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany DA - 2004-05-06 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-4702 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Micro indentation near stiff-soft phase boundaries T2 - Polydays 2004 CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 2004-10-04 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-4703 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Micro indentation near stiff-soft boundaries T2 - "Nanomech5, 5th European Symposium on nano-Mechanical Testing" CY - Hückelhoven, Germany DA - 2004-09-07 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-4704 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Charakterisierung des Interface-Versagens in Faserverbundwerkstoffen mit mikromechanischen Testmethoden T2 - 5. Berliner Polymeren Tage CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 1994-10-05 PY - 1994 AN - OPUS4-5910 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Bestimmung der Interface-Festigkeit oder -Trennarbeit mit dem Pull-out-Versuch T2 - Verbundwerkstoffe und Werkstoffverbunde CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 2005-04-06 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-6084 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Bestimmung der Interface-Festigkeit in carbonfaserverstärkten Werkstoffen T2 - Verbundwerkstoffe und Werkstoffverbunde CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 06.04.2005 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-6085 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Micro indentation and scratch tests for surface characterisation T2 - XXII. Donauländergespräche über die natürliche und künstliche Alterung von Polymeren CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2001-09-17 PY - 2001 AN - OPUS4-7506 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Munz, Martin A1 - Chung, Jae Un A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard ED - Possart, W. T1 - Mapping Epoxy Interphases T2 - 7th European Conference on Adhesion ; 7th EURADH CY - Freiberg, Germany DA - 2004-09-01 KW - Interface KW - Interphase KW - Epoxy KW - Copper (Cu) KW - Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) KW - AFM/SFM KW - DSI KW - EDX/EDS KW - Stiffness KW - Modulus KW - Interdiffusion PY - 2005 SN - 3-527-31263-3 VL - 7 SP - 103 EP - 123 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-10894 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Mikromechanik T2 - BAM, DGM Fachausschuss "Gefüge und Eigenschaften von Polymerwerkstoffen" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2003-12-05 PY - 2003 AN - OPUS4-4088 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hinrichs, V. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Hinrichsen, G. T1 - An Avrami-based model for the description of the secondary crystallization of polymers N2 - A mathematical model for the description of the overall crystallization of polymers has been developed which separates the pure geometric spreading of the semicrystalline superstructures from the increasing crystallinity inside these entities. The model uses the Avrami theory for the geometric part and a freely optional function for the increasing local crystallinity. The two functions are combined by a mathematical procedure called convolution. The free option of the local crystallinity function enables this model to permit calculation of this function, which is not accessible to direct measurement. Thus with given Avrami parameters and measured values of the time-dependent overall crystallinity, this function of the local crystallinity (secondary crystallization function) can be calculated. The model has been applied to test data produced by computer simulations. KW - Thermoplaste KW - Kristallisation KW - Nachkristallisation KW - Sphärolithe KW - Kristallisationskinetik KW - Modellrechnung PY - 1996 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/00222349608220382 SN - 0022-2348 SN - 1525-609X VL - 35 IS - 3-4 SP - 295 EP - 302 PB - Dekker Chemistry CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-11983 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulz, Eckhard A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Auersch, W. T1 - Effect of Transcrystallization in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Poly(p/phenylene sulfide) Composites on the Interfacial Shear Strength Investigated with the Single Fiber Pull-Out Test N2 - The effect of transcrystallinity in carbon fiber reinforced poly(p-phenylene sulfide (PPS) composites on the apparent shear strength was investigated with the single fiber pull-out test. Transcrystalline zones around the reinforcing fibers do not seem to improve the adhesion level significantly. Neighbor fibers hinder the formation of the transcrystalline zone and a ductile fracture behavior can be observed. However, the apparent strength level is slightly higher for composites containing such reinforcing neighbor fibers compared with single fiber composite samples. During annealing a brittle interface can be formed in the multifiber composite yielding a higher level of the apparent shear strength. KW - Thermoplaste KW - Kristallisation KW - Transkristallisation KW - Interface KW - Verbundwerkstoffe KW - Pull-out KW - Haftung KW - Adhäsion KW - Reibung PY - 1996 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/00222349608220393 SN - 0022-2348 SN - 1525-609X VL - 35 IS - 3-4 SP - 527 EP - 546 PB - Dekker Chemistry CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-11987 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - Charakterisierung des Faser-Matrix-Interface mit dem Indentation-Test T2 - Verbundwerkstoffe und Werkstoffverbunde CY - Bayreuth, Germany DA - 1995-10-25 PY - 1995 AN - OPUS4-12008 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Leistner, André A1 - Hampe, Andreas T1 - Characterisation of the fibre/matrix interface in reinforced polymers by the push-in technique N2 - The push-in test is the only micromechanical test method that is not restricted to artificial fibre/matrix arrangements, but allows the in situ characterisation of interfaces in composites fabricated and stressed under realistic conditions. However, with the application of this method to reinforced polymers some problems arise both in the mathematical model for evaluating test data and in the practical performance of the test. Because in some cases the deformation of the relatively compliant polymeric matrices cannot be neglected, an extension of the existing model is required. For this purpose, the elastic energy of the material around the debonded part of the fibre is estimated and included in the energy-balance analysis. Because of the small diameter of the fibres usually used for reinforcing polymers, a test apparatus was designed which ensures a high positioning accuracy in the xy plane as well as in the z direction. In order to minimise thermal and mechanical influences, the microscope for fibre selection and the force sensor/indenter are directly connected together and the apparatus is designed to be stiff in all components. A solid-state bending joint guarantees very precise control of the axial movement. Three examples of the application of this easy-to-handle and low-cost test apparatus are presented briefly in the paper: assess fibre/matrix combinations, measures to improve the interfacial adhesion and the influence of water on the interface. KW - Interface KW - Test method KW - Characterisation KW - Indentation KW - Push-in PY - 1997 SN - 0266-3538 VL - 57 IS - 8 SP - 845 EP - 851 PB - Elsevier CY - Barking AN - OPUS4-12011 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thomason, J.L. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard T1 - A technique for the measurement of reinforcement fibre tensile strength at sub-millimetre gauge lengths N2 - The strength of composite reinforcement fibres is normally measured on samples of much greater length than the actual residual fibre lengths found in many composite materials. This is due to a number of limitations of the standard techniques which are employed. We present a description of a technique which enables values for the tensile strength of composite reinforcement fibres at short gauge lengths to be obtained. The technique is based on an adaptation of a micro-mechanical test apparatus for fibre pullout measurements. Data is presented which was obtained at gauge lengths of 180–380 µm on E-glass and S-2 glass® fibres taken from different chopped reinforcement products. The technique can be used at gauge lengths as short as 20 µm. The data indicates that the values of average fibre strength in these products are significantly below the pristine glass strength values. KW - Verstärkungsfaser KW - Kurzfaser KW - Längenabhängigkeit KW - Glass fibres KW - Strength KW - Mechanical testing KW - Festigkeit KW - Faser PY - 2001 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(00)00122-6 SN - 1359-835X VL - 32 IS - 1 SP - 85 EP - 90 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-12012 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hampe, Andreas A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Meretz, S. A1 - Schulz, Eckhard T1 - An advanced equipment for single-fibre pull-out test designed to monitor the fracture process KW - Verbundwerkstoffe KW - Thermoplaste KW - Adhäsion KW - Reibung KW - Haftung KW - Interface KW - Schubfestigkeit KW - Scherfestigkeit KW - Messmethode PY - 1995 SN - 0010-4361 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 40 EP - 46 PB - Butterworth-Heinemann CY - Guildford, Surrey AN - OPUS4-11988 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulz, Eckhard A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Meretz, S. A1 - Hampe, Andreas T1 - Pull-out of Single Fibres KW - Verstärkungsfaser KW - Verbundwerkstoffe KW - Interface KW - Adhäsion KW - Reibung KW - Haftung KW - Thermoplast PY - 1994 SN - 0945-0084 VL - 84 IS - 5 SP - 25 EP - 26 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-11989 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auer, C. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Krause, T. A1 - Hinrichsen, G. T1 - Crystallization Kinetics of Pure and Fiber-Reinforced Poly(phenylene Sulfide) KW - Verbundwerkstoffe KW - Thermoplaste KW - Kristallisation KW - Kristallisationskinetik KW - Erstarrung KW - Avrami KW - Modellrechnung KW - Simulation PY - 1994 SN - 0021-8995 SN - 1097-4628 VL - 51 SP - 407 EP - 413 PB - Wiley InterScience CY - Hoboken, NJ AN - OPUS4-11991 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krause, T. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Auer, C. A1 - Hinrichsen, G. T1 - Computer Simulation of Crystallization Kinetics in FIber-Reinforced Composites KW - Verbundwerkstoffe KW - Thermoplaste KW - Kristallisation KW - Kristallisationskinetik KW - Erstarrung KW - Avrami KW - Modellrechnung KW - Simulation PY - 1994 SN - 0021-8995 SN - 1097-4628 VL - 51 SP - 399 EP - 406 PB - Wiley InterScience CY - Hoboken, NJ AN - OPUS4-11992 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulz, Eckhard A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Meretz, S. A1 - Hampe, Andreas T1 - Einzelfaserauszug - Eine Methode zum Bestimmen der Grenzflächenfestigkeit KW - Verstärkungsfaser KW - Verbundwerkstoffe KW - Interface KW - Adhäsion KW - Reibung KW - Haftung KW - Thermoplast PY - 1994 SN - 0023-5563 VL - 84 IS - 5 SP - 608 EP - 610 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-11994 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -