TY - JOUR A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Rare events - a probability approach or an ill-posed problem? N2 - Rare events are understood to be events occurring once in a while but with dramatic consequences. Their occurrence cannot be predicted precisely, only a probability might be estimated, for example from past experiences. However, it might be rather misleading to attempt to describe them by distribution curves that apply for frequent or repeated observations, such as the Gaussian bell shape. Alternative distributions have been introduced to characterise the intervals at which a certain event may occur. It is the aim of technical safety and public security to prevent adverse events. Detectable indications that are typical for their course and are observable have to be identified before an incident occurs. Since they should be characteristic for such cases, they themselves also constitute rare events. The problem encountered in any detection system is that nothing is perfect. As in medical diagnostics, true indications may be missed or false test responses may pretend to be something that does not exist. Balancing missed indications with false positive calls is achieved with the aid of the so-called receiver operating characteristics (ROC). However, with the aid of Bayes’ inference it can be shown that identifying signs of a rarely occurring indication is like looking for a needle in a haystack, even with an excellent detection Approach with a low miss rate and an even lower probability of false calls. The inclusion of additionally available information may lead to a more effective search strategy. When employing imaging methods for detecting flaws or illicit items, the identification of rare indications can be impeded by blurring noise or overlapping items. The identification of the features sought can be supported by including information on their typical characteristics by regularisation algorithms. The strategy of such an approach is demonstrated in a simplified example with a plain geometric figure (circle) corrupted with structural noise. The shape of the original figure was clearly recovered. In general, search strategies should aim at an indication typical for the event to be prevented; otherwise, alternative approaches have to be considered, including, perhaps, serendipity. KW - Rare events KW - Bayes statistics KW - Ill-posed problems PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1784/insi.2016.58.1.46 SN - 0007-1137 VL - 58 IS - 1 SP - 46 EP - 51 PB - British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing CY - Northampton AN - OPUS4-35312 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Waske, Anja A1 - Funk, Alexander T1 - Radiographic Visibility Limit of Pores in Metal Powder for Additive Manufacturing N2 - The quality of additively manufactured (AM) parts is determined by the applied process parameters used and the properties of the feedstock powder. The influence of inner gas pores in feedstock particles on the final AM product is a phenomenon which is difficult to investigate since very few non-destructive measurement techniques are accurate enough to resolve the micropores. 3D X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is increasingly applied during the process chain of AM parts as a non-destructive monitoring and quality control tool and it is able to detect most of the pores. However, XCT is time-consuming and limited to small amounts of feedstock powder, typically a few milligrams. The aim of the presented approach is to investigate digital radiography of AM feedstock particles as a simple and fast quality check with high throughput. 2D digital radiographs were simulated in order to predict the visibility of pores inside metallic particles for different pore and particle diameters. An experimental validation was performed. It was demonstrated numerically and experimentally that typical gas pores above a certain size (here: 3 to 4.4 µm for the selected X-ray setup), which could be found in metallic microparticles, were reliably detected by digital radiography. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Feedstock powder KW - Porosity KW - Digital radiography KW - Numerical simulation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-517880 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/met10121634 VL - 10 IS - 12 SP - 1634 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-51788 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dymkin, G. Y. A1 - Konshina, V. N. A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Оперативная характеристика обнаружения как метод оценки достоверности неразрушающего контроля T1 - Requirements for Accreditation Appraisal of NDT Laboratories in Nuclear Power Industry N2 - The operational characteristics of detection have been successfully applied for many years in assessing the reliability of non-destructive testing. The main problems for their use, as in the application of any of the methods for assessing the reliability, are the lack of information about the actual defect situation and the limited number of defects in the samples of the objects of control. An additional problem of constructing an operational characteristic of detection is the lack of information about the size of defects and the lack of a universal size for various types of defects. The article summarizes the experience of constructing operational characteristics based on the results of ultrasonic testing. N2 - Оперативные характеристики обнаружения в течение многих лет успешно применяют-ся при оценке достоверности неразрушающего контроля. Основными проблемами для их использования, как и при применении любого из методов оценки достоверности, яв-ляются отсутствие информации о действительной дефектной ситуации и ограниченное количество дефектов в образцах объектов контроля. Дополнительной проблемой постро-ения оперативной характеристики обнаружения является отсутствие информации о раз-мерах дефектов и отсутствие универсального размера для различных типов дефектов. В статье обобщён опыт построения оперативных характеристик по результатам ультра-звукового контроля. KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Reliability KW - Probability of detection KW - Operational characteristics KW - Comparative operational characteristics PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12737/1609-3178-2021-23-26 VL - 24 IS - 2 SP - 23 EP - 26 AN - OPUS4-53121 LA - rus AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ewert, U. A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Schumacher, David A1 - Bircher, B. A1 - Meli, F. A1 - Deresch, A. T1 - EMPIR-Projekt NanoXSpot: Neue Normentwürfe für die Brennfleckmessung an Röntgenröhren im Makro-, Mikro- und Nanometerbereich für Hersteller und Anwender N2 - Im Rahmen des EMPIR-Projektes NanoXSpot (Nanometre X-ray Focal Spot Measurement) werden rückführbare Messverfahren zur Bestimmung der Brennfleckgröße und -form von Röntgenröhren im Bereich von 100 nm bis 10 mm entwickelt, welche die Grundlage für die Erarbeitung mehrerer Normentwürfe bilden. Diese werden 2022 parallel bei ISO TC 135 (NDT) SC 5 (RT) und CEN TC 138 (NDT) WG 1 (RT) eingereicht. Entsprechende Normen werden auch bei ASTM vorgestellt. Die Norm EN 12543-4 (Kantenmethode) wird umgeschrieben für die Messung von Brennflecken von 1 μm – 10 mm durch Auswertung von Loch- oder Scheibenaufnahmen. Der im Rahmen des NanoXSpot-Projektes neu entwickelte NxS-Testkörper ist geeignet für den Bereich von 1 μm – 100 μm. Von 100 μm bis 10 mm können ASTM-Lochtestkörper verwendet werden, die bereits bei ASTM E 1165 beschrieben sind. Neu ist die Anwendung eines CT-Algorithmus zur Rekonstruktion der Brennflecke, um Lochblenden-basierte Brennfleckkameras, insbesondere im Bereich unter 100 μm, zu ersetzen. Ein neuer Normteil, EN 12543-6, wurde entworfen, um die Brennfleckmessung im Bereich 100 nm – 20 μm mit hoher Genauigkeit zu ermöglichen. Verschiedene Strichgruppen-Testkörper kommen hier zum Einsatz. Das sind die JIMAPrüfkörper, ein neuer Hochkontrast-Strichgruppentestkörper von YXLON (HiCo) und der neu entwickelte Testkörper NxS. Diese werden vorgestellt. Die Messprozedur für Röhrenhersteller wird auf einer numerischen Fit-Prozedur basieren, die über einen Ringversuch im Projekt validiert wurde. Beide Normen benötigen numerische Auswertealgorithmen zur korrekten Anwendung, die als kommerzielle Software und Public Domain – Software verfügbar gemacht werden. Es wird über die zu erwartenden Standardprozeduren und die erforderliche Hardware zur Anwendung der Normen informiert. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 23.05.2022 KW - Röntgenröhre KW - Brennfleckmessung KW - Normung PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-56100 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ewert, U. A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Schumacher, David A1 - Bircher, B. A1 - Meli, F. A1 - Deresch, A. T1 - EMPIR-Projekt NanoXSpot: Neue Normentwürfe für die Brennfleckmessung an Röntgenröhren im Makro-, Mikro- und Nanometerbereich für Hersteller und Anwender N2 - Im Rahmen des EMPIR-Projektes NanoXSpot (Nanometre X-ray Focal Spot Measurement) werden rückführbare Messverfahren zur Bestimmung der Brennfleckgröße und -form von Röntgenröhren im Bereich von 100 nm bis 10 mm entwickelt, welche die Grundlage für die Erarbeitung mehrerer Normentwürfe bilden. Diese werden 2022 parallel bei ISO TC 135 (NDT) SC 5 (RT) und CEN TC 138 (NDT) WG 1 (RT) eingereicht. Entsprechende Normen werden auch bei ASTM vorgestellt. Die Norm EN 12543-4 (Kantenmethode) wird umgeschrieben für die Messung von Brennflecken von 1 μm – 10 mm durch Auswertung von Loch- oder Scheibenaufnahmen. Der im Rahmen des NanoXSpot-Projektes neu entwickelte NxS-Testkörper ist geeignet für den Bereich von 1 μm – 100 μm. Von 100 μm bis 10 mm können ASTM-Lochtestkörper verwendet werden, die bereits bei ASTM E 1165 beschrieben sind. Neu ist die Anwendung eines CT-Algorithmus zur Rekonstruktion der Brennflecke, um Lochblenden-basierte Brennfleckkameras, insbesondere im Bereich unter 100 μm, zu ersetzen. Ein neuer Normteil, EN 12543-6, wurde entworfen, um die Brennfleckmessung im Bereich 100 nm – 20 μm mit hoher Genauigkeit zu ermöglichen. Verschiedene Strichgruppen-Testkörper kommen hier zum Einsatz. Das sind die JIMAPrüfkörper, ein neuer Hochkontrast-Strichgruppentestkörper von YXLON (HiCo) und der neu entwickelte Testkörper NxS. Diese werden vorgestellt. Die Messprozedur für Röhrenhersteller wird auf einer numerischen Fit-Prozedur basieren, die über einen Ringversuch im Projekt validiert wurde. Beide Normen benötigen numerische Auswertealgorithmen zur korrekten Anwendung, die als kommerzielle Software und Public Domain – Software verfügbar gemacht werden. Es wird über die zu erwartenden Standardprozeduren und die erforderliche Hardware zur Anwendung der Normen informiert. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 23.05.2022 KW - Röntgenröhre KW - Brennfleckmessung KW - Normung PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-561029 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-56102 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumacher, David A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Ewert, U. A1 - Bircher, B. A1 - Meli, F. A1 - Sofiienko, A. A1 - Steffen, J. P. A1 - Deresch, A. T1 - EMPIR-Projekt NanoXSpot: Ringversuch zur Untersuchung der neu entwickelten Methoden für die Brennfleckmessung an Röntgenröhren im Mikro- und Nanometerbereich N2 - Im Rahmen des EMPIR-Projektes NanoXSpot (Nanometre X-Ray Focal Spot Measurement) werden rückführbare Messverfahren zur Bestimmung der Brennfleckgröße und -form von Röntgenröhren mit Submikrometerauflösung (100 nm – 20 μm) entwickelt, die die Grundlage für die Erarbeitung eines Standardentwurfes bilden. Der Standardentwurf wird bei CEN TC 138 (Non-destructive testing) WG 1 (Radiographic testing) eingereicht und mit ISO und ASTM harmonisiert. Zur Untersuchung der entwickelten Methoden (Brennfleck-CT, Fit-Prozedur für Strichgruppenkörper) und des im Projekt NanoXSpot neu entworfenen Testkörpers, NxS, wurde ein Ringversuch durchgeführt. Dabei wurde sowohl der angestrebte Überlappungsbereich mit EN 12543 Teil 5 (Messung der effektiven Brennfleckgröße von Mini- und Mikrofokus-Röntgenröhren) und ASTM E 2903 (Standard Test Method for Measurement of the Effective Focal Spot Size of Mini and Micro Focus X-ray Tubes) für Brennflecke >5 μm als auch Brennflecke <5 μm untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt standen dabei Stabilität und Wiederholbarkeit der entwickelten Methoden zur Bestimmung der Brennfleckgröße. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse des durchgeführten Ringversuches vorgestellt und diskutiert, um Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen für die Vorbereitung eines erweiterten Ringversuchs mit Partnern und Stakeholdern abzuleiten. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 23.05.2022 KW - Brennfleckmessung KW - Computer-Tomografie KW - EMPIR KW - Normung PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-561037 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-56103 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ewert, U. A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Schumacher, David A1 - Zscherpel, U. A1 - Deresch, A. A1 - Bircher, B. A1 - Meli, F. T1 - Schnelle Messung und tomographische Rekonstruktion von Brennflecken < 5 μm durch Aufnahmen strukturierter Prüfkörper N2 - Im Europäischen EMPIR-Projekt „NanoXSpot“ (Measurement of the focal spot size of Xray tubes with spot sizes down to 100 nm) werden neue Messmethoden für Brennflecke von Röntgenröhren entwickelt. Teil des Projektes ist die Entwicklung eines zur Lochkameramethode äquivalenten Messverfahrens für kleine Brennflecke. ASTM E 1165-20, Annex A, beschreibt die Bestimmung von Brennfleckgrößen aus Kantenprofilen von Lochaufnahmen für Röntgenröhren mit Brennflecken > 50 μm. Es wurde bereits vorgeschlagen über die Analyse der richtungsabhängigen Kantenunschärfe einer Lochblende und anschließender CT-Rekonstruktion die Intensitätsverteilung des Brennflecks äquivalent zur Lochkameraaufnahme zu berechnen. Die Lochkameramethode, wie in EN 12543-2 und ASTM E 1165-20 beschrieben, ist im unteren Größenbereich für Mikrofokusröhren nicht geeignet, da Pinholes < 10 μm schwer zu fertigen sind und lange Belichtungszeiten erwartet werden. Mit Hilfe exakt gefertigter Lochblenden sowie strukturierter Targets mit konvergierenden Strukturen wird der Bereich mit der Single-Shot-CT-Methode auf die Messung von Mikrofokusröhren, alternativ zur Vermessung von Kanten oder Strichgruppenkörpern, erweitert. Die rekonstruierten Brennfleckformen werden mit Kantenund Lochkameraaufnahmen quantitativ verglichen, um die Messgenauigkeit zu bewerten. Außerdem werden CNR und Messzeit bestimmt, um die Wirtschaftlichkeit der Verfahren zu bewerten. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung CY - Online meeting DA - 10.05.2021 KW - Röntgenröhre KW - Brennfleckmessung KW - Prüfkörper KW - Rekonstruktion PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-561846 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-56184 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Influence of scattered radiation on the efficiency of dual high-energy X-Ray imaging for material characterization N2 - In this contribution, we discuss the influence of scattered radiation on materials’ effective attenuation coefficients at higher X-ray energies. The selected X-ray spectra for the dual-energy experiments correspond to 3 MV and 7.5 MV acceleration potential of the used betatron. Experiments were performed on a test phantom containing step wedges of different low- and high-Z materials. We evaluated the ratio between low- and high-energy X-ray attenuation coefficients quantitatively based on simulated poly-energetic high-energy X-ray source spectra and the detector sensitivity using the “analytical Radiographic Testing inspection simulation tool” (aRTist) developed at BAM. Furthermore, the influence of scattered radiation is evaluated using an efficient Monte-Carlo simulation. The simulation results are compared quantitatively with experimental investigations. Finally, important applications of the proposed technique in the context of aviation security are discussed. T2 - 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Monte Carlo methods KW - Dual-energy imaging KW - Experiments KW - Simulation PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36607 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fritzsche, Sven A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Pavasaryte, Lina A1 - Funk, Alexander T1 - XCT and DLW: Synergies of Two Techniques at Sub-Micrometer Resolution N2 - Direct Laser Writing (DLW) and X-ray computed tomography (XCT) both offer unique possibilities in their respective fields. DLW produces full three-dimensional (3D) polymer structures on the microscale with resolutions below 100 nm. The fabricated structures can be analysed by XCT or X-ray microscopy (XRM), which incorporates additional X-ray lenses, in three dimensions down to a minimal basic spatial resolution of about 500 nm or 50 nm, respectively. In this work, two different DLW structures are analysed via XCT. Internal defects are detected and analysed for the purpose of quality control. Defects and structures with sizes down to 1.5 µm are successfully analysed. A 3D reconstruction and internal, hidden features of the fabricated structures are shown and discussed. In a first-of-its-kind study, we demonstrate the detectability of a single-voxel line inside a fabricated structure that would not be detectable with SEM or light microscopy. Furthermore, the direct fabrication on a PET substrate is shown to overcome the high X-ray absorbance of commonly used glass substrates. Attenuation spectra of SZ2080 and glass substrates are compared to a fabrication route direct on a 170 µm PET foil. The practical aspects of XCT measurements for DLW structures on different substrates will be discussed. KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Two-photon polymerization KW - X-ray microscopy KW - XCT KW - 2PP KW - Direct laser writing PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-560525 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/app122010488 VL - 12 IS - 20 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-56052 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Ways to understand and approach rare events N2 - As a matter of fact, avoiding unexpected events with an undesired outcome is an element of survival strategies. Such events are encountered unexpectedly mainly because they occur rarely. Both, safety and security measures are the main pillars to prevent them by appropriate inspections. Common tools in both areas e.g. are radiological technologies enabling an insight into objects to detect suspicious features without even touching them. Since any of these measures is linked to efforts, costs or even obstructions of ongoing processes, it needs a rationale to invest into an appropriate activity. A putative objection to take action in this direction always could be the question 'when and how often it could happen'. This gave rise to find approaches how to define 'rare events' and how to deal with them. Since they entail both, the frequency of occurrence and the unpleasantness of the possible outcome make them to have something in common with the definition of risk: a combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm. Tackling putative consequences is one side of the coin whereas understanding the rareness of an event is the other, an aspect that worries but not always fully understood. As a first step in approaching the subject 'rare events', the putative occurrence rate is considered in terms of probability distribution functions or their cumulative ones, resp. The problems of estimating an incidence of such an event will be tackled subsequently with the problem of assessing the reliability of diagnostic measures. Any numeric approach of dealing with rare events inevitably remains an ill defined or 'ill-posed' problem that needs additional information for a reasonably satisfying solution. Ways to ease this situation can be found in utilizing additional information, also commonly called prior knowledge, that might be introduced via the Bayesian inference or by regularization algorithms. Simplified models will demonstrate how to apply such tools. As a consequence, there are ways helping to avoid unexpected ad 'surprises' by taking adequate measures in due time upon the correct perception of certain indications. T2 - ECNDT 2014 - 11th European conference on non-destructive testing CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 06.10.2014 KW - NDT-wide KW - Public security KW - Technical safety KW - Reliability KW - Indications and inspections KW - Compensation of insufficient knowledge PY - 2014 UR - http://www.ndt.net/events/ECNDT2014/app/content/Paper/562_Osterloh.pdf SN - 978-80-214-5018-9 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-32302 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konshina, V. A1 - Dymkin, G. A1 - Shevelev, A. A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Evaluation of the reliability of NDTesting in Russian railway transport N2 - Es werden Algorithmen zur Untersuchung von Ultraschallverfahren basierend auf integralen Größen wie Zuverlässigkeit und Genauigkeit vorgestellt, die die Art der verwendeten Techniken, ihre Anwendung in der Praxis und den Zweck der Untersuchung berücksichtigen (Vergleich von Techniken, Einführung neuer Methoden und Prüfanweisungen, usw.). Die Revision der Standards ISO 5725-1, ISO 5725-2 gibt die Bestimmung von Reproduzierbarkeit und Wiederholbarkeit gemessener Charakteristiken, das Design von Reflektoren und realer Fehler vor und bestimmt somit die Zuverlässigkeit zerstörungsfreier Verfahren, einschließlich der Ultraschallprüfung im Eisenbahnwesen. N2 - Algorithms to estimate ultrasonic testing method based on the integrated use of indicators of reliability and accuracy are presented, and built according to the nature of techniques, features of their application and evaluation purposes (comparison of techniques, introduction of new methods, test procedures, etc.). On the basis of the main revision of ISO 5725-1, 5725-2 the estimation of reproducibility and repeatability of measured characteristics determine the design of reflectors and real defects, and thus the reliability of non-destructive testing, including ultrasonic inspection of railways. KW - Reliability KW - Reproducibility KW - Repeatability KW - Ultrasonic testing KW - Railways PY - 2014 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 56 IS - 9 SP - 758 EP - 762 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-31369 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Simulation and experimental results of manual UT-testing of hollow wheel set axles during the education of operators N2 - The reliability of wheel set axle testing is of high importance because small discontinuities caused during manufacturing or rock fall impacts during operation might cause growing cracks during the operation load cycles. While most of the axles are tested by automated UT-systems today, the basic education of railway NDT operators is still manual testing providing the basic understanding and skills for the operators. In Germany it is a common rule that NDT operators in the railway branch need to refresh their knowledge and skills every five years including a refresh examination. The testing results from these exercises and from a parallel round robin test have been sampled at the DGZfP Railway Education Centre in Wittenberge for a period of about 5 years. The results of the operators written in test record sheets were compared with the “true” test crack or notch position in the axles used for examination. In this way the testing results could be categorized into “hits” and “misses” and the “hits” were further evaluated due to correct position and adequate amplitude height. Considering some thousand indications documented by the operators during the refresh examination and comparing transition bow, shaft and seat it was a highlight to see that the operators reach their best detection rate in the transition bow of the wheel axle set while this is often the most difficult part concerning the UT-echoes. Fortunately this is due to their raised awareness in the transition bow region because this is the most dangerous region with respect to fracture mechanics. For two selected axles the experimental set up of 45° and 70° inward and outward UT-testing were also simulated showing clearly the difficulties of the UT-echoes detection of some specific test defects. T2 - XXII Saint-Petersburg Conference on Ultrasonic Testing of Metals and Advanced Materials (UTM 2016) CY - St. Petersburg, Russia DA - 24.05.2016 KW - Ultrasound KW - Manual testing KW - NDT reliability KW - Fault tree analysis KW - Education of NDT personnel PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37013 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Monte Carlo simulation of scattered radiation T2 - Fakultätsseminar CY - Kiev, Ukraine DA - 2008-04-20 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-17373 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - POD Study for high energy radiography using modelling T2 - Conference "NDT in Industry and Medicine" CY - Kiev, Ukraine DA - 2008-04-21 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-17374 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Simulation supported reliability analysis in radiography T2 - The 10th European conference on NDT and technical diagnostics CY - Moscow, Russia DA - 2010-06-07 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-19802 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Scatter radiation in radiography T2 - The 10th European conference on NDT and technical diagnostics CY - Moscow, Russia DA - 2010-06-07 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-19803 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Simulation of Radiographic Testing for POD Assessment T2 - 4th European-American Workshop on Reliability of NDE, BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2009-06-24 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19805 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Does scattering unsharpeness and contrast exist in Radiography? - Monte Carlo simulation and experimental verification - T2 - NDT 2008 - 33th Annual Conference of the British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing CY - Cheshire, England DA - 2008-09-16 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-17969 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - aRTist - analytical RT inspection simulation tool for industrial application T2 - 17. WCNDT (World Conference on NDT) CY - Shanghai, China DA - 2008-10-25 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-18150 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Reliability Assessment by Simulation for Radiography T2 - XX-th St.-Petersburg, Conference UTM-2009 CY - Saint Petersburg, Russia DA - 2009-05-26 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19055 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Simulation for Radiography - Realistic Part and Flaw Geometry T2 - National Technical University of Ukraine "KPI"; Non-Destructive Testing Department: Department Seminar CY - Kiev, Ukraine DA - 2009-02-26 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-19056 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Simulation and Experimental Verification of X-ray Spectra T2 - 36th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Kingston, RI, USA DA - 2009-07-26 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20129 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Simulation of Electron Transport T2 - 36th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Kingston, RI, USA DA - 2009-07-26 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20130 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Radiographic Benchmark Problem 2009 - Scatter Calculations in Modeling T2 - 36th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Kingston, RI, USA DA - 2009-07-26 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20131 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Jechow, Mirko T1 - Scatter radiation in radiography T2 - 10th European conference on non-destructive testing CY - Moscow, Russia DA - 2010-06-07 KW - Simulation KW - Streustrahlung KW - Abbildungskontrast KW - Bildqualität PY - 2010 IS - Paper 4.02.18 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-22765 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - X-Ray imaging and modeling T2 - The Rank Prize Funds Mini-Symposium on Optical Aspects of Non-Destructive Testing CY - Grasmere, England DA - 2008-05-19 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-17510 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Beckmann, Jörg A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Jechow, Mirko A1 - Großer, A. T1 - Fehlergrößenabhängige Kontrastreduktion und zusätzliche Unschärfe durch Streustrahlung reduzierendie Bildqualität radiologischer Abbildungen - Film und digitale Detektoren im Vergleich T2 - DACH-Jahrestagung 2008 - Zerstörungsfreie Materialprüfung, ZfP in Forschung, Entwicklung und Anwendung CY - St. Gallen, Schweiz DA - 2008-04-28 KW - Digitale Radiologie KW - Streuverhältnis KW - Strahlenkontrast KW - Unschärfe PY - 2008 SN - 978-3-940283-09-2 IS - DGZfP-BB 113 (Di.1.A.1) SP - 133 EP - 144 AN - OPUS4-18349 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Belotserkovsky, A. A1 - Samadurau, Uladzimir A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Artemiev, Valentin M. T1 - Kalman Filter Reconstruciton and Image Post-Processing for Flow Pattern Recognition T2 - 7th International Conference PRIP 2003 CY - Minsk, Republic of Belarus DA - 2003-05-21 PY - 2003 SN - 985-6453-90-9 N1 - Geburtsname von Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. - Birth name of Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. VL - 1 SP - 97 EP - 102 CY - Minsk AN - OPUS4-2379 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Tomography (eingeladener Vortrag, 180 Minuten) T2 - World Federation of NDE Centers Workshop on Signal Processing for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University, Center for NDE CY - Ames, IA, USA DA - 2004-07-19 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-5595 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Image Restoration (eingeladener Vortrag, 120 Minuten) T2 - World Federation of NDE Centers Workshop on Signal Processing for Nondestructive Evaluation, Iowa State University, Center for NDE CY - Ames, IA, USA DA - 2004-07-19 PY - 2004 AN - OPUS4-5596 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Samadurau, Uladzimir A1 - Artemiev, Valentin M. A1 - Naumov, A. ED - Thompson, D. O. T1 - Statistical Characterization of Multi-Phase Flow by Dynamic Tomography N2 - The paper presents a special reconstruction algorithm that is capable to monitor density differences in multi-phase flows. The flow cross section is represented as discrete dynamic random field. A fixed gray value is assigned to each flow phase characterizing the material property of the phase. The image model is given by a set of non-linear stochastic difference equations. The corresponding inversion task is not accessible by common tomographic techniques applying reconstruction algorithms like filtered backprojection or algebraic reconstruction technique (ART). The developed algorithm is based on the Kalman filter technique adapted to non-linear phenomena. The average velocity distribution together with the corresponding covariance matrix of the liquid flow through a pipe serves as prior information in statistical sense. To overcome the non-linearity in the process model as well as in the measurement model the statistical linearization technique is applied. Moreover the Riccati equation, giving the error covariance matrix, and the equation for the optimal gain coefficients can be solved in advance and later used in the filter equation. It turns out that the resulting reconstruction or filter algorithm is recursive, i.e. yielding the quasi-optimal solution to the formulated inverse problem at every reconstruction step by successively counting for the new information collected in the projections. The applicability of the developed algorithm is discussed in terms of characterizing or monitoring a multi-phase flow in a pipe. ©2003 American Institute of Physics T2 - 29th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Bellingham, WA, USA DA - 2002-07-14 PY - 2003 SN - 0-7354-00117-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1570197 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Geburtsname von Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. - Birth name of Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. SP - 643 EP - 650 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-2778 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Illerhaus, Bernhard A1 - Artemiev, Valentin M. A1 - Naumov, A. ED - Green, R. E. ED - Djordjevic, B. B. ED - Hentschel, M. P. T1 - Characterization of material structure by dynamic tomography T2 - 11th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2002-06-24 PY - 2003 SN - 3-540-40154-7 N1 - Geburtsname von Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. - Birth name of Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. SP - 243 EP - 250 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-2768 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vengrinovich, V. A1 - Denkevich, Y. A1 - Zolotarev, S. A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe T1 - Tomographic reconstruction and wall thickness measurement with special attention to scattered radiation for in-service inspection of pipes KW - Nondestructive evaluation KW - Tomography KW - X-rays PY - 2005 SN - 0934-9847 SN - 1432-2110 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 15 EP - 34 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - Philadelphia, Pa. AN - OPUS4-11884 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Artemiev, Valentin M. A1 - Naumov, Alexandre A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Rekonstrukcija dinamischeskich isoratscheni v tomografi prozessov - Dynamic Image Reconstruction for Process Tomography KW - Prozeßtomographie KW - Rekonstruktionsalgorithmen KW - Markov-Felder KW - Statistische Estimationstheorie KW - Kalman-Filter PY - 2004 SN - 985-476-268-8 SP - 1 EP - 168 PB - Academic Press of Belarus State University CY - Minsk AN - OPUS4-11606 LA - rus AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Migoun, Nikolai A1 - Gnusin, Alexandr A1 - Stadthaus, Meinhard A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - New Potentials of Penetrant Testing T2 - 9th European Conference on NDT CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-09-25 KW - Eindringprüfung KW - Eindringmittel KW - Normung PY - 2006 SN - 3-931381-86-2 SP - 1(?) EP - 6(?) PB - European Federation for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-13797 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Gewährleistung von Sicherheit und Zuverlässigkeit bei der Endlagerung radioaktiver Abfälle - Eine BAM-Studie zur Integrität von CU-Schweißnähten für das erste europäische Endlager T2 - 200. Sitzung des DGZfP-Arbeitskreises Frankfurt CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany DA - 2006-01-25 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-13893 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Measurement sciences T2 - Workshop on Materials Characterization, World Federation of NDE Centers (WFNDEC),( invited lecture, 120 Minuten) CY - Portland, OR, USA DA - 2006-07-28 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-13879 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Modellierung für die Radiographie T2 - Gemeinsame Sitzung des Fachausschuss Durchstrahlungsprüfung (9. FAD Sitzung) und 33. Sitzung des UA Computer-Tomographie und 24. Sitzung des UA Bildverarbeitung in der Durchstrahlungsprüfung CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-11-28 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-13880 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Research activities and results in explosive detection and person screening T2 - Association Spektr-Group, Research Institute of Introscopy, Institutseminar CY - Moscow, Russia DA - 2006-12-05 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-14310 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe ED - Czichos, Horst ED - Tetsuya Saito, ED - Leslie Smith, T1 - Industrial Radiology KW - Fundamentals KW - Particle-Based Radiological Methods KW - Film Radiography KW - Digital Radiological Methods KW - Public Safety and Security PY - 2006 SN - 978-3-540-20785-6 SP - 844 EP - 858 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-14473 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Monte Carlo simulation for engineered components T2 - 6th International Exhibition and Conference for Non-Destructive Testing and Technical Diagnostics CY - Moscow, Russia DA - 2007-05-15 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-14828 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Analytische Modellierung für die Radiologie mit aRTist - analytical RT inspection simulation tool T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2007 CY - Fürth, Germany DA - 2007-05-14 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-15959 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Podoliako, S. A1 - Skachkov, M. T1 - On Modelling Experiment with Ionizing Radiation KW - Monte Carlo Verfahren KW - CAD KW - Radiographie PY - 2007 SN - 0234-0879 VL - 19 IS - 5 SP - 72 EP - 80 CY - Moskva AN - OPUS4-16126 LA - rus AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Tomography - basics and actual developments T2 - Non-Destructive testing department, National Technical University of Ukraine CY - Kiev, Ukraine DA - 2007-11-28 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-16510 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gollwitzer, Christian A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Mistral, Q. ED - Thompson, D. O. ED - Chimenti, D. E. T1 - Simulation supported POD for RT test case - concept and modeling N2 - Within the framework of the European project PICASSO, the radiographic simulator aRTist (analytical Radiographic Testing inspection simulation tool) developed by BAM has been extended for reliability assessment of film and digital radiography. NDT of safety relevant components of aerospace industry requires the proof of probability of detection (POD) of the inspection. Modeling tools can reduce the expense of such extended, time consuming NDT trials, if the result of simulation fits to the experiment. Our analytic simulation tool consists of three modules for the description of the radiation source, the interaction of radiation with test pieces and flaws, and the detection process with special focus on film and digital industrial radiography. It features high processing speed with near–interactive frame rates and a high level of realism. A concept has been developed as well as a software extension for reliability investigations, completed by a user interface for planning automatic simulations with varying parameters and defects. Furthermore, an automatic image analysis procedure is included to evaluate the defect visibility. The radiographic modeling from 3D CAD of aero engine components and quality test samples are compared as a precondition for real trials. This enables the evaluation and optimization of film replacement for application of modern digital equipment for economical NDT and defined POD. T2 - 38th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Burlington, VT, USA DA - 2011-07-17 KW - X-ray imaging KW - Probability of detection KW - Simulation KW - ZfP KW - Radiographie KW - POD PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-7354-1013-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4716283 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 31 IS - 1430 SP - 605 EP - 612 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-26696 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Uskov, R.V. T1 - Monte Carlo modeling of electron transport using CUDA technology N2 - Statistical algorithms are presented for modeling the interaction processes between electrons and matter. A software implementation has been developed for hybrid supercomputers making use of NVIDIA© CUDA© technology. Standard Monte Carlo schemes are modified for effectively exploiting the parallel computing capabilities of graphical processors. The model of individual collisions (MIC) is used to describe the interaction of electrons with atoms. This model does not include the approximations assumed in multiple collision theory or the continuous slow down approach with the Landau theory for energy-loss fluctuations. The distributions of electron characteristics are obtained from tabulated electron cross section data. The examples discussed in this paper demonstrate the applicability of the algorithms to investigating the interaction of electrons with X-ray tube targets producing Bremsstrahlung. The proposed technique can be used for mathematical modeling in radiography. T2 - 18th WCNDT - World conference on nondestructive testing CY - Durban, South Africa DA - 16.04.2012 KW - Electron transport KW - Monte-Carlo method KW - Mathematical modeling KW - Graphical Processor PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-620-52872-6 SP - 1 EP - 8 (Paper 89) AN - OPUS4-27402 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Artemiev, Valentin M. A1 - Naumov, A. T1 - Rekonstruktion dynamischer Objekteigenschaften für CT PY - 2001 SN - 0025-5300 N1 - Geburtsname von Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. - Birth name of Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. VL - 43 IS - 6 SP - 254 EP - 258 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-1190 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Artemiev, Valentin M. A1 - Naumov, A. T1 - Statistical Estimation theory Approach for the Dynamic Image Reconstruction T2 - 2nd World Congress on Industrial Process Tomography CY - Hannover, Germany DA - 2001-08-29 KW - Dynamic image KW - Stochastic estimation KW - Dynamic reconstruction KW - Kalman filter PY - 2001 SN - 0-85316-224-7 N1 - Geburtsname von Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. - Birth name of Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. VL - 2 IS - Appendix 1 SP - 772 EP - 779 PB - Virtual Centre for Industrial Process Tomography CY - [Manchester] AN - OPUS4-1191 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Gray, J. ED - Thompson, D. T1 - X-ray imaging methods over the last 25 years - new advances and capabilities N2 - The last 25 years have seen an explosion in the number of new x-ray based imaging methods and applications. In reviewing these new capabilities we see that the ability to generate improved data quality underlies a number of the major advances. Improvement in the quality of x-ray sources, in detector resolution and dynamic range, in data analysis methods both in image processing and in reconstruction techniques have yielded significant advances in image quality. In addition to the improved imaging hardware, the use of computers play a key role in extending capabilities in high speed computed tomography, in real time image enhancement, in automated defect recognition and in the development of accurate x-ray inspection simulations. The ability to generate information and to analyze the complexities introduced by typical inspection demands can quickly outstrip even today's computational resources. Developments in parallel computing and computer memory are beginning to managing the huge data volumes now routinely produced and open up a number of new applications. Some examples include high-resolution 3D-image generation with the capability to probe micron length scales, dual energy computed tomography providing improved airport security, materials characterization techniques providing new tool for process development, and x-ray image formation modeling. The ability to model the details of the generation of bremsstrahlung radiation and its interaction with the complex geometry of the object under consideration provide for the first time a means to determine and quantify the optimal parameters for an inspection. These advances over the last 25 years represent exciting time in x-ray imaging, the impact of which will be played out in the next decade. ©2001 American Institute of Physics. T2 - 27th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Ames, IA, USA DA - 2000-07-16 PY - 2001 SN - 1-563-96988-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1373737 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Geburtsname von Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. - Birth name of Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings IS - 557 SP - 16 EP - 32 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-1192 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Sophisticated X-Ray Imaging Modalities PY - 2002 SN - 0007-1137 N1 - Geburtsname von Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. - Birth name of Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. VL - 44 IS - 3 SP - 158 EP - 165 PB - British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing CY - Northampton AN - OPUS4-1535 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Quantitative simulation of back scatter X-ray imaging and comparison to experiments N2 - X-ray backscatter imaging is a well established NDT technique to inspect complex objects using only a single-sided access. In difference to conventional transmission X-ray radiography, the X-ray backscatter imaging utilizes the scattered radiation caused by the Compton scattering effect. In order to achieve high backscatter intensities from a test object, it is necessary to optimize the backscatter system parameters namely the angle between source and slit camera, the slit collimator system, the shielding between source and scatter camera, and the type of detector. In addition, the scatter phenomena in to the investigated object need to be understood. In this contribution, we present a Monte Carlo model McRay which considers all relevant single and multiple interactions of photons and electrons. This model can be used to simulate back scatter techniques. It allows not only calculating the scatter image for a given experimental setup but also registering the spectrum of the detected scattered photons. Both aspects are important to understand the imaging process, to interpret the results, and to optimize the backscatter camera investigated here. Additionally experimental results will be presented and compared with simulations. T2 - 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Back-scatter techniques KW - Measurements KW - Monte Carlo methods KW - Radiology KW - Simulation PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36606 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Back scatter X-ray imaging with twisted slit collimator – quantitative simulation and comparison to experiments N2 - X-ray backscatter imaging is a well-established NDT technique to inspect complex objects using only a single-sided access. We present a specially designed multi-slit scatter camera consisting of several twisted slits which are parallelly arranged in a metal block. The camera projects one image per slit to the digital detector array, where the images are overlaying each other. The aperture is corrected based on a deconvolution algorithm to focus the overlaying projections into a single representation of the object. In order to achieve high backscatter intensities from an object, it is necessary to optimize the parameters of the backscatter system by simulation. T2 - 2017 Far East Forum on Nondestructive Evaluation & Testing CY - Xi`an, China DA - 21.06.2017 KW - Back scatter imaging KW - Computer simulation KW - Aperture focusing KW - Deconvolution PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42084 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Rosenthal, Martina A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger ED - Madalgue, X. P. V. T1 - Reliability investigation of NDE signals N2 - The reliability investigations are dedicated to throw light on the performance of the NDE system with respect to the required aim. This is especially of interest when digitized and processed signals are involved where it becomes hard to assess whether the quality of the system has raised or not. Three different ways to investigate reliability of NDE signals will be described. The first way of investigation, the performance demonstration, is preferred e.g. in the US American nuclear power industry. This is an integral consideration of the non destructive test as a system where the whole NDE system is packed in a black box and only the input in terms of the real existing flaws in the component is considered and compared to the output in terms of the indications of the human inspector or of the automated system. The second – the European tradition – relies on a standardized description of physical/technical parameters of the NDE system which are preconditions for successful system performance. An example for such a standardized set of performance parameters is given in the recently released standard about Xray film digitization CEN EN 14096. The third approach – the modular conception – is a marriage of both: The signal chain is cut into main modules. Each module is assessed in a most appropriate individual way e.g. via modeling calculations. The single results are joint together according to the reliability of the subsystems. Separating criteria for the system were proposed through a reliability formula developed during a series of European-American workshops on NDE reliability. Examples of all three approaches will be given. T2 - 4th International Workshop - Advances in Signal Processing for Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials CY - Québec, Canada DA - 2001-08-07 KW - Reliability of NDE Systems KW - Performance Demonstration KW - Essential Parameters KW - European Standards KW - Radiographic Testing KW - Film Digitalization KW - Austenitic Tube Welds KW - ROC KW - POD PY - 2002 UR - http://intl.gel.ulaval.ca/image_site/abs_quebec_01.pdf SN - 1-571-17091-X N1 - Geburtsname von Rosenthal, Martina: Scharmach, M. - Birth name of Rosenthal, Martina: Scharmach, M. N1 - Geburtsname von Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. - Birth name of Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. N1 - Serientitel: Topics on nondestructive evaluation series – Series title: Topics on nondestructive evaluation series IS - 6 SP - 61 EP - 72 PB - American Society for Nondestructive Testing CY - Columbus, Ohio AN - OPUS4-2007 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten ED - Thompson, D. O. T1 - Special Features in Radiography Accessed by 3D Monte Carlo Model N2 - Standard radiography simulators are based on the attenuation law complemented by built-up-factors (BUF) to describe the interaction of radiation with material. The assumption of BUF implies that scattered radiation reduces only the contrast in radiographic images but does not image object structures itself. This simplification holds for a wide range of applications like weld inspection as known from practical experience. But only a detailed description of the different underlying interaction mechanisms is capable to explain effects like mottling or others that every radiographer has experienced in practice. The application of the N-Particle Monte Carlo code MCNP is capable to handle primary and secondary interaction mechanisms contributing to the image formation process like photon interactions (absorption, incoherent and coherent scattering including electron-binding effects, pair production) and electron interactions (electron tracing including X-Ray fluorescence and Bremsstrahlung production). Additionally it opens up possibilities like the separation of influencing factors and the understanding of the functioning of intensifying screen used in film radiography. The paper intends to discuss the opportunities in applying the Monte Carlo method to investigate special features in radiography in terms of selected examples. It is important to note that the use of Monte Carlo methods is a laboratory type of technique for basic investigations because of the enormous computing power that is needed. For in-field applications such as for inspection planing simplified models are of much greater importance and increasingly in use. ©2003 American Institute of Physics T2 - 29th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Bellingham, WA, USA DA - 2002-07-14 PY - 2003 SN - 0-7354-00117-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1570183 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Geburtsname von Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. - Birth name of Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. SP - 537 EP - 544 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-2777 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Artemiev, Valentin M. A1 - Naumov, A. T1 - Dynamic image reconstruction - General estimation principle for process tomography T2 - 15th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing (WCNDT) CY - Roma, Italy DA - 2000-10-15 KW - Dynamic image KW - Stochastic estimation KW - Dynamic reconstruction KW - Kalman filter PY - 2000 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt00/papers/idn326/idn326.htm SN - 1435-4934 N1 - Geburtsname von Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. - Birth name of Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. VL - 5 IS - 11 SP - 1 EP - 8(?) PB - NDT.net CY - Kirchwald AN - OPUS4-868 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Artemiev, Valentin M. A1 - Naumov, A. ED - Thompson, D. T1 - Dynamic image reconstruction for CT applications T2 - 27th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Ames, IA, USA DA - 2000-07-16 PY - 2000 SN - 1-563-96988-2 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Geburtsname von Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. - Birth name of Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings IS - 557 SP - 1(?) EP - 8(?) PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-946 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Vengrinovich, V. A1 - Zolotarev, S. A1 - Kuntsevich, A. ED - Thompson, D. T1 - New technique for 2D and 3D X-ray image restoration of pipes in service given a limited access for observation T2 - 27th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Ames, IA, USA DA - 2000-07-16 PY - 2000 SN - 1-563-96988-2 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Geburtsname von Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. - Birth name of Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings IS - 557 SP - 8 Seiten PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-947 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - A fast general spectrum model for quantitative radiography simulation N2 - One essential step on the way towards accurate quantitative simulation of radiographic testing is an accurate description of the utilized energy spectrum of X-ray photons. For use in general purpose simulation tools, the spectra of X-ray tubes have to be described by a model covering at least the intended range of applications. This range includes transmission tubes as well as direct beam tubes with varying angles of incidence and emission, for a number of typical target materials. In radiographic testing acceleration voltages frequently reach up to 450 kV for direct beam targets and up to 225 kV for transmission targets, with even higher voltages available or being developed. Currently used models are unable to cover the whole range of configurations. Here a model is presented that employs a unified approach for simulating the photon energy spectra for transmission and direct beam targets composed of arbi-trary homogeneous materials. In order to achieve this, a detailed model of electron transport within the target is employed. The validity of the developed model is shown through comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations as well as measurements for a number of different configurations. T2 - 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Measurements KW - X-ray spectra KW - Simulation KW - Electron transport PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-365959 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - 158 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin, Germany AN - OPUS4-36595 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Markov, M. A1 - Podolyako, S. A1 - Uskov, R. A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Supercomputing the cascade processes of radiation transport N2 - Modeling of the photon-electron cascade progress in multicomponent objects of complex geometrical structure by use of hybrid supercomputers is considered. An approach to computing the cascade processes is developed. The approach has three key properties allowing the effective use of heterogeneous structure of computers for solving the tasks of radiation transport in complex multi-scale geometries. Firstly, two different discreet geometrical description of an object being under radiation is used: triangulated model for photon transport and voxel model for electron transport. Secondly, small parameter of the problem is explicitly taking into account for modeling surface effects (for instance, electron emission). Thirdly, the effective calculation decomposition between CPU and GPU is developed for significant increasing the speed of calculations of processes in question. Modeling of experiment on researching the bremsstrahlung generated by electron beam in Ta target is carried out. Comparison of computing and experimental results shows satisfactory consent. T2 - 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Super somputing KW - Photon-electron transport KW - Monte Carlo methods KW - Modelling PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-365932 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - 158 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin, Germany AN - OPUS4-36593 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wieder, Frank A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Vogel, Justus A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - A Novel Multi Slit X-Ray Backscatter Camera Based on Synthetic Aperture Focusing N2 - A special slit collimator was developed earlier for fast acquisition of X-ray back scatter images. The design was based on a twisted slit design (ruled surfaces) in a Tungsten block to acquire backscatter images. The comparison with alternative techniques as flying spot and coded aperture pin hole technique could not prove the expected higher contrast sensitivity. In analogy to the coded aperture technique, a novel multi slit camera was designed and tested. Several twisted slits were parallelly arranged in a metal block. The CAD design of different multi-slit cameras was evaluated and optimized by the computer simulation packages aRTist and McRay. The camera projects a set of equal images, one per slit, to the digital detector array, which are overlaying each other. Afterwards, the aperture is corrected based on a deconvolution algorithm to focus the overlaying projections into a single representation of the object. Furthermore, a correction of the geometrical distortions due to the slit geometry is performed. The expected increase of the contrast-to-noise ratio is proportional to the square root of the number of parallel slits in the camera. However, additional noise has to be considered originating from the deconvolution operation. The slit design, functional principle, and the expected limits of this technique are discussed. T2 - 43rd Annual Review of Progress in QNDE CY - Atlanta, GA, USA DA - 17.07.2016 KW - Deconvolution KW - Back scatter imaging KW - Computer simulation KW - Aperture focusing PY - 2017 SN - 978-0-7354-1474-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4974711 VL - 1806 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-42429 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Computer simulation of X-Ray NDE process T2 - International Symposium on Computed Tomography and Image Processing for Industrial Radiology CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2003-06-23 KW - Computersimulation KW - Radiografie KW - CAD PY - 2003 SN - 3-931381-48-X N1 - Geburtsname von Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. - Birth name of Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. N1 - Serientitel: DGZfP-Proceedings BB – Series title: DGZfP-Proceedings BB IS - 84-CD SP - 187 EP - 189 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-2872 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Zagonov, V. P. A1 - Zukhovsky, M. E. A1 - Podolyako, S.V. A1 - Skachkov, M.V. T1 - Boundary Description Approach Application for Modeling the X-Ray Transformation in Computational Diagnostics Problems KW - Radiographie KW - Modellierung KW - Oberflächenmodelle KW - CAD KW - Monte Carlo Modell PY - 2004 SN - 1048-5082 VL - 16 IS - 5 SP - 103 EP - 116 PB - Birkhäuser CY - Boston, Mass. AN - OPUS4-4592 LA - rus AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Monte Carlo Simulation für radiographische Anwendungen PY - 2003 SN - 0025-5300 N1 - Geburtsname von Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. - Birth name of Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger: Tillack, G.-R. VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 85 EP - 91 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-1995 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Podoliako, S. T1 - Monte-Carlo-Simulation und CAD KW - Prozeßtomographie KW - Rekonstruktionsalgorithmen KW - Markov-Felder KW - Statistische Estimationstheorie KW - Kalman-Filter PY - 2005 DO - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.100650 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - 210 EP - 218 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-11605 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Are Monte Carlo Model Applicable to Radiological Techniques? T2 - National Seminar on NDE of the Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Kolkata, India DA - 2005-12-02 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-11437 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Durchstrahlungsprüfung am Computer simuliert T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2005 CY - Rostock, Deutschland DA - 2005-05-02 KW - Radiographie KW - Computer-Simulation PY - 2005 SN - 3-931381-64-1 N1 - Serientitel: Berichtsband / Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e. V. – Series title: Berichtsband / Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e. V. IS - 94-CD SP - 1 EP - 4(?) PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-11590 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Simulation for High Energy Radiography and Reliability Assessment T2 - Mational Seminar on NDE of the Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Kolkata, India DA - 2005-12-02 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-11436 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Monte Carlo Simulation Tool with CAD Interface T2 - Review of Progress in QNDE CY - Brunswick, ME, USA DA - 2005-08-01 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-11435 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Podoliako, Serguei A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Numerical Simulation of X-Ray Scattering Processes during Radiographic Inspection of Materials N2 - Abstract A technique for numerical simulation of the processes of forming X-ray radiography images of complex multicomponent objects with allowance for the penetrating-radiation absorption and scattering processes is proposed. The technique proposed is based on an efficient description of complex 3D objects with piecewise-homogeneous structures and uses precisely specified shells separating homogeneous components of an object. Being combined with a developed version of the Monte Carlo method, this approach yields an efficient computational apparatus for analyzing the regularities of the formation of radiographic images of objects’ internal structures. This apparatus is intended for state-of-the-art multiprocessor computing systems. Having been obtained via the technique developed, the results of the numerical analysis of the effect of different mechanisms of interaction between photons and matter (including coherent and incoherent scattering with allowance for bonds of electrons in atoms) on the formed radiographic image of the object’s internal structure are discussed. The advantage of the described technique over the known MCNP program complex is shown. KW - Monte Carlo Verfahren KW - CAD KW - Radiographie PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1134/S1061830906060052 SN - 1061-8309 SN - 1608-3385 VL - 42 IS - 6 SP - 382 EP - 391 PB - MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica Publ. CY - Moscow AN - OPUS4-13798 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Podoliako, S. A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Samadurau, Uladzimir ED - Thompson, D. T1 - Monte Carlo Simulation Tool with CAD Interface T2 - 32th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Brunswick, ME, USA DA - 2005-07-31 KW - Monte Carlo Simulation KW - Radiography KW - CAD PY - 2006 SN - 0-7354-0312-0 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings IS - 820 SP - 574 EP - 581 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-12436 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Samadurau, Uladzimir A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Podoliako, Serguei T1 - McRay - A Monte Carlo Model Coupled to CAD for Radiation Techniques T2 - 9th European Conference on NDT CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-09-25 KW - Monte Carlo Verfahren KW - CAD KW - Radiographie PY - 2006 SN - 3-931381-86-2 SP - 1(?) EP - 8(?) PB - European Federation for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-13796 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Samadurau, Uladzimir T1 - Are Monte Carlo models applicable to radiological techniques? T2 - National Seminar on NDE of the Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Kolkata, India DA - 2005-12-02 KW - Radiation techniques KW - Scattered radiation KW - Monte Carlo simulation KW - CAD PY - 2005 SP - 11 pages PB - Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Kalkutta AN - OPUS4-11835 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Simulation for high energy radiography and reliability assessment T2 - National Seminar on NDE of the Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Kolkata, India DA - 2005-12-02 KW - Radiation techniques KW - Simulation KW - High-energy radiography KW - CAD PY - 2005 SP - 14 pages PB - Indian Society for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Kalkutta AN - OPUS4-11834 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Samadurau, Uladzimir A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Podoliako, Serguei T1 - Monte Carlo radiographic model with CAD-based geometry description KW - Monte Carlo Verfahren KW - CAD KW - Radiographie PY - 2006 SN - 0007-1137 VL - 48 IS - 10 SP - 618 EP - 623 PB - British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing CY - Northampton AN - OPUS4-13795 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Reliability assessment by simulation for high energy radiography T2 - Review of Progress of Quantitative Non Destructive Evaluation - QNDE 2006 CY - Portland, OR, USA DA - 2006-07-31 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-12500 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - McRay - A Monte Carlo model coupled to CAD for radiation techniques T2 - ECNDT CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-09-25 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-13980 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - aRTist - analytical RT inspection simulation tool T2 - 45th Annual British Conference on NDT CY - Stratford-upon-Avon, England DA - 2006-09-12 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-13979 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - aRTist - radiographic simulation for industrial application T2 - 6th International Exhibition and Conference for Non-Destructive Testing and Technical Diagnostics CY - Moscow, Russia DA - 2007-05-15 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-14827 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe ED - Thompson, D. O. T1 - Reliability assessment by simulation for high energy radiography T2 - 33th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Portland, OR, USA DA - 2006-07-30 KW - Simulation KW - Radiography KW - CAD KW - Probability of Detection PY - 2007 SN - 978-0-7354-0399-4 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings IS - 894 SP - 1831 EP - 1838 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-15696 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Analytische Modellierung für die Radiologie mit ARTIST - analytical RT inspection simulation tool T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2007 CY - Fürth, Deutschland DA - 2007-05-14 KW - Radiographie KW - Computer-Simulation PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-931381-98-1 SP - 1 EP - 2 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-15998 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Modellierung digitaler radiographischer Techniken im Rahmen des FilmFree Projektes T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2007 CY - Fürth, Deutschland DA - 2007-05-14 KW - Radiographie KW - Computer-Simulation PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-931381-98-1 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-15997 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Modellierung digitaler radiographischer Techniken im Rahmen des FilmFree Projektes T2 - DGZfP Jahrestagung 2007 CY - Fürth, Germany DA - 2007-05-14 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-15474 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Modelling for film replacement T2 - International Workshop on Imaging NDE CY - Kalpakkam, India DA - 2007-04-25 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-14829 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Beckmann, Jörg A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Jechow, Mirko T1 - Fehlergrößenabhängige Kontrastreduktion und zusätzliche Unschärfe durch Streustrahlung - Film und digitale Detektoren im Vergleich N2 - Die radiografische Bildqualität in ihrer klassischen Definition hängt von Kontrast, Rauschen und Unschärfe ab. Diese Parameter werden normalerweise mit Bildgüteprüfkörpern (BPK) bestimmt. Die Streustrahlung reduziert im Allgemeinen immer die Bildqualität in der Radiografie. Verschiedene Einflussgrößen werden unter Berücksichtigung von Techniken, wie Film-Radiografie, Computer-Radiografie mit Speicherfolien und digitale Radiographie mit Matrixdetektoren, analysiert. In Lehrbüchern und Standards werden das Streuverhältnis k und verschiedene Kontraste definiert. Für digitale Medien werden zusätzliche Parameter wie das Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis SNR und das Kontrast-Rausch-Verhältnis CNR eingeführt. In diesem Zusammenhang wird der Einfluss der Streustrahlung aus dem Messobjekt und dem Detektor bestehend aus Kassette bzw. Gehäuse und sensitiver Detektorschicht auf die Bildqualität ermittelt. Die numerische Modellierung wird eingesetzt, um die Streustrahlung und die Primärstrahlung aus dem Objekt separat zu bestimmen. Die Streustrahlung aus dem Objekt und Detektor erzeugen eine Abbildung des Objektes, die dem Primärstrahlungsbild überlagert ist, wobei das Streubild eine höhere Unschärfe aufweist. Dieser Effekt hängt von der Fehlergröße, dem Abstand zwischen Detektor und Objekt und der Zwischenfilterung ab. KW - Digitale Radiologie KW - Kontrast-Rausch-Verhältnis KW - Streuverhältnis KW - Röntgen Simulation PY - 2008 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 50 IS - 10 SP - 560 EP - 568 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-18346 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - aRTist - Analytical RT Inspection Simulation Tool for Industrial Application T2 - 17th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Shanghai, China DA - 2008-10-25 KW - Computer Simulation KW - Radiography KW - Computed Tomography KW - Ray Tracing PY - 2008 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - International Committee for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Shanghai AN - OPUS4-18584 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - aRTist - Analytical RT Inspection Simulation Tool T2 - DIR 2007 - International Symposium on Digital industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography CY - Lyon, France DA - 2007-06-25 KW - Computer Simulation KW - Radiography KW - Computed Tomography KW - Ray Tracing PY - 2007 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/dir2007/papers/s1.pdf SP - 1 EP - 5 CY - Lyon, France AN - OPUS4-16086 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Simulation of X-ray spectra T2 - NDT 2008 - 33th Annual Conference of the British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing CY - Cheshire, England DA - 2008-09-16 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-17970 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Optimization of X-Ray sources by modeling T2 - The 10th European conference on NDT and technical diagnostics CY - Moscow, Russia DA - 2010-06-07 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-19801 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Analytical radiographic simulation for industrial application T2 - Conference "NDT in Industry and Medicine" CY - Kiev, Ukraine DA - 2008-04-21 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-17372 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Schumm, A. A1 - Tabary, J. A1 - Duvauchelle, P. ED - Thompson, D. O. ED - Chimenti, D. E. T1 - A proposed benchmark problem for scatter calculations in radiographic modelling T2 - 35th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Chicago, IL, USA DA - 2008-07-20 KW - Radiography KW - Justifications or modifications of Monte Carlo methods KW - Emission KW - Absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation KW - X-ray scattering KW - Radiographie KW - Simulation KW - Benchmark KW - Monte Carlo Verfahren KW - Streustrahlung PY - 2009 SN - 978-0-7354-0629-2 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings IS - 1096 SP - 1930 EP - 1937 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-20134 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Monte Carlo Simulating the electron emission from surfaces of objects being under radiation T2 - The 10th European conference on NDT and technical diagnostics CY - Moscow, Russia DA - 2010-06-07 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-19804 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Schumm, A. A1 - Tabary, J. A1 - Duvauchelle, P. ED - Thompson, D.O. ED - Chimenti, D.E. T1 - Radiographic benchmark problem 2009 - scatter calculations in modelling T2 - 36th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Kingston, RI, USA DA - 2009-07-26 KW - Radiography KW - Justifications or modifications of Monte Carlo methods KW - Emission KW - Absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation KW - X-ray scattering KW - Simulation KW - Röntgenspektrum Benchmark KW - Monte Carlo Modell PY - 2010 SN - 978-0-7354-0748-0 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 1211 SP - 2117 EP - 2124 CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-21137 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Skachkov, M. A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten ED - Thompson, D.O. ED - Chimenti, D.E. T1 - Simulation of electron transport T2 - 36th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Kingston, RI, USA DA - 2009-07-26 KW - Electron transport KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Stopping power KW - Simulation KW - Elektronentransport PY - 2010 SN - 978-0-7354-0748-0 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 1211 SP - 572 EP - 578 CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-21134 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Warrikhoff, A. ED - Thompson, D.O. ED - Chimenti, D.E. T1 - Simulation and experimental verification of X-ray spectra T2 - 36th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Kingston, RI, USA DA - 2009-07-26 KW - X-ray KW - Spectrum KW - Simulation KW - Röntgenspektrum KW - Dekonvolution PY - 2010 SN - 978-0-7354-0748-0 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 1211 SP - 535 EP - 540 CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-21136 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Skachkov, M. A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas T1 - Monte Carlo simulating the electron emission from surfaces of objects being under radiation T2 - 10th European conference on non-destructive testing CY - Moscow, Russia DA - 2010-06-07 KW - Simulation KW - Elektronentransport PY - 2010 IS - Paper 4.02.18 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-22764 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Warrikhoff, A. T1 - Optimization of X-ray sources by modeling T2 - 10th European conference on non-destructive testing CY - Moscow, Russia DA - 2010-06-07 KW - Simulation KW - Elektronentransport KW - Röntgenquellen PY - 2010 IS - Paper 4.02.18 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-22766 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Simulation supported reliability analysis in radiography T2 - 10th European conference on non-destructive testing CY - Moscow, Russia DA - 2010-06-07 KW - Simulation KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - POD PY - 2010 IS - Paper 4.02.18 SP - 1 EP - 13 AN - OPUS4-22767 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Scatter Ratio at High Energies - Simulation and Experiments T2 - BINDT - NDT 2010 CY - Cardiff, Wales DA - 2010-09-14 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-22787 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Przybilla, Waldemar ED - Thompson, D.O. ED - Chimenti, D.E. T1 - Measurement and modeling of scatter ratios at high energies N2 - Determining scatter ratios at high energies (> ~ 1MeV) presents challenges not immediately obvious from measurements at conventional X-ray energies. This includes reduced attenuation even in heavy elements as well as a stronger forward bias of scattering. In order to check the reliability of different measurement setups with regard to material thicknesses, distances, and collimation, attenuation and scattering were separately simulated using a Monte Carlo model. The simulation results help in understanding the sources of radiation scattered into the detection area, thereby aiding in eliminating undesired contributions. T2 - 37th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 18.07.2010 KW - Radiography KW - Optimisation KW - X-ray detection KW - Simulation KW - High energy KW - Co-60 KW - Modeling KW - Scatter PY - 2011 SN - 978-0-7354-0888-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3591895 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings IS - 1335 SP - 517 EP - 524 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-25358 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Measurement and modeling of scatter ratios at high energies T2 - QNDE 2010 CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 2010-07-18 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-25383 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Gollwitzer, Christian A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Radiographic simulator aRTist: version 2 N2 - Computer simulation of radiography can be used for different purposes in NDT, such as qualification of NDT systems, optimization of radiographic parameters, feasibility analysis, model-based data interpretation, and training of NDT/NDE personnel. BAM has been working on modeling in the field of radiographic testing for many years. With the gathered theoretical background and the familiarity with practical requirements of industrial application the simulation software aRTist has been developed. This analytical simulator includes a description of the radiation source, the interaction of radiation with test pieces and flaws, and the detection process with special focus on film and digital industrial radiology. It features high processing speed with nearinteractive frame rates and a high level of realism. Here we focus on the recent developments of the simulator, notably the release of aRTist version 2. Extended functionality regarding automated virtual computed tomography now allows for arbitrary scan paths. Another program extension supports reliability investigations and provides a user interface for planning automatic simulations with varying parameters and defects. T2 - 18th WCNDT - World conference on nondestructive testing CY - Durban, South Africa DA - 16.04.2012 KW - X-ray imaging KW - Radiographic testing KW - Simulation KW - Computed tomography PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-620-52872-6 SP - 1 EP - 7 (Paper 333) AN - OPUS4-27398 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -