TY - JOUR A1 - Quercia, G. A1 - Van der Putten, J.J.G. A1 - Hüsken, Götz A1 - Brouwers, H.J.H. T1 - Photovoltaic's silica-rich waste sludge as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) N2 - Waste sludge, a solid recovered from wastewater of photovoltaic-industries, composes of agglomerates of nano-particles like SiO2 and CaCO3. This sludge deflocculates in aqueous solutions into nano-particles smaller than 1 µm. Thus, this sludge constitutes a potentially hazardous waste when it is improperly disposed. Due to its high content of amorphous SiO2, this sludge has a potential use as supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in concrete. In this study the main properties of three different samples of photovoltaic's silica-rich waste sludge (nSS) were physically and chemically characterized. The characterization techniques included: scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen physical adsorption isotherm (BET method), density by Helium pycnometry, particle size distribution determined by laser light scattering (LLS) and zeta-potential measurements by dynamic light scattering (DLS). In addition, a dispersability study was performed to design stable slurries to be used as liquid additives for the concrete production on site. The effects on the hydration kinetics of cement pastes by the incorporation of nSS in the designed slurries were determined using an isothermal calorimeter. A compressive strength test of standard mortars with 7% of cement replacement was performed to determine the pozzolanic activity of the waste nano-silica sludge. Finally, the hardened system was fully characterized to determine the phase composition. The results demonstrate that the nSS can be utilized as SCM to replace portion of cement in mortars, thereby decreasing the CO2 footprint and the environmental impact of concrete. KW - Nano-silica sludge (D) KW - Supplementary cementitious materials (D) KW - Pozzolanic index (C) KW - Mortar (E) PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.08.010 SN - 0008-8846 SN - 1873-3948 VL - 54 SP - 161 EP - 179 PB - Pergamon Press CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-30384 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Thieme-Hack, M. A1 - Berghaus, U. A1 - Brümmer, F. A1 - Elsner, U. A1 - Färber, C. A1 - Frank, D. A1 - Illgas, M. A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Kathage, J. A1 - Leers, A. A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Röger-Göpfert, C. A1 - Russland, H.-J. A1 - Schnabel, B. A1 - Schneider, O. A1 - Schockmann, D. A1 - Schomakers, H. A1 - Schwalbe, D. A1 - Stegemann, D. A1 - van den Berg, T. A1 - Kramps, S. T1 - Fachbericht Kunststoffsportböden - Nachhaltige Kunststoffbelagsauswahl für Sportfreianlagen N2 - Kunststoff- und Kunststoffrasenflächen kommt bei intensiv genutzten Flächen als Allwetterbeläge eine große Bedeutung zu. Sie leisten einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Absicherung eines ganzjähriger Sportangebote. Gerade Kunststoffrasen ist aber in den letzten Jahren häufig in die Kritik geraten, insbesondere durch gefährliche Inhaltsstoffe und andere negative Einflüsse auf die Umwelt. Dies hat bei Bauherren zu einer Verunsicherung geführt und Fragen aufgeworfen, die erst teilweise beantwortet sind. Die Diskussionen rund um diesen Allwetterbelag haben bereits dazu geführt, dass von Seiten der Industrie viel verändert wurde und neue innovative Lösungen gefunden werden. Der Fachbericht stellt eine Handreichung für Fachleute und interessierte Laien dar, um mehr Klarheit besonders hinsichtlich der Umweltanforderungen zu erzielen. KW - Kunststoffsportbeläge KW - Kunstrasen KW - Umweltverträglichkeit KW - Schadstofftransfer KW - Mikroplastik PY - 2022 UR - https://shop.fll.de/de/fachbericht-kunststoffsportboeden-broschuere.html SP - 1 EP - 70 PB - Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau (FLL) CY - Bonn AN - OPUS4-54390 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Clark, P.C.J A1 - Andresen, Elina A1 - Sear, M. J. A1 - Favaro, M. A1 - Girardi, L. A1 - van de Krol, R. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Starr, D.E. T1 - Quantification of the Activator and Sensitizer Ion Distributions in NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ Upconverting Nanoparticles Via Depth-Profiling with Tender X-Ray Photoemission N2 - The spatial distribution and concentration of lanthanide activator and sensitizer dopant ions are of key importance for the luminescence color and efficiency of upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs). Quantifying dopant ion distributions and intermixing, and correlating them with synthesis methods require suitable analytical techniques. Here, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth-profiling with tender X-rays (2000–6000 eV), providing probe depths ideally matched to UCNP sizes, is used to measure the depth-dependent concentration ratios of Er3+ to Yb3+, [Er3+]/[Yb3+], in three types of UCNPs prepared using different reagents and synthesis methods. This is combined with data simulations and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) measurements of the lanthanide ion concentrations to construct models of the UCNPs’ dopant ion distributions. The UCNP sizes and architectures are chosen to demonstrate the potential of this approach. Core-only UCNPs synthesized with XCl3·6H2O precursors (β-phase) exhibit a homogeneous distribution of lanthanide ions, but a slightly surface-enhanced [Er3+]/[Yb3+] is observed for UCNPs prepared with trifluroacetate precursors (α-phase). Examination of Yb-core@Er-shell UCNPs reveals a co-doped, intermixed region between the single-doped core and shell. The impact of these different dopant ion distributions on the UCNP's optical properties is discussed to highlight their importance for UCNP functionality and the design of efficient UCNPs. KW - Shell KW - Nanomaterial KW - Nano KW - Upconversion nanoparticle KW - Lanthanide KW - Photoluminescence KW - Quantum yield KW - Photophysics KW - Excitation power density KW - Surface KW - Coating KW - Core-shell KW - XPS KW - Intermixing KW - HAXPES KW - Method PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-552075 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202107976 SN - 1613-6813 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Wiley-VCH-Verlag CY - Weinheim, Germany AN - OPUS4-55207 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schiffmann, J. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Martins, Ines A1 - Van Wüllen, L. T1 - In-situ reaction monitoring of a mechanochemical ball mill reaction with solid state NMR N2 - We present an approach towards the in situ solid state NMR monitoring of mechanochemical reactions in a ball mill. A miniaturized vibration ball mill is integrated into the measuring coil of a home-built solid state NMR probe, allowing for static solid state NMR measurements during the mechanochemical reaction within the vessel. The setup allows to quantitatively follow the product evolution of a prototypical mechanochemical reaction, the formation of zinc phenylphosphonate from zinc acetate and phenylphosphonic acid. MAS NMR investigations on the final reaction mixture confirmed a reaction yield of 89% in a typical example. Thus, NMR spectroscopy may in the future provide complementary information about reaction mechanisms of mechanochemical reactions and team up with other analytical methods which have been employed to follow reactions in situ, such as Raman spectroscopy or X-ray diffraction. KW - Mechanochemistry KW - Solid state NMR KW - NMR probe Development PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssnmr.2020.101687 VL - 109 SP - 101687 PB - Elsevier Inc. AN - OPUS4-51283 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jablonka, Kevin Maik A1 - Ai, Qianxiang A1 - Al-Feghali, Alexander A1 - Badhwar, Shruti A1 - Bocarsly, Joshua D. A1 - Bran, Andres M. A1 - Bringuier, Stefan A1 - Brinson, L. Catherine A1 - Choudhary, Kamal A1 - Circi, Defne A1 - Cox, Sam A1 - de Jong, Wibe A. A1 - Evans, Matthew L. A1 - Gastellu, Nicolas A1 - Genzling, Jerome A1 - Gil, María Victoria A1 - Gupta, Ankur K. A1 - Hong, Zhi A1 - Imran, Alishba A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine A1 - Labarre, Anne A1 - Lála, Jakub A1 - Liu, Tao A1 - Ma, Steven A1 - Majumdar, Sauradeep A1 - Merz, Garrett W. A1 - Moitessier, Nicolas A1 - Moubarak, Elias A1 - Mouriño, Beatriz A1 - Pelkie, Brenden A1 - Pieler, Michael A1 - Ramos, Mayk Caldas A1 - Ranković, Bojana A1 - Rodriques, Samuel G. A1 - Sanders, Jacob N. A1 - Schwaller, Philippe A1 - Schwarting, Marcus A1 - Shi, Jiale A1 - Smit, Berend A1 - Smith, Ben E. A1 - Van Herck, Joren A1 - Völker, Christoph A1 - Ward, Logan A1 - Warren, Sean A1 - Weiser, Benjamin A1 - Zhang, Sylvester A1 - Zhang, Xiaoqi A1 - Zia, Ghezal Ahmad Jan A1 - Scourtas, Aristana A1 - Schmidt, K. J. A1 - Foster, Ian A1 - White, Andrew D. A1 - Blaiszik, Ben T1 - 14 examples of how LLMs can transform materials science and chemistry: a reflection on a large language model hackathon N2 - Large-language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 caught the interest of many scientists. Recent studies suggested that these models could be useful in chemistry and materials science. To explore these possibilities, we organized a hackathon. This article chronicles the projects built as part of this hackathon. Participants employed LLMs for various applications, including predicting properties of molecules and materials, designing novel interfaces for tools, extracting knowledge from unstructured data, and developing new educational applications. The diverse topics and the fact that working prototypes could be generated in less than two days highlight that LLMs will profoundly impact the future of our fields. The rich collection of ideas and projects also indicates that the applications of LLMs are not limited to materials science and chemistry but offer potential benefits to a wide range of scientific disciplines. KW - Large Language model KW - Hackathon KW - Concrete KW - Prediction KW - Inverse Design KW - Orchestration PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-589961 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d3dd00113j VL - 2 IS - 5 SP - 1233 EP - 1250 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) AN - OPUS4-58996 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gravenkamp, Hauke A1 - Birk, C. A1 - Van, J. T1 - Modeling ultrasonic waves in elastic waveguides of arbitrary cross-section embedded in infinite solid medium N2 - An approach is presented to model elastic waveguides of arbitrary cross-section coupled to infinite solid media. The formulation is based on the scaled boundary-finite element method. The surrounding medium is approximately accounted for by a dashpot boundary condition derived from the acoustic impedances of the infinite medium. It is discussed under which circumstances this approximation leads to sufficiently accurate results. Computational costs are very low, since the surrounding medium does not require discretization and the number of degrees of freedom on the cross-section is significantly reduced by utilizing higher-order spectral elements. KW - Guided waves KW - Scaled boundary finite element method KW - Leaky waves KW - Ultrasound PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2014.11.007 SN - 0045-7949 SN - 0366-7138 VL - 149 SP - 61 EP - 71 PB - Pergamon Press CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-32348 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Genga, R. M. A1 - Cornish, L. A. A1 - Woydt, Mathias A1 - van Vuuren, J. A1 - Polese, C. T1 - NbC: A machining alternative for dry and MQL face-milling of grey cast rion (GCI) N2 - NbC was studied as the major carbide phase with Ni and Co binders, produced by both spark plasma sintering (SPS) and liquid phase sintering (LPS), and tested as cutting inserts during dry and MQL (Minimum quantity lubrication) face-milling of grey cast iron (GCI) (BS 1452, Grade 17). T2 - World PM2016 CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 09.10.2016 KW - Niobium carbide KW - NbC KW - Machining KW - Spark plasma sintering (SPS) KW - Liquid phase sintering (LPS) PY - 2016 SN - ISBN 978-1-899072-47-7 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-37889 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Wu, D. A1 - Norman, F. A1 - Vanierschot, M. A1 - Verplaetsen, F. A1 - Berghmans, J. A1 - van den Bulck, E. T1 - Numerical investigation on the self-ignition behaviour of coal dust accumulations: The roles of oxygen, diluent gas and dust volume N2 - Self-ignition of coal dust deposits poses a higher risk of fires in oxygen-enriched oxy-fuel combustion systems. In this work, we develop a numerical method, using the commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics, to investigate self-ignition behaviour of coal dust accumulations with a main emphasis on the roles of oxygen, diluent gas and dust volume. A one-step 2nd-order reaction kinetic model considering both coal density and oxygen density is used to estimate reaction rate using the kinetic parameters from previously conducted hot-oven tests. This model is validated to predict the transient temperature and concentration profiles of South African coal dusts until ignition. The computed self-ignition temperatures of dust volumes show a good agreement with experimental results. In addition, it is found that the inhibiting effect of carbon dioxide is comparatively small and oxygen consumption increases dramatically after ignition. Parameter analysis shows that the heating value and kinetic parameters have a comparatively pronounced effect on self-ignition temperature. The model provides a satisfactory explanation for the dependence of self-ignition behaviour on gas atmospheres, thus helping to further understand the fire risk of self-ignition in oxy-fuel combustion systems. KW - Ignition temperature KW - Oxy-fuel combustion KW - Fire safety KW - Self-ignition KW - Numerical simulation PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.10.063 SN - 0016-2361 SP - 500 EP - 510 AN - OPUS4-37885 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Genga, R. A1 - Cornish, L. A1 - Woydt, Mathias A1 - van Vuuren, A. J. A1 - Polese, C. T1 - Face-milling of grey cast iron (BS 1452) using WC-based and NbC-based cutting tools N2 - NbC was studied as the major carbide phase with Ni and Co binders, produced by both spark plasma sintering (SPS) and liquid phase sintering (LPS), and tested as cutting inserts during dry and MQL (Minimum quantity lubrication) face-milling of gey cast iron (GCI) (BS 1452, Grade 17). T2 - 10th Tool Conference 2016 - TOOL 2016 CY - Bratislava, Slovakia DA - 04.10.2016 KW - NbC KW - Spark plasma sintering KW - Ni KW - Mechanical properties KW - Flank wear KW - Chemical stability PY - 2016 SN - ISBN 978-3-200-04786-0 SP - 336 EP - 342 AN - OPUS4-37869 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Riedel, Jens A1 - Hoekstra, S. A1 - Jäger, W. A1 - Gilijamse, J.J. A1 - van de Meerakker, S.Y.T. A1 - Meijer, G. T1 - Accumulation of Stark-decelerated NH molecules in a magnetic trap N2 - Here we report on the accumulation of ground-state NH molecules in a static magnetic trap. A pulsed supersonic beam of NH (a1Δ) radicals is produced and brought to a near standstill at the center of a quadrupole magnetic trap using a Stark decelerator. There, optical pumping of the metastable NH radicals to the X3Σ- ground state is performed by driving the spin-forbidden A3Π ← a1Δ transition, followed by spontaneous A → X emission. The resulting population in the various rotational levels of the ground state is monitored via laser induced fluorescence detection. A substantial fraction of the groundstate NH molecules stays confined in the several milliKelvin deep magnetic trap. The loading scheme allows one to increase the phase-space density of trapped molecules by accumulating packets from consecutive deceleration cycles in the trap. In the present experiment, accumulation of six packets is demonstrated to result in an overall increase of only slightly over a factor of two, limited by the trap-loss and reloading rates. KW - Cold matter KW - Stark deceleration KW - Trapping of polar molecules KW - NH KW - High resolution spectroscopy KW - Fluorescence KW - Radical PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1140/epjd/e2011-20082-7 SN - 1434-6060 VL - 65 IS - 1-2 SP - 161 EP - 166 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-25050 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stawski, Tomasz A1 - Besselink, R. A1 - Chatzipanagis, K. A1 - Hövelmann, J. A1 - Benning, L. G. A1 - Van Driessche, E. S. T1 - Nucleation Pathway of Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate (Bassanite) from Solution: Implications for Calcium Sulfates on Mars N2 - CaSO4 minerals (i.e., gypsum, anhydrite, and bassanite) are widespread in natural and industrial environments. During the last several years, a number of studies have revealed that nucleation in the CaSO4–H2O system is nonclassical, where the formation of crystalline phases involves several steps. Based on these recent insights, we have formulated a tentative general model for calcium sulfate precipitation from solution. This model involves primary species that are formed through the assembly of multiple Ca2+ and SO42– ions into nanoclusters. These nanoclusters assemble into poorly ordered (i.e., amorphous) hydrated aggregates, which in turn undergo ordering into coherent crystalline units. The thermodynamic (meta)stability of any of the three CaSO4 phases is regulated by temperature, pressure, and ionic strength, with gypsum being the stable form at low temperatures and low-to-medium ionic strengths and anhydrite being the stable phase at high temperatures and at lower temperature for high salinities. Bassanite is metastable across the entire phase diagram but readily forms as the primary phase at high ionic strengths across a wide range of temperatures and can persist up to several months. Although the physicochemical conditions leading to bassanite formation in aqueous systems are relatively well established, nanoscale insights into the nucleation mechanisms and pathways are still lacking. To fill this gap and to further improve our general model for calcium sulfate precipitation, we conducted in situ scattering measurements at small-angle X-ray scattering and wide-angle X-ray scattering and complemented these with in situ Raman spectroscopic characterization. Based on these experiments, we show that the process of formation of bassanite from aqueous solutions is very similar to the formation of gypsum: it involves the aggregation of small primary species into larger disordered aggregates, only from which the crystalline phase develops. These data thus confirm our general model of CaSO4 nucleation and provide clues to explain the abundant occurrence of bassanite on the surface of Mars (and not on the surface of Earth). KW - Gypsum' SAXS KW - Calcium sulfate KW - Bassanite KW - Nucleation PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c01041 VL - 124 IS - 15 SP - 8411 EP - 8422 PB - American Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-50849 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Vanrostenberghe, S. A1 - Clarin, M. A1 - Shin, Y. A1 - Droesbeke, B. A1 - Van der Mee, V. A1 - Doré, M. A1 - Marquis, G. A1 - Parantainen, J. A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Barsoum, Z. T1 - Improving the fatigue life of high strength steel welded structures by post weld treatments and specific filler materials (FATWELDHSS) N2 - The objective of the FATWELDHSS project was to study post-weld treatment techniques and their effect on the fatigue life of MAG welded attachments in High Strength Steel (HSS). Fatigue cracks in steel structures often occur at welded joints, where stress concentrations due to the joint geometry and tensile residual stresses are relatively high. Fatigue life improvement techniques, which rely on improving the stress field and/or the surface geometry around the welded joints, are generally known to be beneficial. Therefore, within the framework of this project, the following were examined: diode laser weld toe re-melting; High Frequency Mechanical Impact (HFMI) treatment; Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) filler wires Laser diode re-melting was used to improve the surface profile at the weld toe and thus reduce stress concentrations. HFMI treatment involving high frequency hammering of the weld toe is another technique that can produce a smooth weld toe profile but, more significantly, which also can introduce compressive residual stresses. Lastly, two new LTT filler wires were developed within the project as these can decrease or even remove tensile residual stresses resulting from weld zone shrinkage. An extensive fatigue testing programme was set up to establish the levels of improvement in the fatigue lives of the welded attachments achieved by application of the selected improvement techniques. Furthermore, two industrial demonstrators were selected that could show the project achievements in terms of facilitating the introduction of high strength steels by overcoming the limitations posed by the fatigue properties of the welded joints. In addition, modelling tools were developed to predict the residual stresses at the welded joint. Finally, practical guidelines were developed for enhancing the fatigue strength of HSS welded structures PY - 2015 SN - 978-92-79-44077-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.2777/705266 IS - EUR26929EN CY - Brüssel AN - OPUS4-35076 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nieuwenkamp, G. A1 - Wessel, R. M. A1 - van der Veen, A.M.H. A1 - Ziel, P. R. A1 - Han, Q. A1 - Tuma, Dirk A1 - Woo, J.-C. A1 - Fuko, J.T. A1 - Szilágyi, N. A1 - Büki, T. A1 - Konopelko, L. A1 - Kustikov, Y.A. A1 - Popova, T.A. A1 - Pankratov, V.V. A1 - Pir, M.N. A1 - Nazarov, E.V. A1 - Ehvalov, L.V. A1 - Timofeev, A.U. A1 - Kuzmina, T.A. A1 - Meshkov, A.V. A1 - Valková, M. A1 - Pätoprsty, V. A1 - Downey, M. A1 - Vargha, G. A1 - Brown, A. A1 - Milton, M. T1 - International comparison CCQM-K77: Refinery gas N2 - Refinery gas is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and non-combustible gases (e.g., carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium). It is obtained as part of the refining and conversion of crude oil. This key comparison aims to evaluate the measurement capabilities for these types of mixtures. The results of the key comparison indicate that the analysis of a refinery-type gas mixture is for some laboratories a challenge. Overall, four laboratories (VSL, NIM, NPL and VNIIM) have satisfactory results. The results of some participants highlight some non-trivial issues, such as appropriate separation between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, and issues with the measurement of nitrogen, hydrogen and helium. Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA). DatesIssue 1A (Technical Supplement 2012) KW - Ringversuch KW - Raffineriegas KW - Chromatographische Analyse PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/49/1A/08003 SN - 0026-1394 SN - 1681-7575 VL - 49 IS - 08003 SP - 1 EP - 71 PB - Inst. of Physics Publ. CY - Bristol AN - OPUS4-25931 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - van der Kolk, G. J. A1 - Hurkmans, A. A1 - Trinh, T. A1 - Fleischer, W. A1 - Beck, Uwe A1 - Griepentrog, Michael T1 - Coating evaluation of decorative PVD finishes T2 - 41st Annual Technical Conference CY - Boston, MA, USA DA - 1998-04-18 PY - 1998 UR - http://www.knovel.com/web/portal/browse/display?_EXT_KNOVEL_DISPLAY_bookid=272 SN - 1-591-24158-8 SP - 44 EP - 45 PB - Society of Vacuum Coaters CY - Albuquerque AN - OPUS4-607 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Gibmeier, J. A1 - Genzel, C. A1 - Mee, V. van der T1 - Determination of Residual Stresses in Low Transformation Temperature (LTT-) Weld Metals using X-ray and High Energy Synchrotron Radiation KW - Filler material KW - Low transformation temperature KW - Synchrotron radiation KW - Phase specific residual stresses KW - Energy dispersive diffraction PY - 2007 IS - II-1658r1-07 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - International Institute of Welding CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-15716 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kromm, Arne A1 - Kannengießer, Thomas A1 - Gibmeier, J. A1 - Genzel, C. A1 - Van der Mee, V. T1 - Determination of residual stresses in low transformation temperature (LTT -) welds metals using X-rayand high energy synchrotron radiation N2 - Crack and fatigue resistance are relevant evaluation criteria for welded joints and are decreased by tensile residual stresses resulting from the welding and cooling process, while compressive residual stresses can have a positive influence on the characteristics mentioned. In order to generate compressive residual stresses, a set of post weld treatment procedures is available, like shot peening, hammering, etc. These procedures have the disadvantage that they are time and cost extensive and have to be applied after welding. As another point, such technologies can only produce compressive stresses at the top surface, i.e. can only contribute to the reduction of the risk of cracks initiated at the surface, like fatigue cracks. A chance to generate compressive stresses over the complete weld joint during the welding procedure is offered by the so-called Low Transformation Temperature (LTT -) filler wires. Compared to conventional wires, these materials show lower phase transformation temperatures, which can work against coolingrelated tensile stresses, resulting from respective shrinkage restraint. In consequence, distinct compressive residual stresses can be observed within the weld and adjacent areas. The strength of these fillers makes them potentially applicable to high-strength steel welding. Welds produced with different LTT – filler wires have shown different levels and distributions of the resulting residual stresses depending on the specific transformation temperature. The transformation temperatures are determined by temperature measurement. Classical X-ray diffraction as well as diffraction methods using high energy synchrotron radiation have been used for residual stress analysis. By means of high energy synchrotron diffraction in reflection mode residual stress depth gradients can be determined nondestructively. The phase selective nature of the diffraction measurements enables the simultaneous determination of the phase specific residual stresses of all contributing crystalline phases within one experiment. The application of white beam diffraction implies recording of a multitude of diffraction lines within the energy range of the provided energy spectrum of the white beam. By this means phase specific residual stress depth distributions up to distances of 150 ìm below the surface can be analysed for steel using the energy dispersive set-up of the HMI-beamline EDDI at the Bessy site, Berlin, providing an energy range between 20-150 keV. As a side effect quantitative phase analysis can be carried out using white energy dispersive diffraction e.g. the determination of the content of retained austenite in the weld. KW - Filler materials KW - Low temperature KW - Reference lists KW - Residual stresses KW - Temperature KW - Transformation KW - Synchrotron radiation KW - Phase specific residual stresses KW - Energy dispersive diffraction PY - 2009 SN - 0043-2288 SN - 1878-6669 VL - 53 IS - 1/2 SP - 3 EP - 16 PB - Springer CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-19214 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Faes, W. A1 - Lecompte, S. A1 - van Bael, J. A1 - Salenbien, R. A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Bellemans, I. A1 - Cools, P. A1 - de Geyter, N. A1 - Morent, R. A1 - Verbeken, K. A1 - de Paepe, M. T1 - Corrosion behaviour of different steel types in artificial geothermal fluids N2 - Geothermal energy is an interesting alternative to polluting fossil energy sources. Therefore, in Belgium, two wells have been drilled for a deep geothermal power plant. However, the environment to which the installations are exposed is challenging. The geothermal brine has 165 g/l total dissolved solids (of which 90% are sodium and chlorine) and the production temperature can be up to 130 °C. To assess their suitability to be used in a geothermal power plant, the corrosivity of the artificial brine to three common construction materials was investigated with exposure and electrochemical tests. The metals under consideration are a low-alloyed carbon steel (S235JR), an austenitic stainless steel (UNS S31603) and a duplex stainless steel (UNS S31803). The carbon steel, that was found to corrode uniformly, could be considered as a constructional material if a sufficient wall thickness is chosen. The austenitic stainless steel and the duplex stainless steel demonstrate very low uniform corrosion rates. They are however susceptible to pitting and crevice corrosion. To guarantee safe operation of the geothermal power plant, the susceptibility of the alloys to stress corrosion cracking should be tested and in situ experiments should be performed. KW - Geothermal energy KW - Corrosion KW - Carbon dioxide KW - Carbon steel KW - Stainless steel PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2019.05.018 SN - 0375-6505 VL - 82 IS - 11 SP - 182 EP - 189 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-48759 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Kutnik, M. A1 - Conti, E. A1 - Klamer, M. A1 - Nunes, L. A1 - van Acker, J. A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger T1 - Guidance on the European Biocidal Products Regulation concerning Efficacy of Wood Preservatives N2 - In Europe wood preservatives belong to Product Type 8 (PT8) of the Biocidal Products Regulation (BPR, EU n. 528/2012), which regulates the authorisation of biocidal active substances and products in the European market. The applicant, who aims to obtain authorization to place a product onto the European market, needs to submit data to substantiate the label claims for the intended uses. Label claims are a central issue in the assessment of efficacy. The aim of this paper is to raise awareness of the recently issued “Guidance on the Biocidal Products Regulation” concerning the evaluation of efficacy of wood preservatives. This guidance document is addressed to the applicants as well as to the competent authorities of the member states of Europe in charge of assessing efficacy data, and has been in the public domain, in its latest version, since February 2017. The CEN/Technical Committee 38 “Durability of wood and wood based products” / WG 22 "Performance, assessment and specification” decided to bring the Guidance to a wider audience with the aim of disseminating the information and to trigger discussion among the experts of IRGWP. An excerpt of the Guidance that is relevant to wood preservative products is presented in an Annex to this paper. Keywords: Biocidal Products Regulation, BPR, authorisation, Guidance, PT8, curative wood preservatives, preventive wood preservatives. T2 - IRG48 Scientific Conference on Wood Protection CY - Universität Ghent, Belgium DA - 04.06. 2017 KW - Preventive wood preservatives KW - Biocidal Products Regulation KW - BPR KW - Authorisation KW - Guidance KW - PT8 KW - Curative wood preservatives PY - 2017 SN - 2000-8953 SP - IRG/WP 17-20627-1 EP - 17 AN - OPUS4-40576 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hobohm, J. A1 - Kuchta, K. A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - van Wasen, Sebastian A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Optimized elemental analysis of fluorescence lamp shredder waste N2 - Fluorescence lamps contain considerable amounts of rare earth elements (REE). Several recycling procedures for REE recovery from spent lamps have been established. However, despite their economic importance, the respective recycling is scarce so far, with an REE recovery rate of less than 1%. A reliable analysis of REE and other relevant metals like Yttrium is crucial for a thorough and complete recovery process. This applies both to the solid matter and aqueous phase, since most of the recycling processes include wet-chemical steps. We tested seven different reagent mixtures for microwave-assisted digestion of fluorescent lamp shredder, including hydrofluoric acid, perchloric acid, and hydrogen peroxide. We determined the concentrations of 25 of the most relevant rare earth and other trace elements (Al, P, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Ga, Ge, As, Y, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, La, Ce, Eu, Gd, Tb, W, Au, Hg, and Pb) in the respective dilutions. Two independent digestions, one a mixture of perchlorid/nitric/hydrofluoric acid and the other aqua regia, showed the highest concentrations of 23 of these elements, excluding only Sn and Tb. The REE concentrations in the tested lamp shredder sample (stated in g/kg) were 10.2 (Y), 12.1 (La), 7.77 (Ce), 6.91 (Eu), 1.90 (Gd), and 4.11 (Tb). KW - Yttrium KW - Rare earth elements KW - Elemental analysis KW - Microwave-assisted digestion PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.068 SN - 0039-9140 VL - 147 SP - 615 EP - 620 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-34992 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Hobohm, J. A1 - Basu, S. A1 - Kuchta, K. A1 - van Wasen, Sebastian T1 - Recycling oriented comparison of mercury distribution in new and spent fluorescent lamps and their potential risk N2 - This study compares the mercury distribution in the vapor phase, the phosphor powder and the glass matrix of new and spent fluorescent lamps. The spent fluorescent lamps were obtained at the collection yards of a public waste management company in Hamburg, Germany. An innovative systematic sampling method is utilized to collect six spent and eight corresponding new, off-the-shelf fluorescent lamp samples. The efficiency of several acid digestion methods for the determination of the elemental composition was studied and elemental mass fractions of K, Na, Y, Ca, Ba, Eu, Al, Pb, Mg, Hg, and P were measured. The study also finds aqua regia to be the best reagent for acid digestion. However, no significant difference in mercury distribution was found in the different phases of the new and spent fluorescent lamps. KW - Mercury KW - Rare earth elements KW - Hg distribution KW - Fluorescence lamps PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.104 SN - 0045-6535 SN - 1879-1298 VL - 169 SP - 618 EP - 626 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-38481 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Hobohm, J. A1 - Kuchta, K. A1 - van Wasen, Sebastian A1 - Krüger, Oliver T1 - Recovery of rare earth elements - optimized elemental analysis of fluorescent lamp shredder waste N2 - Rare earth elements (REE) are a crucial component of fluorescence lamps. Several procedures have been developed to recovery these technological important elements. Nevertheless, actual REE recycling from fluorescence lamps is scarce so far (recovery rate of less than 1 %), with current recycling approaches concentrating on glass recovery. Since most recycling processes include several, also wet-chemical steps, a complete knowledge of the actual elemental composition of the respective mass flows is necessary for an efficient REE recovery. We tested seven different reagent mixtures for microwave-assisted digestion of fluorescent lamp shredder, including HF, HClO4, and H2O2. We determined the concentrations of 25 of the most relevant rare earth and other trace elements in the respective dilutions. Two independent digestions, one a mixture of perchlorid/nitric/hydrofluoric acid and the other aqua regia, showed the highest concentrations of 23 of these elements, excluding only Sn and Tb. The REE concentrations in the tested lamp shredder sample (stated in g/kg) were 10.2 (Y), 12.1 (La), 7.77 (Ce), 6.91 (Eu), 1.90 (Gd), and 4.11 (Tb). T2 - 5th International conference industrial and hazardous waste management - Crete 2016 CY - Chania, Crete, Greece DA - 27.09.2016 KW - Rare earth elements KW - Critical raw materials KW - Resource recovery KW - WEEE PY - 2016 SN - 978-960-8475-20-5 SN - 2241-3138 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-37761 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Severin, M. A1 - Breuer, J. A1 - Rex, M. A1 - Stemann, Jan A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Van den Weghe, H. A1 - Kücke, M. T1 - Phosphate fertilizer value of heat treated sewage sludge ash N2 - This study focuses on the question whether heat treated sewage sludge ashes are more favourable as fertilizers than untreated sewage sludge ashes (USSA) and whether their fertilization effects are comparable with commercial triple superphosphate (TSP). In a pot experiment, maize was fertilized either with one of three heat treated and Na-, Ca- and Si-compounds amended sewage sludge ashes (two glown phosphates, steel mill slag + sewage sludge ash) or USSA or TSP as control. Fertilization with USSA did not increase the biomass yield and the P uptake of maize in comparison to the P0 treatment (7.25 resp. 8.35 g dry matter/pot). Fertilization with heat treated sewage sludge ashes and TSP resulted in significantly higher yields and plant P uptakes which are on average eight times higher than treatment with USSA and P0 control. Biomass yields and P uptake of maize after fertilization with heat treated sewage sludge ashes are not significantly different from those after TSP fertilization. The main P compound in USSA is Ca3(PO4)2. By heat treatment and amendment with different sodium, calcium, sulphur and silicon containing additives or steel mill converter slag, Ca3(PO4)2 is converted to Ca- and Na-silico-phosphates, which have a higher water solubility than Ca3(PO4)2. This increased solubility is responsible for the high plant availability of this phosphates. KW - P recycling KW - Sustainability KW - P solubility PY - 2014 UR - http://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/138177.pdf SN - 1214-1178 SN - 1805-9368 VL - 60 IS - 12 SP - 555 EP - 561 PB - Inst. CY - Prague AN - OPUS4-32147 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Provis, J. L. A1 - Arbi, K. A1 - Bernal, S. A. A1 - Bondar, D. A1 - Buchwald, A. A1 - Castel, A. A1 - Chithiraputhiran, S. A1 - Cyr, M. A1 - Dehghan, A. A1 - Dombrowski-Daube, K. A1 - Dubey, A. A1 - Ducman, V. A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Nanukuttan, S. A1 - Peterson, K. A1 - Puertas, F. A1 - van Riessen, A. A1 - Torres-Carrasco, M. A1 - Ye, G. A1 - Zuo, Y. T1 - RILEM TC 247-DTA round robin test: mix design and reproducibility of compressive strength of alkali-activated concretes N2 - The aim of RILEM TC 247-DTA ‘Durability Testing of Alkali-Activated Materials’ is to identify and validate methodologies for testing the durability of alkali-activated concretes. To underpin the durability testing work of this committee, five alkali-activated concrete mixes were developed based on blast furnace slag, fly ash, and flash-calcined metakaolin. The concretes were designed with different intended performance levels, aiming to assess the capability of test methods to discriminate between concretes on this basis. A total of fifteen laboratories worldwide participated in this round robin test programme, where all concretes were produced with the same mix designs, from single-source aluminosilicate precursors and locally available aggregates. This paper reports the mix designs tested, and the compressive strength results obtained, including critical insight into reasons for the observed variability in strength within and between laboratories. KW - Alkali-activated materials KW - Alkali-activated slag KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Mix-design PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-489131 DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-019-1396-z SN - 1359-5997 SN - 1871-6873 VL - 52 IS - 5 SP - Article Number 99 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-48913 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Van Tran, K. A1 - Woracek, R. A1 - Kardjilov, N. A1 - Markötter, Henning A1 - Abou-Ras, D. A1 - Puplampu, S. A1 - Förster, C. A1 - Penumadu, D. A1 - Dahlberg, C. F. O. A1 - Banhart, J. A1 - Manke, I. T1 - Torsion of a rectangular bar: Complex phase distribution in 304L steel revealed by neutron tomography N2 - Metastable austenitic stainless steel (304L) samples with a rectangular cross-section were plastically deformed in torsion during which they experienced multiaxial stresses that led to a complex martensitic phase distribution owing to the transformation induced plasticity effect. A three-dimensional characterization of the phase distributions in these cm-sized samples was carried out by wavelength-selective neutron tomography. It was found that quantitatively correct results are obtained as long as the samples do not exhibit any considerable preferential grain orientation. Optical microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and finite element modeling were used to verify and explain the results obtained by neutron tomography. Altogether, neutron tomography was shown to extend the range of microstructure characterization methods towards the meso- and macroscale. KW - Neutron tomography KW - Phase distribution KW - Rectangular cross-section KW - Torsion KW - Geometrical effect PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-561649 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111037 SN - 0264-1275 VL - 222 SP - 111037 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-56164 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kim, K.J. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Kim, J.W. A1 - Moon, D.W. A1 - Gross, Thomas A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Schmidt, Dieter A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Jordaan, W. A1 - van Staden, M. A1 - Prins, S. A1 - Zhang, L. A1 - Fujimoto, T. A1 - Song, X.P. A1 - Wang, H. T1 - Inter-laboratory comparison: quantitative surface analysis of thin Fe-Ni alloy films N2 - An international interlaboratory comparison of the measurement capabilities of four National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and one Designated Institute (DI) in the determination of the chemical composition of thin Fe-Ni alloy films was conducted via a key comparison (K-67) of the Surface Analysis Working Group of the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance. This comparison was made using XPS (four laboratories) and AES (one laboratory) measurements. The uncertainty budget of the measured chemical composition of a thin alloy film was dominated by the uncertainty of the certified composition of a reference specimen which had been determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using the isotope dilution method. Pilot study P-98 showed that the quantification using relative sensitivity factors (RSFs) of Fe and Ni derived from an alloy reference sample results in much more accurate result in comparison to an approach using RSFs derived from pure Fe and Ni films. The individual expanded uncertainties of the participants in the K-67 comparison were found to be between 2.88 and 3.40 atomic %. The uncertainty of the key comparison reference value (KCRV) calculated from individual standard deviations and a coverage factor (k) of 2 was 1.23 atomic %. KW - Quantification KW - Fe-Ni alloy KW - Uncertainty KW - Key comparison KW - Traceability PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.3795 SN - 0142-2421 SN - 1096-9918 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 192 EP - 199 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-24505 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Genga, R. M. A1 - Conze, S. A1 - Berger, L.M. A1 - Pötschke, J. A1 - Witte, Julien A1 - Schröpfer, D. A1 - Cermak, A. A1 - Zeman, P. A1 - Ngongo, S. A1 - Janse van Vuuren, A. T1 - Enhanced Fe and Ni bonded NbC Laser Surface Engineered based Hardmetals: Alternative Cutter Materials for Electric Vehicle Applications N2 - The efforts to substitute both tungsten carbide (WC) and cobalt (Co) has gained prominence in recent years due to the classification of Co as a carcinogen and the classification of Co and W as critical raw materials in the EU as well as within regulations of the U.S. National Toxicology Program. In this study, substitution of both WC and Co with advanced hardmetals consisting of NbC with Ni and Fe-based metal binders are investigated for their use of machining of metals used electric vehicle manufacturing. The developed NbC-Ni/Fe based hardmetals employ a Machining Property Led Tailored Design (MPLTD) approach. This reverse engineering strategy uses data from machining performance to guide the development of microstructural, mechanical, and behavioral properties. Four advanced NbC-based hardmetals were produced, two with Ni-based binders and two with Fe-based binders, along with two reference materials for comparison (WC-Co and straight NbC-12Ni). Hardmetals were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF-STEM), Vickers hardness, fracture toughness, and elastic moduli. Cutting tool inserts were manufactured from the developed hardmetals and enhanced using femto-second laser surface engineering. The inserts’ performance was evaluated through face milling tests on AZ31 automotive magnesium alloy, providing insights into their suitability for high-demand industrial applications. T2 - 21. Plansee Seminar CY - Reutte, Österreich DA - 01.06.2025 KW - Niobium carbide KW - Alternative binders KW - Alternative hard phases KW - Face milling KW - AZ31 magnesium alloy PY - 2025 VL - 2025 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-65382 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brieger, C. A1 - Melke, J. A1 - van der Bosch, N. A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Krishna Kayarkatte, M. A1 - Derr, I. A1 - Schökel, A. A1 - Roth, C. ED - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana T1 - A combined in-situ XAS–DRIFTS study unraveling adsorbate induced changes on Pt nanoparticle structure N2 - The adsorption behavior of Platinum nanoparticles was studied for the as-received catalyst (under inert gas), under hydrogen and CO atmosphere using our newly designed in-situ cell. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) and Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) experiments were performed simultaneously with high data quality. Structural information and the type of adsorbate could be revealed via Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) analysis, Δμ X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure analysis (Δμ XANES) and in-situ DRIFTS. The as-received catalyst showed sub-surface oxygen and O(n-fold). Under CO atmosphere only CO(atop) was found. Reversible adsorbate induced changes of the Pt nanoparticle structure were derived from changes in the Pt-Pt coordination number and the corresponding bond distance. Under reducing conditions (H2, CO) a significant increase in both values occurred. Temperature dependent desorption of CO revealed a gradual shift from Pt-CO to Pt-O. Reoxidation was clearly assigned to strong metal support interaction from the SiO2 support. KW - X-ray absorption spectroscopy KW - DRIFTS KW - XANES KW - CO adsoprtion KW - Platinum KW - String metal support interaction KW - Silica support KW - Adsorbates KW - Infrared spectroscopy PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2016.03.034 SN - 0021-9517 VL - 339 SP - 57 EP - 67 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-38367 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Manes, M. A1 - El Houssami, M. A1 - Campbell, R. A1 - Sauca, A. A1 - Rush, D. A1 - Hofmann-Böllinghaus, Anja A1 - Andersson, P. A1 - Wagner, P. A1 - Veeneklaas, J. A1 - van Hees, P. A1 - Guillaume, E. T1 - Closing Data Gaps and Paving the Way for Pan-European Fire Safety Efforts: Part I—Overview of Current Practices for Fire Statistics N2 - The analysis of the current state of fire statistics and data collection in Europe and other countries is needed to increase awareness of how fire incidents affect buildings and to support pan-European fire prevention and fire mitigation measures. The terminology and data collected regarding fire incidents in buildings in the EU Member States were mapped to obtain meaningful datasets to determine common terminology, collection methodology, and data interpretation system. An extensive literature review showed that fire data collection systems have been instrumental in informing firefighting strategies, evidence-based planning, prevention, and educational programmes. Differences and similarities between fire data collection systems were also investigated. The amount and quality of the information in fire statistical recording systems appear to be influenced by the complexity and structure with which the data are collected. The analysis also examined the existing fire statistics in the EU Member States and a few other countries. Finally, a detailed investigation of the number of fires, fire deaths, and injuries from 2009 to 2018 in several countries was examined based on data from a report by CTIF. The trends showed differences attributable to the existing fire statistical practices in terms of terminology and data collection, and interpretation. Part II proposes a common terminology for selected fire statistical variables. The results provide relevant information regarding fire safety at the European level and should be used to guide the development of more uniform fire statistics across Europe. KW - Fire statistics KW - European project PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-575711 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-023-01415-6 SN - 1572-8099 SP - 1 EP - 44 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-57571 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bernal, S. A. A1 - Dhandapani, Y. A1 - Elakneswaran, Y. A1 - Gluth, Gregor A1 - Gruyaert, E. A1 - Juenger, M. C. G. A1 - Lothenbach, B. A1 - Olonade, K. A. A1 - Sakoparnig, M. A1 - Shi, Z. A1 - Thiel, C. A1 - Van den Heede, P. A1 - Vanoutrive, H. A1 - von Greve-Dierfeld, S. A1 - De Belie, N. A1 - Provis, J. L. T1 - Report of RILEM TC 281-CCC: A critical review of the standardised testing methods to determine carbonation resistance of concrete N2 - The chemical reaction between CO2 and a blended Portland cement concrete, referred to as carbonation, can lead to reduced performance, particularly when concrete is exposed to elevated levels of CO2 (i.e., accelerated carbonation conditions). When slight changes in concrete mix designs or testing conditions are adopted, conflicting carbonation results are often reported. The RILEM TC 281-CCC ‘Carbonation of Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Materials’ has conducted a critical analysis of the standardised testing methodologies that are currently applied to determine carbonation resistance of concrete in different regions. There are at least 17 different standards or recommendations being actively used for this purpose, with significant differences in sample curing, pre-conditioning, carbonation exposure conditions, and methods used for determination of carbonation depth after exposure. These differences strongly influence the carbonation depths recorded and the carbonation coefficient values calculated. Considering the importance of accurately determining carbonation potential of concrete, not just for predicting their durability performance, but also for determining the amount of CO2 that concrete can re-absorb during or after its service life, it is imperative to recognise the applicability and limitations of the results obtained from different tests. This will enable researchers and practitioners to adopt the most appropriate testing methodologies to evaluate carbonation resistance, depending on the purpose of the conclusions derived from such testing (e. g. materials selection, service life prediction, CO2 capture potential). KW - Concrete KW - Cement KW - Carbonation KW - Testing KW - Standards PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-609364 DO - https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-024-02424-9 VL - 57 SP - 1 EP - 31 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-60936 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brieger, C. A1 - Melke, J. A1 - van der Bosch, N. A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich A1 - de Oliveira Guilherme Buzanich, Ana A1 - Krishna Kayarkatte, M. A1 - Schoeckel, A. A1 - Roth, C. T1 - A combined in-situ XAS-DRIFTS study unraveling adsorbate induced changes on the Pt nanoparticle structure N2 - The adsorption behavior of Platinum nanoparticles was studied for the as-received catalyst (under inert gas), under hydrogen and CO atmosphere using our newly designed in-situ cell. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) and Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) experiments were performed simultaneously with high data quality. Structural information and the type of adsorbate could be revealed via Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) analysis, Dl X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure analysis (Dl XANES) and in-situ DRIFTS. The as-received catalyst showed sub-surface oxygen and O(n-fold). Under CO atmosphere only CO(atop) was found. Reversible adsorbate induced changes of the Pt nanoparticle structure were derived from changes in the PtAPt coordination number and the corresponding bond distance. Under reducing conditions (H2, CO) a significant increase in both values occurred. Temperature dependent desorption of CO revealed a gradual shift from PtACO to PtAO. Reoxidation was clearly assigned to strong metal support interaction from the SiO2 support. KW - X-ray absorption spectroscopy KW - DRIFTS KW - XANES KW - CO adsorption KW - Platinum KW - Strong metal support interaction KW - Silica support KW - Adsorbates KW - Infrared spectroscopy PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2016.03.034 IS - 339 SP - 57 EP - 67 PB - Elsevier Inc. CY - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA AN - OPUS4-35815 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Karafiludis, Stephanos A1 - Scoppola, E. A1 - Wolf, S.E. A1 - Kochovski, Z. A1 - Matzdorff, D. A1 - Van Driessche, A. E. S. A1 - Hövelmann, J. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Stawski, Tomasz M. T1 - Evidence for liquid-liquid phase separation during the early stages of Mg-struvite formation N2 - The precipitation of struvite, a magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (MgNH₄PO₄ · 6H₂O) mineral, from wastewater is a promising method for recovering phosphorous. While this process is commonly used in engineered environments, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms responsible for the formation of struvite crystals remains limited. Specifically, indirect evidence suggests the involvement of an amorphous precursor and the occurrence of multi-step processes in struvite formation, which would indicate non-classical paths of nucleation and crystallization. In this study, we use synchrotron-based in situ x-ray scattering complemented by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy to obtain new insights from the earliest stages of struvite formation. The holistic scattering data captured the structure of an entire assembly in a time-resolved manner. The structural features comprise the aqueous medium, the growing struvite crystals, and any potential heterogeneities or complex entities. By analysing the scattering data, we found that the onset of crystallization causes a perturbation in the structure of the surrounding aqueous medium. This perturbation is characterized by the occurrence and evolution of Ornstein-Zernike fluctuations on a scale of about 1 nm, suggesting a non-classical nature of the system. We interpret this phenomenon as a liquid-liquid phase separation, which gives rise to the formation of the amorphous precursor phase preceding actual crystal growth of struvite. Our microscopy results confirm that the formation of Mg-struvite includes a short-lived amorphous phase, lasting >10 s. KW - Physical and theoretical chemistry KW - Non-classical crystallization KW - Struvite KW - Liquid-liquid-phase-separation KW - Nucleation KW - Crystallization KW - In-situ scattering PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-584766 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0166278 SN - 1089-7690 VL - 159 IS - 13 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - AIP Publishing CY - Woodbury, NY AN - OPUS4-58476 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - van den Berg, A. A1 - Adriaans, K. A1 - Hoppener, E. A1 - Parker, L. A1 - Boersma, A. A1 - Altmann, Korinna A1 - Legler, J. A1 - Pieters, R. T1 - Inflammation-related key events stimulated by micro- and nanoplastics N2 - The presence of micro- and nanoplastic particles (MNP) in our environment has raised increasing public and political concern. Increasing evidence suggests that humans are exposed to these MNP, mostly via inhalation or ingestion. The EC-Horizon project POLYRISK (https://polyrisk.science) aims to establish an IATA/AOP-based tiered approach to assess human health risks of MNP. In our research, we focus on assessing immunotoxicological effects of MNP. We have tested a series of primary, secondary, environmentally aged (incubated in River Rine water) and chemically altered MNP for their potential to affect dendritic cells or macrophages. MNP used in this study include primary and weathered PS, secondary PVC, PA, PP (with or without talc) and PE. The secondary PE and PP (w/o talc) particles appeared to have oxidized groups on their surface. Data shows that MNP can be engulfed by macrophages (PMA-stimulated human THP1 cells) and human blood-derived dendritic cells (DCs). The effects of virgin as well as secondary MNP (0, 10 or 100 μg/ml) on THP1 macrophages were limited to decrease of mitochondrial activity (Alamar blue), increase of cellular leakage (LDH), and stimulation of lysosomal activity. None of these MNP stimulated gene expression of NFκB or release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNFα, IL-1β). On the other hand, secondary PP and PE with oxidized surface groups did increase NFκB gene expression and release of cytokines by THP1 macrophages. Virgin and weathered PS particles were tested using DCs, and only weathered PS did stimulate DC activity (increased costimulatory molecules CD83, CD86) and as consequence allogeneic T cells. DC activation appeared to result from environmental contaminants. In conclusion, of all MNPs tested only those that contained active surface groups or environmental components appeared to be immunostimulatory, whereas primary and secondary MNP rather reduced macrophage activity and viability (at relatively high concentrations of 100 μg/ml). Further research is needed to reveal molecular mechanisms and to translate in vitro findings to real-world exposure scenarios. T2 - 58th Congress of the European Societies of Toxicology (EUROTOX 2024) CY - Copenhagen, Denmark DA - 08.09.2024 KW - Micro- and nanoplastic particles (MNP) KW - Human health risks KW - Immunotoxicological effects PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.07.052 AN - OPUS4-63363 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Matthias A1 - Baldan, A. A1 - Beelen, R. A1 - de Boed, E. J.J. A1 - Tuma, Dirk A1 - Kipphardt, Heinrich A1 - Wilke, Olaf A1 - van der Veen, A. M.H. T1 - Primary gas standards for the determination of sulfur-based impurities at trace level in hydrogen N2 - Hydrogen fuel quality needs to comply with ISO 14687:2025 to avoid harmful impact on applications using proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. For total sulfur as one of the most impactful contaminants, an amount fraction of 4 nmol/mol has been set as threshold (so-called Grade D quality). In this study, novel gaseous primary gas standards (PGS) of seven sulfur compounds were prepared either gravimetrically at 1000 nmol/mol, 100 nmol/mol, and 10 nmol/mol, or dynamically diluted down to 4 nmol/mol in hydrogen and argon matrices with relative expanded uncertainties well below 10 % (k = 2) and proven stability of at least 9–12 months. Two different cylinder passivation treatments were compared, with one treatment identified as unsuitable since reactions took place within the mixture. By performing a cross-check study, equivalence between both sets of PGS could be demonstrated (≤ 5 % relative deviation for most of the sulfur species). KW - Hydrogen quality KW - ISO 14687 KW - Sulfur impurities KW - Primary gas standards KW - TD-GC/SCD PY - 2026 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-656759 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.154461 SN - 0360-3199 VL - 224 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-65675 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Geilert, Sonja A1 - Vroon, P.Z. A1 - Van Bergen, M.J. T1 - Silicon isotopes and trace elements in chert record early Archean basin evolution N2 - Silicon isotopes of chemical sediments have received growing attention, given their applicability in the search for properties of ancient seawater. An important target is the reconstruction of secular changes in surface temperature of the Precambrian Earth, but interpretations are problematic since controls of the isotopic signals are potentially manifold. Here we report the existence of significant silicon isotope variability in chemically precipitated chert layers covering a continuous stratigraphic section across the ~ 3.42 Ga Buck Reef Chert (BRC) in the Barberton Greenstone Belt (South Africa). Black chert bands are variably but consistently higher in δ30Si (up to ca. 0.9‰) than co-existing translucent counterparts at the same stratigraphic level, which is interpreted as a primary feature acquired during deposition upon interaction between submarine discharging hydrothermal water and a stratified water body. Averaged δ30Si values range from + 0.3‰ (maximum + 0.5‰) for shallow-marine sediments in the lower part of the section to – 0.5‰ (minimum – 1.3‰) for deeper water deposits in the upper part when results from translucent and black cherts are taken together. An average shift of ca. 0.8‰ (maximum 1.8‰) thus accompanied the formation of chemical cherts in a single Archean basin. Cherts at the base of the section represent silicified felsic volcanics and volcaniclastics and have exclusively positive δ30Si values between + 0.1‰ and + 0.7‰. Rare-earth-elements-and-yttrium patterns confirm the marine origin of the cherts and support the presumed basin evolution. From the combined evidence we infer that the δ30Si variations in the BRC reflect changes in the predominant origin of the silica, with terrigenous input supplying positive δ30Si to shallow waters and seafloor hydrothermal sources negative δ30Si to deeper levels. Our findings demonstrate the viability of silicon isotopes in cherts for reconstructing the evolution of ancient marine basins. KW - Silicon isotopes KW - Archean chert KW - Buck Reef KW - Barberton Greenstone Belt KW - Precambrian marine basin evolution PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.07.027 SN - 0009-2541 SN - 1872-6836 VL - 386 SP - 133 EP - 142 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-31486 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baer, I. A1 - van de Kreeke, Johannes A1 - Linsinger, T.P.J. A1 - Robouch, P. A1 - Raposo, F.C. A1 - de la Calle, B. T1 - IMEP-24 analysis of eight trace elements in toys N2 - The International Measurement Evaluation Program (IMEP) organized the IMEP-24 interlaboratory comparison after reports in the media about high levels of lead in toys. The aim of this comparison was to verify the laboratories' capacity to evaluate trace-element levels in a possible toy-like material according to the European Standard EN 71-3:1994. As test material, it used a former certified reference material containing levels of antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, mercury, lead and selenium around the limits set in the standard. Four expert laboratories confirmed the reference values (Xref) for all elements but Hg, and established a reference value for Hg. The scatter of the results reported by the participants was large, as expected, but showed a close to normal distribution around the reference values for five of the eight trace elements. The spread of results was mainly attributed to sampling and sample preparation. One major issue observed in this exercise was the lack of legislative rules about how to report the result, or, more specifically, the use of the analytical correction, which was introduced in EN 71-3:1994 to achieve consistent interpretation of results and which is to be applied when values are equal to or above the maximum limits set in the standard. Its application by the participants was very inconsistent and led to problems in their evaluation. There is clearly a need for clarification and for more formal regulations with regard to result reporting in order to minimize the risk of confusion. Participants were also asked to give their opinion with regard to the acceptability of the test material for the market. The majority correctly considered the material as non-compliant. However, almost one-third incorrectly assessed the material as compliant. KW - Analytical correction KW - European Standard EN 71-3:1994 KW - Interlaboratory comparison KW - International Measurement Evaluation Program (IMEP) KW - Lead in toys KW - Toy safety KW - Trace element PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2010.09.007 SN - 0165-9936 SN - 0703-7147 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 313 EP - 323 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-23862 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - You, Yi A1 - Song, L. A1 - Young, M.D. A1 - van der Wielen, M. A1 - Evans-Nguyen, T. A1 - Riedel, Jens A1 - Shelley, J.T. T1 - Unsupervised Reconstruction of Analyte-Specific Mass Spectra Based on Time-Domain Morphology with a Modified Cross-Correlation Approach N2 - Concomitant species that appear at the same or very similar times in a mass-spectral analysis can clutter a spectrum because of the coexistence of many analyte-related ions (e.g., molecular ions, adducts, fragments). One method to extract ions stemming from the same origin is to exploit the chemical information encoded in the time domain, where the individual temporal appearances inside the complex structures of chronograms or chromatograms differ with respect to analytes. By grouping ions with very similar or identical time-domain structures, single-component mass spectra can be reconstructed, which are much easier to interpret and are library-searchable. While many other approaches address similar objectives through the Pearson’s correlation coefficient, we explore an alternative method based on a modified cross-correlation algorithm to compute a metric that describes the degree of similarity between features inside any two ion chronograms. Furthermore, an automatic workflow was devised to be capable of categorizing thousands of mass-spectral peaks into different groups within a few seconds. This approach was tested with direct mass-spectrometric analyses as well as with a simple, fast, and poorly resolved LC–MS analysis. Single-component mass spectra were extracted in both cases and were identified based on accurate mass and a mass-spectral library search. KW - Mass-Spectral Reconstruction KW - Mass Spectrometry KW - Correlation PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04396 VL - 93 IS - 12 SP - 5009 EP - 5014 PB - ACS AN - OPUS4-52467 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spitzer, Stefan A1 - Stevens, Nicole C. A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Hermanns, Roy T.E. A1 - Makarova, Ekaterina A1 - Lorenzon, Ivan A1 - van Genderen, Albert C. A1 - Hessels, Conrad J.M. T1 - A first step towards a standardized iron fuel: Safety characteristics of several pure iron powders N2 - While the use of iron powder as a dense energy carrier has clear advantages over other carriers such as hydrogen and ammonia in terms of health and safety, risks may still emerge from the powder if accidentally dispersed in air during handling, transport and storage. Since the safety characteristics of dusts are affected by, among others, its particle size distribution, chemical properties and moisture content, it is hard to implement safety measures and select the most promising reduction method without a prior explosion testing. Various production and reduction methods are currently being investigated, each producing a morphologically different type of powder. In one of the key databases on safety characteristics of dusts from the Federation of the Statutory Accident lnsurance of Germany, the maximum explosion pressure ranges from non-explosible (=0) to 5.1 bar and the deflagration index goes up to 111 bar*m /s. In this work the safety characteristics of four different iron dusts, produced via three different reduction methods, are investigated using a 20-Liter sphere according to ISO/IEC 80079–20-2:2016–12 (explosibility). Three of the dusts were found to be explosible and were further tested according to EN 14034–1 (maximum explosion pressure) and EN 14034–2 (maximum rate of pressure rise). Though they were found explosible they were all categorized in dust class St1 as mildly explosible. The morphology of the powder was analyzed before the explosion tests using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The particle size distribution was also determined. Since the chemical properties and the moisture content are known, the findings may be applicable to implementation at larger scale without prior testing of every powder. KW - Energy carrier KW - Explosion pressure KW - Explosion protection PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2025.135824 SN - 0016-2361 VL - 400 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier BV AN - OPUS4-63446 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -