TY - GEN A1 - Ahrendt, H. A1 - Gesatzke, Roger A1 - Hahn, G. A1 - Herrmann, P. A1 - Julien, H. A1 - Karger, R. A1 - Kaufmann, M. A1 - Krebs, H.-J. A1 - Lucht, J. A1 - Müller, A. A1 - Müller, R. A1 - Vetter, B. T1 - Überdruckmessgeräte nach DIN EN 837 - Auswahl und Anwendung KW - Druckmessgerät KW - Sicherheit PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-410-16626-9 IS - 1. Auflage SP - 1 EP - 89 PB - Beuth CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-15994 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Joschko, M. A1 - Reinhold, J. A1 - Barkusky, D. A1 - Wiemer, M. A1 - Remus, R. A1 - Busse, J. A1 - Müller, H.-J. A1 - Kiesel, J. A1 - Gleixner, G. A1 - Illerhaus, Bernhard A1 - Kirchner, M. A1 - Oehley, J. A1 - Gerlach, F. T1 - Wirkung einer organischen Düngung mit Seeschlamm auf sandigem Boden im nordostdeutschen Trockengebiet PY - 2009 SP - 1 EP - 162 CY - Frankfurt/Main AN - OPUS4-20928 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brandt, S. A1 - Müller, Birgit A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Panasková, J. A1 - Plehn, W. T1 - Messung und Bewertung von Gerüchen aus Bauprodukten für den Innenraum T1 - Measurement and evaluation of odour emissions from building products for indoor usage N2 - Messung und Bewertung von Gerüchen aus Bauprodukten für den Innenraum gewinnen vor allem durch den zunehmenden Bau energieeffizienter Gebäude an Bedeutung. Intensive und unangenehme Gerüche werden von Bewohnerinnen, Bewohnern und Angestellten nicht akzeptiert und können auf Dauer krank machen. Bislang stand noch kein allgemein anerkanntes Messverfahren zur Verfügung. Dieses wurde nun in Forschungsprojekten entwickelt, wobei auch konkrete Bewertungsvorschläge zur Zumutbarkeit von Gerüchen gemacht wurden. Das Verfahren ist an die Messung der Emissionen flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen aus Bauprodukten gekoppelt und nutzt Probanden, um die Geruchsstärke (Intensität) und den Geruchseindruck (Hedonik) zu ermitteln. In der Praxis wird das Verfahren nun an verschiedenen Stellen erprobt. Die Bewertung der Geruchsemissionen gibt der Industrie die Möglichkeit, geruchsarme Produkte zu gestalten. Die Kennzeichnung geruchsarmer Bauprodukte mit dem Umweltzeichen Blauer Engel erleichtert Verbraucherinnen und Verbrauchern die Orientierung beim Einkauf. N2 - Measuring and evaluating odour emissions from building products used in indoor spaces are becoming increasingly important for the construction of energy-efficient buildings. Intensive and unpleasant smells are not accepted by inhabitants and employees and may lead to negative health effects. Up to now a consistent measuring method for odour emissions has not been available. A measuring method and also concrete standards for the assessment of odours by using reasonableness of smells have now been developed in succeeding research projects. The procedure uses a panel of test persons to determine the strength (intensity) and impression (hedonic appraisal) of odour and is linked to the already well established measurement of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products. At the Moment the new procedure is tested in practice at different laboratories. Evaluating odour emissions helps manufacturers to develop products with low or very low odour emissions. The labeling of low-odour Building products with the environmental label Blue Angel gives consumers an orientation for purchase. KW - Labelsysteme KW - VOC KW - Geruch KW - Geruchstest KW - Emissionsmessungen PY - 2011 SN - 2190-1120 SN - 2190-1147 VL - 4 SP - 50 EP - 58 PB - BfS CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-25210 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Kasche, J. A1 - Bitter, F. A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Müller, B. T1 - Environmental and Health Provisions for Building Products - Identification and evaluation of VOC emissions and odour exposure (Research Report 202 62 320 / UBA-FB 001002) N2 - In this study 50 construction products were tested in emission test chambers according to the requirements of the AgBB-scheme: 7 acrylic and 6 silicone sealants, 6 paste-like synthetic resin plasters, 13 wood based products, 4 adhesives, 5 lacquers, 6 wall paints and 3 further construction products. VOC and odour emissions were tested on the 1st, 3rd, 10th, and 28th day. In addition to the VOC-measurements, a test procedure was developed to evaluate odour emission of construction products.This test is planned to be implemented into the AgBB-Scheme. A direct evaluation by a sensory panel in the emission test chamber was not possible. So the odour samples were collected in 300- litre tedlar bags which were evaluated later. Odour intensity of the samples was compared with different acetone concentrations. Within this study an interlaboratory comparison was conducted using the newly developed odour test method. Additionally, VVOC emissions, detection of carcinogenic compounds, repeatability of emission test chamber tests, and other issues are presented. This project has shown that construction products can be evaluated in accordance with the AgBB scheme. A sensory evaluation is intended to be introduced in the AgBB scheme. A method for this evaluation is described in this study. The test procedure should be enhanced and validated for practical utilisation. KW - Building products KW - Emissions KW - Odour KW - AgBB-Scheme KW - Chamber tests KW - Interlaboratory study KW - Construction products KW - Emission test chamber KW - Odour evaluation KW - VOC KW - VVOC KW - SVOC KW - Thermal desorption KW - GC/MS KW - GC-ODP KW - Odour standard of comparison KW - Gas sensor KW - Acrylic and silicone sealant KW - Wood-based product KW - Paints KW - Lacquers KW - Interlaboratory comparison PY - 2007 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/environmental-health-provisions-for-building SN - 1862-4804 SN - 0722-186X IS - 21 SP - 1 EP - 381 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-15931 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Panaskova, J. A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Plehn, W. T1 - Results of sensory tests and sensory-limit settings for building materials in Germany N2 - Indoor air pollutants influence the health and comfort of building occupants and consequently the energy consumption of the building. The pollutants are emitted by various sources. Among these sources, building products are of particular importance. To control the emission of pollutants from building materials, a few different voluntary labelling Systems have been introduced in Europe. In Germany also mandatory “Principles for the health assessment of construction products used in interiors” have been applied for the technical approval of floor coverings since 2004. This procedure is based on the assessment scheine of the Committee for Health-related Evaluation of Building Products (AgBBScheme). The sensory-limit settings for building-material label Blue Angel offer consumer to differ not only low-emission but also low-odour Building materials from another building materials. T2 - Indoor Air 2011, 12th International conference on indoor air quality and climate CY - Austin, TX, USA DA - 05.06.2011 KW - Perceived air-quality KW - Odour evaluation KW - Odour labelling KW - Test procedure KW - Standardisation PY - 2011 IS - Paper 768 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-23882 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Panasková, J. A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Scutaru, A.M. A1 - Plehn, W. T1 - Entwicklungen der Bewertungsmethodik von Gerüchen in Innenräumen N2 - Um eine gute Luftqualität in Gebäuden zu erreichen, müssen Reinigungslasten durch Lüften aus Räumen abgeführt bzw. vermieden oder verringert werden. Wird der Luftwechsel verringert, verschlechtert sich die Raumluftqualität, und die Zufriedenheit der Nutzer nimmt ab. An Arbeitsplätzen kann es bei schlechter Luftqualität und der daraus resultierenden Unzufriedenheit zu einer geringeren Produktivität der Beschäftigten kommen. Um die Reinigungslasten und deren Wirkung auf den Raumnutzer überdas Geruchsempfinden zu verringern, ist neben einer messtechnischen Erfassung der Verunreinigungen auch eine sensorische Prüfung in Innenräumen und von Bauprodukten notwendig. In diesem Artikel wird die Entwicklung der Bewertungsmethodik von Gerüchen im Innenraum erläutert und auf Anwendungen eingegangen. KW - Geruch KW - Innenraum KW - Bauprodukte KW - Bewertung PY - 2014 SN - 2195-643X VL - 135 IS - 2 SP - 70 EP - 82 PB - DIV Deutscher Industrieverlag GmbH CY - München AN - OPUS4-32403 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Panaskova, J. A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Plehn, W. T1 - Sensory tests for building materials and rooms - Status of the standardisation T2 - Healthy Buildings 2012 - 10th International conference CY - Brisbane, Australia DA - 2012-07-08 KW - sensory evaluation of building materials and rooms KW - Perceived air quality KW - Standardisation KW - Label KW - Normung KW - Geruch KW - Messmethoden KW - Emissionsmessung KW - Bauprodukte PY - 2012 SN - 978-1-921897-40-5 SP - 1 EP - 6 (3E.5) AN - OPUS4-27561 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kasche, J. A1 - Dahms, A. A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver T1 - Olfaktorische Bewertung von Baumaterialien T2 - 7th Workshop "Odour and Emissions of Plastic Materials" CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 0005-04-04 KW - Bauprodukte KW - Emissionen KW - Geruch KW - Kammerverfahren KW - VOC PY - 2005 SP - 5-1-5-12 PB - Kassel University Press GmbH CY - Kassel AN - OPUS4-7363 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Bitter, F. A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Knudsen, H.N. A1 - Afshari, A. A1 - Wargocki, P. A1 - Olesen, B. A1 - Berglund, B. A1 - Ramalho, O. A1 - Goschnick, J. A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Nesa, D. A1 - Chanie, E. A1 - Ruponen, M. T1 - Messung der empfundenen Geruchsintensität mit Multigas-Sensorsystemen, das Forschungsvorhaben SysPAQ KW - Geruch KW - Sensorsystem KW - Perceived Air Quality KW - Produkttypischer Geruch KW - Bauprodukte KW - Emissionen PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-18-091995-9 SN - 0083-5560 IS - 1995 SP - 17 EP - 29 PB - VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-16370 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Dahms, A. A1 - Knudsen, H.N. A1 - Afshari, A. A1 - Wargocki, P. A1 - Olesen, B. A1 - Berglund, B. A1 - Ramalho, O. A1 - Goschnick, J. A1 - Häringer, D. A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Nesa, D. A1 - Chanie, E. A1 - Ruponen, M. A1 - Müller, D. T1 - Measuring perceived air quality and intensity by a Sensor System, the European Project SysPAQ T2 - Indoor Air 2008, 11th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate CY - Copenhagen, Denmark DA - 2008-08-17 KW - Perceived air quality KW - Perceived odour intensity KW - Profiling KW - Sensor system PY - 2008 IS - Paper ID: 530 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-18302 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Brödner, Doris A1 - Kalus, Sabine A1 - Juritsch, Elevtheria A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Kasche, J. T1 - Chemische analytische Bewertung von Baustoffemissionen T2 - Deutsche Kälte-Klima-Tagung 2008 CY - Ulm, Deutschland DA - 2008-11-20 KW - AgBB-Schema KW - VOC KW - Emissionen KW - Bauprodukte KW - Bewertung Emissionen PY - 2008 IS - AA.IV.15 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-18406 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Birgit A1 - Danielak, M. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Panaskova, J. A1 - Plehn, W. T1 - Sensorische Bewertung der Emissionen aus Bauprodukten N2 - Die Bewertung von VOC-Emissionen aus Bauprodukten soll durch das AgBB-Schema vereinheitlicht werden und eine gesundheitsrelevante Komponente enthalten. Das Deutsche Institut für Bautechnik (DIBt) hat das AgBB-Schema in weiten Teilen für seine „Grundsätze zur gesundheitlichen Bewertung von Bauprodukten in Innenräumen“ implementiert. Neben der üblichen chemischen Emissionsmessung soll auch der Geruch für die Bewertung des Produkts herangezogen werden. Um den Geruch als festen Bestandteil in die Produktprüfung zu integrieren, wurden vom Umweltbundesamt zwei Vorhaben initiiert. Erste Ergebnisse des zweiten Vorhabens (FKZ 37 07 62 300; Sensorische Bewertung der Emissionen aus Bauprodukten – Integration in die Vergabegrundlagen für den Blauen Engel und das Bewertungsschema des Ausschusses zur gesundheitlichen Bewertung von Bauprodukten) werden hier dargestellt. KW - AgBB-Schema KW - VOC KW - Emissionen KW - Geruch KW - Bauprodukte KW - Bewertung Emissionen PY - 2009 SN - 0949-8036 SN - 0039-0771 SN - 1436-4891 VL - 69 IS - 6 SP - 246 EP - 250 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-19658 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Danielak, M. A1 - Zeidler, O. A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Panaskova, J. A1 - Plehn, W. T1 - Labelling of building materials - A combination of emission tests with odour tests T2 - Healthy buildings 2009 - 9th International conference & exhibition CY - Syracuse, NY, USA DA - 2009-09-13 KW - Labelling systems KW - VOCs KW - Odour KW - Sensory tests KW - Emission tests PY - 2009 IS - Paper 323 SP - 1 EP - 4 CY - Syracuse, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-19927 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Panasková, J. A1 - Danielak, M. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Müller, D. T1 - Sensorische Bewertung der Emissionen aus Bauprodukten - Integration in die Vergabegrundlagen für den Blauen Engel und das Bewertungsschema des Ausschusses zur gesundheitlichen Bewertung von Bauprodukten (UBA-FB 001500 / Förder-Kennz. 370762300) N2 - Emissionen aus Bauprodukten beeinträchtigen die Qualität der Innenraumluft erheblich. Mit Hilfe des AgBB-Schemas werden die Emissionen flüchtiger organischer Verbindungen (VOC) aus Bauprodukten bewertet. Die gesundheitliche Bewertung nach dem AgBB-Schema erfordert produktspezifische Messverfahren. Diese gibt es mittlerweile für eine Reihe von Produkten. Sie wurden durch Beteiligung verschiedener Forschungseinrichtungen und Messinstitute validiert und u. a. in die Vergabekriterien des Umweltzeichens Blauer Engel übernommen. Die Bewertung ist allerdings –mit zumeist niedrigeren Grenzwerten –strenger. VOC-Emissionen und Gerüche können beide zu gesundheitlichen Belastungen führen. So ist die sensorische Prüfung ein weiteres wichtiges Element bei der Bewertung von Bauprodukten und vorsorglich auch im AgBB-Schema verankert. Hauptziel des Projektes ist es, eine Methode der sensorischen Bewertung und Grenzen für die Vergabe des Blauen Engels und für das AgBB-Schema abzuleiten. Auf Grundlage der durchgeführten Untersuchungen (siehe Kapitel 5 Ergebnisse und Diskussion) wird als Bewertungsmethode die empfundene Intensität und die Hedonik vorgeschlagen. Die Ableitung der Grenzwerte für die sensorische Bewertung am 28. Tag erfolgt über die zusätzliche Befragung der Probanden im Rahmen der vorliegenden Studie nach der Zumutbarkeit einer Probe. Für den Blauen Engel könnte es je Produktgruppe unterschiedliche Grenzen der empfundenen Intensität und der Hedonik geben. Ein erster Vorschlag für mögliche Grenzen, hier zunächst einheitlich für alle Produktgruppen, ist für die empfundene Intensität 7 pi (5 pi + 2 pi als Sicherheit, Kapitel 5.1.5) und für die Hedonik -1 (0 +/-0,8, gerundet auf -1) (siehe dazu Abbildung 6-2). KW - Bauprodukt KW - Schadstoff KW - Prüfverfahren KW - Blauer Engel KW - SVOC KW - Flüchtige Emission KW - Kohlenwasserstoff KW - Geruch KW - Sensorik KW - AgBB-Schema PY - 2011 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/sensorische-bewertung-emissionen-aus-bauprodukten SN - 1862-4804 IS - 35 SP - 1-146, Anhang 1-109 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-24926 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Panasková, J. A1 - Danielak, M. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Müller, D. T1 - Sensory-based evaluation of building product emissions - Integration into the Blue Angel award criteria and assessment scheme of the Committee for Health Evaluation of Building Products (UBA-FB 001500 / Förder-Kennz. 370762300) N2 - Emissions from building products can considerably impair the quality of indoor air. The AgBB scheme is employed to evaluate the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from building products. The hygienic evaluation according to the AgBB scheme requires product-specific measuring procedures. These are available for a range of products. They have been validated in co-operation with several research and testing institutes and have been included in the criteria for awarding the Blue Angel ecolabel. The evaluation is, however, stricter and generally has lower limits. VOC emissions and odours can cause health problems so testing using sensors is an important element in the evaluation of building products and has – for reasons of precaution – been set down in the AgBB scheme. The main goal of the project was to derive a method of evaluation using sensors and limits for awarding the Blue Angel and for the AgBB scheme. Based on the research conducted (see Chapter 5 Results and Discussion), perceived intensity and hedonics were suggested as a suitable Evaluation method. The derivation of limits for the evaluation using sensors on the 28th day was effected in the present study through the additional questioning of the test subjects on the reasonability of a sample. For the Blue Angel, there could be different limits of perceived intensity and hedonics for each group of products. A preliminary suggestion for possible limits – for all product groups – is a perceived intensity of 7 pi (5 pi + 2 pi as confidence coefficient, Chapter 5.1.5) and -1 (0+/-0.8, rounded to -1) for the hedonic value. KW - Labelsysteme KW - VOC KW - Geruch KW - Geruchstest KW - Emissionsmessungen KW - Building product KW - Directive KW - Health care KW - Pollutant KW - Test method KW - Hydrocarbon KW - Testing using sensors KW - Emission KW - Emission test chamber KW - Odour KW - AgBB scheme KW - Health assessment KW - Assessment procedure KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - Very volatile organic compounds KW - VVOC KW - Semi volatile organic compounds KW - SVOC KW - Thermal desorption KW - GC/MS KW - GC-ODP KW - Odour standard of comparison KW - Floor coverings KW - Coverings KW - Blue Angel KW - Odour evaluation KW - Acceptability KW - Perceived intensity KW - Hedonic KW - Reasonability KW - Standardization KW - Environmental sign KW - Volatile emission KW - Product labelling PY - 2011 UR - http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/sensory-based-evaluation-of-building-product SN - 1862-4804 IS - 61 SP - 1-133, Annex 1-109 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-25200 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Panaskova, J. A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Plehn, W. A1 - Müller, D. T1 - VOC emissions from building materials accompanying sensory tests for different evaluation schemes N2 - Within a follow up project of a former study (Horn et al. 2005) emissions and odor from different types of construction products were investigated (financed by the German Federal Environmental Agency - FKZ 37 07 62 300). The tested materials were mainly those used for construction of floors indoors. For this type of materials in Germany several labeling procedures exist which are based on Emission chamber testing. Two important labeling procedures in Germany are based on the AgBBevaluation scheme (Däumling et al. 2005). For some applications (flooring material) it is the mandatory Ü-mark of DIBt (German Institute for Construction Technology). Furthermore for carpets, adhesives and many other products, like sealants, mattresses, furniture and so on the voluntary blue angel mark exist. Within this scheme the volatile organic compounds (VOC) compounds are measured with well established procedures and are evaluated with LCI-values which were derived from health information. Beyond that many complaints according to building products are caused by odors. Therefore an evaluation procedure for the odor is very important and should be implemented into all of the mentioned labeling schemes. T2 - Indoor Air 2011, 12th International conference on indoor air quality and climate CY - Austin, TX, USA DA - 05.06.2011 KW - Odor KW - Construction product KW - VOC-emission KW - Evaluation KW - AgBB PY - 2011 IS - Paper 768 SP - 1 EP - 2 AN - OPUS4-23881 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abou-Ras, D. A1 - Caballero, R. A1 - Fischer, C.-H. A1 - Kaufmann, C.A. A1 - Lauermann, I. A1 - Mainz, R. A1 - Mönig, H. A1 - Schöpke, A. A1 - Stephan, C. A1 - Streeck, C. A1 - Schorr, S. A1 - Eicke, A. A1 - Döbeli, M. A1 - Gade, B. A1 - Hinrichs, J. A1 - Nunney, T. A1 - Dijkstra, H. A1 - Hoffmann, V. A1 - Klemm, D. A1 - Efimova, V. A1 - Bergmaier, A. A1 - Dollinger, G. A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Rockett, A.A. A1 - Perez-Rodriguez, A. A1 - Alvarez-Garcia, J. A1 - Izquierdo-Roca, V. A1 - Schmid, T. A1 - Choi, P.-P. A1 - Müller, M. A1 - Bertram, F. A1 - Christen, J. A1 - Khatri, H. A1 - Collins, R.W. A1 - Marsillac, S. A1 - Kötschau, I. T1 - Comprehensive comparison of various techniques for the analysis of elemental distributions in thin films N2 - The present work shows results on elemental distribution analyses in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films for solar cells performed by use of wavelength-dispersive and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) in a scanning electron microscope, EDX in a transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron, angle-dependent soft X-ray emission, secondary ion-mass (SIMS), time-of-flight SIMS, sputtered neutral mass, glow-discharge optical emission and glow-discharge mass, Auger electron, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, by use of scanning Auger electron microscopy, Raman depth profiling, and Raman mapping, as well as by use of elastic recoil detection analysis, grazing-incidence X-ray and electron backscatter diffraction, and grazing-incidence X-ray fluorescence analysis. The Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films used for the present comparison were produced during the same identical deposition run and exhibit thicknesses of about 2 µm. The analysis techniques were compared with respect to their spatial and depth resolutions, measuring speeds, availabilities, and detection limits. KW - Elemental distributions KW - Comparison KW - Depth profiling KW - Chemical mapping KW - Thin films KW - Solar cells KW - Chalcopyrite-type KW - Cu(In,Ga)Se2 PY - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927611000523 SN - 1431-9276 SN - 1435-8115 VL - 17 IS - 5 SP - 728 EP - 751 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-24506 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Markötter, H. A1 - Manke, I. A1 - Haußmann, J. A1 - Arlt, Tobias A1 - Klages, M. A1 - Krüger, P. A1 - Hartnig, C. A1 - Scholta, J. A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich A1 - Banhart, J. T1 - Combined synchrotron X-ray radiography and tomography study of water transport in gas diffusion layers N2 - Synchrotron X-ray radiography and tomography investigations of a custom-made polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell optimised for visualisation purposes are presented. The 3D water distribution and transport pathways in the porous carbon fibre gas diffusion layers (GDLs) were investigated. The authors found that water is not only moving from the GDL into the channel, but can also take the opposite way, that is, from the channel into free pore space of the GDL. Such movement of water into the opposite direction has been subject of speculations but has so far not yet been reported and might bring new insights into the general water transport behaviour, which might give new aspects to the general description of water transport processes and influence modelling assumptions to describe the process taking place in the GDL. KW - Synchrotron radiography KW - Synchrotron tomography KW - Gas diffusion layers KW - Water transport PY - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2012.0410 SN - 1750-0443 VL - 7 IS - 7 SP - 689 EP - 692 PB - IET CY - London AN - OPUS4-26282 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Biesen, L. A1 - Krenzer, J. A1 - Nirmalananthan-Budau, Nithiya A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Müller, Th. J. J. T1 - Asymmetrically bridged aroyl-S,N-ketene acetalbased multichromophores with aggregationinduced tunable emission N2 - Asymmetrically bridged aroyl-S,N-ketene acetals and aroyl-S,N-ketene acetal multichromophores can be readily synthesized in consecutive three-, four-, or five-component syntheses in good to excellent yields by several successive Suzuki-couplings of aroyl-S,N-ketene acetals and bis(boronic)acid esters. Different aroyl-S,N-ketene acetals as well as linker molecules yield a library of 23 multichromophores with substitution and linker pattern-tunable emission properties. This allows control of different communication pathways between the chromophores and of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and energy transfer (ET) properties, providing elaborate aggregation-based fluorescence switches. KW - Dye KW - Aggregation KW - Aggregation induced emission KW - Signal enhancement KW - Energy transfer KW - Switch KW - Sensor KW - Quantum yield KW - Lifetime KW - Photophysics KW - Sythesis KW - Nanaoparticle PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-550719 VL - 13 SP - 5374 EP - 5381 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-55071 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Markötter, H. A1 - Haußmann, J. A1 - Alink, R. A1 - Dittmann, K. A1 - Tötzke, C. A1 - Krüger, P. A1 - Klages, M. A1 - Arlt, Tobias A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich A1 - Scholta, J. A1 - Gerteisen, D. A1 - Manke, I. A1 - Banhart, J. T1 - Investigation of fuel cell materials and liquid water transport by means of synchrotron imaging N2 - Synchrotron imaging allows addressing various important issues in fuel cell research, for example water distribution and transport. The water distribution in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) was observed quasi in-situ directly after operation by means of synchrotron tomography. The 3D data set was compared with the tomogram of a dry cell in order to separate the water distribution from cell materials. Engineered transport pathways realized by perforating holes through the gas diffusion layer (GDL) are a recent approach to optimize water transport and cell performance. For some parameter sets a cell performance increase and an improvement of stabilization have already been proven. We present high resolution investigations of the water distribution in perforated GDLs of operating PEMFCs by means of in-situ synchrotron radiography. The surrounding areas of the holes exhibited a distinct hydrophilic character. KW - Gas-diffusion layers KW - Resolution neutron-radiography KW - X-ray radiography KW - Visualization KW - PEMFC PY - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1149/04529.0195ecst SN - 1938-6737 SN - 1938-5862 VL - 45 IS - 29 SP - 195 EP - 202 CY - Pennington, NJ, USA AN - OPUS4-30545 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Denißen, M. A1 - Hannen, R. A1 - Itskalov, D. A1 - Biesen, L. A1 - Nirmalananthan-Budau, Nithiya A1 - Hoffmann, Katrin A1 - Reiss, G. J. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Müller, T. J. J. T1 - One-pot synthesis of a white-light emissive bichromophore operated by aggregation-induced dual emission (AIDE) and partial energy transfer N2 - Merocyanine–triarylamine bichromophores are readily synthesized by sequentially Pd-catalyzed insertion alkynylation–Michael–Suzuki four-component reactions. White-light emissive systems form upon aggregation in 1 : 99 and 0.1 : 99.9 vol% CH2Cl2–cyclohexane mixtures, ascribed to aggregation-induced dual emission (AIDE) in combination with partial energy transfer between both chromophore units as supported by spectroscopic studies. KW - Energy transfer KW - Nano KW - Nanoparticle KW - Photoluminescence KW - Fluorescence KW - Quantum yield KW - Photophysics KW - Lifetime KW - Sensor KW - Dye KW - Enhancement KW - Particle KW - Polarity KW - AIE KW - Aggregation KW - Aggregation-induced emission KW - Solid state emission KW - Merocyanine PY - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/d0cc03451g VL - 56 IS - 54 SP - 7407 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-50936 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Faghani, A. A1 - Gholami, M. F. A1 - Trunk, M. A1 - Müller, J. A1 - Pachfule, P. A1 - Vogl, S. A1 - Donskyi, Ievgen A1 - Li, M. A1 - Nickl, Philip A1 - Shao, J. A1 - Huang, M. R. S. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Arenal, R. A1 - Koch, C. T. A1 - Paulus, B. A1 - Rabe, J. P. A1 - Thomas, A. A1 - Haag, R. A1 - Adeli, M. T1 - Metal-Assisted and Solvent-Mediated Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Triazine Structures on Gram Scale N2 - Covalent triazine frameworks are an emerging material class that have shown promising performance for a range of applications. In this work, we report on a metal-assisted and solvent-mediated reaction between calcium carbide and cyanuric chloride, as cheap and commercially available precursors, to synthesize two-dimensional triazine structures (2DTSs). The reaction between the solvent, dimethylformamide, and cyanuric chloride was promoted by calcium carbide and resulted in dimethylamino-s-triazine intermediates, which in turn undergo nucleophilic substitutions. This reaction was directed into two dimensions by calcium ions derived from calcium carbide and induced the formation of 2DTSs. The role of calcium ions to direct the two-dimensionality of the final structure was simulated using DFT and further proven by synthesizing molecular intermediates. The water content of the reaction medium was found to be a crucial factor that affected the structure of the products dramatically. While 2DTSs were obtained under anhydrous conditions, a mixture of graphitic material/2DTSs or only graphitic material (GM) was obtained in aqueous solutions. Due to the straightforward and gram-scale synthesis of 2DTSs, as well as their photothermal and photodynamic properties, they are promising materials for a wide range of future applications, including bacteria and virus incapacitation. KW - XPS KW - Triazine KW - 2D PY - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c02399 VL - 142 IS - 30 SP - 12976 EP - 12986 PB - ACS American Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-51203 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seah, M.P. A1 - Spencer, S.J. A1 - Bensebaa, F. A1 - Vickridge, I. A1 - Danzebrink, H. A1 - Krumrey, M. A1 - Gross, Thomas A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Wendler, E. A1 - Rheinländer, B. A1 - Azuma, Y. A1 - Kojima, I. A1 - Suzuki, N. A1 - Suzuki, M. A1 - Tanuma, S. A1 - Moon, D.W. A1 - Lee, H.J. A1 - Cho, H.M. A1 - Chen, H.Y. A1 - Wee, A. T. S. A1 - Osipowicz, T. A1 - Pan, J.S. A1 - Jordaan, W.A. A1 - Hauert, R. A1 - Klotz, U. A1 - van der Marel, C. A1 - Verheijen, M. A1 - Tamminga, Y. A1 - Jeynes, C. A1 - Bailey, P. A1 - Biswas, S. A1 - Falke, U. A1 - Nguyen, N.V. A1 - Chandler-Horowitz, D. A1 - Ehrstein, J.R. A1 - Muller, D. A1 - Dura, J.A. T1 - Critical review of the current status of thickness measurements for ultrathin SiO2 on Si - Part V: Results of a CCQM pilot study N2 - Results are reported from a pilot study under the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance (CCQM) to compare measurements of and resolve any relevant measurement issues in, the amount of thermal SiO2 oxide on (100) and (111) orientation Si wafer substrates in the thickness range 1.5 - 8 nm. As a result of the invitation to participate in this activity, 45 sets of measurements have been made in different laboratories using 10 analytical methods: medium-energy ion scattering spectrometry (MEIS), nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), RBS, elastic backscattering spectrometry (EBS), XPS, SIMS, ellipsometry, grazing-incidence x-ray reflectrometry (GIXRR), neutron reflectometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The measurements are made on separate sets of 10 carefully prepared samples, all of which have been characterised by a combination of ellipsometry and XPS using carefully established reference conditions and reference parameters. The results have been assessed against the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) data and all show excellent linearity. The remaining data sets correlate with the NPL data with average root-mean-square scatters of 0.15 nm, half being better than 0.1 nm and a few at or better than 0.05 nm. Each set of data allows a relative scaling constant and a zero thickness offset to be determined. Each method has an inherent zero thickness offset between 0 nm and 1 nm and it is these offsets, measured here for the first time, that have caused many problems in the past. There are three basic classes of offset: water and carbonadeous contamination equivalent to ~1 nm as seen by ellipsometry; adsorbed oxygen mainly from water at an equivalent thickness of 0.5 nm as seen by MEIS, NRA, RBS and possibly GIXRR; and no offset as seen by XPS using the Si 2p peaks. Each technique has a different uncertainty for the scaling constant and consistent results have been achieved. X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy has large uncertainties for the scaling constant but a high precision and, critically, if used correctly, has zero offset. Thus, a combination of XPS and the other methods allows the XPS scaling constant to be determined with low uncertainty, traceable via the other methods. XPS laboratories returning results early were invited to test a new reference procedure. All showed very significant improvements. The reference attenuation lengths thus need scaling by 0.986 ± 0.009 (at an expansion factor of 2) deduced from the data for the other methods. Several other methods have small offsets and, to the extent that these can be shown to be constant or measurable, then these methods will also show low uncertainty. Recommendations are provided for parameters for XPS, MEIS, RBS and NRA to improve their accuracy. KW - Calibration KW - Ellipsometry KW - GIXRR KW - Interlaboratory study KW - MEIS KW - Neutron reflectometry KW - NRA KW - RBS KW - Silicon dioxide KW - SIMS KW - XPS PY - 2004 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.1909 SN - 0142-2421 SN - 1096-9918 VL - 36 IS - 9 SP - 1269 EP - 1303 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-5549 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Seah, M.P. A1 - Spencer, S.J. A1 - Bensebaa, F. A1 - Vickridge, I. A1 - Danzebrink, H. A1 - Krumrey, M. A1 - Gross, Thomas A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Wendler, E. A1 - Rheinländer, B. A1 - Azuma, Y. A1 - Kojima, I. A1 - Suzuki, N. A1 - Suzuki, M. A1 - Tanuma, S. A1 - Moon, D.W. A1 - Lee, H.J. A1 - Cho, H.M. A1 - Chen, H.Y. A1 - Wee, A. T. S. A1 - Osipowicz, T. A1 - Pan, J.S. A1 - Jordaan, W.A. A1 - Hauert, R. A1 - Klotz, U. A1 - van der Marel, C. A1 - Verheijen, M. A1 - Tamminga, Y. A1 - Jeynes, C. A1 - Bailey, P. A1 - Biswas, S. A1 - Falke, U. A1 - Nguyen, N.V. A1 - Chandler-Horowitz, D. A1 - Ehrstein, J.R. A1 - Muller, D. A1 - Dura, J.A. T1 - Ultra-thin SiO2 on Si, Part V: Results of a CCQM Pilot Study of Thickness Measurements KW - SiO2 KW - Thin films KW - Thickness KW - XPS KW - Ellipsometry KW - TEM PY - 2003 SN - 1473-2734 SP - 57 pages AN - OPUS4-4118 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Allix, M. A1 - Davis, M.J. A1 - Duran, A. A1 - Höche, T. A1 - Honma, T. A1 - Komatsu, T. A1 - Krüger, S. A1 - Mitra, I. A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Nakane, S. A1 - Pascual, M.J. A1 - Schmelzer, J.W. A1 - Zanotto, E.D. A1 - Zhou, S. T1 - Updated definition of glass-ceramics N2 - Glass-ceramics are noted for their unusual combination of properties and manifold commercialized products for consumer and specialized markets. Evolution of novel glass and ceramic processing routes, a plethora of new compositions, and unique exotic nano- and microstructures over the past 60 years led us to review the Definition of glass-ceramics. Well-established and emerging processing methods, such as co-firing, additive manufacturing, and laser patterning are analyzed concerning the core requirements of processing glass-ceramics and the Performance of the final products. In this communication, we propose a revised, updated definition of glass-ceramics, which reads “Glass-ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials prepared by controlled crystallization of glasses via different processing methods. They contain at least one type of functional crystalline phase and a residual glass. The volume fraction crystallized may vary from ppm to almost 100%”. KW - Glass-ceramics definition PY - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-464711 SN - 0022-3093 SN - 1873-4812 VL - 501 SP - 3 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-46471 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Retzlaff, J. A1 - Bronstein, Z. A1 - Müller-Rochholz, J. A1 - Böhning, Martin A1 - Robertson, Daniela A1 - Schröder, Hartmut T1 - Oxidative resistance of geosynthetics: practical aspects and developments of testing at elevated temperature and oxygen pressure N2 - Service life of geosynthetics made of polyolefin materials is mainly limited by oxidative degradation. Durability of polyolefin products depend on formulation, morphology resulting from manufacturing, design and particularly on the antioxidants used. Although the fundamental oxidative reactions are known, the complex effect of geosynthetic characteristics and external influences mean that durability assessments require practical tests. The assessment of oxidative durability involves exposure to accelerating conditions as well as the material characterisation with respect to the state of stabilisation and/or degradation (e.g. by tensile testing and/or oxidation induction time). The autoclave test developed by BAM for durability assessments of polyolefin geosynthetics is based on the simultaneous application of moderately elevated temperatures (up to 80 degrees Celsius) and elevated oxygen pressures (up to 5.0 MPa) in combination with a surrounding aqueous medium. Thus this test method provides several advantages in comparison to conventional oven testing, especially with respect to test duration, impact of surrounding environment and the potential to differentiate and rank oxidative resistance between products of very different dimensions (surface/volume) and stabilisation. In view of the increasing demand for durability assessments of geosynthetic products with lifetimes significantly exceeding 25 years, the contribution is focused on practical aspects concerning implementation and optimisation of test procedures, conditions and evaluation of results. Furthermore, advanced approaches based on multiple exposure conditions will also be included and corresponding calculations of expected service life in typical applications will be evaluated with respect to significance and repeatability. Thereby involved standards and recommendations - such as EN ISO 13438, Part C or EAG-EDT - are considered. T2 - EuroGeo4, 4th European Geosynthetics Conference CY - Edinburgh, UK DA - 2008-09-07 KW - Ageing KW - Degradation KW - HDPE KW - Laboratory test KW - Oxidation KW - Polypropylene PY - 2008 IS - Paper 178 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-18423 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Retzlaff, J. A1 - Müller-Rochholz, J. A1 - Klapperich, H. A1 - Böhning, Martin T1 - The behaviour of geosynthetics under cyclic load N2 - Whenever geosynthetics are used to reinforce or stabilise infrastructural elements such as road- and railways, bridge abutments, run- and taxiways on airports or to protect coastlines of canals and other steep slopes they may be exposed to cyclic loads. Therefore, a reduction factor for dynamic effects on the geosynthetic tensile strength has been included into the calculation of the Long Term Design Strength (LTDS). An approach to assess the behaviour of geosynthetics is to adopt Woehler- or Smith graphs and Haigh-diagrams for polymers. This is because an endurance limit for polymers, which defines an infinite life under a defined cyclic load, has not been seen so far. A huge amount of mechanical testing is needed to predict the behaviour of geosynthetics against this particular background. To reduce these efforts while getting an indication of the cyclic effect on geosynthetics, a combined method of mechanical and chemical analysis has been developed. The pure tensile strength tests to determine the residual strength after cyclic stress has been amended by IR-spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). In this context the chain change model of PET has been proven as valid for cyclic loads as well, which helps to define the endurance limit of materials made out of PET. For polyolefins such as PP and PE, a limit for the maximum alternating load has been identified at the point of the stress strain graph where the actual and the numerical stress of a material diverge from each other. Cyclic tensile strength tests have been carried out in a hydraulic test frame. The test parameters have been set to simulate the service life of a railway bed trafficked by high speed trains (ICE). T2 - EuroGeo4, 4th European Geosynthetics Conference CY - Edinburgh, UK DA - 2008-09-07 KW - Cyclic load KW - Dynamic loads KW - Laboratory test KW - Reduction factor KW - Reinforcement KW - Stiffness PY - 2008 IS - Paper 179 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-18425 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - de Andrade Silva, F. A1 - Williams, J. J. A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Hentschel, Manfred P. A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella A1 - Chawla, N. T1 - Three-dimensional microstructure visualization of porosity and Fe-rich inclusions in SiC particle-reinforced Al alloy matrix composites by X-ray synchrotron tomography N2 - Microstructural aspects of composites such as reinforcement particle size, shape, and distribution play important roles in deformation behavior. In addition, Fe-rich inclusions and porosity also influence the behavior of these composites, particularly under fatigue loading. Three-dimensional (3-D) visualization of porosity and Fe-rich inclusions in three dimensions is critical to a thorough understanding of fatigue resistance of metal matrix composites (MMCs), because cracks often initiate at these defects. In this article, we have used X-ray synchrotron tomography to visualize and quantify the morphology and size distribution of pores and Fe-rich inclusions in a SiC particle-reinforced 2080 Al alloy composite. The 3-D data sets were also used to predict and understand the influence of defects on the deformation behavior by 3-D finite element modeling. KW - Synchrotron radiation KW - X-ray tomography KW - X-ray refraction KW - Analyser based imaging KW - Metal matrix composite (MMC) KW - Fatigue PY - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-010-0260-0 SN - 1073-5623 SN - 1543-1940 VL - 41 IS - 8 SP - 2121 EP - 2128 PB - The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society CY - Warrendale AN - OPUS4-21629 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tötzke, C. A1 - Gaiselmann, G. A1 - Osenberg, M. A1 - Bohner, J. A1 - Arlt, Tobias A1 - Markötter, H. A1 - Hilger, A. A1 - Wieder, F. A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Hentschel, Manfred P. A1 - Banhart, J. A1 - Schmidt, V. A1 - Lehnert, W. A1 - Manke, I. T1 - Three-dimensional study of compressed gas diffusion layers using synchrotron X-ray imaging N2 - We present a synchrotron X-ray tomographic study on the morphology of carbon fiber-based gas diffusion layer (GDL) material under compression. A dedicated compression device is used to provide well-defined compression conditions. A flat compression punch is employed to study the fiber geometry at different degrees of compression. Transport relevant geometrical parameters such as porosity, pore size and tortuosity distributions are calculated. The geometric properties notably change upon compression which has direct impact on transport conditions for gas and fluid flow. The availability of broad 3D paths, which are most important for the transport of liquid water from the catalyst layer through the GDL, is markedly reduced after compression. In a second experiment, we study the influence of the channel-land-pattern of the flow-field on shape and microstructure of the GDL. A flow-field compression punch is employed to reproduce the inhomogeneous compression conditions found during fuel cell assembly. While homogenously compressed underneath the land the GDL is much less and inhomogeneously compressed under the channel. The GDL material extends far into the channel volume where it can considerably influence gas and fluid flow. Loose fiber endings penetrate deeply into the channel and form obstacles for the discharge of liquid water droplets. KW - Synchrotron X-ray tomography KW - Gas diffusion layer (GDL) KW - Microstructure KW - Water transport path KW - Pore size analysis KW - Geometrical tortuosity PY - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.12.062 SN - 0378-7753 VL - 253 SP - 123 EP - 131 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-29979 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Biesen, L. A1 - May, L. A1 - Nirmalananthan-Budau, Nithiya A1 - Hoffmann, Katrin A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Müller, T. J. J. T1 - Communication of Bichromophore Emission upon Aggregation – Aroyl-S,N-ketene Acetals as Multifunctional Sensor Merocyanines N2 - Aroyl-S,N-ketene acetal-based bichromophores can be readily synthesized in a consecutive three-component synthesis in good to excellent yields by condensation of aroyl chlorides and an N-(p-bromobenzyl) 2-methyl benzothiazolium salt followed by a Suzuki coupling, yielding a library of 31 bichromophoric fluorophores with substitution patterntunable emission properties. Varying both chromophores enables different communication pathways between the chromophores, exploiting aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and energy transfer (ET) properties, and thus, furnishing aggregation-based fluorescence switches. Possible applications range from fluorometric analysis of alcoholic beverages to pH sensors. KW - Dye KW - Fluorescence KW - Aggregation induced emission KW - Signal enhancement KW - Energy transfer KW - Switch KW - Sensor KW - Quantum yield KW - Lifetime KW - Photophysics KW - Synthesis PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-531123 VL - 27 IS - 53 SP - 13426 EP - 13434 PB - Wiley-VCH AN - OPUS4-53112 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jaeger, Carsten A1 - Ritter, D. A1 - Goeritzer, M. A1 - Thiele, A. A1 - Blumrich, A. A1 - Beyhoff, N. A1 - Luettges, K. A1 - Smeir, E. A1 - Kasch, J. A1 - Grune, J. A1 - Müller, O. A1 - Klopfleisch, R. A1 - Foryst-Ludwig, A. A1 - Kintscher, U. T1 - Liver X Receptor Agonist AZ876 Induces Beneficial Endogenous Cardiac Lipid Reprogramming and Protects Against Isoproterenol-Induced Cardiac Damage N2 - Background - It is known that dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids may improve cardiac function. However, relatively high daily doses are required to achieve sufficient cardiac concentrations of beneficial omega‐3 fatty acids. The liver X receptor (LXR) is a nuclear hormone receptor and a crucial regulator of lipid homeostasis in mammals. LXR activation has been shown to endogenously reprogram cellular lipid profiles toward increased polyunsaturated fatty acids levels. Here we studied whether LXR lipid reprogramming occurs in cardiac tissue and exerts cardioprotective actions. Methods and Results - Male 129SV mice were treated with the LXR agonist AZ876 (20 µmol/kg per day) for 11 days. From day 6, the mice were injected with the nonselective β‐agonist isoproterenol for 4 consecutive days to induce diastolic dysfunction and subendocardial fibrosis while maintaining systolic function. Treatment with isoproterenol led to a marked impairment of global longitudinal strain and the E/e' ratio of transmitral flow to mitral annular velocity, which were both significantly improved by the LXR agonist. Histological examination showed a significant reduction in isoproterenol‐induced subendocardial fibrosis by AZ876. Analysis of the cardiac lipid composition by liquid chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry revealed a significant increase in cardiac polyunsaturated fatty acids levels and a significant reduction in saturated fatty acids by AZ876. Conclusions - The present study provides evidence that the LXR agonist AZ876 prevents subendocardial damage, improves global longitudinal strain and E/e' in a mouse model of isoproterenol‐induced cardiac damage, accompanied by an upregulation of cardiac polyunsaturated fatty acids levels. Cardiac LXR activation and beneficial endogenous cardiac lipid reprogramming may provide a new therapeutic strategy in cardiac disease with diastolic dysfunction. KW - Heart failure KW - Lipids KW - Liver X receptor KW - Diastolic dysfunction KW - Nuclear receptor PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-529352 VL - 10 IS - 14 SP - e019473 AN - OPUS4-52935 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Henning, L. M. A1 - Müller, J. T. A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Schmidt, J. A1 - Bekheet, M. F. A1 - Gurlo, A. A1 - Simon, U. T1 - Hierarchically porous and mechanically stable monoliths from ordered mesoporous silica and their water filtration potential N2 - Mechanically stable structures with interconnected hierarchical porosity combine the benefits of both small and large pores, such as high surface area, pore volume, and good mass transport capabilities. Hence, lightweight micro-/meso-/macroporous monoliths are prepared from ordered mesoporous silica COK-12 by means of spark plasma sintering (SPS, S-sintering) and compared to conventionally (C-) sintered monoliths. A multi-scale model is developed to fit the small angle X-ray scattering data and obtain information on the hexagonal lattice parameters, pore sizes from the macro to the micro range, as well as the dimensions of the silica population. For both sintering techniques, the overall mesoporosity, hexagonal pore ordering, and amorphous character are preserved. The monoliths' porosity (77–49%), mesopore size (6.2–5.2 nm), pore volume (0.50–0.22 g cm-3 ), and specific surface area (451–180 m2 g-1) decrease with increasing processing temperature and pressure. While the difference in porosity is enhanced, the structural parameters between the C-and S-sintered monoliths are largely converging at 900 C, except for the mesopore size and lattice parameter, whose dimensions are more extensively preserved in the S-sintered monoliths, however, coming along with larger deviations from the theoretical lattice. Their higher mechanical properties (biaxial strength up to 49 MPa, 724 MPa HV 9.807 N) at comparable porosities and ability to withstand ultrasonic treatment and dead-end filtration up to 7 bar allow S-sintered monoliths to reach a high permeance (2634 L m-2 h-1 bar-1), permeability (1.25 x 10^-14 m2), and ability to reduce the chemical oxygen demand by 90% during filtration of a surfactant-stabilized oil in water emulsion, while indicating reasonable resistance towards fouling. KW - SAXS KW - Hierarchically porous KW - Silica KW - Water filtration PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-555928 SN - 2516-0230 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-55592 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, W.H. A1 - Worrack, H. A1 - Sterthaus, Jens A1 - Villain, J. A1 - Wilden, J. A1 - Juritza, A. T1 - How to extract continuum materials properties for (lead-free) solders from tensile tests and nanoindentation experiments N2 - Fabrication of modern microelectronic components requires miscellaneous solder materials for joining. In order to guarantee the quality of the manufacturing process and the reliability of the resulting solder joint it is necessary to know the material properties of the joining parts and of the solder materials. In particular Young’s modulus, yield stress, and the hardness are of great interest. Moreover, a complete stress-strain curve is important for a detailed material characterization and simulation of a component, e.g., by Finite Elements (FE). The miniaturization of modern electronic products with small solder joints allows only fabrication of very small-sized specimens. Because of this miniature tests are used for measuring the mechanical properties of the solders in the experimental investigations of this paper. More specifically two miniature tests are presented and discussed, a mini-uniaxial-tension-test and a nanoindenter experiment. In the tensile test the axial loading is prescribed, the corresponding extension of the specimen length is recorded, both of which determines the stress-strain- curve directly. The stress-strain curves are then mathematically analyzed by assuming a non-linear relationship between stress and strain of the Ramberg-Osgood type and fitting the corresponding parameters to the experimental data by means of an optimization routine. For a detailed analysis of very local mechanical properties nanoindentation is used, resulting primarily in load vs. indentation-depth data. According to the procedure of Pharr and Oliver this data can be used to obtain hardness and Young’s modulus but not a complete stress-strain curve, at least not directly. In order to obtain such a stress-strain-curve, the nanoindentation experiment is combined with FE and the coefficients involved in the corresponding constitutive equation for stress and strain are obtained by means of the inverse method. Finally in this paper, the stress-strain curves from nanoindentation and tensile tests are compared for two materials, namely aluminum and steel and differences are explained in terms of the locality of the measured properties. KW - Inverse method KW - FEA KW - Stress-strain curves KW - Nanoindentation KW - Tensile tests PY - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-008-0688-y SN - 0946-7076 SN - 1432-1858 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 45 EP - 55 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-19264 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Bornhöft, H. A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Lumeau, J. A1 - Glebova, L.N. A1 - Glebov, L.B. T1 - Viscosity, relaxation and elastic properties of photo-thermo-refractive glass KW - Ultrasonic relaxation KW - Silicates KW - Rheology KW - Structural relaxation KW - Viscosity PY - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.noncrysol.2008.10.002 SN - 0022-3093 VL - 355 SP - 126 EP - 131 PB - North-Holland Publ. Co. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-18671 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tötzke, C. A1 - Manke, I. A1 - Gaiselmann, G. A1 - Bohner, J. A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Hentschel, Manfred P. A1 - Schmidt, V. A1 - Banhart, J. A1 - Lehnert, W. T1 - A dedicated compression device for high resolution X-ray tomography of compressed gas diffusion layers N2 - We present an experimental approach to study the three-dimensional microstructure of gas diffusion layer (GDL) materials under realistic compression conditions. A dedicated compression device was designed that allows for synchrotron-tomographic investigation of circular samples under well-defined compression conditions. The tomographic data provide the experimental basis for stochastic modeling of nonwoven GDL materials. A plain compression tool is used to study the fiber courses in the material at different compression stages. Transport relevant geometrical parameters, such as porosity, pore size, and tortuosity distributions, are exemplarily evaluated for a GDL sample in the uncompressed state and for a compression of 30 vol.%. To mimic the geometry of the flow-field, we employed a compression punch with an integrated channel-rib-profile. It turned out that the GDL material is homogeneously compressed under the ribs, however, much less compressed underneath the channel. GDL fibers extend far into the channel volume where they might interfere with the convective gas transport and the removal of liquid water from the cell. KW - PEM fuel cell KW - Gas diffusion layer (GDL) KW - Compression device KW - X-ray tomography KW - Synchrotron KW - Tortuosity PY - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4918291 SN - 0034-6748 SN - 1089-7623 VL - 86 IS - 4 SP - 043702-1 EP - 043702-6 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-33081 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nirmalananthan-Budau, Nithiya A1 - Behnke, Thomas A1 - Hoffmann, Katrin A1 - Kage, Daniel A1 - Gers-Panther, Charlotte F. A1 - Frank, Walter A1 - Müller, Thomas J. J. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute T1 - Crystallization and Aggregation-Induced Emission in a Series of Pyrrolidinylvinylquinoxaline Derivatives N2 - Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) has been meanwhile observed for many dye classes and particularly for fluorophores containing propeller-like groups. Herein, we report on the AIE characteristics of a series of four hydrophobic pyrrolidinylvinylquinoxaline (PVQ) derivatives with phenyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, and methoxythienyl substituents used to systematically vary the torsion angle between this substituent at the quinoxaline C2 position and the planar PVQ moiety. These molecules, which are accessible via four- or five-component one-pot syntheses, were spectroscopically studied in organic solvents and solvent−water mixtures, as dye aggregates, solids, and entrapped in polystyrene particles (PSP). Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements revealed a strong fluorescence enhancement for all dyes in ethanol−water mixtures of high water content, accompanying the formation of dye aggregates with sizes of a few hundred nm, overcoming polarity and H-bonding-induced fluorescence quenching of the chargetransfer-type emission of these PVQ dyes. The size and shape of these dye aggregates and the size of the AIE effect are controlled by the water content and the substituent-dependent torsion angle that influences the nucleation process and the packing of the molecules during aggregation. Staining of 1 μm-sized carboxy-functionalized PSP with the PVQ dyes resulted also in a considerable increase in the fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime, reflecting the combined influence of the restricted molecular motion and the reduced polarity of the dye microenvironment. KW - Spectroscopy KW - AIE KW - Aggregates KW - Nanoparticle PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01425 SN - 1932-7447 N1 - Geburtsname von Nirmalananthan-Budau, Nithiya: Nirmalananthan, N. - Birth name of Nirmalananthan-Budau, Nithiya: Nirmalananthan, N. VL - 122 IS - 20 SP - 11119 EP - 11127 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-45176 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Biesen, L. A1 - Nirmalananthan-Budau, Nithiya A1 - Hoffmann, Katrin A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Müller, T. J. J. T1 - Solid-State Emissive Aroyl-S,N-Ketene Acetals with Tunable N2 - N-Benzyl aroyl-S,N-ketene acetals can be readily synthesized by condensation of aroyl chlorides and N-Benzyl 2-methyl benzothiazolium salts in good to excellent yields, yielding a library of 35 chromophores with bright solid-state emission and aggregation-induced emission characteristics. Varying the substituent from electron-donating to electronwithdrawing enables the tuning of the solid-state emission Color from deep blue to red. KW - Nano KW - Nanoparticle KW - Photoluminescence KW - Fluorescence KW - Quantum yield KW - Photophysics KW - Lifetime KW - Sensor KW - dye KW - Enhancement KW - Particle KW - Polarity KW - AIE KW - Aggregation KW - Aggregation-induced emission KW - Solid state emission PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509072 VL - 59 IS - 25 SP - 10037 EP - 10041 PB - Wiley Online Libary AN - OPUS4-50907 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirilina, E. A1 - Helbling, S. A1 - Morawski, M. A1 - Pine, K. A1 - Reimann, K. A1 - Jankuhn, S. A1 - Dinse, J. A1 - Deistung, A. A1 - Reichenbach, J. R. A1 - Trampel, R. A1 - Geyer, S. A1 - Müller, Larissa A1 - Jakubowski, Norbert A1 - Arendt, T. A1 - Bazin, P.-L. A1 - Weiskopf, N. T1 - Superficial white matter imaging: Contrast mechanisms and whole-brain in vivo mapping N2 - Superficial white matter (SWM) contains the most cortico-cortical white matter connections in the human brain encompassing the short U-shaped association fibers. Despite its importance for brain connectivity, very little is known about SWM in humans, mainly due to the lack of noninvasive imaging methods. Here, we lay the groundwork for systematic in vivo SWM mapping using ultrahigh resolution 7 T magnetic resonance imaging. Using biophysical modeling informed by quantitative ion beam microscopy on postmortem brain tissue, we demonstrate that MR contrast in SWM is driven by iron and can be linked to the microscopic iron distribution. Higher SWM iron concentrations were observed in U-fiber–rich frontal, temporal, and parietal areas, potentially reflecting high fiber density or late myelination in these areas. Our SWM mapping approach provides the foundation for systematic studies of interindividual differences, plasticity, and pathologies of this crucial structure for cortico-cortical connectivity in humans. KW - Magnetic resonance imaging KW - Laser ablation KW - ICP-MS KW - Brain KW - Imaging PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514430 SN - 2375-2548 VL - 6 IS - 41 SP - eaaz9281 PB - American Association for the Advancement of Science (Science/AAAS) CY - Washington, DC, USA AN - OPUS4-51443 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Alrwashdeh, S. S. A1 - Markötter, H. A1 - Haußmann, J. A1 - Hilger, A. A1 - Klages, M. A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich A1 - Scholta, J. A1 - Manke, I. T1 - Investigation of water transport in newly developed micro porous layers for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells N2 - In this investigation, synchrotron X-ray imaging was used to investigate the water distribution inside newly developed gas diffusion media in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. In-situ radiography was used to reveal the relationship between the structure of the microporous layer (MPL) and the water flow in a newly developed MPL equipped with randomly arranged holes. A strong influence of these holes on the overall water transport was found. This contribution provides a brief overview to some of our recent activities on this research field. KW - Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell KW - Microporous layer KW - Water distribution KW - Radiography KW - Synchrotron X-ray imaging PY - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.9729/AM.2017.47.3.101 SN - 2287-4445 SN - 2287-5123 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - 101 EP - 104 AN - OPUS4-43356 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Denißen, M. A1 - Nirmalananthan-Budau, Nithiya A1 - Behnke, Thomas A1 - Hoffmann, Katrin A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Müller, T. J. J. T1 - 3-Piperazinyl propenylidene indolone merocyanines: consecutive three-component synthesis and electronic properties of solid-state luminophores with AIE properties N2 - A series of twelve 3-piperazinyl propenylidene indolone merocyanines was synthesized in a one-pot fashion using a consecutive three-component insertion-coupling-Michael addition sequence. Physicalorganic treatment of the absorption data of a consanguineous series of this library allows semiquantitative Linear Free Energy Relationships (LFERs) to be established and confirmation of the positive Absorption solvatochromicity. All Boc-substituted piperazinyl merocyanines display aggregation induced Emission (AIE), which was corroborated for two solvent systems. In particular, crystallization-induced Emission enhancement (CIEE) induced by ultrasonication could be shown for a model chromophore by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). KW - Indolone merocyanines KW - AIE KW - CIEE KW - CLSM PY - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c7qm00198c SN - 2052-1537 N1 - Geburtsname von Nirmalananthan-Budau, Nithiya: Nirmalananthan, N. - Birth name of Nirmalananthan-Budau, Nithiya: Nirmalananthan, N. VL - 1 IS - 10 SP - 2013 EP - 2026 AN - OPUS4-43213 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gers-Panther, C.F. A1 - Fischer, H. A1 - Nordmann, J. A1 - Seiler, T. A1 - Behnke, Thomas A1 - Würth, Christian A1 - Frank, W. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Müller, T.J.J. T1 - Four- and Five-Component Syntheses and Photophysical Properties of Emission Solvatochromic 3‑Aminovinylquinoxalines N2 - 3-Aminovinylquinoxalines are readily accessible from (hetero)aryl glyoxylic acids or heterocyclic π-nucleophiles by consecutive four- and fivecomponent syntheses in the sense of an activation-alkynylation-cyclocondensation-addition sequence or glyoxylation-alkynylation-cyclocondensation-addition sequence in good yields. The title compounds are highly fluorescent with pronounced emission solvatochromicity and protochromic fluorescence quenching. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy furnishes radiative and nonradiative fluorescence decay rates in various solvent polarities. The electronic structure is corroborated by DFT and TD-DFT calculations rationalizing the observed spectroscopic effects. KW - Dye KW - Syntheseis KW - Spectroscopy PY - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.joc.6b02581 SN - 0022-3263 VL - 82 SP - 567 EP - 578 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-39211 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Göbel, M. A1 - Kirsch, S. A1 - Schwarze, L: A1 - Schmidt, L. A1 - Scholz, H. A1 - Haußmann, J. A1 - Klages, M. A1 - Scholta, J. A1 - Markötter, H. A1 - Alrwashdeh, S. A1 - Manke, I. A1 - Müller, Bernd R. T1 - Transient limiting current measurements for characterization of gas diffusion layers N2 - The water management in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is strongly influenced by the design of the gas diffusion layers (GDL). Limiting current measurements in small-scale cells operating at high stoichiometries are useful to determine the oxygen transport resistance. The oxygen transport resistance increases, once water condenses inside the GDL. In this study a new electrochemical method for voltage loss estimation of GDL induced oxygen transport losses are presented. This new method, referred to as “transient limiting current” (TLC), is compared with the literature method. TLC allows a direct estimation of oxygen transport resistance at an arbitrarily conditioned state. This study also presents a case study of liquid water visualization of a PEM fuel cell with varying GDLs types. With the help of quasi in-situ synchrotron X-ray computed tomography and time resolved radiography measurements we investigate appearance and distribution of liquid water inside the GDLs under limiting current conditions. KW - In-situ characterization of GDLs KW - In-situ synchrotron X-ray computed tomography KW - In-situ synchrotron X-ray radiography KW - BAMline PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2018.09.003 SN - 0378-7753 SN - 1873-2755 VL - 402 SP - 237 EP - 245 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-46552 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spickermann, J. A1 - Martin, K. A1 - Räder, H.J. A1 - Müllen, K. A1 - Schlaad, H. A1 - Müller, A. H. E. A1 - Krüger, Ralph-Peter T1 - Quantitative analysis of broad molecular weight distributions obtained by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry PY - 1996 SN - 1469-0667 SN - 1356-1049 SN - 1365-0718 IS - 2 SP - 161 EP - 165 PB - IM Publications CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-2153 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmelzer, J.W.P. A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Möller, J. A1 - Gutzow, I.S. T1 - Elastic stresses, stress relaxation and crystallisation: theory of nucleation PY - 2002 SN - 0031-9090 VL - 43C SP - 291 EP - 300 PB - Thornton CY - Sheffield AN - OPUS4-3116 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mehner, Hartmut A1 - Menzel, Michael A1 - Müller, J.-P. A1 - Gähde, J. A1 - Güttler, B. T1 - Plasma-assisted transformation of iron surfaces into magnetite KW - Iron KW - Magnetite KW - Mössbauer spectroscopy KW - Plasma oxidation PY - 1999 SN - 0257-8972 VL - 116-119 SP - 367 EP - 369 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-773 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmelzer, J.W.P. A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Möller, J. A1 - Gutzow, I.S. T1 - Theory of nucleation in viscoelastic media: application to phase formation in glassforming melts N2 - Glassforming melts behave, in the vicinity of the temperature of vitrification Tg, as viscoelastic bodies. A general theory of nucleation in a viscoelastic body developed elsewhere is applicable to the description of phase formation processes in such systems. The present contribution is directed to the demonstration of the relevance of this proposed general theory to describing phase transformation processes in glassforming melts. The application of the theory is shown to explain a number of experimental results on crystallization of glassforming melts, which have not found a satisfactory interpretation so far. PY - 2003 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3093(02)01428-X SN - 0022-3093 VL - 315 SP - 144 EP - 160 PB - North-Holland Publ. Co. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-2078 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Thieme-Hack, M. A1 - Berghaus, U. A1 - Brümmer, F. A1 - Elsner, U. A1 - Färber, C. A1 - Frank, D. A1 - Illgas, M. A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Kathage, J. A1 - Leers, A. A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Röger-Göpfert, C. A1 - Russland, H.-J. A1 - Schnabel, B. A1 - Schneider, O. A1 - Schockmann, D. A1 - Schomakers, H. A1 - Schwalbe, D. A1 - Stegemann, D. A1 - van den Berg, T. A1 - Kramps, S. T1 - Fachbericht Kunststoffsportböden - Nachhaltige Kunststoffbelagsauswahl für Sportfreianlagen N2 - Kunststoff- und Kunststoffrasenflächen kommt bei intensiv genutzten Flächen als Allwetterbeläge eine große Bedeutung zu. Sie leisten einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Absicherung eines ganzjähriger Sportangebote. Gerade Kunststoffrasen ist aber in den letzten Jahren häufig in die Kritik geraten, insbesondere durch gefährliche Inhaltsstoffe und andere negative Einflüsse auf die Umwelt. Dies hat bei Bauherren zu einer Verunsicherung geführt und Fragen aufgeworfen, die erst teilweise beantwortet sind. Die Diskussionen rund um diesen Allwetterbelag haben bereits dazu geführt, dass von Seiten der Industrie viel verändert wurde und neue innovative Lösungen gefunden werden. Der Fachbericht stellt eine Handreichung für Fachleute und interessierte Laien dar, um mehr Klarheit besonders hinsichtlich der Umweltanforderungen zu erzielen. KW - Kunststoffsportbeläge KW - Kunstrasen KW - Umweltverträglichkeit KW - Schadstofftransfer KW - Mikroplastik PY - 2022 UR - https://shop.fll.de/de/fachbericht-kunststoffsportboeden-broschuere.html SP - 1 EP - 70 PB - Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau (FLL) CY - Bonn AN - OPUS4-54390 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Nörthemann, K. A1 - Moritz, W. A1 - Bienge, J.-E. A1 - Müller, J. A1 - Despinasse, Marie-Claire A1 - Raspe, Tina A1 - Krüger, Simone ED - Krüll, W. T1 - Forest fire detection using hydrogen sensors N2 - Forest fires start mostly in partial combustion. In this paper we present a hydrogen sensor to defect early stages of forest fires. First indoor experiments in a smoke density chamber with wood samples, proved that the sensor produce a strong signal change when the smouldering of wood starts, already before the CO concentration, measured in FTIR spectrometry, exceeds 10 ppm. In outdoor experiments we were able to detect forest fire in a distance of 110 m. T2 - AUBE '14 - 15th International conference on automatic fire detection CY - Duisburg, Germany DA - 14.10.2014 KW - Hydrogen sensor KW - Forest KW - Fire detection KW - Smoke gases KW - FTIR KW - Rauchkammer PY - 2014 SN - 978-3-940402-02-8 VL - 1 SP - 247 EP - 254 CY - Duisburg AN - OPUS4-31949 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Massiot, D. A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Hübert, Thomas A1 - Schneider, M. A1 - Kentgens, A. A1 - Coté, B. A1 - Coutures, J. A1 - Gessner, W. T1 - Double rotation and magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance study of 27Al: reexamination of the aluminium borate 9Al2O3 · 2B2O3 N2 - 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of polycrystalline aluminium borate 9Al2O3 · 2B2O3 have been measured in double rotation at 11.7 and 7.0 T and high-speed magic-angle spinning at 7.0, 9.4, 11.7, 14.1 and 17.6 T. Spinning sidebands from the satellite transitions were observed at 7.0 and 14.1 T. Each of the four structural aluminium sites [Al(IV), Al(V)(1), Al(V)(2) and Al(VI)] are observed, characterised and assigned in the spectra. The obtained parameter set gives a fully consistent interpretation in agreement with the crystal structure of the compound. KW - Aluminium KW - Kernresonanz, magnetisch KW - Winkel, magisch KW - Doppelrotation PY - 1995 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-2040(95)00021-H SN - 0926-2040 SN - 1527-3326 VL - 5 IS - 2 SP - 175 EP - 180 PB - Academ. Press CY - Orlando, Fla. AN - OPUS4-639 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krause, Martin A1 - Bärmann, R. A1 - Frielinghaus, R. A1 - Kreschmar, F. A1 - Krogge, O. A1 - Langenberg, K. A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Müller, W. A1 - Neisecke, J. A1 - Schickert, M. A1 - Schmitz, V. A1 - Wiggenhauser, Herbert A1 - Wollbold, F. ED - Schickert, G. T1 - Comparison of pulse-echo-methods for testing concrete T2 - International Symposium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE) CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 1995-09-26 KW - Beton KW - Radar KW - Aufprallecho KW - Ultraschall KW - Prüfung PY - 1995 SN - 3-931381-02-1 N1 - Serientitel: BB / DGZfP – Series title: BB / DGZfP SP - 281 EP - 295 PB - DGZfP, Dt. Ges. für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e.V. CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-593 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klingbeil, Patrick A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Pritzkow, Wolfgang A1 - Riebe, Gundel A1 - Müller, J. T1 - Comparative studies on the certification of reference materials by ICPMS and TIMS using isotope dilution procedures N2 - A comparison of different isotope dilution mass spectrometric (IDMS) procedures using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) and thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) was carried out to examine the degree of equivalence between the used procedures in terms of requirements for reference material certification. The comparison was based on the measurement results and their uncertainties. The sample used in this study is a pure zinc metal to be certified by the Bureau Communie de Référence (BCR) for amount contents of different trace elements. This study focuses on cadmium and thallium. The TIMS values contributed to the certified values. To guarantee identical conditions as far as possible for the procedures under investigation, the samples were split into subsamples after spiking and digestion took place. Thus, every IDMS procedure started with an identical set of samples. In total, four different IDMS procedures and one external calibration procedure using internal standardization as an example of routine analysis were applied. The IDMS procedures divide in a group with and a group without trace/matrix separation. Multicollector TIMS (TI-MC-MS) and multicollector ICPMS (ICP-MC-MS) were used in combination with trace/matrix separation, whereas quadrupole ICPMS (ICP-QMS) and ICP-MC-MS were also applied to nonseparated samples. All IDMS results agree well within their combined uncertainties, while some results from the external calibration procedure do not. IDMS results obtained by ICPMS without separation are comparable to those obtained by TI-MC-MS with separation regarding precision and accuracy. The smallest uncertainties were achieved using ICP-MC-MS in combination with trace/matrix separation. KW - ICP-MS KW - TIMS KW - IDMS KW - multi-collector KW - uncertainty budget KW - Certification KW - reference material PY - 2001 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/ac001278c SN - 0003-2700 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 73 IS - 8 SP - 1881 EP - 1888 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-909 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlaad, H. A1 - Müller, A. A1 - Spickermann, J. A1 - Räder, H. A1 - Krüger, Ralph-Peter T1 - Quantitative Analysis of Molecular Weight Distribution Obtained by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) T2 - 2nd International Conference on Molecular Mass Characterization of Synthetic and Natural Polymers CY - Bradford, England, UK DA - 1996-04-01 PY - 1996 CY - Bradford AN - OPUS4-2218 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Rosenthal, Martina A1 - Völker, J. A1 - Schafer, Lloyd T1 - Das Basisanliegen von Zuverlässigkeitsuntersuchungen und eine Momentaufnahme im internationalen Geschehen N2 - Das Basisanliegen - Einleitung Mit der zunehmenden Zahl akkreditierter ZfP-Firmen und zunehmender Anwendung risikobasierender Konzepte ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit, internationale Standards wie die DIN EN ISO 17025 und darüber hinausgehende Richtlinien bei der Verfahrensauswahl in der ZfP zu berücksichtigen. Dieser Aufsatz soll aufzeigen, welche internationalen Aktivitäten gegenwärtig für die Zuverlässigkeitsbetrachtungen von Bedeutung sind (siehe auch [1]). In Übereinstimmung mit den Vereinbarungen und Definitionen der European-American Workshops zur Zuverlässigkeit [2, 3] gilt: Das Basisanliegen der Zuverlässigkeitsuntersuchungen beliebiger diagnostischer Systeme besteht darin, den Grad festzustellen mit dem das Prüfsystem in der Lage ist, seinen vorgesehenen Zweck zu erfüllen. Im Falle der ZfP besteht dieser Zweck zumeist in der Aufgabe, Bauteildefekte aufzufinden und zu beschreiben bzw. die Defektfreiheit von Bauteilen zu bestätigen, sowie Wanddicken zu messen oder Material zu charakterisieren. Das Basisanliegen der Zuverlässigkeitsuntersuchungen findet seinen Niederschlag bei folgenden international relevanten Aktivitäten: neue ISO 17025 als Notwendigkeit mit variablen Möglichkeiten der Verfahrensvalidierung als Kettenglied in RBLM (Risk Based Life Time Management) (r) EPERC-Initiative CEN/TC138/WG9 "Qualifizierung von ZfP-Verfahren" Six-Sigma Strategie: als notwendiger Bestandteil ASNT-Initiative: Standing Committee on NDE Reliability: als Arbeitspaket Produkthaftung: als notwendige Voraussetzung für die Handhabung T2 - Jahrestagung Zerstörungsfreie Materialprüfung 2002 CY - Weimar, Deutschland DA - 2002-05-06 PY - 2002 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/dgzfp02/papers/v29/v29.htm SN - 3-931381-39-0 N1 - Geburtsname von Rosenthal, Martina: Scharmach, M. - Birth name of Rosenthal, Martina: Scharmach, M. N1 - Serientitel: Berichtsband / Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e. V. – Series title: Berichtsband / Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e. V. IS - 80-CD PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-2010 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Rosenthal, Martina A1 - Bär, Sylke A1 - Schafer, Lloyd A1 - Völker, J. A1 - Wilrich, P.-Th. T1 - Current status in the area of reliability of non-destructive testing and demining: Experience in Europe and USA T2 - Reliability and Diagnostics of Transport Structures and Means, Pardubice - Czech Republic CY - Pardubitz, Tschechische Republik DA - 2002-09-26 KW - Reliability of NDE Systems KW - Performance Demonstration KW - Essential Parameters KW - European Standards KW - Radiographic Testing KW - Film Digitalization KW - Austenitic Tube Welds KW - ROC KW - POD PY - 2002 SN - 80-7194464-5 SP - 1 EP - 14(?) PB - Univ. CY - Pardubice AN - OPUS4-2011 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Rosenthal, Martina A1 - Völker, J. A1 - Schafer, Lloyd A1 - Wilrich, P.-Th. T1 - Concepts in reliability measurement T2 - European-American Workshop 2002 CY - Berlin, BAM, Germany DA - 2002-09-11 PY - 2002 N1 - Geburtsname von Rosenthal, Martina: Scharmach, M. - Birth name of Rosenthal, Martina: Scharmach, M. SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-2018 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Müller-Rochholz, J. A1 - Bronstein, Z. A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Rybak, Thomas A1 - Zeynalov, Eldar A1 - v. Maubeuge, K. P. ED - Delmas, P. T1 - Long-term behaviour of geosynthetic drains - excavations on landfills after up to 12 years service T2 - 7th International Conference on Geosynthetics (ICG) CY - Nice, France DA - 2002-09-22 PY - 2002 SN - 90-5809-525-8 VL - 2 SP - 565 EP - 568 PB - Balkema CY - Lisse AN - OPUS4-1902 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Lange, Axel A1 - Harwardt, Michael A1 - Hentschel, Manfred P. A1 - Illerhaus, Bernhard A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Bamberg, J. A1 - Heutling, F. T1 - 3D Refraction Computed Tomography Applied to Metal Matrix Composites N2 - For the first time Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) have been investigated by 3D Computed Tomography combined with enhanced interface contrast due to X-ray refraction. X-ray refraction is a relatively new approach for the characterization of advanced materials. The related techniques of Refraction Topography and Refraction Computed Tomography have been developed and applied at our laboratory during the last decade to meet the actual demand for improved nondestructive characterization of high performance composites, ceramics and other low density materials and components. X-ray refraction occurs, when X-rays crosses interfaces of spherical or cylindrical shape (e.g. pores or fibres) in the same way as visible light is refracted by lenses. These X-ray optical effects can be observed at small scattering angles of few minutes of arc as the refractive index n of X-rays is nearly unity (n = 1 – 10-6). Due to the short X-ray wavelength of about 0.1 nm the technique determines the amount of inner surfaces and interfaces of nanometer dimensions. The technique is expected to solve many problems in understanding the meaning of micro and sub micro structures in materials science. With the results of the CT investigation, some questions could be clarified for a better understanding of fatigue failure mechanisms under cyclic loading conditions. The specimens for the test programme have been provided by MTU Aero Engines. They consist of a titanium matrix (Ti6242) reinforced by SiC fibres (SCS6). The investigations have been performed at the materials research station of BAM (BAMline) at the Synchrotron Facility BESSY in Berlin, Germany. T2 - 35th International SAMPE technical conference CY - Dayton, OH, USA DA - 2003-09-28 KW - Non-Destructive Inspection (NDI) KW - Characterization KW - Titanium Metal Matrix Composites (Ti-MMC) KW - Ti6242 KW - SCS6 PY - 2003 SN - 0-938994-95-6 PB - SAMPE CY - Covina, Calif. AN - OPUS4-2780 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Lange, Axel A1 - Harwardt, Michael A1 - Hentschel, Manfred P. A1 - Illerhaus, Bernhard A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Bamberg, J. A1 - Heutling, F. T1 - Micro Crack Characterization of Metal Matrix Composites by 3D-Refraction-Computed-Tomography T2 - 16th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Montreal, Canada DA - 2004-08-30 KW - NDE KW - X-ray refraction KW - Composites KW - MMC PY - 2004 SP - 9 pages PB - International Committee for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Montreal AN - OPUS4-5486 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Eberstein, Markus A1 - Thiel, A. A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Schiller, Wolfgang Arno T1 - Lösungs- und Kristallisationsvorgänge beim Sintern von Glasmatrix-Kompositen T2 - 79. Glastechnische Tagung CY - Würzburg, Deutschland DA - 2005-05-23 KW - Glaspulver KW - Glasmatrix-Komposit KW - Sintern KW - Kristallisation PY - 2005 SN - 3-921089-43-3 SP - 7 Seiten PB - Deutsche Glastechnische Gesellschaft CY - Offenbach AN - OPUS4-10377 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chladek, J. A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Weh, Lothar A1 - Reinsch, Stefan T1 - Viscous flow and surface crystallization caused by Vickers indentation PY - 2004 SN - 0927-4472 VL - 77 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-6235 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller-Hess, D. A1 - Troschke, K.K. A1 - Kolar, J. A1 - Strlic, M. A1 - Kautek, Wolfgang A1 - Pentzien, Simone T1 - Laserreinigung von Papier - Zwischenbericht des Eurocare-Projektes 1681 LACLEPA PY - 2001 SN - 0933-4017 IS - 8 SP - 604 EP - 610 PB - Callwey CY - München AN - OPUS4-6282 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Kasche, J. A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Müller, D. T1 - Emissions- und Geruchsuntersuchungen an Bauprodukten - Ergebnisse eines UFO-Planprojektes T2 - 8th Workshop "Odour and Emissions of Plastic Materials" CY - Kassel, Germany DA - 2006-03-27 KW - Bauprodukte KW - Emissionen KW - Geruch KW - RAL UZ PY - 2006 SP - 13-1- 13-7 CY - Kassel AN - OPUS4-12259 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Schadrack, Reinhard A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Deubener, J. T1 - Bestimmung der Glastransformationstemperatur wasserhaltiger Gläser T2 - 80. Glastechnische Tagung CY - Dresden, Deutschland DA - 2006-06-12 PY - 2006 SN - 3-921089-46-8 SP - 1(?) EP - 5(?) PB - Verl. d. Dt. Glastechn. Ges. CY - Offenbach AN - OPUS4-12552 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Lange, Axel A1 - Harwardt, Michael A1 - Hentschel, Manfred P. A1 - Illerhaus, Bernhard A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Bamberg, J. A1 - Heutling, F. T1 - X-Ray Refraction Topography and Computed Tomography for NDE of Lightweight Materials T2 - 9th European Conference on NDT CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-09-25 KW - Synchrotron Refraction CT KW - MMC KW - Bragg-Magnification PY - 2006 SN - 3-931381-86-2 SP - 1(?) EP - 9(?) PB - European Federation for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-13703 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wondraczek, L. A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Gaber, Martin A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Komatsu, T. T1 - Nano-crystalline germanate glass-ceramics T2 - 78. Glastechnische Tagung CY - Nürnberg, Deutschland DA - 2004-06-07 PY - 2004 SP - 37 EP - 40 PB - Deutsche Glastechnische Gesellschaft CY - Offenbach AN - OPUS4-6953 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kolar, J. A1 - Strlic, M. A1 - Müller-Hess, D. A1 - Gruber, A. A1 - Troschke, K. A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Kautek, Wolfgang T1 - Near-UV and visible pulsed laser interaction with paper N2 - The applicability of excimer laser at 308 nm and Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm with fluences below 0.86 J/cm2 for cleaning of cellulose and paper materials was evaluated. The extent of degradation of purified cotton cellulose and Fabriano paper after laser treatment as well as after a period of accelerated humid oven ageing was determined by following the changes in the degree of polymerization. While irradiation of paper with the excimer laser at 308 nm results in depolymerization of cellulose accompanied by a decrease in ISO brightness, no detrimental effects of Nd:YAG laser treatments were observed. PY - 2000 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/S1296-2074(00)00149-7 SN - 1296-2074 SN - 1778-3674 VL - 1 IS - sup.1 SP - 221 EP - 224 PB - Elsevier CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-5979 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Röhrich, J. A1 - Damerow, T. A1 - Hahn, W. A1 - Müller, U. A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Denker, A. T1 - A tandetron as proton injector for the eye tumor therapy in Berlin N2 - The therapy of eye tumors with fast protons is an excellent tool giving very high local control rates. At the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin (HZB) almost 1800 patients were treated since 1998. A 2 MV Tandetron™ was installed as injector for the k = 132 HZB cyclotron. Using the standard 358 duoplasmatron ion source with direct extraction of negative hydrogen ions an extremely stable proton beam can be delivered, both on the short-term and the long-term scale. The hair-needle filaments made from thoriated tungsten wires have safe operation times of more than 1000 h. KW - Biomedical equipment KW - Duoplasmatrons KW - Eye KW - Particle beam extraction KW - Radiation therapy KW - Tumours PY - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3662475 SN - 0034-6748 SN - 1089-7623 VL - 83 IS - 02B903 SP - 1 EP - 3 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-25721 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Boller, C. T1 - Safe product design - the role of the NDT reliability analysis N2 - Im Zuge der Anwendung des Schadens-Toleranz-Prinzips wird ein adäquates zerstörungsfreies Prüfsystem benötigt um strukturelle Integrität sicher zu stellen. Wenn ein zerstörungsfreies Prüfsystem jedoch bis zu den Grenzen der Detektionsfähigkeit beansprucht wird, liefert es keine übereinstimmende Indikationen der Defektentdeckung (Hit/Miss). Deshalb wird dessen Fähigkeit Defekte zu entdecken als Entdeckungswahrscheinlichkeit (POD Probability of Detection) ausgedrückt. In der herkömmlichen 'Signal Response' Signal-Antwort-Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse wird die Entdeckungswahrscheinlichkeit als eine Funktion der Defektgröße angegeben. Die Eignung des Prüfsystems wird durch den Vergleich der Größe des Defektes, der zuverlässig entdeckt wird, mit der des größten zulässigen Defektes, der die strukturelle Integrität nicht gefährdet, verifiziert. Analysen moderner Strukturen zeigen aber, dass auch andere Parameter den Schweregrad des Defektes bzgl. der Integrität der Struktur bestimmen können. Im Rahmen der Multi-Parameter-Zuverlässigkeitsanalyse kann die Entdeckungswahrscheinlichkeit als eine Funktion verschiedener Einflussparameter ausgedrückt werden. Wenn die Eignung des zerstörungsfreien Prüfsystems bestimmt wird, muss die Fähigkeit des Systems Defekte zu entdecken gegenüber dem kritischen Wert genau des Parameters ausgedrückt und geprüft werden, der den Schweregrad des Defektes für die Integrität der Struktur bestimmt. Die Nichterfüllung dieser Forderung kann zur Ablehnung von intakten Teilen oder der Akzeptanz von schlechten Teilen führen. Das Prinzip wird anhand von longitudinalen Ultraschall-Sende-Empfangs-Prüfdaten der Gußeisenmatrix mit oberflächenoffenen, semi-elliptischen, rißartigen Defekten demonstriert. KW - POD KW - TRL-UT PY - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.110434 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 55 IS - 4 SP - 270 EP - 275 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-28829 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Paradigm shift in the holistic evaluation of the reliability of NDE systems N2 - Das Ziel des Artikels ist es eine Übersicht über neue methodische Ansätze und Verfahren zur Bewertung der Zuverlässigkeit von ZfP-Systemen in Übereinstimmung mit den spezifischen Anforderungen verschiedener industrieller Anwendungen zu geben. Nach einem Überblick über die in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten erreichten Fortschritte, wird der Fokus auf die gegenwärtigen Entwicklungen gerichtet. Für hohe Sicherheitsanforderungen wurde die quantitative Fehlerauffindwahrscheinlichkeit (probability of detection, POD) basierend auf 'hit/miss'- oder 'Signal-Response'-Analysen und die ROC-Analyse (Receiver Operating Characteristics) als typische Werkzeuge entwickelt. Im Rahmen des modularen Modells für die ZfP-Zuverlässigkeit unterscheidet man zwischen den rein physikalisch-technischen Einflussfaktoren, den industriellen Anwendungsfaktoren und den menschlichen Faktoren. Es hilft zum Beispiel zu erkennen, welche dieser Faktoren man in Modellierungsrechnungen bzw. mittels offenen oder Blindversuchen untersuchen kann. Ein neues Paradigma wird für die Betrachtung der POD als eine Funktion der gewählten Systemparameter und somit als Optimierungswerkzeug verwendet, anstelle sie für die endgültige Beurteilung zu nehmen. Zur Handhabung der Zuverlässigkeitsuntersuchung von realen Defekten in einer realistischen Umgebung werden ökonomisch vertretbare, aber dennoch präzise genug arbeitende Methoden, wie der Ansatz von Bayes oder modellbasierte Methoden vorgestellt. Die menschlichen Faktoren sind oft von ausschlaggebender Wichtigkeit für die Gesamtzuverlässigkeit. Hier hilft ein systematischer psychologischer Ansatz die Engpässe und Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten zu finden. KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - Modulares Modell KW - POD KW - Human factors PY - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.110433 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 55 IS - 4 SP - 261 EP - 269 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-28831 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Pitkänen, J. T1 - Einsatz der Bayes'schen Statistik in der Zuverlässigkeitsbestimmung von zerstörungsfreien Prüfsystemen N2 - Die Fehlerauffindwahrscheinlichkeit oder 'Probability of Detection' ist zu einer wichtigen Qualitätskennzahl von zerstörungsfreien Prüfsystemen geworden. Die Einschätzung von nur künstlichen Fehlern ist jedoch als Bewertungsgrundlage meist nicht ausreichend. Die später verwendeten Prüfobjekte mit den real vorkommenden Fehlern sind die zu betrachtende Basis, für die der Endanwender eine gültige Qualitätseinschätzung der angewandten zerstörungsfreien Prüfung fordert. Jedoch ist bei dem Fall, dass die Datenmenge gering ist, auch die Aussage der POD beschränkt. Es muss daher eine Zwischenlösung gefunden werden, in der die Informationen von beiden Prüfungen kombiniert werden. Die Mathematik ermöglicht mit der Bayes'schen Statistik, diese Informationen miteinander zu kombinieren und somit beide Informationen in die Bewertung einfließen zu lassen. Dabei spielt jedoch der Zusammenhang zwischen Signal und Fehlerausprägung eine wichtige Rolle. Praktisch angewendet und erprobt wird diese Vorgehensweise für die Bewertung der zerstörungsfreien Prüfungen der Firma POSIVA, die sich mit dem Bau eines Endlagers für hochradioaktiven Abfall in Finnland beschäftigt. KW - POD KW - RT KW - Bayes'sches updating PY - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.110432 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 55 IS - 4 SP - 254 EP - 260 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-28832 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Fahlbruch, B. A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - 'Human factors' bei der Datenauswertung der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung am Beispiel der nuklearen Endlagerung N2 - Für eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung der Sicherheit bei der zerstörungsfreien Prüfung (ZfP) ist es unvermeidlich neben der Technik auch den Prüfer und die Prüforganisation einzubeziehen. Die Prüfung der Unversehrtheit von Endlagerbehältern ist eine eine sicherheitstechnisch wichtige Anwendung. Die Betreiber der geplanten finnischen und schwedischen Endlager, Posiva und SKB, kapseln den radioaktiven Abfall in Kupferkanistern ein und deponieren die Kanister dann in Felsgestein in einer Tiefe von ca. 500m. Die Kanister bestehen aus einem zylinderförmigen Kupfermantel mit einem Deckel und einem Boden, die zusammen die Außenumhüllung ergeben sowie einer Gusseisenmatrix für die Brennstäbe. Alle Komponenten werden auf ihre Dichtheit bzw. strukturelle Unversehrtheit mittels zerstörungsfreier Prüfmethoden geprüft, um sicher zu stellen, dass im Material und in den Schweißnähten keine kritischen Defekte vorhanden sind, die zu Freisetzungen in die Umgebung führen könnten. Vier ZfP Methoden (Ultraschall-, Wirbelstrom- und radiographische Prüfung, und die visuelle Prüfung anhand einer Kamera) werden mechanisiert durchgeführt, die gewonnenen Daten werden von qualifizierten Fachleuten ausgewertet und bieten so die Möglichkeit, dass Fehler entstehen. Das 'Human Factor'- Untersuchungskonzept besteht aus der Identifizierung potenzieller menschlicher Fehler, deren Ursachen und Präventionsmethoden. Mit Hilfe einer abgewandelten FMEA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis) wurden mögliche Risiken identifiziert, die die Wahrscheinlichkeit für das Auftreten menschlicher Fehler bei der Datenauswertung erhöhen. Einige dieser Risiken sind beispielsweise Verantwortungsdiffusion beim 4-Augen-Prinzip, Übervertrauen in die Technik bei der automatischen Identifikation von Defekten sowie der Aufmerksamkeitsverlust bei dynamischer Bildbetrachtung. Deren Wirkung wird derzeit experimentell überprüft, um Ansatzpunkte für Optimierungen zu ermitteln und damit die Gesamtzuverlässigkeit des Systems zu verbessern. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2011 CY - Bremen, Germany DA - 30.05.2011 KW - Human factors KW - UT KW - ET KW - ZfP KW - Nukleare Endlagerung PY - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-251584 UR - http://jt2011.dgzfp.de/Portals/jt2011/BB/p42-ku~1.pdf SN - 978-3-940283-33-7 IS - DGZfP-BB 127 (P 42) SP - 1 EP - 2 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) AN - OPUS4-25158 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pitkänen, J. T1 - Konzept für den Einsatz der Bayes'schen Statistik: In der Zuverlässigkeitsbestimmung von zerstörungsfreien Diagnosesystemen - Das Problem zu kleiner experimenteller Datenmengen N2 - Die statistische Qualitätskennzahl 'Probability of Detection (POD)' hängt von der Anzahl der zugrunde liegenden, brauchbaren Ergebnisse ab. Ist die Datenmenge niedrig, so ist auch die Aussage der POD eher beschränkt. Dennoch heißt eine große Zahl von Daten, nicht gleichzeitig, dass die POD für den realen Einsatz in der Produktion genügt. Es muss unterschieden werden, auf welcher Basis – unter welchen konkreten Bedingungen - die Daten erhoben wurden. Als wichtigste Ergebnisse zählen die Messergebnisse aus der Produktion der später verwendeten Prüfobjekte für den konkreten Einsatz. Noch bevor die zerstörungsfreien Prüfmethoden zuverlässig in der Produktion eingesetzt wurde, muss jedoch nachgewiesen werden, dass die real vorkommenden Fehler gefunden werden können. Das bedeutet, zu einem Zeitpunkt, an dem noch nicht ausreichend Daten vorhanden sind. Während für die realistische Prüfung die notwendige Anzahl der verschiedenen Fehler meist nicht erreicht wird, so fehlen bei der Bewertung der künstlichen Fehler wichtige Parameter und Einflussgrößen. Es muss somit eine Zwischenlösung gesucht werden, in der die Informationen von beiden Prüfungen kombiniert werden. Mit der Bayes’schen Statistik ermöglicht die Mathematik diese Informationen miteinander zu kombinieren und somit beide Informationen mit in die Bewertung einfließen zu lassen. Praktisch angewandt und erprobt wird die Vorgehensweise gemeinsam mit der Firma POSIVA, die sich mit dem Bau eines Endlagers für hoch-radioaktiven Abfall in Finnland beschäftigt. Hier wird als eine der technischen Barrieren ein Kupferbehälter für die Aufbewahrung der verbrauchten Brennstäbe genutzt. Dieser Kupferbehälter wird mit mehreren zerstörungsfreien Prüfmethoden geprüft. Anhand von Radiographiedaten wird gezeigt, dass die Aussagekraft der realistischen Fehlerdaten mit Hilfe der künstlichen Referenzfehlerdaten untermauert werden kann. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2011 CY - Bremen, Germany DA - 30.05.2011 KW - Bayes'sche Statistik KW - POD KW - Fehlende Datenmenge PY - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-251598 SN - 978-3-940283-33-7 IS - DGZfP-BB 127 (Mi.3.C.3) SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) AN - OPUS4-25159 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Holistically evaluating the reliability of NDE systems - paradigm shift N2 - New methodologies for evaluating the reliability of NDE systems are discussed in accordance with the specific requirements of industrial application. After a review of the substantive issues from the previous decades, the go forward guidance is concluded. For high safety demands a quantitative probability of detection (POD) created from hit miss experiments or signal response analysis and ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) are typically created. The modular model distinguishes between the influence of pure physics and technique, industrial application factors and the human factor and helps to learn what factors are covered by modelling, open or blind trials. A new paradigm is offered to consider the POD or reliability of the system as a function of the configuration of input variables and use it for optimisation rather than for a final judgement. New approaches are considered dealing with real defects in a realistic environment, affordable but precisely like the Bayesian approach or model assisted methods. Among the influencing parameters, the human factor is of high importance. A systematic psychological approach helps to find out where the bottlenecks are and shows possibilities for improvement. T2 - 18th WCNDT - World conference on nondestructive testing CY - Durban, South Africa DA - 2012-04-16 KW - Reliability of NDE KW - POD KW - ROC KW - Modular Model KW - Multiparameter-POD KW - Bayesian Approach KW - Human Factor PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-620-52872-6 SP - 1 EP - 14 (Paper 591) AN - OPUS4-27579 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Bayesian approach for the evaluation of the reliability of non-destructive testing methods: combination of data from artificial and real defects N2 - The Probability of Detection (POD) is used to evaluate the detectability of non-destructive testing (NDT) systems. The POD is highly dependent on the amount of available data. The Bayesian approach provides a solution to compute POD-curves in case of a small amount of real defects without losing the necessary information. The result contains the needed information for the computation of POD-curves for real defects with an acceptable amount of information, even for sparse amount of data. In this paper is shown limitations of the Bayesian approach and how it can be applied to NDT. The Bayesian approach is applied in this case to the evaluation of radiographic testing. Bayesian approach is applied to determine POD-curves for the inspection techniques of nuclear fuel disposal canisters. The reason for using Bayesian approach is the high safety demands and also the low amount of real defects due to the high quality of the reliable production techniques. T2 - 18th WCNDT - World conference on nondestructive testing CY - Durban, South Africa DA - 2012-04-16 KW - Reliability KW - Probability of Detection KW - Real defect testing KW - Bayesian statistics KW - Radiographic testing PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-620-52872-6 SP - 1 EP - 6 (Paper 196) AN - OPUS4-27582 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Fahlbruch, B. A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Schombach, D. T1 - Human factors approach to the acquisition and evaluation of NDT data N2 - This paper gives an introduction to the field of human factors with the focus on their influence on the reliability of NDT in the nuclear energy production (in-service inspections) and final storage of highly radioactive nuclear waste. A set of methodological tools has been developed in the scope of three projects, namely: 1) a theoretical model describing potential human factors influencing manual ultrasonic inspection performance during inservice inspections in nuclear power plants; 2) a method for identifying potential human errors during acquisition and evaluation of data gathered with mechanized ultrasonic, radiographic and eddy-current systems, as well as visual testing with a remote camera (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis, FMEA); and 3) use of eye tracking methodology to optimize existing procedures and practices. The experimental results have shown that time pressure, mental workload and experience influence the quality of the inspection performance. Noticeable were influences from the organization of the working schedule, communication, procedures, supervision and demonstration task. Implementing human redundancy in critical tasks, such as defect identification, as well as using an automated aid (software) to help operators in decision making about the existence and size of defects, could lead to other kinds of problems, namely social loafing (excerpting less effort when working on tasks collectively as compared to working alone) and automation bias (uncritical reliance on the proper function of an automated system without recognizing its limitations and the possibilities of automation failure) that might affect the reliability of NDT in an undesired manner. T2 - 18th WCNDT - World conference on nondestructive testing CY - Durban, South Africa DA - 16.04.2012 KW - Human Factors KW - Time Pressure KW - 4-Eye Principle KW - Automation Bias KW - Nuclear Waste Storage KW - In-Service Inspection (ISI) KW - Nuclear Power Plants KW - Eye Tracking KW - Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-620-52872-6 SP - 1 EP - 10 (Paper 198) AN - OPUS4-27583 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Eberstein, Markus A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Rabe, Torsten A1 - Schiller, Wolfgang Arno A1 - Thiel, A. A1 - Deubener, J. T1 - Kinetic Modeling of LTCC-Shrinkage T2 - 3rd International Conference and Exhibition on Ceramic Interconnect and Ceramic Microsystems Technologies (CICMT 2007) CY - Denver, CO, USA DA - 2007-04-23 KW - LTCC KW - Glass matrix composites KW - Inclusions KW - Sintering kinetics KW - Modeling PY - 2007 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - American Ceramic Soc. CY - Denver AN - OPUS4-14948 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bahlmann, Stefanie A1 - Rübner, Katrin A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Hauer, B. A1 - Klein, H. A1 - Müller, C. A1 - Ruppert, J. A1 - Schäfer, S. A1 - Spanka, G. A1 - Wassing, W. A1 - Zunzer, U. T1 - Potenziale des Sekundärstoffeinsatzes im Betonbau - Teilprojekt B1 KW - Nachhaltigkeit KW - Sekundäre Gesteinskörnung KW - Rezyklierte Gesteinskörnung KW - Betonbrechsand KW - Müllverbrennungsasche PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-410-65772-9 SN - 0171-7197 N1 - Geburtsname von Bahlmann, Stefanie: Ramolla, S. - Birth name of Bahlmann, Stefanie: Ramolla, S. IS - 572 SP - 131 EP - 222 PB - Beuth AN - OPUS4-16361 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Müller, Urs A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Kühne, Hans-Carsten A1 - Nemecek, J. A1 - Fontana, Patrick ED - E. Fehling, ED - Schmidt, M. ED - S. Stürwald, T1 - Micro texture and mechanical properties of heat treated and autoclaved Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) KW - Ultra high performance concrete KW - Micro texture KW - Mechanical strength KW - Secondary cemetitious materials PY - 2008 SN - 978-3-89958-376-2 IS - 10 SP - 213 EP - 220 CY - Kassel AN - OPUS4-16726 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rack, A. A1 - Zabler, S. A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich A1 - Weidemann, Gerd A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Helfen, L. A1 - Stiller, M. A1 - Knabe, C. A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Banhart, J. T1 - Nondestructive 3D insights into foamy metals and bioregenerative ceramics KW - X-ray Computed Tomography KW - Metal foams KW - Bioregenerative ceramics PY - 2008 UR - http://www.helmholtz-berlin.de/media/media/oea/web/pr_webseite/druckschriften/infos/bessy/highlights2007.pdf#page=34 SN - 1611-6127 SP - 34 EP - 35 PB - Berliner Elektronenspeicherring-Gesellschaft für Synchrotronstrahlung CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-17538 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hsuan, Y.G. A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Rowe, K. A1 - Müller, Werner A1 - Greenwood, J. A1 - Cazzuffi, D. A1 - Koerner, R.M. ED - Neil Dixon, T1 - Long-term performance and lifetime prediction of geosynthetics N2 - To properly understand and assess the long-term behaviour of geosynthetic materials it is necessary to investigate the various types of possible degradation mechanims. This includes both chemical and mechanical behaviour, and sometimes even their interactions with one another. Clearly, chemical degradation of geosynthetics depends on the polymer type. For example, polyolefins are vulnerable to oxidation; polyesters are susceptible to hydrolysis; and plasticizers can leach from polyvinyl chloride. This paper describes the concept of these three types of degradation, but focuses on the oxidation of polyolefins since the majority of the geosynthetics is made from this type of polymer. The methods used to predict the lifetime of antioxidants and service life of the geosynthetic material will be illustrated. Furthermore, the influence of temperature, pressure, and ultraviolet light on the service life are also demonstrated. Finally, the current specifications targeting the longevity of different geosynthetics are presented. Regarding mechanical degradation, the paper mainly focuses upon the creep deformation of geogrids and stress crack resistance (SCR) of polyethylene geomembranes and geopipe. The method to assess stress crack resistance is described, and the microscopic mechanisms that lead to such failure are explained. For creep evaluation, different acceleration tests are presented and their applicability with respect to the different types of polymers is illustrated. In addition, the long-term shear behaviour of geocomposites and geosynthetic clay liners is presented. T2 - 4th European Geosynthetics Conference - EuroGeo4 CY - Edinburgh, Scotland, UK DA - 2008-09-07 KW - Geosynthetic KW - Durability KW - Degradation KW - Antioxidant KW - Weathering PY - 2008 SP - 1 EP - 41 AN - OPUS4-17975 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rack, A. A1 - Riesemeier, Heinrich A1 - Zabler, S. A1 - Weitkamp, T. A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Weidemann, Gerd A1 - Modregger, P. A1 - Banhart, J. A1 - Helfen, L. A1 - Danilewsky, A.N. A1 - Gräber, H.G. A1 - Heldele, R. A1 - Mayzel, B. A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Baumbach, T. ED - Stuart R. Stock, T1 - The high-resolution synchrotron-based imaging stations at the BAMline (BESSY) and TopoTomo (ANKA) N2 - The BAMline at the BESSY light source in Berlin and the TopoTomo beamline at the ANKA synchrotron facility in Karlsruhe (both Germany) operate in the hard X-ray regime (above 6 keV) with similiar photon flux density. For typical imaging applications, a double multilayer monochromator or a filtered white beam is used. In order to optimise the field of view and the resolution of the available indirect pixel detectors, different optical systems have been installed, adapted, respectively, to a large field of view (macroscope) and to high spatial resolution (microscope). They can be combined with different camera systems, ranging from 16-bit dynamic range slow-scan CCDs to fast CMOS cameras. The spatial resolution can be brought substantially beyond the micrometer limit by using a Bragg magnifier. The moderate flux of both beamlines compared to other 3rd generation light sources is compensated by a dedicated scintillator concept. For selected applications, X-ray beam collimation has proven to be a reliable approach to increase the available photon flux density. Absorption contrast, phase contrast, holotomography and refraction-enhanced imaging are used depending on the application. Additionally, at the TopoTomo beamline digital white beam synchrotron topography is performed, using the digital X-ray pixel detectors installed. KW - Microtomography KW - Non-destructive evaluation KW - Coherent imaging KW - X-ray refraction KW - X-ray phase contrast KW - Synchrotron-CT KW - Synchrotron instrumentation KW - Scintillator KW - Bragg magnification KW - Holotomography KW - X-ray topography PY - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.793721 SN - 0277-786X VL - 7078 SP - 70780X-1 - 70780X-9 AN - OPUS4-18296 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Apel, E. A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Bernard, A. A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Kappert, H. A1 - Rheinberger, V. A1 - Höland, W. T1 - Phenomena and mechanisms of crack propagation in glass-ceramics N2 - Lithium disilicate, leucite and apatite glass-ceramics have become state-of-the-art framework materials in the fabrication of all-ceramic dental restorative materials. The goal of this study was to examine the crack propagation behaviour of these three known glass-ceramic materials after they have been subjected to Vickers indentation and to characterize their crack opening profiles (δmeas vs. (a-r)). For this purpose, various methods of optical examination were employed. Optical microscopy investigations were performed to examine the crack phenomena at a macroscopic level, while high-resolution techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), were employed to investigate the crack phenomena at a microscopic level. The crack patterns of the three glass-ceramics vary from fairly straightforward to more complex, depending on the amount of residual glass matrix present in the material. The high-strength lithium disilicate crystals feature a high degree of crosslinking, thereby preventing crack propagation. In this material, the crack propagates only through the residual glass phase, which constitutes 30%–40% by volume. Having a high glass content of more than 65% by volume, the leucite and apatite glass-ceramics show far more complex crack patterns. Cracks in the leucite glass-ceramic propagate through both the glass and crystal phase. The apatite glass-ceramic shows a similar crack behaviour as an inorganic–organic composite material containing nanoscale fillers, which are pulled out in the surroundings of the crack tip. The observed crack behaviour and the calculated View the MathML source values of the three types of glass-ceramics were compared to the Kkic values determined according to the SEVNB method. KW - Glass KW - Viscosity KW - Water content PY - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2007.11.005 SN - 1751-6161 VL - 1 IS - 4 SP - 313 EP - 325 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-18308 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eberstein, Markus A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Rabe, Torsten A1 - Schiller, Wolfgang Arno A1 - Thiel, A. A1 - Deubener, J. T1 - Kinetic Modeling of LTCC Shrinkage: Effect of Alumina Content N2 - We studied sintering of LTCC-type glass matrix composites (GMCs) consisting of small glass and alumina particles of equal size. Primarily, crystals act as rigid inclusions, decelerating the densification rate. In later stages, they also dissolve, partially increasing the viscosity. Release of alumina finally induces crystallization of alumosilicates, which enables post-firing stability. To study both effects, two model GMCs were prepared: an α-Al2O3 + barium alumoborosilicate glass (BABS)–GMC, which shows neither significant dissolution nor crystallization, and an α-Al2O3 + calcium alumoborosilicate glass (CABS)–GMC, which dissolves readily and promotes crystallization. The kinetics of shrinkage for both GMC were modeled by utilizing Frenkel theory for the early stage and Mackenzie–Shuttleworth theory for the late stage, assuming that sintering is superimposed by the weighted contributions of triparticle glass–crystal clusters, their random occurrence (ideal mixing), and a shrinkage rate controlled by the GMC effective viscosity. In agreement with modeling, the experimental results showed that the shrinkage rate of BABS–GMC decreases progressively for crystal volume fractions Φ > 0.15. The attainable shrinkage is reduced by up to 8% for Φ = 0.45. For the CABS–GMC with Φ = 0.25, a reduction of Φ to 0.20 was evident due to partial α-Al2O3 dissolution. This effect was found able to increase the sintering temperature by ~50–60 K. KW - LTCC KW - Glas Matrix Composites KW - Inclusions KW - Sintering Kinetics KW - Modeling PY - 2007 SN - 1551-4897 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 173 EP - 180 CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-16506 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Eberstein, Markus A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Thiel, A. A1 - Schiller, Wolfgang Arno ED - J.G. Heinrich, ED - C.G. Aneziris, T1 - Effect of dispersed Al2O3 particles on sintering of glass matrix composites T2 - 10th International Conference of the European Ceramic Society CY - Berlin DA - 2007-06-17 KW - LTCC KW - Glass matrix composites KW - Inclusions KW - Sintering kinetics KW - Modelling PY - 2007 SN - 3-87264-022-4 SP - 290 EP - 295 PB - Göller CY - Baden-Baden AN - OPUS4-17445 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Eberstein, Markus A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Thiel, A. A1 - Schiller, Wolfgang Arno T1 - Effects of dispersed Al2O3 particles on sintering of LTCC N2 - The sintering of Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics prepared from alumoborosilicate glass- and Al2O3 powders of similar small particle size was studied by dilatometry, heating microscopy, microstructure analysis, glass- and effective viscosity measurements. The steric effect of Al3O3 inclusions was studied using a gnon-reactiveh model composite. With increasing Al3O3 volume fraction (Φ ≤ 0.45), sintering decelerates and its final stage shifts to higher temperature. The attainable shrinkage is reduced as Al2O3 particle clusters bearing residual pores become more frequent. The kinetics of sintering could be described formally superposing the weighed contributions of differentially sized and randomly composed glass-crystal particle clusters and assuming a sintering rate controlled by the effective matrix viscosity, which increases with Φ and with progressive wetting of Al2O3 particles during densification. The "reactive" model composite shows significant dissolution of Al2O3 into the glass, which has two opposed effects on sintering: reducing Φ and increasing glass viscosity. For the present case (Φ = 0.25), the latter effect dominates and sintering is retarded by Al2O3 dissolution. Crystallization of wollastonite starts after full densification. Dissolution of Al2O3 was found to promote the subsequent growth of anorthite. KW - LTCC KW - Glass matrix composites KW - Al2O3-inclusions KW - Sintering kinetics PY - 2005 SN - 1022-6680 SN - 1662-8985 VL - 39-40 SP - 375 EP - 380 PB - Trans Tech Publ. CY - Zurich AN - OPUS4-18441 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zietka, S. A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Müller, Ralf T1 - Glass transition and viscosity of hydrated silica glasses N2 - The viscosity of silica glasses with different water contents was measured by penetration of sapphire microspheres in the range from 1012-1014·7 Pas at ambient pressure. Commercial silica glasses were used together with hydrous silica glasses, which were prepared by melting glass powder plus water in an internally heated pressure vessel at 2-3 kbar and 1350-1450°C. The temperature dependence of the viscosity of silica glasses with total water contents Cw of 5·4×10-4, 7·0×10-4, 1·00×10-2, and 1·55×10-2(Cw in mass fractions) can be described by Arrhenius equations. From the results, the linear dependence of the T12 isokom (K) with the logarithm of the water content was determined as T12=192-409 logCw. The analysis of the compositional dependence of the T12 isokom in the H2O-Na2O-SiO2 system reveals a temperature depression of up to 200 K for mixed water- and sodium-bearing glasses compared to H2O-SiO2 and Na2O-SiO2 glasses with same molar silica content. From these findings we conclude that protons may contribute significantly to the mixed alkali effect in glasses. KW - Wassergehalt KW - Silicatgläser KW - Viskosität PY - 2007 SN - 1753-3562 SN - 0017-1050 SN - 0031-9090 SN - 1750-6697 VL - 48 IS - 6 SP - 380 EP - 387 PB - Society of Glass Technology CY - Sheffield AN - OPUS4-18396 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Eberstein, Markus A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Schiller, Wolfgang Arno A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Thiel, A. T1 - Effect of rigid inclusions on sintering of low temperature co-fired ceramics KW - Sintering KW - Glass Matrix Composites KW - Rigid Inclusion KW - Effective Viscosity KW - Kinetic Modelling KW - LTCC PY - 2007 SN - 1753-3562 SN - 0017-1050 SN - 0031-9090 SN - 1750-6697 VL - 48 IS - 4 SP - 259 EP - 266 PB - Society of Glass Technology CY - Sheffield AN - OPUS4-16211 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Thiel, A. A1 - Eberstein, Markus A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Deubener, J. T1 - Viskosität von Glasmatrix-Kompositen mit partiell löslicher kristalliner Dispersphase T2 - 81. Glastechnische Tagung und 4. DGG-Symposium "Novel Optical Technologies" CY - Aachen, Deutschland DA - 2007-06-04 KW - Glasmatrixkomposite KW - Lösung KW - Sintern PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-921089-52-1 IS - CD-ROM SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Deutsche Glastechnische Gesellschaft CY - Offenbach AN - OPUS4-16212 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Thiel, A. A1 - Eberstein, Markus A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Schiller, Wolfgang Arno T1 - Viskosität von sinternden Glas/Kristallphasen-Kompositen T2 - 80. Glastechnische Tagung CY - Dresden, Deutschland DA - 2006-06-12 PY - 2006 SN - 3-921089-46-8 SP - 1(?) EP - 3(?) PB - Verl. d. Dt. Glastechn. Ges. CY - Offenbach AN - OPUS4-14045 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Eberstein, Markus A1 - Thiel, A. A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Schiller, Wolfgang Arno T1 - Sinterkinetik von Glasmatrix-Kompositen mit reaktiver Dispersphase T2 - 80. Glastechnische Tagung CY - Dresden, Deutschland DA - 2006-06-12 PY - 2006 SN - 3-921089-46-8 SP - 4 Seiten PB - Verl. d. Dt. Glastechn. Ges. CY - Offenbach AN - OPUS4-14046 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, J. A1 - Kiechle, H. A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Rädel, Christoph A1 - Redmer, Bernhard T1 - Mobile Computer Tomography for In-Service Inspection in Nuclear Power Plants T2 - 9th European Conference on NDT CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-09-25 KW - Röntgen KW - Digitale Detektoren KW - Tomographie KW - TomoCAR KW - Schweißnähte KW - Analyse KW - Bewertung PY - 2006 SN - 3-931381-86-2 SP - 1(?) EP - 6(?) PB - European Federation for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-14376 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Meng, S. A1 - Eberstein, Markus A1 - Thiel, A. A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Deubener, J. T1 - Partial Solution of Dispersed alpha-Al2O3-Particles in Alumoborosilicate Glass T2 - 81. Glastechnische Tagung CY - Aachen, Deutschland DA - 2007-06-04 KW - Glasmatrixkomposite KW - Lösung KW - Sintern PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-921089-52-1 IS - CD-ROM SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Deutsche Glastechnische Gesellschaft CY - Offenbach AN - OPUS4-16108 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Zietka, S. A1 - Reinsch, Stefan T1 - Kinetic fragility of hydrous soda-lime-silica glasses N2 - The effect of hydration on the kinetic fragility of soda-lime-silica glasses was investigated by viscometry in the glass transition range. Water-bearing glasses were prepared from industrial float glass (FG) and a ternary model glass (NCS = 16Na2O 10CaO 74SiO2 in mol%) by bubbling steam through the melt at 1480 °C and up to 7 bar. Additionally, a sodium borosilicate glass (NBS = 16Na2O 10B2O3 74SiO2 in mol%) was hydrated under equal conditions. As detected by infrared spectroscopy water dissolves in the glasses exclusively as OH-groups. The hydration resulted in a total water content CW up to ~ 0.2 wt% for FG, NCS and NBS glasses. Kinetic fragility, expressed by the steepness index m, was determined from the temperature dependence of η at the glass transition. Viscosity data from previous studies on hydrous float glasses (CW > 1 wt%) were surveyed together with literature data on the (H2O)–Na2O–CaO–SiO2, (H2O)–Na2O–SiO2 and (H2O)–SiO2 systems to expand the range of water concentration and bulk composition. We could demonstrate that m decreases for all glasses although water is dissolved as OH and should depolymerize the network. An empirical equation of the general type m = a - b logCW where a, b are fitting parameters, enables m to be predicted, for each glass series as function of the water content CW. The enlarged data base shows that the parameter B of the Arrhenius viscosity-temperature relation decreases much stronger than the isokom temperature at the glass transition. KW - Soda-lime-silica KW - Fragility KW - Viscosity KW - Water in glass PY - 2008 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2008.04.021 SN - 0022-3093 VL - 354 IS - 42-44 SP - 4713 EP - 4718 PB - North-Holland Publ. Co. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-18187 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Lange, Axel A1 - Harwardt, Michael A1 - Hentschel, Manfred P. A1 - Illerhaus, Bernhard A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Bamberg, J. A1 - Heutling, F. T1 - Refraction computed tomography - Application to metal matrix composites N2 - Erstmals wurden MMCs mit Hilfe der Interface-Kontrast verstärkenden Röntgen-Refraktions-Technik in Kombination mit der 3D-CT-Technik untersucht. Die Methode der Röntgen-Refraktions-Topography sowie der Röntgen-Refraktions-Tomography wurden in den letzten Jahren speziell für die zerstörungsfreie Charakterisierung von Leichtbau-Hochleistungs-Werkstoffen wie Verbund-Werkstoffen und Keramiken entwickelt. Die Technik basiert auf der Refraktion von Röntgenlicht an Grenzflächen zwischen Bereichen unterschiedlicher Elektronendichte wie z.B. Faser- und Matrix-Werkstoff. Auf Grund der kurzen Röntgen-Wellenlänge hat der Brechungsindex einen Wert dicht bei eins, sodass der Streuwinkel nur wenige Bogenminuten beträgt. Der Vorteil der kurzen Wellenlänge besteht jedoch darin, dass Poren und Risse detektiert werden können, deren Größe im Nanometerbereich liegen. Damit kann die Refraktions-Technik zum besseren Verständnis von Mikro- und Submikro-Strukturen in der Materialwissenschaft eingesetzt werden. Mit der hier vorgestellten Refraktions-CT wurden Ermüdungsmechanismen an MMCs, bestehend aus SiC-Faser verstärktem Titan (Ti6242) untersucht. Die Messungen wurden am Röntgen-Messplatz der BAM (BAMline) am Synchrotron-Speicherring-BESSY in Berlin Adlershof durchgeführt. KW - X-ray refraction KW - Computed tomography PY - 2004 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.100592 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 46 IS - 6 SP - 314 EP - 319 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-5870 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stege, H. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Müller, J. T1 - Die mobile Mikro-Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Jahr der Chemie KW - Archäometrie KW - Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse PY - 2004 SN - 0933-4017 VL - 110 IS - 6 SP - 385 EP - 389 PB - Callwey CY - München AN - OPUS4-4115 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Takahashi, Kazunori A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Rosenthal, Martina A1 - Brekow, Gerhard A1 - Böhm, R. A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Pitkänen, J. T1 - POD Evaluation of NDE Techniques for Canister-Components for Risk Assessment of Nuclear Waste Encapsulation T2 - 6th International Conference on NDE in Relation to Structural Integrity for Nuclear and Pressurised Components CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 2007-10-08 KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - POD PY - 2008 SN - 978-92-79-08897-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2790/1274 SN - 1018-5593 SP - 168 EP - 179 AN - OPUS4-18589 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Heidt, Heinrich A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Rosenthal, Martina A1 - Takahashi, K. A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Progress in evaluating the reliability of NDE systems - Paradigm shift N2 - The paper will give an overview of new methodology for evaluating the reliability of NDE systems accurately, reliably and efficiently in accordance with the specific requirements of industrial application. After a review of the substantive issues from the previous workshops, the go forward guidance from these interactions is considered. At the beginning of the reliability analysis, the actual safety demands have to be defined in order to fit the investigation to the level of risk when the component would fail. Next, all the essential influencing parameters need to be documented and transferred to an appropriate design of experiments (DOE) to determine the reliability in terms of a qualitative assessment for lower risk or in terms of a quantitative probability of detection (POD) or ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curves for higher safety demands. A new paradigm is offered to consider the POD or reliability of the system as a function of the configuration of input variables and use it for optimisation rather than for a final judgement. An advantage for the end user is also to sample all single PODs to an integral 'Volume POD' of a part. Among the influencing parameters, the human factor is the most important one. A systematic psychological approach shall help to find out where the bottlenecks are but most importantly to provide best possible working conditions for the human inspectors. T2 - 4th European-American workshop on reliability of NDE CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2009-06-24 KW - Zuverlässigkeit von ZfP-Systemen KW - Multiparameter POD PY - 2009 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/reliability2009/Inhalt/we1a2.pdf SN - 978-3-940283-17-7 IS - DGZfP-BB 116 SP - 1 EP - 13 AN - OPUS4-20616 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Takahashi, K. A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Müller, Christina T1 - Probability of detection from C-scan data for reliability analysis of ultrasonic non-destructive testing T2 - 4th European-American workshop on reliability of NDE CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2009-06-24 KW - POD KW - UT KW - Reliability KW - C-scan PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-940283-17-7 IS - DGZfP-BB 116 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-20617 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Takahashi, K. A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Müller, Christina T1 - Multi-parameter influence on the response of the flaw to the phased array ultrasonic NDT system. The volume POD. T2 - 4th European-American workshop on reliability of NDE CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2009-06-24 KW - POD KW - Reliability KW - Multi-parameter signal response PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-940283-17-7 IS - DGZfP-BB 116 SP - 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-20618 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Heidt, Heinrich A1 - Rosenthal, Martina A1 - Takahashi, K. A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Fortschritte bei der Bewertung der Zuverlässigkeit von ZfP-Systemen N2 - Es werden die Fortschritte bei der Bewertung der Zuverlässigkeit von ZfP-Systemen in den vergangenen 10 Jahren vorgestellt. Der modulare Ansatz bzw. die systematische Auflistung aller wesentlichen Einflussfaktoren stehen am Anfang jeder Bewertung, die jeweils spezifisch für einen industriellen bzw. Feldeinsatz angelegt wird. Weiterhin legt die zu Grunde liegende Sicherheitsanforderung fest, ob ein exaktes quantitatives statistisches Ergebnis z. B. für die Fehlergröße, die mit hoher Sicherheit detektiert wird angestrebt wird oder ob man sich mit einer qualitativen Abschätzung zufrieden geben kann. Moderne Werkzeuge wie das 'Design of Experiments' (Statistische Versuchsplanung), die Volumen-POD für ein Bauteil als ganzes oder auch die systematische psychologische Betrachtung des menschlichen Faktors unterstützen die Treffsicherheit der Untersuchung für den gewünschten Einsatzfall. Die Ergebnisse der ZfP-Prüfungen können immer nur so gut sein, wie der Mensch mit den Bedingungen zurechtkommt. Weiterhin kann die POD im Zusammenhang mit den Prozessparametern als helfendes Optimierungswerkzeug eingesetzt werden und nicht als endgültige Be(Ver)urteilung. Es werden Beispiele aus Bereichen der Energieerzeugung und Endlagerung präsentiert. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2009 CY - Münster, Deutschland DA - 2009-05-18 KW - POD KW - ROC KW - Paradigmenshift KW - Optimierung KW - Human factor PY - 2009 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/dgzfp2009/Inhalt/mo3c2.pdf SN - 978-3-940283-16-0 IS - DGZfP-BB 115 (Mo.3.C.2) SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-20619 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Meszaros, Robert A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Eberstein, Markus A1 - Schiller, Wolfgang Arno A1 - Deubener, J. T1 - Dissolution of alumina, sintering, and crystallization in glass ceramic composites for LTCC KW - LTCC KW - Sintering KW - Crystallization KW - Alumina dissolution KW - Rietveld analysis PY - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03089.x SN - 0002-7820 SN - 1551-2916 VL - 92 IS - 8 SP - 1703 EP - 1708 PB - Blackwell Publishing CY - Malden AN - OPUS4-20676 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Hübner, M. A1 - Amir, J. M. A1 - Müller, H. T1 - Qualitätssicherung von Pfahlwänden mit der Ultraschallmethode - eine Machbarkeitsstudie T2 - Fachtagung Bauwerksdiagnose - Praktische Anwendungen zerstörungsfreier Prüfungen und Zukunftsaufgaben CY - Berlin, Deutschland DA - 2010-02-18 KW - Bohrpfahlwand KW - Ultraschallmethode PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-940283-24-5 IS - DGZfP-BB 121 SP - 1 EP - 9 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-20979 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brücher, M. A1 - von Bohlen, A. A1 - Jacob, P. A1 - Franzke, J. A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Reinholz, Uwe A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Scharf, Oliver A1 - Hergenröder, R. T1 - The charge of solid-liquid interfaces measured by X-ray standing waves and streaming current N2 - Measurements of ion distributions at a charged solid–liquid interface using X-ray standing waves (XSW) are presented. High energy synchrotron radiation (17.48 keV) is used to produce an XSW pattern inside a thin water film on a silicon wafer. The liquid phase is an aqueous solution containing Br and Rb ions. The surface charge is adjusted by titration. Measurements are performed over a pH range from 2.2–9, using the native Si oxide layer and functional (amine) groups as surface charge. The Debye length, indicating the extension of the diffuse layer, could be measured with values varying between 1–4 nm. For functionalized wafers, the pH dependent change from attraction to repulsion of an ion species could be detected, indicating the isoelectric point. In combination with the measurement of the streaming current, the surface charge of the sample could be quantified. KW - Interfacial charge KW - Solid/liquid interfaces KW - Surface analysis KW - Surface functionalization KW - X-ray spectrometry KW - X-ray KW - Standing waves KW - XSW KW - Streaming current KW - Synchrotron radiation PY - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201000166 SN - 1439-4235 SN - 1439-7641 VL - 11 IS - 10 SP - 2118 EP - 2123 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-22057 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Salonen, T. A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pavlovic, Mato T1 - NDT reliability in risk minimization during manufacturing and welding of spent nuclear fuel disposal components - a realistic tool for reliable inspections T2 - 4th European-American workshop on reliability of NDE CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2009-06-24 KW - NDT reliability KW - Spent nuclear fuel KW - EB-weld PY - 2009 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/reliability2009/Inhalt/fr1a2.pdf IS - Fr.1.A.2 SP - 1 EP - 21 AN - OPUS4-26082 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Behrens, H. T1 - Internal friction of hydrated soda-lime-silicate glasses N2 - The internal friction of hydrated soda-lime-silica glasses with total water content (CW ) up to 1.9 wt. % was studied by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) using temperature-frequency sweeps from 723 K to 273 K and from 1 s-1 to 50 s-1. Total water content and concentrations of H2O molecules (CH2O ) and OH groups (COH) in the DMA specimens were determined by infrared spectroscopy. For low water contents (CW ≈ COH < 0.25 wt. %) two discrete internal friction peaks below the glass transition (α relaxation) were assigned to the low-temperature motion of alkali ions (γ relaxation) and cooperative movements of dissimilar mobile species under participation of OH at higher temperature (βOH relaxation). For large water contents (CW > 1 wt. %), where significant amounts of molecular water are evident (CH2O > 0.15 wt. %), however, internal friction spectra change unexpectedly: the βOH peak heights saturate and a low temperature shoulder appears on the β-relaxation peak. This emerging relaxation mode (βH2O relaxation) was assigned to the motions of H2O molecules. βH2O relaxation was found to be faster than βOH but slower than γ relaxation. Activation energy of the different relaxation modes increased in the order γ < βH2O < βOH < α. KW - Internal friction KW - Glass KW - Water content PY - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4828740 SN - 0021-9606 SN - 1089-7690 VL - 139 SP - 174506-1 EP - 174506-6 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-29698 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tielemann, Christopher A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Maaß, Robert A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Müller, Ralf T1 - Internal nucleation tendency and crystal surface energy obtained from bond energies and crystal lattice data N2 - We present an easy-to-apply method to predict structural trends in the internal nucleation tendency of oxide glasses. The approach is based on calculated crystal fracture surface energies derived from easily accessible diatomic bond energy and crystal lattice data. The applicability of the method is demonstrated on literature nucleation data for isochemically crystallizing oxide glasses. KW - Glass KW - Nucleation tendency KW - Fracture surface energy KW - Crystal lattice KW - Bond energy PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-548814 SN - 2590-1591 VL - 14 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-54881 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sieber, M. J. A1 - Wilke, M. A1 - Appelt, O. A1 - Oelze, Marcus A1 - Koch-Müller, M. T1 - Melting relations of Ca–Mg carbonates and trace element signature of carbonate melts up to 9 GPa – A proxy for melting of carbonated mantle lithologies N2 - The most profound consequences of the presence of Ca–Mg carbonates (CaCO3–MgCO3) in the Earth’s upper mantle may be to lower the melting temperatures of the mantle and control the melt composition. Low-degree partial melting of a carbonate-bearing mantle produces CO2-rich, silica-poor melts compositionally imposed by the melting relations of carbonates. Thus, understanding the melting relations in the CaCO3–MgCO3 system facilitates the interpretation of natural carbonate-bearing silicate systems. We report the melting relations of the CaCO3–MgCO3 system and the partition coefficient of trace elements between carbonates and carbonate melt from experiments at high pressure (6 and 9 GPa) and temperature (1300–1800 ◦C) using a rocking multi-anvil press. In the absence of water, Ca–Mg carbonates are stable along geothermal gradients typical of subducting slabs. Ca–Mg carbonates (∼ Mg0.1–0.9Ca0.9–0.1CO3) partially melt beneath mid-ocean ridges and in plume settings. Ca–Mg carbonates melt incongruently, forming periclase crystals and carbonate melt between 4 and 9 GPa. Furthermore, we show that the rare earth element (REE) signature of Group-I kimberlites, namely strong REE fractionation and depletion of heavy REE relative to the primitive mantle, is resembled by carbonate melt in equilibrium with Ca-bearing magnesite and periclase at 6 and 9 GPa. This suggests that the dolomite–magnesite join of the CaCO3–MgCO3 system might be useful to approximate the REE signature of carbonate-rich melts parental to kimberlites. KW - High pressure experiments KW - Laser Ablation PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-561197 SN - 0935-1221 VL - 34 IS - 5 SP - 411 EP - 424 PB - Copernicus Publications CY - Göttingen AN - OPUS4-56119 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Safarov, J. A1 - Tuma, Dirk A1 - Müller, K. T1 - Thermophysical properties of the paramagnetic ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate over an extended range of temperature and pressure N2 - The paramagnetic ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate [BMIM][FeCl4] was subject to multiple high-precision thermophysical property measurements under both ambient and high pressure. Density rho(p0,T) / kg m-3 and speed of sound u(p0,T) / m s-1 data at ambient pressure were recorded at temperatures T = (278.15 to 343.16) K using a DSA 5000 M combined vibrating tube densimeter and speed of sound analyser with a standard uncertainty of delta rho(p0,T) = ±0.001 kg m-3 and delta u(p0,T) = ±0.1 m s-1, respectively. High-pressure volumetric (p,rho,T) data were measured on an Anton Paar DMA HPM vibrating tube densimeter at T = (273.16 to 413.15) K and at pressures up to p = 140 MPa with an estimated experimental relative combined average percentage deviation (APD) of delta rho(p,T) / rho(p,T) = ±(0.01 to 0.08) %. The specific isobaric heat capacity cp(p0,T) / J kg-1 K-1, a caloric property, was determined at T = (273.15 to 413.15) K with an uncertainty delta cp / cp = ±0.5 % using a Perkin Elmer Pyris 1 DSC differential scanning calorimeter. To gain knowledge of transport properties, the dynamic viscosity eta(p0,T) / mPa s at ambient pressure was recorded at T = (275.03 to 413.18) K by an Anton Paar SVM 3000 Stabinger viscometer and additionally an Anton Paar rheometer MCR 302 device with uncertainties of delta eta / eta = ±0.35 % and delta eta / eta = ±1 %, respectively. The obtained data were first correlated by empirical polynomial equations of state and further processed by the application of classic thermodynamic potentials to determine isothermal compressibility kappa T(p,T) / MPa-1, isobaric thermal expansivity alpha p(p,T) / K-1, thermal pressure coefficient gamma(p,T) / MPa K-1, internal pressure pint(p,T) / MPa, specific heat capacity at constant pressure cp(p,T) / J kg-1 K-1 and at constant volume cv(p,T) / J kg-1 K-1, the difference of isobaric and isochoric heat capacity (cp–cv)(p,T) / J kg-1 K-1, speed of sound u(p,T) / m s-1 and ultimately isentropic exponent kappa s(p,T). This work extends knowledge about the thermophysical properties of [BMIM][FeCl4] particularly to high temperatures and pressures. KW - Ionic liquid KW - Volumetric properties KW - Transport properties KW - Caloric properties PY - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117939 SN - 0167-7322 VL - 346 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-54228 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cant, D. J. H. A1 - Müller, Anja A1 - Clifford, C. A. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Shard, A. G. T1 - Summary of ISO/TC 201 Technical Report 23173—Surface chemical analysis—Electron spectroscopies—Measurement of the thickness and composition of nanoparticle coatings N2 - ISO Technical Report 23173 describes methods by which electron spectroscopies, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and synchrotron techniques, can be employed to calculate the Coating thicknesses and compositions of nanoparticles. The document has been developed to review and outline the current state-of-the-art for such measurements. Such analyses of core–shell nanoparticles are common within the literature, however the methods employed are varied; the relative advantages and disadvantages of These methods, and the optimal usage of each may not be clear to the general analyst. ISO Technical Report 23173 aims to clarify the methods that are available, describe them in clear terms, exhibit examples of their use, and highlight potential issues users may face. The information provided should allow analysts of electron spectroscopy data to make clear choices regarding the appropriate analysis of electron spectroscopy data from coated nanoparticle systems and provide a basis for understanding and comparing results from different methods and systems. KW - Electron spectroscopy KW - Core-shell KW - Nanoparticles KW - ISO 23173 KW - XPS KW - Thickness KW - Composition PY - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.6987 SN - 0142-2421 VL - 53 IS - 10 SP - 893 EP - 899 PB - John Wiley & Sons Ltd AN - OPUS4-52976 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Laquai, René A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Paciornik, S. A1 - Horvath, J. A1 - Tushtev, K. A1 - Rezwan, K. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Evolution of Damage in All-Oxide Ceramic Matrix Composite After Cyclic Loading N2 - While structural ceramics usually display a brittle mechanical behavior, their composites may show nonlinearities, mostly due to microcracking. Herein, the stiffness evolution of a sandwich-like laminate of an Al2O3 15%vol. ZrO2 matrix reinforced with Nextel 610 fibers is studied as a function of number of cycles N in tension. The stiffness of the composite degrades with increasing N, indicating microcracking. However, synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography shows that the internal specific surface of such cracks varies differently. A modeling strategy is developed for the calculation of the equivalent stiffness of mixtures (first the matrix and then the sandwich), based on the Voigt and Reuß schemes. The Bruno–Kachanov model is then used to estimate the initial microcrack density in the matrix (due to the thermal expansion mismatch) and the amount of microcracking increase upon cyclic loading. The stiffness in the composite degrades dramatically already after 20 000 cycles but then remains nearly constant. The combination of mechanical testing, quantitative imaging analysis, and modeling provides insights into the damage mechanisms acting: microcrack propagation is more active than microcrack initiation upon cyclic loading, but the second also occurs. This scenario is similar but not equal to previous results on porous and microcracked ceramics. KW - Ceramic matrix composites KW - Homogenization schemes KW - Microcracking KW - Nonlinear behavior KW - Synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-534541 SN - 1527-2648 SN - 1438-1656 VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - 2100763 -1 EP - 2100763 -13 PB - VCH GmbH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-53454 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wipfler, B. A1 - Bradler, S. A1 - Büsse, S. A1 - Hammel, J. A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Pass, G. T1 - Evolutionary morphology of the antennal heart in stick and leaf insects (Phasmatodea) and webspinners (Embioptera) (Insecta: Eukinolabia) N2 - The morphology of the antennal hearts in the head of Phasmatodea and Embioptera was investigated with particular reference to phylogenetically relevant key taxa. The antennal circulatory organs of all examined species have the same basic construction: they consist of antennal vessels that are connected to ampullae located in the head near the antenna base. The ampullae are pulsatile due to associated muscles, but the points of attachment differ between the species studied. All examined Phasmatodea species have a Musculus (M.) interampullaris which extends between the two ampullae plus a M. ampulloaorticus that runs from the ampullae to the anterior end of the aorta; upon contraction, all these muscles dilate the lumina of both ampullae at the same time. In Embioptera, only the australembiid Metoligotoma has an M. interampullaris. All other studied webspinners instead have a M. ampullofrontalis which extends between the ampullae and the frontal region of the head capsule; these species do not have M. ampulloaorticus. Outgroup comparison indicates that an antennal heart with a M. interampullaris is the plesiomorphic character state among Embioptera and the likely ground pattern of the taxon Eukinolabia. Antennal hearts with a M. ampullofrontalis represent a derived condition that occurs among insects only in some embiopterans. These findings help to further clarify the controversially discussed internal phylogeny of webspinners by supporting the view that Australembiidae are the sister group of the remaining Embioptera. KW - Phylogeny KW - Polyneoptera KW - Metoligotoma PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-527795 SN - 1432-234X VL - 140 IS - 3 SP - 331 EP - 340 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-52779 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Waurischk, Tina A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Rouxel, T. A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Müller, Ralf T1 - Vacuum crack growth in alkali silicate glasses N2 - Crack growth velocity in alkali silicate glasses was measured in vacuum across 10 orders of magnitude with double cantilever beam technique. Measured and literature crack growth data were compared with calculated intrinsic fracture toughness data obtained from Young´s moduli and the theoretical fracture surface energy estimated from chemical bond energies. Data analysis reveals significant deviations from this intrinsic brittle fracture behavior. These deviations do not follow simple compositional trends. Two opposing processes may explain this finding: a decrease in the apparent fracture surface energy due to stress-induced chemical changes at the crack tip and its increase due to energy dissipation during fracture. KW - Silicate glass KW - Brittle fracture KW - Crack growth KW - Calculated intrinsic fracture toughness PY - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2021.121094 SN - 0022-3093 VL - 572 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-53144 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tschöke, K. A1 - Müller, I. A1 - Memmolo, V. A1 - Moix-Bonet, M. A1 - Moll, J. A1 - Lugovtsova, Yevgeniya A1 - Golub, M. A1 - Sridaran Venkat, R. A1 - Schubert, L. T1 - Feasibility of Model-Assisted Probability of Detection Principles for Structural Health Monitoring Systems based on Guided Waves for Fibre-Reinforced Composites N2 - In many industrial sectors, Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is considered as an addition to Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) that can reduce maintenance effort during lifetime of a technical facility, structural component or vehicle. A large number of SHM methods is based on ultrasonic waves, whose properties change depending on structural health. However, the wide application of SHM systems is limited due to the lack of suitable methods to assess their reliability. The evaluation of the system performance usually refers to the determination of the Probability of Detection (POD) of a test procedure. Up to now, only few limited methods exist to evaluate the POD of SHM systems, which prevent them from being standardised and widely accepted in industry. The biggest hurdle concerning the POD calculation is the large amount of samples needed. A POD analysis requires data from numerous identical structures with integrated SHM systems. Each structure is then damaged at different locations and with various degrees of severity. All of this is connected to high costs. Therefore, one possible way to tackle this problem is to perform computer-aided investigations. In this work, the POD assessment procedure established in NDT according to the Berens model is adapted to guided wave-based SHM systems. The approach implemented here is based on solely computer-aided investigations. After efficient modelling of wave propagation phenomena across an automotive component made of a carbon fibre-reinforced composite, the POD curves are extracted. Finally, the novel concept of a POD map is introduced to look into the effect of damage position on system reliability. KW - Reliability KW - Acoustics KW - Monitoring KW - Automotive engineering KW - Elastodynamic Finite Inegration Technique PY - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-528218 VL - 68 IS - 10 SP - 3156 EP - 3173 AN - OPUS4-52821 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heuser, Lina A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Deubener, J. T1 - Silver dissolution and precipitation in an Na2O–ZnO–B2O3 metallization paste glass N2 - Thermally stimulated interactions between silver and glass, that is, silver dissolution as Ag+ and precipitation as Ag0 were studied in two glass series of molar target composition xAg2O–(19 − x)Na2O–28ZnO–53B2O3 with x = 0, 0.1, 0.5, 5 and (19Na2O–28ZnO–53B2O3)+yAg2O with y = 0.01, 0.05. These act as model for low-melting borate glasses being part of metallization pastes. The occurrence of metallic silver precipitates in melt-quenched glass ingots demonstrated that silver dissolved only in traces (< 0.01 mol%) in the glasses. The dissolved silver was detected by means of Raman spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Increasing x in the batch could not lead to a significant increase of the silver ion fraction in the glass as possible in binary silver borate glasses. In situ observation of heated AgNO3 mixed with the base glass frit in a hot stage microscope showed that Ag0 precipitation occurs already at the solid state. At higher temperatures, small droplets of liquid silver were found to move freely within the melt, whereas coalescence caused a stepwise increase of their size. These results contribute to the understanding of formation of silver precipitates in metallization pastes described in the literature. KW - Silver metallization paste KW - Batch reactions KW - Borate KW - Glass forming melts KW - Glass manufacturing KW - Raman spectroscopy PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-559433 SN - 2041-1286 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Wiley Online Library AN - OPUS4-55943 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brüngel, R. A1 - Rückert, J. A1 - Müller, P. A1 - Babick, F. A1 - Friedrich, C. M. A1 - Ghanem, A. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Mech, A. A1 - Weigel, S. A1 - Wohlleben, W. A1 - Rauscher, H. T1 - NanoDefiner Framework and e-Tool Revisited According to the European Commission’s Nanomaterial Definition 2022/C 229/01 N2 - The new recommended definition of a nanomaterial, 2022/C 229/01, adopted by the European Commission in 2022, will have a considerable impact on European Union legislation addressing chemicals, and therefore tools to implement this new definition are urgently needed. The updated NanoDefiner framework and its e-tool implementation presented here are such instruments, which help stakeholders to find out in a straightforward way whether a material is a nanomaterial or not. They are two major outcomes of the NanoDefine project, which is explicitly referred to in the new definition. This work revisits the framework and e-tool, and elaborates necessary adjustments to make these outcomes applicable for the updated recommendation. A broad set of case studies on representative materials confirms the validity of these adjustments. To further foster the sustainability and applicability of the framework and e-tool, measures for the FAIRification of expert knowledge within the e-tool’s knowledge base are elaborated as well. The updated framework and e-tool are now ready to be used in line with the updated recommendation. The presented approach may serve as an example for reviewing existing guidance and tools developed for the previous definition 2011/696/EU, particularly those adopting NanoDefine project outcomes. KW - Nanomaterial definition KW - Nanomaterial categorisation KW - Nanomaterial regulation KW - Nanomaterial legislation KW - Decision support KW - FAIRification PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-571618 SN - 2079-4991 VL - 13 IS - 6 - Special Issue "Identification and Quantification of Nanomaterials" SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, CH AN - OPUS4-57161 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zoёga, Andreas A1 - Kurz, J. H. A1 - Oelschlägel, T. A1 - Rohrschneider, A. A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Hintze, H. A1 - Kanzler, D. T1 - Investigations to introduce the probability of detection method for ultrasonic inspection of hollow axles at Deutsche Bahn N2 - Currently at Deutsche Bahn (DB) ultrasonic inspections in maintenance procedures for wheelset axles with a bore hole are, to the greatest possible extent, carried out using automated ultrasonic inspection system. Although the acceptance levels are in accordance with DIN 27201 part 7, the testing results have shown in recent years that in the case of true indications, the effective defect sizes were far below the level of acceptance. Due to this experience it can be assumed that the automated ultrasonic inspection systems are testing substantially more sensitively than required. This increased sensitivity leads to an increase in false indications, generally resulting in the unnecessary demounting of wheelsets. In Research cooperation between Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) and DB the effective flaw detection sensitivity of existing automated ultrasonic inspection system will be determined and the true/false indication ratio optimised. Through systematic investigations with the Probability of Detection method on the existing automated ultrasonic inspection system the results could be directly applied to the optimisation of existing ultrasonic inspections of wheelset axles with a bore hole in maintenance procedures and the level of reliability can be considerably increased. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - NDT KW - Reliability KW - POD KW - Railway KW - Axles KW - UT PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-375813 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/wcndt2016/papers/we2g4.pdf SP - id 19515, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-37581 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ried, Peter A1 - Gaber, Martin A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Deubener, J. T1 - Hydrogen permeability of a barium-aluminoborosilicate glass - A methodical approach N2 - The H2 effusion from H2 saturated glass powders, H2 permeation through the wall of blown glass bulbs, and H2 permeation through the wall of glass capillaries were applied to evaluate the permeability of hydrogen gas in a barium-aluminoborosilicate (BABS) glass. To validate these methods, two commercial glasses (vitreous silica and borosilicate) were used as a reference. Permeation values obtained from the different experiments agreed within a factor of 3 or less. The H2 permeability of BABS glass at temperatures close to ambient was found to be at least 3 orders of magnitude below that of borosilicate and silica glasses. The powder method, which requires minimal sample preparation efforts, turned out to provide easy access to the measurement of H2 permeability of glasses down to P = 3.9 × 10- 21 mol s- 1 Pa- 1 m- 1. KW - Hydrogen gas KW - Permeability KW - Solubility KW - Diffusivity KW - Aluminoborosilicate glass PY - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2014.04.006 SN - 0022-3093 VL - 394-395 SP - 43 EP - 49 PB - North-Holland Publ. Co. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-30720 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pitkänen, J. T1 - Evaluation of radiographic testing performance with an advanced POD approach N2 - POD is the most often used approach for the evaluation of the reliability of non-destructive testing methods in critical areas. But especially for those cases the requirements for a sufficient amount of data, adequate type of defects and the statistical requirements are high. The claim for checking these requirements is not new, but never the less often ignored. Especially the large amount of data for critical real defects seems too often to be not really solvable. In this presentation we show an approach to use real defect data with knowledge from former testing results with the same equipment, in a useful adequate way. Furthermore we introduce a method to evaluate the real defect description parameters for the radiographic testing. This approach was used for a joint project with the company POSIVA, which is building a final depository for spent nuclear fuel in Finland. Radiographic testing is one of the NDT-methods they use to test the electron beam weld of the copper canister. The copper canister will be used in the deposit as a corrosion barrier within the deposit concept. Through the high sophisticated manufacturing methods of the canister there are almost no material defects, which could be used for reliability evaluation. In this context the idea of Bayesian Updating of the POD with real defect data with former results from artificial defect data was born to get a useful evaluation. T2 - 5th European-American workshop on reliability of NDE CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.10.2013 PY - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-312641 SN - 978-3-940283-53-5 IS - DGZfP-BB 144 SP - Lecture 4, 1 EP - 7 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-31264 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Holstein, R. A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Heckel, Thomas T1 - A plenary view on the vigour of our NDE reliability models N2 - Using the Modular Reliability Model the three different main influencing elements, i.e. intrinsic capability (IC), application parameters (AP) and the human factors (HF), are, in the first instance, investigated separately. The intrinsic capability stands for the pure physical-technological process of the signal detection caused by the waves or the rays from a material defect in the presence of noise (driven by the material and the devices). This intrinsic capability is the upper bound of the possible reliability. Already when measuring this intrinsic capability for thick walled components the original one-parameter POD must be extended to a multiparameter POD, where, in addition to the defect size, a number of additional physical parameters, such as the grain size distribution (or attenuation), defect depth, and angle or surface roughness, must be considered. For real life cycle assessments it is necessary to evaluate the signal response from real defects. The industrial application factors, e.g. coupling conditions, limited accessibility, heat and environmental vibrations, diminish the reliability. The amount of reduction can be determined quantitatively, if the underlying conditions are controlled. In case they are not controlled it is necessary to count for a fluctuation in the reliability in the field anyway. The third group of important influencing factors are the human factors, which do not only cover the individual performance capability of the inspectors but also the design of the working place,the procedure, the teamwork quality, interaction with systems, the organization, and finally, the relationship between the companies involved in the inspection process and to which extend the responsible parties are aware of it. When comparing an “ideal inspection” with a “real inspection” it is worth while to look how the existing practices, rules and standards support reliable testing and where the “delta” is. In the context of vigor, with respect to the industrial end user, it needs to be shown how the level of reliability of NDE, influenced by the different factors, has an impact on acceptance or rejection of safety critical parts. T2 - 5th European-American workshop on reliability of NDE CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.10.2013 PY - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-312658 SN - 978-3-940283-53-5 IS - DGZfP-BB 144 SP - Lecture 2, 1 EP - 18 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-31265 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Brackrock, Daniel A1 - Brekow, Gerhard A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Müller, Christina T1 - Reliable evaluation of the acceptability of the weld for final disposal based on the canister copper weld inspection using different NDT methods T2 - 5th European-American workshop on reliability of NDE CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2013-10-07 PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-940283-53-5 IS - DGZfP-BB 144 SP - Lecture 37, 1 EP - 13 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-31267 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Calmon, P. A1 - Carter, L. A1 - Fischer, J. A1 - Forsyth, D. A1 - Holstein, R. A1 - McGrath, B. A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Rummel, W. A1 - Schubert, F. A1 - Selby, G. T1 - Summary of the "open space technology discussions" on reliability of NDE N2 - Since the beginnings of the European American Workshops (EAW) in 1997, the aim was to gather the experts in NDE reliability and discuss burning topics with the aim of identifying crucial problems and suggesting ways to move forward. This was usually achieved during the so-called break-out sessions, in which predetermined topics were discussed. During the 5th EAW, held in Berlin in 2013, this approach was replaced by an Open Space Technology (OST) approach. The benefit of this approach is seen in the freedom of topic choices, i. e., the topics are not predetermined but rather arise at that moment in that space and by the participants’ choice. The following topics arose: new reliability methods (Bayesian, MAPOD, …), structural health monitoring, definition of requirements of NDE by customer versus provider, what value of POD is good enough?, human factors, manual versus automated inspection, and basic concepts of reliability of NDE. The participants were encouraged to walk from one session to another and openly express their opinions. These were in the end summarized by a chosen group of moderators and presented in this paper. N2 - Seit den Anfängen der europäischen amerikanischen Workshops (EAW) im Jahr 1997 war es das Ziel, Experten auf dem Gebiet der ZfP-Zuverlässigkeit zusammenzuführen und aktuelle Themen zu diskutieren, um wichtige Probleme zu identifizieren und Wege für deren Lösung vorzuschlagen. Dies wurde in der Regel während der sogenannten „Break-out Sessions“ erreicht, in denen vorgegebene Themen diskutiert wurden. Während des 5. EAW, der in Berlin im Jahr 2013 stattfand, wurde dieser Ansatz durch einen Open Space Technology (OST) Ansatz ersetzt. Open Space ist eine Methode der Gruppenmoderation, die sehr gut geeignet ist, um neue Ideen zu entwickeln und selbstständiges Arbeiten zu fördern, d. h. die Themen werden nicht vorgegeben, sondern ergeben sich in diesem Moment in diesem Raum und durch die Wahl der Teilnehmer. Die folgenden Themen wurden herausgearbeitet: neue Zuverlässigkeitsmethoden (Bayes, MAPOD, ...…), Structural Health Monitoring, Definition von Anforderungen der Kunden gegenüber den ZfP-Anbietern, Welcher Wert der POD ist gut genug?, der Einfluss menschlicher Faktoren, manuelle gegenüber automatisierte Prüfung, sowie Grundkonzepte der ZfP-Zuverlässigkeit. Die Teilnehmer wurden aufgefordert, von einer Sitzung zur anderen zu wechseln und offen ihre Meinung zu äußern. Diese Meinungen wurden am Ende von einer ausgewählten Gruppe von Moderatoren zusammengefasst und werden in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt. KW - NDE reliability KW - POD KW - Bayesian approach KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Human factors KW - Open space technology PY - 2014 UR - http://www.hanser-elibrary.com/doi/pdf/10.3139/120.110604 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.110604 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 56 IS - 7-8 SP - 602 EP - 606 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-31269 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Fahlbruch, B. A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Pitkänen, J. T1 - Holistic risk assessment and risk prevention approach to the mechanized NDT and the inspection procedure T2 - 5th European-American workshop on reliability of NDE CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2013-10-07 PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-940283-53-5 IS - DGZfP-BB 144 SP - Lecture 20, 1 EP - 10 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-31270 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Calmon, P. A1 - Carter, L. A1 - Fisher, J. A1 - Forsyth, D. A1 - Holstein, R. A1 - McGrath, B. A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Ronneteg, U. A1 - Rummel, W. A1 - Schubert, F. A1 - Selby, G. T1 - Summary of the open space technology discussions T2 - 5th European-American workshop on reliability of NDE CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2013-10-07 PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-940283-53-5 IS - DGZfP-BB 144 SP - 1 EP - 7(?) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-31271 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Brackrock, Daniel A1 - Brekow, Gerhard A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Müller, Christina T1 - Reliable evaluation of acceptability of weld for final disposal based on the canister copper weld inspection using different NDT methods N2 - The inspection of the sealing weld is an important phase for the evaluation of the acceptability of final disposal canister, but the weld is only a part of the 3D shielding of copper shell. The main tasks for reliable NDT evaluation requires an extensive evaluation of the parameters – which contains typical inspection related items like repeatability, S/N ratio, POD, setting up the equipment for inspection, and all practices for inspections. The other parameters are material parameters, their variation must be taken into account in the evaluation of NDT reliability. Further parameters include human factors, i. e. human inspectors and their interaction with technical systems; their effects were studied on an example of the evaluation of eddy current data. Final parameters are related to evaluation of detected defects, which means sizing and base for acceptance and this can be done in different ways. Some examples are given and results are compared with different methods for instance between radiographic testing and ultrasonic testing by raw data analysis and PA-SAFT results. Also, preliminary curves for the evaluation of metallographic results of 55 defects will be shown by EB weld measurements. Some practical items concerning copper inspections will be also discussed related to acceptability. N2 - Die Prüfung der Verschlussschweißnaht ist eine wichtige Phase in der Akzeptanzbewertung der Endlagerungskanister, obwohl die Verschlussschweißnaht nur ein Teil der dreidimensionalen Bedeckung der Kupfereinhüllung ist. Die Hauptaufgabe für die sichere zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (ZfP) erfordert eine umfangreiche Bewertung der Prüfparameter, die die typischen Prüfeinzelheiten, wie z. B. Wiederholbarkeit, Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis, POD, Einstellung der Geräte und alle Prüfvorgehen enthalten. Weitere Parameter sind die Schwankungen von Materialeigenschaften, die berücksichtigt werden müssen. Andere Parameter sind menschliche Faktoren, wie z. B. die Prüfer, und deren Interaktion mit den technischen Systemen, beispielsweise bei der Bewertung der Wirbelstromdaten. Weitere Einflussgrößen auf die Prüfung entstehen bei der Bewertung gefundener Fehler, bei der Größenbestimmung von Fehlern und basierend auf der strukturellen Integrität bei der Akzeptanz von definierten Fehlergrößen/Fehlerarten an verschiedenen Positionen in der Schweißnaht. Der Artikel zeigt einige Beispiele und den Vergleich zwischen verschiedenen ZfP-Methoden, z. B. der radiographische Prüfung, der Ultraschallprüfung mit Bewertung von Rohdaten und der Ultraschallprüfung mit Bewertung mittels PA-SAFT. Auch die vorläufigen Kurven für die metallographische Bewertung von 55 Fehlern der Elektronenstrahlschweißung sind gezeigt. Darüber hinaus wird auch eine praktische Vorgehensweise bei der Definition der Akzeptanzkriterien für die Kupferschweißnahtsprüfung diskutiert. KW - NDT reliability KW - Radiography KW - Ultrasonic testing KW - Eddy current testing KW - Visual testing PY - 2014 UR - http://www.hanser-elibrary.com/doi/pdf/10.3139/120.110609 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.110609 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 56 IS - 9 SP - 748 EP - 757 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-31524 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eberstein, Markus A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Schiller, Wolfgang Arno T1 - Sintering of glass matrix composites with small rigid inclusions KW - Glass ceramics KW - Inclusions KW - Sintering KW - Mixing KW - Powders KW - Solid-state reaction PY - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2009.02.007 SN - 0955-2219 SN - 1873-619X VL - 29 IS - 12 SP - 2469 EP - 2479 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-19570 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Lange, Axel A1 - Harwardt, Marco A1 - Hentschel, Manfred P. A1 - Illerhaus, Bernhard A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Bamberg, J. A1 - Heutling, F. ED - Danny Van Hemelrijck, ED - Igor Solodov, ED - Anastasopoulos, Athanasios ED - Gerhard Busse, T1 - Synchrotron-Refraction-Computed-Tomography for NDT and characterisation of lightweight composite materials T2 - 4th International Conference of Emerging Technologies in Non-Destructive Testing (ETNDT 4) CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 2007-04-02 KW - Refraction KW - Computed Tomography KW - NDE KW - Ti-MMC PY - 2008 SN - 978-0-415-46476-5 SP - 217 EP - 221 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-18680 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Boehm, Rainer A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Investigation of the influence of the material attenuation on the POD of the flaws T2 - 8th International conference on NDE in relation to structural integrity for nuclear and pressurised components CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-09-29 KW - POD KW - NDT KW - Attenuation KW - Ultrasonic KW - Reliability PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-940283-30-6 IS - DGZfP-BB 125 (Th.2.B.2) SP - 1 EP - 9 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-23922 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Rosenthal, Martina A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Progress in evaluating the reliability of NDE systems - paradigm shift N2 - The paper will give an overview of new methodology for evaluating the reliability of NDE systems accurately, reliably and efficiently in accordance with the specific requirements of industrial application. After a review of the substantive issues from the previous workshops, the go forward guidance from these interactions is considered. At the beginning of the reliability analysis, the actual safety demands have to be defined in order to fit the investigation to the level of risk when the component would fail. Next, all the essential influencing parameters need to be documented and transferred to an appropriate design of experiments (DOE) to determine the reliability in terms of a qualitative assessment for lower risk or in terms of a quantitative probability of detection (POD) or ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristics) curves for higher safety demands. A new paradigm is offered to consider the POD or reliability of the system as a function of the configuration of input variables and use it for optimisation rather than for a final judgement. An advantage for the end user is also to sample all single PODs to an integral 'Volume POD' of a part. Among the influencing parameters, the human factor is the most important one. A systematic psychological approach shall help to find out where the bottlenecks are but most importantly to provide best possible working conditions for the human inspectors. T2 - 8th International conference on NDE in relation to structural integrity for nuclear and pressurised components CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-09-29 KW - Reliability KW - POD KW - ROC KW - Safety PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-940283-30-6 IS - DGZfP-BB 125 (Th.3.A.4) SP - 1 EP - 10 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-23923 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Milsch, Steffen A1 - Pavlovic, Mato A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pitkänen, J. T1 - Concept of total reliability of NDT methods for inspection of the EB weld of the copper canister used for a long-term storage of spent nuclear fuel T2 - 8th International conference on NDE in relation to structural integrity for nuclear and pressurised components CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-09-29 KW - POD KW - Ultrasonic testing KW - Radiographic testing KW - Eddy current testing PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-940283-30-6 IS - DGZfP-BB 125 (Th.3.A.5) SP - 1 EP - 6 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-23924 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Fahlbruch, B. A1 - Pitkänen, J. A1 - Ronneteg, U. T1 - Human factors approach to the reliability of NDT in nuclear waste management in Sweden and Finland N2 - Nuclear power industry has the responsibility to manage and dispose of all radioactive waste from its plants. Finnish Posiva and Swedish SKB are leading in the world in the development of disposal of spent nuclear fuel. Their method consists of encapsulating spent nuclear fuel in copper canisters and depositing them in the bedrock at a depth of about 500 meters for the next 100 000 years, leaving the radioactivity to decrease naturally through the decay of the radioisotopes in it. The copper canisters, consisting of a copper tube, a lid and a bottom (which make the outer shell) and an insert made of a cast iron, need to be inspected for their structural integrity to ensure no critical defects are present in the materials and welds that could lead to a leakage of the waste into the environment. Data acquired by 4 different non-destructive testing (NDT) methods (i.e. UT, ET, RT and VT with a remote camera) are evaluated by skilled human operators and therefore could be subject to human error. Human Factors approach lies in identifying potential errors made by the human, their causes and ways of preventing them. A customized Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) was conducted to anticipate possible human failures during the data evaluation. The results led to designing several experiments (e.g. diffusion of responsibility within the 4-eye principle, over trust in automated systems) which are being experimentally tested in ongoing projects. The results are expected to lead to the optimization of the procedures followed by the NDT operators and consequently to the improvement of the overall NDT reliability. T2 - 8th International conference on NDE in relation to structural integrity for nuclear and pressurised components CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-09-29 KW - Human factors KW - Reliability KW - NDT KW - Nuclear waste PY - 2010 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/jrc-nde2010/papers/32.pdf SN - 978-3-940283-30-6 IS - DGZfP-BB 125 (Th.3.A.2) SP - 1 EP - 10 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-23925 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saathoff, F. A1 - Müller, Werner A1 - Witt, K. J. T1 - Neue Regelungen im Deponiebau N2 - Die neue Deponieverordnung fordert Zulassungen für Geokunststoffe, die in Deponiedichtungs­systemen eingesetzt werden. Diese gesetzliche Vorgabe führt dazu, dass in nationalen Regelwerken und Empfehlungen neue Vorgehensweisen verankert werden müssen. Zulassungsstelle ist die BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung. Zuständig für die entsprechenden GDA Empfehlungen ist die UAG-Ak 5.1-6.1. Der Beitrag zeigt die Neuerungen, aber auch die Ausnahmeregelungen. Auf der Grundlage der Deponieverordnung hat die BAM einen Fach­beirat zusammengerufen, der verschiedene Arbeitsgruppen eingerichtet hat, um Zulassungsrichtlinie für Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen, Schutzschichten, Geotextilien zum Filtern und Trennen sowie Bewehrungsgitter aus Kunststoff zu erarbeiten oder zu aktualisieren. Die Zulassungsanforderungen lehnen sich wiederum eng an GDA- und EAG-Empfehlungen an. In dem Beitrag wird der Stand der Fachdiskussion in den Arbeitsgruppen erläutert. KW - Deponieverordnung KW - Geokunststoffe KW - GDA-Empfehlung KW - EDA-Empfehlung KW - BAM-Zulassung PY - 2011 SN - 0172-6145 SN - 1865-7362 SN - 2190-6653 IS - Sonderheft 2011 SP - 53 EP - 57 PB - VGE Verl. GmbH CY - Essen AN - OPUS4-24273 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Deubener, J. T1 - Impact of structure and relaxation on fatigue and micromechanical properties of oxide glasses: the role of volatiles and bonding state N2 - As subcritical crack growth (SCCG) can reduce tensile strength of glasses by many orders of magnitude, the potential for improvement of fatigue behaviour is most intriguing in developing ultra-strong glasses. An essential bottleneck is the basic understanding of the numerous interplaying pressure-, temperature- and water-affected relaxation phenomena at the crack tip and related toughening strategies. Therefore, the present project aims to advance the basic understanding of structural relaxation effects and local properties caused by increased water concentration and tensile stresses at the crack tip as they are a key for structural toughening designs to develop SCCG-free glasses and glass surfaces. Our first studies give clear evidence that glass structure and dynamics is strongly modified upon hydration of glasses. These changes are highly related to the nature of network formers but are affected as well by the counter ions (network modifier). Results of the 1st project part suggest that structural relaxation below glass transition temperature, i.e. overlapping of short-range (beta) and long-range (alpha) interactions can contribute to SCCG in water-free environments and that structurally dissolved water in the glasses can have decisive impact on this effect. In the 2nd project stage specific glasses compositions will be investigated to gain an improved understanding on the relation of sub-Tg relaxation and inert SCCG as well as to shed light to the related effects of dissolved water and its speciation. These glasses cover a broader range of different glass topologies and binding partners, whereby the coupling of alpha and beta relaxations is varied systematically by alkali-, alkaline earth ions and water species concentrations. Preparation of hydrous glasses (up to 8 wt% water) will be performed by high pressure syntheses. Structure will be resolved by NMR, Raman and IR spectroscopy while structural relaxation is accessed in the temperature and frequency domain using dynamic mechanical spectroscopy and ultrasonic damping. We will focus on measurements of inert SCCG (region III) conducting experiments in vacuum and dry gas atmospheres using indentation techniques and stressing of glass specimens in DCB geometry. Experimental data on SCCG will be provided to SPP groups, which deals with fatigue in metallic glasses and vice versa we will test theoretical predictions of ab-initio simulations of partner within SPP 1594 in order to quantify the effect of water on the crack tip. In summa topological factors controlling the subcritical crack growth with respect to water will be identified from which structural toughening designs for highly fatigue resistant-glasses can be derived. N2 - Subkritisches Risswachstum (SCCG) kann die Zugfestigkeit von Glas um viele Größenordnungen erniedrigen. Deshalb birgt die Verbesserung des Ermüdungsverhaltens ein hohes Potential für das topologische Design hochfester Gläser. Ein diesbezüglicher Engpass ist das Verständnis der zahlreichen interagierenden druck-, temperatur- und wasserbeeinflussten Relaxationsphänomene an der Rissspitze und hieraus abgeleitete Verstärkungsstrategien. Ziel des Projekts ist es daher, das grundlegende Verständnis der Effekte, die infolge erhöhter Wasserkonzentrationen und Zugspannungen an der Rissspitze entstehen, zu vertiefen, da sie als ein Schlüssel für künftige strukturelle Designprinzipien zur Entwicklung schadenstoleranter Gläser und Glasoberflächen gelten. Unsere ersten Studien zeigen, dass die Struktur und Dynamik von Gläsern nach einer Hydration stark verändert sind. Diese Modifikationen sind mit der Art der Netzwerkbildner stark verknüpft, aber auch von ihren Gegenionen (Netzwerkwandler) abhängig. Die Ergebnisse des ersten Projektabschnitts legen nahe, dass strukturelle Relaxation unterhalb der Glasübergangstemperatur, d. h. ein Überlappen von kurz-reichweitigen (beta) und lang-reichweitigen (alpha) Wechselwirkungen, zum subkritisches Risswachstum in wasserfreien Umgebungen beitragen kann und, dass strukturell gelöstes Wasser in Gläsern sich entscheidend auf diese Effekt auswirken kann. Im zweiten Projektabschnitt werden daher spezielle Glaszusammensetzungen untersucht, die zu einem besseren Verständnis der Verbindung zwischen sub-Tg Relaxation und SCCG führen aber auch den Einfluss von gelöstem Wasser und dessen Speziation näher beleuchten. Diese Gläser weisen eine großen Breite an verschiedenen Topologien und Bindungspartnern auf, wobei die Kopplung von alpha und beta Relaxation durch Veränderungen in den Gehalten von Alkali-, Erdalkalionen und der Wasserspezies systematisch variiert wird. Die Präparation hydratisierter Gläser (bis zu 8 Ma.%) erfolgt mittels Hochdrucksynthesen. Die Glasstruktur wird durch NMR, Raman und IR Spektroskopie aufgeklärt während die Strukturrelaxation anhand dynamische mechanische Spektroskopie und Ultraschalldämpfung im Temperatur- und Frequenzraum erfasst wird. Im Fokus werden Messungen des inerten subkritischen Risswachstums (Region III) stehen, die Indenter-Experimente im Vakuum und trockenen Gasatmosphären sowie Verspannen von Glasproben in DCB Geometrie beinhalten. Experimentelle SCCG Daten werden Gruppen im Schwerpunktprogramm zur Verfügung stellen, die sich mit Ermüdung in metallischen Gläsern beschäftigen und im Gegenzug werden wir theoretische Vorhersagen aus ab initio Simulationen der Partner im SPP 1594 testen, um den Einfluss von Wasser auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften an der Rissspitze und deren Einfluss auf SCCG zu quantifizieren. In summa werden topologische Faktoren bezüglich Wasser, die SCCG kontrollieren, identifiziert, um daraus Designprinzipien für hoch ermüdungsresistente Gläser abzuleiten. T2 - Kolloquium des DFG-PP 1594 CY - Jena, Germany DA - 17.9.2015 KW - Glass KW - Fatigue PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-38334 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Bauer, Ute A1 - Rößler, C. T1 - Impact of structure and relaxation on fatigue and micro-mechanical properties of oxide glasses: the role of volatiles and bonding state N2 - As subcritical crack growth (SCCG) can reduce tensile strength of glasses by many orders of magni-tude, the potential for improvement of fatigue behaviour is most intriguing in developing ultra-strong glasses. An essential bottleneck is the basic understanding of the numerous interplaying pressure-, temperature- and water-affected relaxation phenomena at the crack tip and related toughening strat-egies. Therefore, the present project aims to advance the basic understanding of structural relaxa-tion effects and local properties caused by increased water concentration and tensile stresses at the crack tip as they are a key for structural toughening designs to develop SCCG-free glasses and glass surfaces. Our first studies give clear evidence that glass structure and dynamics is strongly modified upon hy-dration of glasses. These changes are highly related to the nature of network formers but are affect-ed as well by the counter ions (network modifier). Results of the 1st project part suggest that struc-tural relaxation below glass transition temperature, i.e. overlapping of short-range (beta) and long-range (alpha) interactions can contribute to SCCG in water-free environments and that structurally dissolved water in the glasses can have decisive impact on this effect. In the 2nd project stage specific glasses compositions will be investigated to gain an improved un-derstanding on the relation of sub-Tg relaxation and inert SCCG as well as to shed light to the relat-ed effects of dissolved water and its speciation. These glasses cover a broader range of different glass topologies and binding partners, whereby the coupling of alpha and beta relaxations is varied systematically by alkali-, alkaline earth ions and water species concentrations. Preparation of hy-drous glasses (up to 8 wt% water) will be performed by high pressure syntheses. Structure will be resolved by NMR, Raman and IR spectroscopy while structural relaxation is accessed in the temper-ature and frequency domain using dynamic mechanical spectroscopy and ultrasonic damping. We will focus on measurements of inert SCCG (region III) conducting experiments in vacuum and dry gas atmospheres using indentation techniques and stressing of glass specimens in DCB geometry. Experimental data on SCCG will be provided to SPP groups, which deals with fatigue in metallic glasses and vice versa we will test theoretical predictions of ab-initio simulations of partner within SPP 1594 in order to quantify the effect of water on the crack tip. In summa topological factors con-trolling the subcritical crack growth with respect to water will be identified from which structural toughening designs for highly fatigue resistant-glasses can be derived. T2 - Kolloquium des DFG-PP 1593 Ultrastrong Glasses CY - Jena, Germany DA - 17.9.2015 KW - Glass KW - Fatigue PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-38335 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Musolff, Andre A1 - Nakagami, M. A1 - Komatsuki, S. A1 - Tamaki, H. A1 - Kishimoto, J. A1 - Fujisawa, K. A1 - Nishio, T. ED - Quercetti, Thomas T1 - Experimental testing of RAM packages within Japanese German projects N2 - In context with Japanese disposal and transport container safety assessment the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) per-formed extensive drop test series with prototypes of RAM packages in recent years. The paper presents two cooperative projects focused on project management, testing performance and experimental results. In the first project, a full-scale prototype of a package for transport and storage of spent fuel elements with a total mass of 127,000 kg and its reduced-scale model which was similar to the prototype in both geometry and design were drop tested in 9 m and 1 m puncture tests at various drop orientations under regulatory conditions. In context with a corresponding research project the test data was used in combination with numerical methods to investigate the phenomenon of internal cask- content collisions during drop tests. Here, technological gaps between basket or radioactive content and cask body or primary lid can be a reason for significant high dynamic loadings of cask components and its internals due to additional impact interactions in the cask cavity caused by inner relative movement between content and cask. Further investigations were carried out in the field of similarity mechanics comparing experimental drop test data of the full-scale prototype and reduced-scale model in regard to the transferability of package impact response from reduced-scale models to full-scale packages. In the second project, drop tests with a waste container for intermediate depth disposal were per-formed being contracted by Kobe Steel, Ltd. and a consortium of Japanese electric power plant com-panies. The drop test program comprised three single 8-m drop tests in a specimen’s corner edge orientation. For drop tests according to legal regulations for interim storage or final disposal it is often necessary to use a target which represents the real ground of the storage facility. In such cases the container hits directly onto a well-defined concrete slab on top of the IAEA target. Here, the directly impact target for the drop tests were concrete slabs manufactured in Japan and connected by mortar to the impact pad of the unyielding IAEA target. KW - Drop testing KW - Package PY - 2016 SP - Paper 1043, 1 EP - 13 CY - Kobe, Japan AN - OPUS4-37557 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Kanzler, Daniel A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Pitkänen, J. T1 - Probability of defect detection of Posiva's electron beam weld N2 - The report 'Probability of Defect Detection of Posiva's electron beam weld' describes POD curves of four NDT methods radiographic testing, ultrasonic testing, eddy current testing and visual testing. POD-curves are based on the artificial defects in reference blocks. The results are devoted to the demonstration of suitability of the methods for EB weld testing. Report describes methodology and procedure applied by BAM. Report creates a link from the assessment of the reliability and inspection performance to the risk assessment process of the canister final disposal project. Report ensures the confirmation of the basic quality of the NDT methods and their capability to describe the quality of the EB-weld. The probability of detection curves are determined based on the MIL-1823 standard and it's reliability guidelines. The MIL-1823 standard was developed for the determination of integrity of gas turbine engines for the US military. In the POD-process there are determined as a key parameter for the defect detectability the a90/95 magnitudes, i.e. the size measure a of the defect, for which the lower 95 % confidence band crosses the 90 % POD level. By this way can be confirmed that defects with a size of a90/95 will be detected with 90 % probability. In case the experiment will be repeated 5 % might fall outside this confidence limit. KW - Probability of detection curves KW - POD-curves KW - NDT-methods KW - EB-welding KW - Ultrasonic inspection KW - Radiographic inspection KW - Eddy current inspection KW - Visual inspection PY - 2013 UR - http://www.posiva.fi/en/databank/working_reports/probability_of_defect_detection_of_posiva_s_electron_beam_weld.1874.xhtml?xm_col_report_year=2013&xm_col_language=3&xm_col_type=5&cd_order=col_report_number&cd_offset=0#.VJAIY3uj_mc UR - http://www.posiva.fi/files/3527/WR_2013-70.pdf SP - 1 EP - 86 AN - OPUS4-32512 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Krompholz, R. A1 - Müller, Sabine A1 - Lautenschläger, R. A1 - Kittler, J. T1 - 36 Jahre Talsperre Eibenstock - 36 Jahre Überwachung des Betonzustands durch Ultraschall N2 - Ultraschall-Transmissionsmessungen werden seit Jahrzehnten bei der Qualitätssicherung von Betonkonstruktionen eingesetzt. Aus den Wellengeschwindigkeiten lassen sich dynamische Elastizitätsmoduln und – nach lokaler Kalibrierung – auch Druckfestigkeiten ermitteln. Zudem ergeben sich Hinweise auf Risse und andere Materialschwächungen. Der Einsatz erfolgt vor allem im Labor oder an der Bauwerksoberfläche. Neuerdings werden auch Monitoringsysteme mit eingebetteten Sensoren auf Ultraschallbasis erfolgreich getestet. Die Talsperre Eibenstock dient als größte Sperre in Sachsen der Trinkwasserversorgung und dem Hochwasserschutz. Hier wurden während der Bauphase im Jahr 1979 im Fußbereich des Mauerkörpers Ultraschallsensoren eingebracht, die in Verbindung mit einem Messoszilloskop eine Überwachung der Erhärtung des Mauerbetons ermöglichten. Der für die Sensorauswahl eingesetzte Messstellenumschalter wurde im September 2011 grundlegend instand gesetzt. Danach zeigte sich, dass die eingebetteten Sensoren selbst sowie die Verkabelung auch nach über fünfunddreißig Jahren in einwandfreiem Zustand sind. Eine nunmehr aufgelegte Messserie mit modernem Gerät von über einem Jahr mit ein- bis zweimonatigen Intervallen zeigte, dass die Wellengeschwindigkeit seit der Bauphase noch einmal um gut 10 % zugenommen hat, was für eine erhöhte Druckfestigkeit spricht. Innerhalb des Jahres zeigten sich auch bei Einsatz neuer, sehr sensibler Auswertemethoden (sog. Codawelleninterferometrie) nur geringfügige Schwankungen. Diese waren auch nicht zu erwarten, da sich die Füllhöhe zu den Messzeitpunkten nur gering unterschied, die Temperatur im Bauwerksinneren nur wenig schwankte und der Bauwerkszustand sehr gut ist. Die Aussagen zur Betongüte sind direkt vergleichbar mit den früheren Mess- und Untersuchungsergebnissen an der Talsperre Gottleuba, die im gleichen Zeitraum errichtet wurde und ebenfalls mit einem Ultraschallsystem ausgerüstet war. Die Experimente zeigten, dass ein Einsatz von Ultraschallsystemen für die Bauwerksüberwachung auch über Jahrzehnte möglich ist. Dies war im vorliegenden Fall nie geplant, aber durch den Einsatz der Mitarbeiter vor Ort und der Herstellerfirma möglich. Bei zukünftigen Systemen ist eine langfristige Planung unter Einbeziehung aller Beteiligten sowie eine Einbindung in Überwachungs- und Wartungspläne notwendig, damit die qualitätsgesichert gewonnen Daten gewinnbringend genutzt werden können. T2 - 38. Dresdner Wasserbaukolloquium CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 05.03.2015 KW - Talsperre KW - Ultraschall KW - Beton KW - Überwachung KW - Monitoring PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-86780-420-2 SN - 0949-5061 N1 - Serientitel: Dresdner Wasserbauliche Mitteilungen – Series title: Dresdner Wasserbauliche Mitteilungen IS - 53 SP - 171 EP - 180 AN - OPUS4-32754 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nellesen, J. A1 - Laquai, René A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Hentschel, M. P. A1 - Anar, N. B. A1 - Soppa, E. A1 - Tillmann, W. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - In situ analysis of damage evolution in an Al/Al2O3 MMC under tensile load by synchrotron X-ray refraction imaging N2 - The in situ analysis of the damage evolution in a metal Matrix composite (MMC) using synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography (SXRR) is presented. The investigated material is an Al alloy (6061)/10 vol% Al2O3 MMC after T6 heat treatment. In an interrupted tensile test the gauge section of dog bone-shaped specimens is imaged in different states of tensile loading. On the basis of the SXRR images, the relative change of the specific surface (proportional to the amount of damage) in the course of tensile loading was analyzed. It could be shown that the damage can be detected by SXRR already at a stage of tensile loading, in which no Observation of damage is possible with radiographic absorption-based imaging methods. Moreover, the quantitative analysis of the SXRR images reveals that the amount of damage increases homogeneously by an average of 25% with respect to the Initial state. To corroborate the experimental findings, the damage distribution was imaged in 3D after the final tensile loading by synchrotron X-ray refraction computed tomography (SXRCT) and absorption-based synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT). It could be evidenced that defects and damages cause pronounced indications in the SXRCT images. KW - Composite materials KW - Defects KW - Micro analysis PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-1957-x SN - 0022-2461 SN - 1573-4803 VL - 53 IS - 8 SP - 6021 EP - 6032 PB - Springer US AN - OPUS4-44241 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Bauer, U. A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Kiefer, P. A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Deubener, J. T1 - Structural relaxation mechanisms in hydrous sodium borosilicate glasses N2 - Borosilicate glasses (16Na2O–10B2O3–74SiO2, NBS) with water contents up to 22 mol% H2O were prepared to study the effect of water on structural relaxation using DTA, viscometry and internal friction measurements. The results show that the glass transition temperature Tg of DTA and the isokom temperature T12, of viscometry are in excellent agreement, confirming the equivalence of enthalpy and viscous relaxation for NBS glass. Combining Tg data with water speciation data demonstrates that OH groups are mainly responsible for the decrease of Tg with increasing hydration, while molecular water plays only a minor role. Internal friction spectra at 7.125 Hz confirm the decisive influence of water on mechanical relaxation. The temperature range of α-relaxation (glass transition) strongly decreases while two β-relaxation peaks (sub-Tg) progressively appear with increasing water content. A high temperature β-relaxation peak, attributed to the presence of OH groups, shifts from 670 to 450 K as total water content increases from 0.01 to 5 wt%. A low temperature β-relaxation peak, attributed to molecular water, appears at 380 K and 330 K in glasses containing 3 and 5 wt% H2O, respectively. These findings suggest that relaxation mechanism of different hydrous species at low temperature may contribute to fatigue of stressed glasses. KW - Borosilicate glass KW - Water KW - Relaxation KW - Internal friction KW - Glass transition PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2018.05.025 VL - 497 SP - 30 EP - 39 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-45608 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kiefer, P. A1 - Maiwald, M. A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Balzer, R. A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Waurischk, Tina A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Müller, Ralf T1 - Automated Analysis of Slow Crack Growth in Hydrous Soda-Lime Silicate Glasses N2 - To explore the impact of ambient and structural water on static fatigue, the initiation and growth of 3279 Vickers induced median radial cracks were automatically recorded and analyzed. We find that humidity is more efficient in initiating cracks and promoting their growth than water, which is dissolved in the glass structure. In particular for slow crack growth (< 3x10-6 m s-1), tests in dry nitrogen showed a considerable decrease in the crack growth exponent with increasing water content of the glasses. On the other hand, if tests were performed in humid air, the crack growth exponent was independent of the water content of the hydrous glasses, while stress intensity decreased slightly. These observations indicate that water promotes the processes at the crack-tip regardless of its origin. However, ambient water is more efficient. KW - Indentation fracture toughness KW - Slow crack growth KW - Automated analysis KW - Hydrous glass KW - Vickers indentation PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513085 VL - 7 SP - 268 AN - OPUS4-51308 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Dombinov, V. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Willbold, S. A1 - Levandowski, G. V. A1 - Meiller, M. A1 - Müller, F. A1 - Zang, J. W. A1 - da Fonseca-Zang, W. A. A1 - Jablonowski, N. D. A1 - Schrey, S. D. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Soybean Fertilized by P-Phases from Bagasse-Based Materials: P-Extraction Procedures, Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT), and X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) N2 - The Brazilian sugarcane industry produced around 173 million tons (Mt) of bagasse in 2018. Bagasse is a by-product of juice extraction for ethanol and sugar production and is combusted in order to generate power, producing up to 10 Mt of ash per year. This ash contains various concentrations of plant nutrients, which allow the ash to be used as a crop fertilizer. However, the concentration and extractability of phosphorus (P), an essential plant nutrient, are low in bagasse ash. To increase the P content, we co-gasified and co-combusted bagasse with P-rich chicken manure. The resulting ash was thermochemically post-treated with alkali additives (Na2SO4 and K2SO4) to increase the availability of P to plants. We aimed to: (i) investigate the effect of thermochemical post-treatment of co-gasification residue and co-combustion ash on P availability to soybeans, (ii) explore the potential of chemical extraction methods (citric acid, neutral ammonium citrate, formic acid, and Mehlich-I) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) to predict the availability of P to soybeans, and (iii) identify the responsible P-phases using X-ray diffraction . We evaluated P availability to soybeans growing in Brazilian Oxisol soil in two independent greenhouse pot experiments. The positive effect of thermochemical treatment on P availability from gasification residue was confirmed through the observation of increased P uptake and biomass in soybean plants. These findings were confirmed by chemical extraction methods and DGT. The gasification residue contained whitlockite as its main P-bearing phase. Thermochemical post-treatment converted whitlockite into highly soluble CaNaPO4. In contrast, co-combustion ash already contained highly soluble Ca(Na,K)PO4 as its main P-bearing phase, making thermochemical post-treatment unnecessary for increasing P availability. In conclusion, increased extractability and availability of P for soybeans were closely connected to the formation of calcium alkali phosphate. Our findings indicate that this combined methodology allows for the prediction of P-fertilization effects of ash. KW - Sugar cane bagasse KW - Chicken manure ash KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - Nutrient KW - Plant availability PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509735 VL - 10 SP - 895 EP - 6 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50973 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Balzer, R. A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Waurischk, Tina A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Kiefer, P. A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Fechtelkord, M. T1 - Water in Alkali Aluminosilicate Glasses N2 - To understand the influence of water and alkalis on aluminosilicate glasses, three polymerized glasses with varying ratios of Na/K were synthesized [(22. 5-x)Na2O-xK2O-22.5 Al2O3-55 SiO2 with x = 0, 7.5, and 11.25]. Subsequently, these glasses were hydrated (up to 8 wt% H2O) in an internally heated gas pressure vessel. The density of hydrous glasses linearly decreased with water content above 1 wt%, consistent with the partial molar volume of H2O of 12 cm3/mol. Near-infrared spectroscopy revealed that hydroxyl groups are the dominant species at water content of <4 wt%, and molecular water becomes dominating at water content of >5 wt%. The fraction of OH is particularly high in the pure Na-bearing glass compared to the mixed alkali glasses. 27Al magic angle spinning-NMR spectroscopy shows that aluminum is exclusively fourfold coordinated with some variations in the local geometry. It appears that the local structure around Al becomes more ordered with increasing K/Na ratio. The incorporation of H2O reinforces this effect. The differential thermal analysis of hydrous glasses shows a significant mass loss in the range of glass transition already during the first upscan, implying the high mobility of water in the glasses. This observation can be explained by the open structure of the aluminosilicate network and by the low dissociation enthalpy of H2O in the glasses (≈ 8 kJ/mol). The effect of the dissolved H2O on the glass transition temperature is less pronounced than for other aluminosilicate glasses, probably because of the large fraction of Al in the glasses. KW - NMR spectroscopy KW - Alkali aluminosilicate glasses KW - Water speciation KW - Glass transition KW - Infrared spectroscopy PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509497 VL - 7 SP - 85 AN - OPUS4-50949 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Waurischk, Tina A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Kiefer, P. A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Balzer, R. A1 - Behrens, H. T1 - Crack Growth in Hydrous Soda-Lime Silicate Glass N2 - Stable crack growth was measured for nominal dry and water-bearing (6 wt%) soda-lime silicate glasses in double cantilever beam geometry and combined with DMA studies on the effects of dissolved water on internal friction and glass transition, respectively. In vacuum, a decreased slope of logarithmic crack growth velocity versus stress intensity factor is evident for the hydrous glass in line with an increase of b-relaxation intensity indicating more energy Dissipation during fracture. Further, inert crack growth in hydrous glass is found to be divided into sections of different slope, which indicates different water related crack propagation mechanism. In ambient air, a largely extended region II is observed for the hydrous glass, which indicates that crack growth is more sensitive to ambient water. KW - Internal friction KW - Soda-lime silicate glass KW - Water content KW - Stable crack growth KW - DCB geometry KW - Stress intensity factor PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-506829 VL - 7 SP - Articel 66 AN - OPUS4-50682 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laquai, René A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Schneider, J. A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Using SXRR to Probe the Nature of Discontinuities in SLM Additive Manufactured Inconel 718 Specimens N2 - The utilization of additive manufacturing (AM) to fabricate robust structural components relies on understanding the nature of internal anomalies or discontinuities, which can compromise the structural integrity. While some discontinuities in AM microstructures stem from similar mechanisms as observed in more traditional processes such as casting, others are unique to the AM process. Discontinuities in AM are challenging to detect, due to their submicron size and orientation dependency. Toward the goal of improving structural integrity, minimizing discontinuities in an AM build requires an understanding of the mechanisms of formation to mitigate their occurrence. This study utilizes various techniques to evaluate the shape, size, nature and distribution of discontinuities in AM Inconel 718, in a non-hot isostatic pressed (HIPed) as-built, non-HIPed and direct age, and HIPed with two step age samples. Non-destructive synchrotron radiation refraction and transmission radiography (SXRR) provides additional information beyond that obtained with destructive optical microscopy. SXRR was able to distinguish between voids, cracks and lack of melt in, due to its sensitivity to the orientation of the discontinuity. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - X-ray refraction radiography KW - INCONEL 718 KW - Selective laser melting PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509836 SN - 1543-1940 VL - 51 IS - 8 SP - 4146 EP - 4157 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50983 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meyerhofer, F. A1 - Dissinger, F. A1 - Weigert, Florian A1 - Jungclaus, J. A1 - Müller-Caspary, K. A1 - Waldvogel, S. R. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Voss, T. T1 - Citric Acid Based Carbon Dots with Amine Type Stabilizers: pHSpecific N2 - We report the synthesis and spectroscopic characteristics of two different sets of carbon dots (CDs) formed by hydrothermal reaction between citric acid and polyethylenimine (PEI) or 2,3-diaminopyridine (DAP). Although the formation of amide-based species and the presence of citrazinic acid type derivates assumed to be responsible for a blue emission is confirmed for both CDs by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry, a higher abundance of sp2-hybridized nitrogen is observed for DAP-based CDs, which causes a red-shift of the n-π* absorption band relative to the one of PEI-based CDs. These CD Systems possess high photoluminescence quantum yields (QY) of ∼40% and ∼48% at neutral pH, demonstrating a possible tuning of the optical properties by the amine precursor. pH-Dependent spectroscopic studies revealed a drop in QY to < 9% (pH ∼ 1) and < 21% (pH ∼ 12) for both types of CDs under acidic and basic conditions. In contrast, significant differences in the pHdependency of the n-π* transitions are found for both CD types which are ascribed to different (de)protonation sequences of the CD-specific fluorophores and functional groups using Zeta potential analysis. KW - Fluorescence KW - Particle KW - Nano KW - Surface group analysis KW - Carbon dot KW - C-dot KW - Fluorescent probe KW - Quantum yield KW - Synthesis KW - IR KW - MS KW - Polymer KW - Ligand PY - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b11732 VL - 124 IS - 16 SP - 8894 EP - 8904 PB - American Chemical Society AN - OPUS4-50813 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cant, D. J. H. A1 - Minelli, C. A1 - Sparnacci, K. A1 - Müller, Anja A1 - Kalbe, H. A1 - Stoger-Pollach, M. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Werner, W. S. M. A1 - Shard, A. G. T1 - Surface-Energy Control and Characterization of Nanoparticle Coatings N2 - Accurate and reproducible measurement of the structure and properties of high-value nanoparticles is extremely important for their commercialization. A significant proportion of engineered nanoparticle systems consist of some form of nominally core-shell structure, whether by design or unintentionally. Often, these do not form an ideal core-shell structure, with typical deviations including polydispersity of the core or shell, uneven or incomplete shells, noncentral cores, and others. Such systems may be created with or without intent, and in either case an understanding of the conditions for formation of such particles is desirable. Precise determination of the structure, composition, size, and shell thickness of such particles can prove challenging without the use of a suitable range of characterization techniques. Here, the authors present two such polymer core-shell nanoparticle systems, consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene cores coated with a range of thicknesses of either polymethylmethacrylate or polystyrene. By consideration of surface energy, it is shown that these particles are expected to possess distinctly differing coating structures, with the polystyrene coating being incomplete. A comprehensive characterization of these systems is demonstrated, using a selection of complementary techniques including scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic light scattering, differential centrifugal sedimentation, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. By combining the results provided by these techniques, it is possible to achieve superior characterization and understanding of the particle structure than could be obtained by considering results separately. KW - Nanoparticles KW - Core-shell KW - XPS KW - Size KW - Thickness KW - Damage PY - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c02161 VL - 124 IS - 20 SP - 11200 EP - 11211 PB - ACS CY - Washington DC AN - OPUS4-50899 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Perret, Birgit A1 - Dittrich, Bettina A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Krämer, J. A1 - Müller, P. A1 - Altstädt, V. A1 - Zang, L. A1 - Döring, M. T1 - Flame retardancy of polymers: the role of specific reactions in the condensed phase N2 - Condensed-phase mechanisms play a major role in fire-retardant polymers. Generations of development have followed the concept of charring to improve fire properties. Whereas the principal reactions are believed to be known, the specific description for multicomponent systems is lacking, as is the picture across different systems. A two-step approach is proposed in general, and also presented in greater detail. The second step covers the specific reactions controlling charring, whereas the actual reactants are provided in the preceding step. This model consistently incorporates the variety of structure–property relationships reported. A comprehensive case study is presented on seven phosphorus flame retardants in two epoxy resins to breathe life into the two-step approach. KW - Charring KW - Epoxy KW - Flame retardancy KW - Pyrolysis KW - Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) PY - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201500250 SN - 1438-7492 SN - 1439-2054 VL - 301 IS - 1 SP - 9 EP - 35 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-35273 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Müller, Ralf T1 - Impact of structure and relaxation on fatigue and micro-mechanical properties of oxide glasses: the role of volatiles and bonding state T2 - Kolloquium des DFG SPP1594 Ultrastrong Glasses CY - Jena, Germany DA - 2015-09-17 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-35203 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Völker, J. A1 - Scharmach, Martina T1 - Zuverlässigkeit von ZfP-Verfahren - Internationaler Stand der Diskussion im Jahre 2001 N2 - Dieses Poster beschäftigt sich mit den Interessen der Industrie, der ISO 17025 und ISO 9001, den wissenschaftlichen Konzepten, dem European-American-Workshop, der Zuverlässigkeitsformel, der ASNT Reliability ad hoc Group und der EPERC TTF3 T2 - DGZfP Jahrestagung 2001 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 21.05.2001 KW - ISO 17025 KW - ISO 9001 KW - Zuverlässigkeitsformel PY - 2001 AN - OPUS4-35850 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Rössler, C. A1 - Bauer, Ute A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Behrens, H. T1 - Water, the other network modifier in borate glasses N2 - In the present study we have investigated whether the effect of water on properties of borate glasses resembles that of alkali oxide. Soda-lime-borate glasses with nominal compositions of x Na2O, 10 CaO, (90-x) B2O3 (x = 5, 15 and 25 mol%) were doped with up to 8 wt.% H2O by processing glass powder + distilled water in platinum capsules in an internally heated gas pressure vessel at 1523 K and 500 MPa. The water content of hydrous glasses was determined by Karl-Fischer titration and near-infrared spectroscopy. The glass transition temperature T-g. was derived from DTA and micropenetration experiments for which the effect of water loss at the surface of the hydrous glasses was studied. Heating glass samples at 10 K min(-1) in the DTA resulted in T-g values which are close to T-12 isokom temperatures confirming the equivalence of enthalpy relaxation and viscous relaxation for borate glasses. For all three glass series it is shown that T-g strongly decreases whereas the liquid fragility strongly increases upon the addition of water. These findings reveal that H2O primarily causes breaking of B-O-B bonds rather than supporting 4-fold coordinated boron as it is well-known for alkali oxides in this concentration range. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Wasserhaltige Gläser KW - Viskosität KW - Boratgläser KW - Thermische Analyse KW - Viscosity KW - Borate glasses KW - Thermal analysis KW - Water-bearing glasses PY - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2015.10.010 SN - 0022-3093 VL - 432 SP - 208 EP - 217 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-35123 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Baer, D. R. A1 - Cant, D. J. H. A1 - Castner, D. G. A1 - Ceccone, G. A1 - Engelhard, M. H. A1 - Karakoti, A. S. A1 - Müller, Anja ED - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan ED - Unger, Wolfgang ED - Shard, A. G. T1 - Preparation of nanoparticles for surface analysis N2 - A variety of methods used to prepare nano-objects for surface analysis are described along with information about when they might be best applied. Intrinsic properties of NPs which complicate their characterization and need to be considered when planning for surface or other analyses of NPs are identified, including challenges associated with reproducible synthesis and functionalization of the particles as well as their dynamic nature. The relevant information about the sample preparation processes, along with analysis details and data that need to be added to the collection of material provenance information is identified. Examples of protocols that have been successfully used for preparation of nano-objects for surface analysis are included in an annex. KW - Sample preparation KW - Nanoparticles KW - Surface chemistry KW - XPS KW - Dynamic behavior KW - Nano-object KW - Surface analysis PY - 2020 SN - 978-0-12-814182-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814182-3.00018-3 SP - 295 EP - 347 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50186 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, I. A1 - Moll, J. A1 - Kexel, C. A1 - Schubert, L. A1 - Tschöke, K. A1 - Prager, Jens A1 - Lugovtsova, Yevgeniya A1 - Bach, M. A1 - Vogt, T. T1 - SHM using Guided Waves – Recent Activities and Advances in Germany N2 - Issues that prevent Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) based on Guided Waves (GW) from being a part of today’s monitoring solutions in industry are not all obvious to the scientific community. To uncover and overcome these issues, scientists working on SHM and GW problems joined in an expert committee under the patronage of the German Society for Non-Destructive Testing. An initiated online survey among more than 700 experts and users reveals the hurdles hindering the practical application of GWbased SHM. Firstly, methods for proof of reliability of SHM approaches are missing. Secondly, detailed understanding of phenomenological described wave-damage interactions is needed. Additionally, there are significant unsolved implementation issues and unsolved problems of signal processing including handling of environmental influences. To enable substantial proof of reliability without unaffordable experimental effort also efficient simulation tools including realistic damage interaction are needed, enabling the joint use of experimental and simulated data to predict the capabilities of the Monitoring system. Considering these issues, the committee focusses on simulation, signal processing, as well as probability of detection and standardization. In the presented work, recent activities of the expert committee starting with survey results are summarized. An open access data basis of life-like measurements is presented to allow testing and comparison of signal processing and simulation algorithms. Finally, a strategy for efficient proof of reliability increasing the acceptance of SHM in industry and for successful Integration of SHM into real-world engineering structures is proposed. T2 - The 12th International Workshop on Structural Health Monitoring (IWSHM) CY - Stanford, California, USA DA - 10.09.2019 KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - Ultrasonic Guided Waves KW - Non-Destructive Testing KW - Survey KW - Probability of Detection KW - Reliability PY - 2019 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-49232 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kunz, C. A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk A1 - Neumann, C. A1 - Turchanin, A. A1 - Bartolomé, J. F. A1 - Müller, F. A. A1 - Gräf, S. T1 - Tribological performance of metal-reinforced ceramic composites selectively structured with femtosecond laser-induced periodic surface structures N2 - The impact of femtosecond (fs) laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on tribological properties was investigated for metal-reinforced ceramic composites (Al2O3-ZrO2-Nb). For this purpose, the metallic niobium (Nb) phase was selectively structured with LIPSS in an air environment with different values of the fs-laser peak fluence by near-infrared fs-laser radiation (λ = 1025 nm, τ = 300 fs, frep = 1 kHz), taking advantage of the different light absorption behavior of ceramic and metal. The tribological performance was evaluated by reciprocating sliding tests in a ball-on-disc configuration using Ringer's solution as lubricant. The surfaces were characterized before and after laser irradiation by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and by measuring the contact angle with Ringer's solution. The LIPSS formation resulted in an increased wetting of the surface with the lubricant. Moreover, the selectively structured composite surfaces revealed a coefficient of friction significantly reduced by a factor of ~3 when compared to the non-irradiated surface. Furthermore, the formation of a laser-induced oxidation layer was detected with NbO as the most prominent oxidation state. Selectively structured composites with outstanding mechanical properties and enhanced tribological performance are of particular interest for biomedical applications. KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Femtosecond laser ablation KW - Ceramic matrix composites KW - Tribology PY - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143917 SN - 0169-4332 SN - 1873-5584 VL - 499 IS - 1 SP - 143917 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-49255 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laquai, René A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Kasperovich, G. A1 - Requena, G. A1 - Haubrich, J. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Classification of defect types in SLM Ti-6Al-V4 by X-ray refraction topography N2 - Porosity in additively manufactured materials, such as laser powder bed fusion Ti-Al6-V4, can play an important role in their mechanical performance. Not only the total porosity but also the shape/morphology of the individual pores need to be considered. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the distributions of different defect types (especially fusing defects and keyhole pores) and their dependence on process parameters. We show that synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography allows analysis of large samples (up to several millimeters) without compromising the detectability of submicrometer defects. Correspondingly, a classification tool is introduced that is able to quantitatively distinguish defects such as keyhole pores and binding defects with a confidence level of 94 %, even when the shape cannot be discerned because of limited spatial resolution. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Selective laser melting KW - X-ray refraction KW - Microscopy KW - Porosity KW - X-ray computed tomography KW - BAMline KW - Synchrotron Radiation PY - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1520/MPC20190080 SN - 2379-1365 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 82 EP - 93 PB - ASTM International CY - West Conshohocken, PA AN - OPUS4-50470 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Welter, T. A1 - Marzok, Ulrich A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Müller, Ralf T1 - Hydrogen diffusivity in sodium aluminosilicate glasses N2 - Hydrogen gas diffusivity of fourteen glasses of the Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2 system are studied along the joins quartzalbite-jadeite-nepheline (Qz-Ab-Jd-Np, fully polymerized) and albite-sodium disilicate (Ab-Ds, depolymerized). Density measurements show that ionic porosity decreases from 54.4% (Qz) to 51.5% (Np) and from 52.4% (Ab) to 50.2% (Ds). Hydrogen diffusivity D follows similar trends but at another scale. D at 523 K decreases from 4×10−12 to 3×10−14m2 s−1 (Qz-Np) and from 4×10−13 to 3×10−15m2 s−1 (Ab-Ds). Charge compensating Na+ acting as a filling agent in fully polymerized network structures leads to up to one order of Magnitude higher diffusivities as depolymerized glass structures of the same SiO2 content where Na+ takes the role of a modifier ion. Temperature dependence of the diffusivity indicates that both the activation energy involved with the moving H2 molecule as well as the accessible volume in the structure contribute to this compositional trend. KW - Aluminosilicate glasses KW - Hydrogen diffusivity KW - Ionic porosity PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2019.119502 VL - 521 SP - 119502 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50392 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kiefer, P. A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Behrens, H. T1 - Statistical analysis of propagation rates of indentation-induced radial cracks N2 - Due to the stochastic nature of crack nucleation by Vickers indentation, a statistical analysis of propagation rates of 185 radial cracks was performed. Crack growth was observed directly using a video camera with high Image acquisition rate. It is found that propagation rates are controlled by the environmental reactions at the crack-tip shortly after their initiation (< 1 s). Calibration of the stress intensity KI showed that the residual stress factor χ and the exponent n of the equation KI==χPc−n (with P==load and c==crack length) are broadly distributed among the 185 analyzed cracks, ranging from 10−16 to 104 and from 0.1 to 5, respectively. For the most frequent crack, the equation KI==0.052Pc−1.47 holds. The results show that correlations of indentation-induced crack length to stress intensity necessitate the use of statistical significant data that are calibrated by the environmental reactions at the crack-tip. KW - Stress intensity factor KW - Vickers indentation KW - Subcritical crack growth KW - Soda-lime-silica glass PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2019.119739 VL - 527 SP - 119739 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-50393 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Balzer, R. A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Schuth, S. A1 - Waurischk, Tina A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Fechtelkord, M. A1 - Deubener, J. T1 - The influence of H2O and SiO2 on the structure of silicoborate glasses N2 - To understand the impact of dissolved water on structure and properties, four boron-rich glasses of molar compositions 15-x Na2O x CaO 15 SiO2 70 B2O3 (with x=0, 7.5, 10) and 10 Na2O 15 SiO2 75 B2O3 were prepared and subsequently hydrated (up to 8 wt% H2O). Density measurements show a non-linear trend upon hydration implying large structural changes in particular at water contents<2 wt%. Near-infrared spectroscopy shows hydroxyl groups are the dominant species in all glasses upon the entire range of water content. Molecular H2O is detectable only at total water contents>2 wt%. 11B MAS NMR spectra show that the abundance of BO4 species is mainly controlled by ratio of (Na2O+CaO)/B2O3 while incorporation of water plays a minor role. Compared to borate glasses, the efficiency of formation of BO4 tetrahedra is favored by crosslinking of the network by SiO4-units. The glass transition temperatures, determined by differential thermal analysis, decreases continuously with water content due to breakage of B-O-B bonds by hydrolysis. However, compared to Silicates and aluminosilicates, the effect of dissolved water is less pronounced which can be explained by weaker B-O-B bonds in comparison to Si-O-Si bonds. KW - High pressure KW - Water speciation KW - Silicoborate glasses KW - Infrared spectroscopy KW - NMR spectroscopy PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2019.05.030 VL - 519 SP - 38 EP - 51 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-48748 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kiefer, P. A1 - Balzer, R. A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Waurischk, Tina A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Müller, Ralf T1 - Density, elastic constants and indentation hardness of hydrous soda-lime silica glasses N2 - The effect of structural water on density, elastic constants and microhardness of water-bearing soda-lime-silica glasses of up to 21.5 mol% total water is studied. It is found that the Poisson ratio and the water content are positively correlated, while density and the elastic moduli decrease with increasing water content. Vickers hardness decreases by approximately 27% from the dry to the most hydrous glass. For water fractions <3 mol%, the dependencies are non-linear reflecting the non-linear change in the concentrations of OH and H2O molecules dissolved, whereas for water fractions >3 mol% linear dependencies are found. To distinguish the effect of structural water and environmental water, indentations were performed in toluene, nitrogen gas and air. Timedependent softening was evident for testing dry glasses in humid atmospheres as well as for tests of hydrous glasses in dry atmospheres. This indicates that the response times of dissolved water species are effectively equal in both scenarios. KW - Elastic constants KW - Soda-lime-silica KW - Glass KW - Water content KW - Microhardness PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2019.119480 SN - 0022-3093 SN - 1873-4812 VL - 521 SP - 119480 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-48758 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Welter, T. A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Marzok, Ulrich A1 - Reinsch, Stefan T1 - Hydrogen Permeation Through Glass N2 - Physical storage of gaseous hydrogen under high-pressure in glassy micro-containers such as spheres and capillaries is a promising concept for enhancing safety and the volumetric capacity of mobile hydrogen storage systems. As very low permeation through the container wall is required for storage of compressed hydrogen, development of glasses of minimal hydrogen permeability is needed. For this purpose, one has to understand better the dependence of hydrogen permeability on glass structure. The paper points out that minimizing the accessible free volume is as one strategy to minimize hydrogen permeability. Based on previously measured and comprehensive literature data, it is shown that permeation is independently controlled by ionic porosity and network modifier content. Thus, ionic porosity in modified and fully polymerized networks can be decreased equally to the lowest hydrogen permeability among the glasses under study. Applying this concept, a drop of up to 30,000 with respect to the permeation of hydrogen molecules through silica glass is attainable. KW - Ionic porosity KW - hydrogen storage KW - Glass KW - Permeability KW - Solubility KW - Diffusivity PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-513927 VL - 6 SP - Article 342 AN - OPUS4-51392 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Waurischk, Tina A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Deubener, J. T1 - Crack growth in borate and silicate glasses: Stress-corrosion susceptibility and hydrolytic resistance N2 - A double cantilever beam technique in air equipped with ultrasound modulation was used to measure the crack velocity v in borate and silicate glasses. In all glasses v and the stress intensity KI followed the empirical correlation v ~ KIn. Indicated by its smallest KI at v = 1 μm s − 1, KI* = 0.27 MPa m0.5, the silicoborate glass containing 70 mol% B2O3 was found most susceptible to stress-corrosion enhanced crack growth. Contrarily, the sodium calcium magnesium silicate glass appeared least susceptible with KI* = 0.57 MPa m0.5. No clear correlation is evident between KI*, reflecting the stress-corrosion susceptibility, and the hydrolytic resistance for all glasses under study, but values of n obtained from the present study and taken from previous literature for 35 glasses tend to decrease with increasing network modifier ion fraction. Energy dissipation during stress-corrosion enhanced crack propagation is assumed to cause this trend. KW - DCB KW - Alkali and alkaline earth silicate and borate glass KW - Crack growth in air KW - Stress-corrosion KW - Stress intensity PY - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2020.120414 VL - 551 SP - 120414 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-51393 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, U. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Rolff, J. T1 - Exposure of the wild bee Osmia bicornis to the honey bee pathogen Nosema ceranae N2 - Wild bees are important pollinators for agricultural crops and solitary species such as Osmia bicornis are particularly suitable for pollination management. Wild bees share floral resources with managed honey bees and may be exposed to emerging infectious diseases. Although studies have explored the prevalence of pathogens in solitary wild bee species, data regarding the impact of pathogens on solitary bee health are lacking. We carried out experiments examining whether the solitary bee species O. bicornis is susceptible to infection with the emerging pathogen The results obtained indicate that N. ceranae may be able to infect O. bicornis but its impact on host fitness is negligible: survival rates did not differ between Control and inoculated bees, although male survival was marginally lower after infection. To explore the possible field-relevance of our findings, we collected wild bees near an infected and a non-infected hive and showed that N. ceranae was shared between managed and wild bees, although only the in presence of infected honey bees. The findings of the present study show that O. bicornis is susceptible to pathogen spillover and could act as a potential reservoir host for N. ceranae in pollinator networks. Additional studies on this species incorporating sublethal effects, multiple infections and other interacting stressors are warranted. KW - Wild bees KW - Nosema ceranae KW - Osmia bicornis KW - Pathogen spillover KW - Survival rates PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/afe.12338 SN - 1461-9555 SN - 1461-9563 VL - 21 IS - 4 SP - 363 EP - 371 PB - Wiley AN - OPUS4-49648 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bramke, K. A1 - Müller, U. A1 - McMahon, Dino Peter A1 - Rolff, J. T1 - Exposure of Larvae of the Solitary Bee Osmia bicornis to the Honey Bee Pathogen Nosema ceranae Aects Life History N2 - Wild bees are important pollinators of wild plants and agricultural crops and they are threatened by several environmental stressors including emerging pathogens. Honey bees have been suggested as a potential source of pathogen spillover. One prevalent pathogen that has recently emerged as a honey bee disease is the microsporidian Nosema ceranae. While the impacts of N. ceranae in honey bees are well documented, virtually nothing is known about its effects in solitary wild bees. The solitary mason bee Osmia bicornis is a common pollinator in orchards and amenable to Commercial management. Here, we experimentally exposed larvae of O. bicornis to food contaminated with N. ceranae and document spore presence during larval development. We measured mortality, growth parameters, and timing of pupation in a semi-field experiment. Hatched individuals were assessed for physiological state including fat body mass, wing muscle mass, and body size. We recorded higher mortality in the viable-spore-exposed group but could only detect a low number of Spores among the individuals of this treatment. Viable-spore-treated individuals with higher head capsule width had a delayed pupation start. No impact on the physiological status could be detected in hatched imagines. Although we did not find overt evidence of O. bicornis infection, our findings indicate that exposure of larvae to viable N. ceranae spores could affect bee development. KW - Bee diseases KW - Wild bees KW - Nosema ceranae KW - Osmia bicornis KW - Pathogen transmission KW - Solitary bees KW - Bee health PY - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-496497 VL - 10 IS - 11 SP - 380 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-49649 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liens, A. A1 - Reveron, H. A1 - Douillard, T. A1 - Blanchard, N. A1 - Lughi, V. A1 - Sergo, V. A1 - Laquai, René A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Schomer, S. A1 - Fürderer, T. A1 - Adolfsson, E. A1 - Courtois, N. A1 - Swain, M. A1 - Chevalier, J. T1 - Phase transformation induces plasticity with negligible damage in ceria-stabilized zirconia-based ceramics N2 - Ceramics and their composites are in general brittle materials because they are predominantly made up of ionic and covalent bonds that avoid dislocation motion at room temperature. However, a remarkable ductile behavior has been observed on newly developed 11 mol.% ceria-stabilized zirconia (11Ce-TZP) composite containing fine alumina (8 vol.% Al2O3) and elongated strontium hexa-aluminate (8 vol.% SrAl12O19) grains. The as-synthesized composite also has shown full resistance to Low Temperature Degradation (LTD), relatively high strength and exceptionally high Weibull modulus, allowing its use in a broader range of biomedical applications. In this study, to deepen the understanding of plastic deformation in Ce-TZP based composites that could soon be used for manufacturing dental implants, different mechanical tests were applied on the material, followed by complete microstructural characterization. Distinct from pure Ce-TZP material or other zirconia-based ceramics developed in the past, the material here studied can be permanently strained without affecting the Young modulus, indicating that the ductile response of tested samples cannot be associated to damage occurrence. This ductility is related to the stress-induced tetragonal to monoclinic (t-m) zirconia phase transformation, analogue to Transformation-Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels, where retained austenite is transformed to martensite. The aim of this study is to corroborate if the observed plasticity can be associated exclusively to the zirconia t-m phase transformation, or also to microcraking induced by the transformation. The t-m transformed-zones produced after bending and biaxial tests were examined by X-ray refraction and SEM/TEM coupled with Raman. The results revealed that the observed elastic-plastic behavior occurs without extensive microcracking, confirming a purely elastic-plastic behavior driven by the phase transformation (absence of damage). KW - Zirconia KW - Ceria KW - Ceramic matrix composite KW - Plasticity KW - Phase transformation KW - X-Ray Refraction PY - 2020 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359645419307177 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.10.046 SN - 1359-6454 VL - 183 SP - 261 EP - 273 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-49740 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bennet, Francesca A1 - Müller, Anja A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Hachenberger, Y. A1 - Jungnickel, H. A1 - Laue, P. A1 - Luch, A. A1 - Tentschert, J. T1 - Preparation of Nanoparticles for ToF-SIMS and XPS Analysis N2 - Nanoparticles have gained increasing attention in recent years due to their potential and application in different fields including medicine, cosmetics, chemistry, and their potential to enable advanced materials. To effectively understand and regulate the physico-chemical properties and potential adverse effects of nanoparticles, validated measurement procedures for the various properties of nanoparticles need to be developed. While procedures for measuring nanoparticle size and size Distribution are already established, standardized methods for analysis of their surface chemistry are not yet in place, although the influence of the surface chemistry on nanoparticle properties is undisputed. In particular, storage and preparation of nanoparticles for surface analysis strongly influences the analytical results from various methods, and in order to obtain consistent results, sample preparation must be both optimized and standardized. In this contribution, we present, in detail, some standard procedures for preparing nanoparticles for surface analytics. In principle, nanoparticles can be deposited on a suitable substrate from suspension or as a powder. Silicon (Si) Wafers are commonly used as substrate, however, their cleaning is critical to the process. For sample preparation from suspension, we will discuss drop-casting and spin-coating, where not only the cleanliness of the substrate and purity of the suspension but also its concentration play important roles for the success of the preparation methodology. For nanoparticles with sensitive ligand shells or coatings, deposition as powders is more suitable, although this method requires particular care in fixing the sample. KW - Titania nanoparticles KW - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy KW - Secondary ion mass spectrometry KW - Surface chemisttry PY - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520103 UR - https://www.jove.com/video/61758 VL - 163 SP - e61758 AN - OPUS4-52010 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laquai, René A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Kasperovich, G. A1 - Haubrich, J. A1 - Requena, G. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - X-ray refraction distinguishes unprocessed powder from empty pores in selective laser melting Ti-6Al-4V N2 - For the first time, X-ray refraction techniques are proven for the identification of void formation in Ti-6Al-4V parts produced by selective laser melting. The topology and volume fraction of pores are measured in samples produced with different laser energy density. Unique X-ray refraction methods identify different kinds of defects, characteristic to the regions below and above the Optimum laser energy density, namely unprocessed powder (unmolten powder particles, balling effect, and Fusion defects) from empty keyhole pores. Furthermore, it is possible to detect small inhomogeneities (voids or cracks) with sizes below the spatial resolution of optical microscopy and X-ray computed tomography. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - X-ray refraction KW - Microscopy KW - X-ray computed tomography KW - Porosity PY - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-434041 SN - 2166-3831 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 130 EP - 135 PB - Taylor & Francis Group CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-43404 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Laquai, René A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Nellesen, J. A1 - Hentschel, M.P. A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Tillmann, W. T1 - Synchrotron-Refraktion mit in-situ Zugbelastung zur Charakterisierung der Schadensentwicklung in Metall-Matrix- Kompositen N2 - Die Synchrotron-Refraktions-Topographie basiert auf der Brechung von Röntgenstrahlung an den Grenzflächen zwischen Materialien mit unterschiedlichem Brechungsindex. Refraktionseffekte verändern die Ausbreitungsrichtung der Röntgenstrahlung, welche mit Hilfe der Methode des Analyser-Based Imaging analysiert wird. Dabei wird ein Silizium-Einkristall im Strahlengang zwischen Probe und Detektor platziert. Dieser Analysator-Kristall filtert, innerhalb seiner Streuebene, die Röntgenstrahlung gemäß ihrer Ausbreitungsrichtung. Durch das Rastern verschiedener Winkelpositionen des Analysator-Kristalls erhält man das Winkelspektrum der von der Probe gebrochenen Strahlung. Aus dieser Rocking Curve lässt sich die spezifische innere Oberfläche der Probe bestimmen. Diese Information wird über einen 2D-Detektor mit einer nominellen Pixelgröße von 3,6 μm gewonnen. Die Installation einer Zugprüfmaschine ermöglicht es die Proben in verschiedenen Lastzuständen insitu zu untersuchen. Damit ist es möglich die spezifische innere Oberfläche in Abhängigkeit der Last darzustellen und so Schädigungsmechanismen abzuleiten. Der Vorteil bei der Ausnutzung des Refraktionseffekts gegenüber der einfachen Durchstrahlung ist die höhere Sensitivität gegenüber Defekten mit geringem Volumen aber großer Oberfläche. Somit werden auch Mikrorisse und, speziell bei Kompositen, die Enthaftung zwischen Matrix und Verstärkung (Partikel, Fasern) erfasst. In dieser Studie wurden Metall-Matrix-Komposite bestehend aus einer Aluminium-Matrix verstärkt mit Aluminiumoxid-Partikeln untersucht. Hierzu wurden knochenförmige Zugproben präpariert, deren Messlänge einen rechteckigen Querschnitt von 1,7 mm × 1,3 mm aufwies. Die Proben wurden einem Zugversuch unterzogen, welcher in Intervallen unterbrochen wurde. Bei jeder Unterbrechung wurde unter quasi-statischer Last die Rocking Curve gemessen und ein Radiogramm der spezifischen inneren Oberflächen berechnet. Dabei konnte ab dem Erreichen einer Last von ca. 600 N ein Anstieg der spezifischen inneren Oberfläche beobachtet werden. Demgegenüber zeigen die zum Vergleich durchgeführten Durchstrahlungsaufnahmen keinerlei Defekte. Daher belegt diese Untersuchung das Potential der Refraktion-Topographie zur frühzeitigen Erkennung von Schädigungen mit hoher Empfindlichkeit. T2 - DGZfP Jahrestagung 2017 CY - Koblenz, Germany DA - 22.05.2017 KW - Metall-Matrix-Komposite KW - Schadensentwicklung KW - Röntgen-Refraktions-Radiographie KW - In-situ Zugbelastung PY - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-405794 SN - 978-3-940283-85-6 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - DGZfP AN - OPUS4-40579 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Buckle, T. A1 - van der Wal, S. A1 - van Malderen, S. A1 - Müller, Larissa A1 - Kuil, J. A1 - van Unen, V. A1 - Peters, R. A1 - van Bemmel, M. A1 - McDonnell, L. A1 - Velders, A. A1 - Koning, F. A1 - Vanhaeke, F. A1 - van Leeuwen, F. T1 - Hybrid imaging labels: providing the link between mass spectrometry-based molecular pathology and theranostics N2 - Development of theranostic concepts that include inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) imaging can be hindered by the lack of a direct comparison to more standardly used methods for in vitro and in vivo evaluation; e.g. fluorescence or nuclear medicine. In this study a bimodal (or rather, hybrid) tracer that contains both a fluorescent dye and a chelate was used to evaluate the existence of a direct link between mass spectrometry (MS) and in vitro and in vivo molecular imaging findings using fluorescence and radioisotopes. At the same time, the hybrid label was used to determine whether the use of a single isotope label would allow for MS-based diagnostics. KW - Imaging KW - Laser Ablation ICP-MS KW - Diagnostics PY - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-396813 VL - 7 IS - 3 SP - 624 EP - 633 PB - IvySpring AN - OPUS4-39681 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Laquai, René A1 - Nellesen, J. A1 - Tillmann, W. A1 - Kasperovich, G. A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Microstructure characterisation of advanced materials via 2D and 3D X-ray refraction techniques N2 - 3D imaging techniques have an enormous potential to understand the microstructure, its evolution, and its link to mechanical, thermal, and transport properties. In this conference paper we report the use of a powerful, yet not so wide-spread, set of X-ray techniques based on refraction effects. X-ray refraction allows determining internal specific surface (surface per unit volume) in a non-destructive fashion, position and orientation sensitive, and with a nanometric detectability. We demonstrate showcases of ceramics and composite materials, where microstructural parameters could be achieved in a way unrivalled even by high-resolution techniques such as electron microscopy or computed tomography. We present in situ analysis of the damage evolution in an Al/Al2O3 metal matrix composite during tensile load and the identification of void formation (different kinds of defects, particularly unsintered powder hidden in pores, and small inhomogeneity’s like cracks) in Ti64 parts produced by selective laser melting using synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography and tomography. T2 - THERMEC 2018: 10TH international conference on processing and manufacturing of advanced materials CY - Paris, France DA - 08.07.2018 KW - Additive manufacturing (AM) KW - Creep KW - Damage evolution KW - Synchrotron X-ray refraction radiography KW - Metal matrix composites PY - 2018 UR - https://www.scientific.net/MSF.941.2401 SN - 978-3-0357-1208-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.941.2401 SN - 1662-9752 SN - 0255-5476 VL - 941 SP - 2401 EP - 2406 PB - Trans Tech Publications CY - Switzerland AN - OPUS4-47148 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dombinov, V. A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Meiller, M. A1 - Müller, F. A1 - Willbold, S. A1 - Zang, J. W. A1 - da Fonseca-Zang, W. A. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Klose, H. A1 - Poorter, H. A1 - Jablonowski, N. D. A1 - Schrey, S. D. T1 - Sugarcane bagasse ash as fertilizer for soybeans: Effects of added residues on ash composition, mineralogy, phosphorus extractability and plant availability N2 - Sugarcane bagasse is commonly combusted to generate energy. Unfortunately, recycling strategies rarely consider the resulting ash as a potential fertilizer. To evaluate this recycling strategy for a sustainable circular economy, we characterized bagasse ash as a fertilizer and measured the effects of co-gasification and co-combustion of bagasse with either chicken manure or sewage sludge: on the phosphorus (P) mass fraction, P-extractability, and mineral P phases. Furthermore, we investigated the ashes as fertilizer for soybeans under greenhouse conditions. All methods in combination are reliable indicators helping to assess and predict P availability from ashes to soybeans. The fertilizer efficiency of pure bagasse ash increased with the ash amount supplied to the substrate. Nevertheless, it was not as effective as fertilization with triple-superphosphate and K2SO4, which we attributed to lower P availability. Co-gasification and co-combustion increased the P mass fraction in all bagasse-based ashes, but its extractability and availability to soybeans increased only when co-processed with chicken manure, because it enabled the formation of readily available Ca-alkali phosphates. Therefore, we recommend co-combusting biomass with alkali-rich residues to increase the availability of P from the ash to plants. KW - Combustion and gasification KW - Phosphate extractability and availability KW - X-ray diffraction (XRD) PY - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-567632 SN - 1664-462X VL - 13 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-56763 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Deubener, J. A1 - Behrens, H. A1 - Müller, Ralf T1 - An overview on the effect of dissolved water on the viscosity of soda lime silicate melts N2 - In this review article, the impact of dissolved water on the viscous properties of soda lime silicate melts is addressed against the background of the upcoming switch from natural gas to hydrogen combustion. This change will lead to an increase in the total water content of the glasses by up to 0.4 mol%. In order to better define possible influences of water speciation, water-rich glasses were synthesised under increasing pressure up to the kbar range. It is shown that a distinction must be made between the influence of dissolved OH-groups and H2Omolecules in order to accurately reflect the dependence of isokom temperatures on water content. In addition, an increase of one order of magnitude in the tolerance to higher deformation rates was observed for the range of expected increased water contents during isothermal deformation processes, which is based on the timetemperature superposition principle, i.e. congruent flow curves were determined under isokomal conditions. KW - Water in glass KW - Viscosity KW - Soda lime silicate glass KW - Shear thinning KW - Nydrogen melting PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-587276 VL - 19 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-58727 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Welter, T. A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Deubener, J. T1 - Hydrogen Permeability of Tectosilicate Glasses for Tank Barrier Liners N2 - The permeation of hydrogen gas was studied in meta-aluminous (tectosilicate) glass powders of Li2O×Al2O3×SiO2 (LAS), Na2O×Al2O3×SiO2 (NAS) and MgO×Al2O3×SiO2 (MAS) systems by pressure loading and vacuum extraction in the temperatures range 210–310 °C. With this method, both the solubility S and the diffusivity D were determined, while the permeability was given by the product SD. For all glasses, S was found to decrease with temperature, while D increased. Since the activation energy of diffusion of H2 molecules exceeded that of dissolution, permeation increased slightly with temperature. When extrapolated to standard conditions (25 °C), the permeability of tectosilicate glasses was found to be only 10-22–10-24 mol H2 (m s Pa)-1, which is 8–10 magnitudes lower than most polymers. Thin glass liners of these compositions are expected to be the most effective barrier for tanks of pressurised hydrogen. KW - Hydrogen permeation KW - Aluminosilicate glasses KW - Hydrogen storage tank KW - Glass liner PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-587284 VL - 1 SP - 1 EP - 11 AN - OPUS4-58728 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, W. A1 - Schweins, R. A1 - Nöcker, B. A1 - Kohlbrecher, J. A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob A1 - Huber, K. T1 - Comparative study of the co-assembly behaviour of 3-chloro-4-hydroxy-phenylazo dyes with DTAB N2 - The co-assembly of three one-fold negatively charged 3-chloro-4-hydroxy-phenylazo dyes (Yellow, Blue and Red) with the cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammoniumbromide (DTAB) was studied to probe dye–DTAB binding stoichiometry and assembly morphology. For each dye, phase separation was observed above a given dye : DTAB ratio with the ratio depending on the dye. While Yellow and DTAB showed liquid/liquid phase separation above Yellow : DTAB = 1 : 1.67, crystalline dye–DTAB complexes were observed for Blue–DTAB and Red–DTAB above Blue : DTAB = 1 : 2.56 and Red : DTAB = 1 : 2.94 respecively. In homogeneous solution, UV/vis spectroscopic investigations suggest stochiometries of Yellow : DTAB = 1 : 2, Blue : DTAB = 1 : 3 and Red : DTAB = 1 : 4. It was concluded, that Yellow exhibits the highest dye : DTAB binding stoichiometry in both, dye–surfactant complexes in the 2-phase region and in solution, whereas the lowest dye : DTAB binding stoichiometry was observed for Red–DTAB in both cases. The observed stoichiometries are inversely correlated to the impact dye addition has on the morphology of DTAB micelles. Generally, addition of dye to DTAB micelles leads to a reduction in spontaneous curvature of these micelles and to the formation of triaxial ellipsoidal or cylindrical micelles from oblate ellipsoidal DTAB micelles. At a DTAB concentration of 30 mM and a dye concentration of 5 mM, this effect was most pronounced for Red and least pronounced for Yellow, whilst Blue showed an intermediate effect. KW - Dye KW - DTAB KW - SAXS KW - Small-angle X-ray scattering KW - X-ray scattering KW - Data analysis KW - Micelle PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-576978 SN - 1744-683X VL - 19 IS - 24 SP - 4588 EP - 4598 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-57697 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Seifert, Lando A1 - Philipp, M. A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Moersch, J. A1 - Müller, Thoralf T1 - Gemeinsamer Schlussbericht zum Forschungsvorhaben - Entwicklung eines neuen Prüfverfahrens zur Beurteilung der Spannungsrisskorrosionsempfindlichkeit von Spannstählen für den Spannbetonbau N2 - Für die Sicherheit von Spannbetonbauwerken ist eine Empfindlichkeitsprüfung von Spannstahlprodukten gegenüber der wasserstoffinduzierten Spannungsrisskorrosion zwingend erforderlich. Die derzeitig normativ festgelegten Prüfmethoden nach DIN EN ISO 15630-3 zeigen nachweislich Schwächen hinsichtlich der Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse und erschweren damit die eindeutige Bewertung der Empfindlichkeit. Ziel des Forschungsvorhabens der Förderinitiative WIPANO des BMWK war es, die Prüfmethode hinsichtlich der Reproduzierbarkeit und Aussagesicherheit zu verbessern. Im Projekt wurden durch materialseitige, elektrolytische und verfahrenstechnische Parameteränderungen konstante und reproduzierbare Prüfbedingungen geschaffen. Dies ermöglichte eine eindeutige Differenzierung zwischen Gut- und Schlechtprodukten. Innerhalb des Projekts wurde ein Ringversuch initiiert, welcher die Anwendbarkeit und Reproduzierbarkeit der neuen Prüfmethode bestätigte. Das neue Prüfverfahren wurde hinsichtlich der Anwendbarkeit für das Spannstahlerzeugnis Draht evaluiert. Ein entsprechender Normentwurf mit einem Vorschlag für ein Konformitätskriterium dieser Erzeugnisse wurde dem zuständigen ISO-Gremium präsentiert und zur Abstimmung überlassen. Nach aktueller Rückmeldung seitens des Gremiums wird der Normentwurf den Eingang in den informativen Anhang der Prüfnorm finden, dies könnte den Weg für eine Spiegelung auf europäischer und nationaler Normungsebene ebnen. KW - Spannstahl KW - Spannungsrisskorrosion KW - ISO 15630-3 KW - Wasserstoff KW - Permeationsmessung KW - WIPANO PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-577922 SP - 1 EP - 106 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-57792 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dal Molin, E. S. A1 - Henning, L. M. A1 - Müller, J. T. A1 - Smales, Glen Jacob A1 - Pauw, Brian Richard A1 - Bekheet, M. F. A1 - Gurlo, A. A1 - Simon, U. T1 - Robocasting of ordered mesoporous silica‐based monoliths: Rheological, textural, and mechanical characterization N2 - Hierarchically porous, high‐surface‐area silica materials are excellent candidates for multiple applications like catalysis and environmental remediation. Shaping these materials with additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, like robocasting, could enable their use with the benefit of on‐demand, customized shaping and maximizing performance. Herein, ordered mesoporous silica COK‐12 slurries were robocasted into monoliths, containing different ratios of uncalcined COK‐12 and sodium bentonite (0–25 wt.%). The rheology of the mixed slurries is characterized by lower flow indexes (0.69 vs. 0.32) and higher yield stresses (96 vs. 259 Pa) compared to pure COK‐12 ones. Monoliths were printed in woodpile structures and calcined at 600°C. Micro‐CT measurements showed a linear shrinkage of 25% after calcination. Mechanical characterization showed increased uniaxial strength (0.20 ± 0.07 to 1.0 ± 0.3 MPa) with increasing binder/solids ratio from 13 to 25%. The amorphous, mesoporous structure of COK‐12 was retained. The structures exhibited open porosities of 52 ± 4% and showed higher specific mesopore volumes, and increased average mesopore size (6 vs. 8 nm) compared to COK‐12. Small‐angle x‐ray scattering analysis revealed an increased lattice parameter (10.3 vs. 11.0 nm) and reduced wall thickness (3.1 nm vs. 4.1 nm) of the COK‐12 in the monoliths. These properties indicate suitability for their application as porous supports and adsorbents. KW - Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering KW - Additive manufacturing KW - OMS KW - Porous materials KW - Robocasting KW - X-ray scattering KW - MOUSE PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-582503 VL - 4 IS - 11-12 SP - 615 EP - 631 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH AN - OPUS4-58250 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schnell, A. A1 - Rübner, Katrin A1 - Seher, Julia A1 - Müller, A. A1 - Liebezeit, S. A1 - Fenner, J. A1 - Martin, F. A1 - Pniok, N. T1 - REALight ‐ Leichtgranulate und REA‐Gips aus feinkörnigen sulfatbelasteten Bau‐ und Abbruchabfällen N2 - Ziel des Projekts REALight ist die Entwicklung einer Referenzanlage zur Herstellung von Leichtgranulaten (leichte Gesteinskörnungen) aus Bau‐ und Abbruchabfällen und zur Gipsrückgewinnung. Als Rohstoffe werden bisher ungenutzte oder auf niedrigem Niveau eingesetzte Bau‐ und Abbruchabfälle und industrielle Nebenprodukte verwendet. Als Produkte werden leichte Gesteinskörnungen hergestellt. Die Sulfatabtrennung durch eine thermische Zersetzung bildet die Grundlage für die zusätzliche Gewinnung von Rauchgasentschwefelungs‐Gips (REA‐Gips). Das Projekt wird im Rahmen der Fördermaßnahme „Ressourceneffiziente Kreislaufwirtschaft – Bauen und Mineralische Stoffkreisläufe (ReMin)” gefördert. ReMin ist eine Maßnahme zur Umsetzung des BMBF‐Forschungskonzepts „Ressourceneffiziente Kreislaufwirtschaft” als Teil der BMBF Strategie „Forschung für nachhaltige Entwicklung – FONA”. Ziel der Förderung ist es, den Ausbau der Kreislaufwirtschaft voranzutreiben. Im Mittelpunkt steht dabei die Bauwirtschaft mit ihrer hohen Nachfrage nach Rohstoffen und gleichzeitig großen Mengen an anfallenden mineralischen Abfällen. Am Projekt REALight sind 12 Partner aus verschiedenen Bereichen der Baustoffherstellung und ‐anwendung, Abfallaufbereitung, Verfahrenstechnik sowie Forschung und Entwicklung beteiligt. T2 - 21. Internationale Baustofftagung (ibausil) CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 13.09.2023 KW - Baustoffrecycling KW - Leichtgranulate KW - Gips KW - Leichte Gesteinskörnungen KW - Drehrohrofen KW - Recycling KW - Mauerwerkbruch KW - Infraleichtbeton PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-591708 SN - 2509-7075 VL - 6 IS - 6 SP - 530 EP - 536 PB - Ernst & Sohn CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-59170 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Müller, B. A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Kasche, J. A1 - Däumling, C. A1 - Kalus, Sabine A1 - Brödner, Doris T1 - Emission and odour measurement of construction products evaluated using a german construction product evaluation scheme T2 - Indoor Air 2005 CY - Beijing, PR China DA - 2005-09-04 KW - AgBB-Scheme KW - Construction product KW - VOC emission KW - Odour KW - Chamber test PY - 2005 SN - 7-89494-830-6 IS - 2 SP - 2129 EP - 2133 PB - Tsinghua University Press CY - Beijing AN - OPUS4-10913 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kasche, J. A1 - Dahms, A. A1 - Horn, Wolfgang A1 - Jann, Oliver A1 - Müller, D. T1 - Sensory evaluation of building products - Results of a German round robin test T2 - VDI-Tagung CY - Bad Kissingen, Deutschland DA - 2007-11-13 KW - Bauprodukte KW - Emissionen KW - Geruch KW - AbBB-Schema KW - Kammermessungen KW - Blauer Engel PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-18-091995-9 SN - 0083-5560 IS - 1995 SP - 193 EP - 202 PB - VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-16322 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Ruiken, J.-P. A1 - Illner, M. A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Esche, E. A1 - Repke, J.-U. A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Prozessanalytik für die moderne Verfahrenstechnik – Online-NMR- und -Raman-Spektroskopie im mizellaren Stoffsystem N2 - Homogen katalysierte Reaktionen sind wichtige Werkzeuge der chemischen Industrie. Milde Reaktionsbedingungen und hohe Selektivitäten führen zu einer energie- und ressourcenschonenden Produktion. Ein bedeutender Prozessschritt ist die Hydroformylierung. Hier kommen Kobalt- und Rhodiumkomplexe mit mehrzähnigen Liganden zum Einsatz, die zumeist in wässriger Lösung vorliegen. Die Anwendbarkeit beschränkt sich demnach auf kurzkettige Edukte mit hinreichender Wasserlöslichkeit. T2 - ProcessNet-Jahrestagung und 32. DECHEMA-Jahrestagung der Biotechnologen 2016 CY - Aachen, Germany DA - 12.09.2016 KW - Hydroformylierung KW - Prozessanalytik KW - Prozess-Spektroskopie KW - NMR-Spektroskopie KW - Raman-Spektroskopie KW - Mizellen PY - 2016 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cite.201650219/epdf U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201650219 SN - 1522-2640 VL - 88 SP - 1304 EP - 1317 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-37316 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Ruiken, J.-P. A1 - Westad, Frank A1 - Illner, M. A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Esche, E. A1 - Repke, J.-U. A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Online Spectroscopy in Microemulsions – A Process Analytical Approach for a Hydroformylation Mini-plant N2 - Within the Collaborative Research Center InPROMPT a novel process concept for the hydroformylation of long-chained olefins is studied in a mini-plant, using a rhodium complex as catalyst in the presence of syngas. Recently, the hydroformylation in micro¬emulsions, which allows for the efficient recycling of the expensive rhodium catalyst, was found to be feasible. However, the high sensitivity of this multi-phase system with regard to changes in temperature and composition demands a continuous observation of the reaction to achieve a reliable and economic plant operation. For that purpose, we tested the potential of both online NMR and Raman spectroscopy for process control. The lab-scale experiments were supported by off-line GC-analysis as a reference method. A fiber optic coupled probe of a process Raman spectrometer was directly integrated into the reactor. 25 mixtures with varying concentrations of olefin (1-dodecene), product (n-tridecanal), water, n-dodecane, and technical surfactant (Marlipal 24/70) were prepared according to a D-optimal design. Online NMR spectroscopy was implemented by using a flow probe equipped with 1/16” PFA tubing serving as a flow cell. This was hyphenated to the reactor within a thermostated bypass to maintain process conditions in the transfer lines. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were established based on the initial spectra after activation of the reaction with syngas for the prediction of unknown concentrations of 1-dodecene and n-tridecanal over the course of the reaction in the lab-scale system. The obtained Raman spectra do not only contain information on the chemical composition but are further affected by the emulsion properties of the mixtures, which depend on the phase state and the type of micelles. Based on the spectral signature of both Raman and NMR spectra, it could be deduced that especially in reaction mixtures with high 1-dodecene content the formation of isomers as a competitive reaction was dominating. Similar trends were also observed during some of the process runs in the mini-plant. The multivariate calibration allowed for the estimation of reactants and products of the hydroformylation reaction in both laboratory setup and mini-plant. T2 - 4th European Conference on Process Analytics and Control Technology (EuroPACT 2017) CY - Potsdam, Germany DA - 10.05.2017 KW - Microemulsions KW - Process Analytical Technology KW - Reaction Monitoring KW - Online NMR Spectroscopy KW - Online Raman Spectroscopy PY - 2017 SP - 64 EP - 64 CY - Frankfurt a. M. AN - OPUS4-40228 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Renate A1 - Rudolphi, Reinald A1 - Kasper, F.-J. T1 - Numerische Untersuchungen zum Tauwasserrisiko von Mauerwerksaußenwinkeln und Ecken in Gebäuden (Teil 2) PY - 1988 SN - 0343-3560 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 53 EP - 59 PB - Thiekötter CY - Münster AN - OPUS4-1251 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Renate A1 - Rudolphi, Reinald A1 - Kasper, F.-J. T1 - Fensteranschlüsse. Numerische Untersuchungen zum wärmeschutztechnischen Verhalten PY - 1990 SN - 0017-1107 VL - 43 IS - 11 SP - 4, 36 EP - 45 PB - Gentner CY - Stuttgart AN - OPUS4-1256 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Renate A1 - Rudolphi, Reinald A1 - Kasper, F.-J. A1 - Wagner, Armin T1 - The Thermal Transmittance of Windows PY - 1983 SN - 0306-9931 VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - 292 EP - 297 PB - Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment CY - Paris AN - OPUS4-1242 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Renate A1 - Rudolphi, Reinald A1 - Kasper, F.J. A1 - Wagner, Armin T1 - Zum wärmeschutztechnischen Verhalten des Anschlußbereiches Fenster-Wand PY - 1984 SN - 0016-9277 VL - 105 IS - 4 SP - 169-170 und 223-227 PB - Oldenbourg CY - München AN - OPUS4-1244 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Renate A1 - Rudolphi, Reinald A1 - Kasper, F.-J. A1 - Wagner, Armin T1 - Rechnerische Simulation von Versuchen am Beispiel des Wärmeschutzes von Fensterkonstruktionen PY - 1986 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 28 IS - 4 SP - 107 EP - 108 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-1249 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müller, Renate A1 - Rudolphi, Reinald A1 - Kasper, F.-J. T1 - Numerische Untersuchungen zum Tauwasserrisiko von Mauerwerksaußenwinkeln und Ecken in Gebäuden (Teil 1) PY - 1988 SN - 0343-3560 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - Titelblatt und S. 43 EP - 52 PB - Thiekötter CY - Münster AN - OPUS4-1250 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmelzer, J.W.P. A1 - Potapov, O. V. A1 - Fokin, V. M. A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Reinsch, Stefan T1 - The effect of elastic stress and relaxation on crystal nucleation in lithium disilicate glass N2 - In the framework of a general theoretical approach recently developed, the effect of elastic stresses on the rate of nucleation of crystallites of critical sizes in the process of crystallization of lithium disilicate glasses is studied. Hereby both the evolution of elastic stresses – due to changes in the specific volume of the crystallizing system (i.e., differences in the densities of the melt and the crystal) – and their relaxation – connected with viscous flow – are taken into consideration. If the classical theory of nucleation is employed for the determination of the nucleation rates (modified by taking into account elastic stresses), elastic stresses may lead, for the system under consideration, to a decrease of the nucleation rate by up to two orders of magnitude. As shown, the theory allows an at least qualitatively correct incorporation of the effect of elastic stresses and stress relaxation into the description of nucleation phenomena in glass-forming melts. PY - 2004 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2003.10.002 SN - 0022-3093 VL - 333 IS - 2 SP - 150 EP - 160 PB - North-Holland Publ. Co. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-6236 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, J.-P. A1 - Pohl, M.-M. A1 - Gähde, J. A1 - Mehner, Hartmut A1 - Menzel, Michael A1 - Güttler, B. T1 - Plasmagestützte Herstellung von Magnetit-Schichten T2 - 9. Bundesdeutsche Fachtagung Plasmatechnologie CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 1999-03-03 PY - 1999 AN - OPUS4-6228 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maul, Ronald A1 - Müller, C. A1 - Rieß, Stephanie A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Methner, F.-J. A1 - Nehls, Irene T1 - Germination induces the glucosylation of the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in various grains N2 - In food, the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) often occurs in conjunction with its 3-β-D-glucopyranoside (D3G). The transformation of DON to D3G through glucosylation is catalysed by plant enzymes, however, the exact circumstances are not well understood. In order to investigate the role of enzymatic glucosylation in germinating grains, DON treated kernels were steeped and germinated under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, the effect of malting on the DON content of the contaminated barley was investigated. In all cases, DON and its derivatives were quantified by HPLC-MS/MS before, during and after the experiments. Amongst the six tested cereals; wheat, rye, barley, spelt, and millet transformed DON to D3G during germination whilst the oats were inactive. For wheat, barley, and spelt the initial DON content was reduced by 50%, with the loss being almost entirely accounted for by D3G formation. As D3G might be cleaved during digestion, the elevated D3G concentration may obscure the toxicologically relevant DON content in processed food and beer. The germination process has a major influence on the 'masking' of DON, leading to high quantities of D3G that may be missed in common mycotoxin analyses. KW - Mycotoxins KW - Masked mycotoxins KW - Deoxynivalenol (DON) KW - DON-3-glucoside KW - Acetyl-DON KW - Germination KW - Malting PY - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.08.077 SN - 0308-8146 VL - 131 IS - 1 SP - 274 EP - 279 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ; Jena AN - OPUS4-25732 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ast, S. A1 - Fischer, Tobias A1 - Müller, H. A1 - Mickler, W. A1 - Schwichtenberg, M. A1 - Rurack, Knut A1 - Holdt, H.-J. T1 - Integration of the 1,2,3-triazole 'click' motif as a potent signalling element in metal ion responsive fluorescent probes N2 - In a systematic approach we synthesized a new series of fluorescent probes incorporating donor–acceptor (D-A) substituted 1,2,3-triazoles as conjugative π-linkers between the alkali metal ion receptor N-phenylaza-[18]crown-6 and different fluorophoric groups with different electron-acceptor properties (4-naphthalimide, meso-phenyl-BODIPY and 9-anthracene) and investigated their performance in organic and aqueous environments (physiological conditions). In the charge-transfer (CT) type probes 1, 2 and 7, the fluorescence is almost completely quenched by intramolecular CT (ICT) processes involving charge-separated states. In the presence of Na+ and K+ ICT is interrupted, which resulted in a lighting-up of the fluorescence in acetonitrile. Among the investigated fluoroionophores, compound 7, which contains a 9-anthracenyl moiety as the electron-accepting fluorophore, is the only probe which retains light-up features in water and works as a highly K+/Na+-selective probe under simulated physiological conditions. Virtually decoupled BODIPY-based 6 and photoinduced electron transfer (PET) type probes 3–5, where the 10-substituted anthracen-9-yl fluorophores are connected to the 1,2,3-triazole through a methylene spacer, show strong ion-induced fluorescence enhancement in acetonitrile, but not under physiological conditions. Electrochemical studies and theoretical calculations were used to assess and support the underlying mechanisms for the new ICT and PET 1,2,3-triazole fluoroionophores. KW - Charge transfer KW - Click chemistry KW - Electron transfer KW - Fluorescent probes KW - Metal ions PY - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201201575 SN - 0947-6539 SN - 1521-3765 VL - 19 IS - 9 SP - 2990 EP - 3005 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-27742 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Güttler, B. A1 - Schiel, D. A1 - Danzebrink, H. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Gross, Thomas A1 - Lippitz, Andreas A1 - Müller, J.-P. T1 - Physical and Chemical Characterization of Thermal and Native Siliconoxide layers on Silicon T2 - Symposium "Reference Materials for Technologies in the New Millenium" CY - Berlin, BAM, Germany DA - 2000-05-22 PY - 2000 SP - 1(?) EP - 7(?) AN - OPUS4-6924 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Bertovic, Marija A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Zickler, S. A1 - Fahlbruch, B. A1 - Spokoiny, V. A1 - Schombach, D. A1 - Just, Tilman A1 - Cramer, H.-J. T1 - Untersuchungen zum Einfluss menschlicher Faktoren auf das Ergebnis von zerstörungsfreien Prüfungen, Möglichkeiten zur Minimierung dieses Einflusses und Bewertung der Prüfergebnisse KW - Menschliche Faktoren KW - ZfP KW - Manuelle Ultraschallprüfung KW - WkP KW - KKW PY - 2009 IS - BfS-Projekt SR 2514 / Endbericht SP - 1 EP - 79 CY - Salzgitter AN - OPUS4-26081 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wirth, Cynthia A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Günster, Jens A1 - Mühler, T. A1 - Görke, R. A1 - Heinrich, J.G. T1 - Submicrometer silica spheres generated by laser fuming N2 - The production of agglomerate-free SiO2 particles exhibiting a monomodal distribution of particle sizes of around 300 nm by means of direct laser fuming of micrometric SiO2 powders has been successfully demonstrated. With a 12 kW cw CO2 laser system, a production rate of up to 1 kilogram powder per hour was achieved. Almost ideal spherical amorphous SiO2 particles in a broad particle size distribution between 10 nm and several 100 nm (d50 ≈ 300 nm) were synthesized. Several observations suggest weak agglomeration forces between the particles. A temperature reduction of 200 °C for sintering powder compacts was observed. KW - Laser KW - SiO2 KW - Nanopowder PY - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4416/JCST2012-00033 SN - 2190-9385 N1 - Geburtsname von Wirth, Cynthia: Gomes, C. M. - Birth name of Wirth, Cynthia: Gomes, C. M. VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - 11 EP - 18 PB - Göller CY - Baden-Baden AN - OPUS4-31423 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gardei, André A1 - Garcia, O. A1 - Riedl, Martin A1 - Vanhellemond, I. A1 - Suput, J.S. A1 - Santarelli, M.-L. A1 - Rodríguez-Maribona, I. A1 - Müller, Urs ED - Jadwiga W. Lukaszewicz, ED - Piotr Niemcewicz, T1 - Performance and durability of a new antigraffiti system for cultural heritage - the EC project GRAFFITAGE T2 - 11th International Congress on Deterioration and Conservation of Stone CY - Torun, Poland DA - 2008-09-15 KW - Cultural heritage KW - Antigraffiti system KW - Sandstone KW - Limestone KW - Brick KW - Monument KW - Cleaning KW - Historische Baustoffe PY - 2008 SN - 978-83-231-2237-1 VL - II SP - 889 EP - 897 PB - Nicolaus Copernicus University Press CY - Torun, Poland AN - OPUS4-18844 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Debatin, F. A1 - Thomas, A. A1 - Kelling, A. A1 - Hedin, N. A1 - Bacsik, Z. A1 - Senkovska, I. A1 - Kaskel, S. A1 - Junginger, M. A1 - Müller, H. A1 - Schilde, U. A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Friedrich, A. A1 - Holdt, H.-J. T1 - In situ synthesis of an imidazolate-4-amide-5-imidate ligand and formation of a microporous zinc-organic framework with H2-and CO2-storage ability KW - Metal-organic framework KW - Synthesis KW - XRD KW - FTIR KW - NMR KW - Gas sorption KW - Microporous materials KW - N,O ligands KW - Solvothermal synthesis PY - 2010 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200906188 SN - 1433-7851 SN - 1521-3773 SN - 0570-0833 VL - 49 IS - 7 SP - 1258 EP - 1262 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-21132 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Askew, P. A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Grinda, Manfred A1 - Hertel, Horst A1 - Krumbein, W.E. A1 - Müller, R.-J. A1 - Pantke, Michael A1 - Plarre, Rüdiger A1 - Schmitt, G. A1 - Schwibbert, Karin ED - Czichos, Horst ED - Saito, T. ED - Smith, L. T1 - Biogenic impact on materials N2 - Materials as constituents of products or components of technical systems rarely exist in isolation and many must cope with exposure in the natural world. This chapter describes methods that simulate how a material is influenced through contact with living systems such as microorganisms and arthropods. Both unwanted and desirable interactions are considered. This biogenic impact on materials is intimately associated with the environment to which the material is exposed (Materials-Environment Interaction, Chap. 15). Factors such as moisture, temperature and availability of food sources all have a significant influence on biological systems. Corrosion (Chap. 12) and wear (Chap. 13) can also be induced or enhanced in the presence of microorganisms. Section 14.1 introduces the categories between desired (biodegradation) and undesired (biodeterioration) biological effects on materials. It also introduces the role of biocides for the protection of materials. Section 14.2 describes the testing of wood as a building material especially against microorganisms and insects. Section 14.3 characterizes the test methodologies for two other groups of organic materials, namely polymers (Sect. 14.3.1) and paper and textiles (Sect. 14.3.2). Section 14.4 deals with the susceptibility of inorganic materials such as metals (Sect. 14.4.1), concrete (Sect. 14.4.2) and ceramics (Sect. 14.4.3) to biogenic impact. Section 14.5 treats the testing methodology concerned with the performance of coatings and coating materials. In many of these tests specific strains of organisms are employed. It is vital that these strains retain their ability to utilize/attack the substrate from which they were isolated, even when kept for many years in the laboratory. Section 14.6 therefore considers the importance of maintaining robust and representative test organisms that are as capable of utilizing a substrate as their counterparts in nature such that realistic predictions of performance can be made. KW - Materialschutz KW - Biologie KW - Organismus KW - Standard KW - Prüfung PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-642-16640-2 SP - 769 EP - 844 PB - Springer CY - Berlin, Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-24210 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wolf, S. E. A1 - Müller, L. A1 - Barrea, R. A1 - Kampf, C.J. A1 - Leiterer, Jork A1 - Panne, Ulrich A1 - Hoffmann, T. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Tremel, W. T1 - Carbonate-coordinated metal complexes precede the formation of liquid amorphous mineral emulsions of divalent metal carbonates N2 - During the mineralisation of metal carbonates MCO3 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba, Mn, Cd, Pb) liquid-like amorphous intermediates emerge. These intermediates that form via a liquid/liquid phase separation behave like a classical emulsion and are stabilized electrostatically. The occurrence of these intermediates is attributed to the formation of highly hydrated networks whose stability is mainly based on weak interactions and the variability of the metal-containing pre-critical clusters. Their existence and compositional freedom are evidenced by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Liquid intermediates in non-classical crystallisation pathways seem to be more common than assumed. PY - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c0nr00761g SN - 2040-3364 SN - 2040-3372 IS - 3 SP - 1158 EP - 1165 PB - RSC Publ. CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-23355 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stephan, H. A1 - Walther, M. A1 - Fähnemann, S. A1 - Ceroni, P. A1 - Molloy, J.K. A1 - Bergamini, G. A1 - Heisig, F. A1 - Müller, C.E. A1 - Kraus, Werner A1 - Comba, P. T1 - Bispidines for dual imaging N2 - The efficient transformation of the hexadentate bispidinol 1 into carbamate derivatives yields functional bispidines enabling convenient functionalization for targeted imaging. The BODIPY-substituted bispidine 3 combines a coordination site for metal ions, such as radioactive 64CuII, with a fluorescent unit. Product 3 was thoroughly characterized by standard analytical methods, single crystal X-ray diffraction, radiolabeling, and photophysical analysis. The luminescence of ligand 3 was found to be strongly dependent on metal ion coordination: CuII quenches the BODIPY fluorescence, whereas NiII and ZnII ions do not affect it. It follows that, in imaging applications with the positron emitter 64CuII, residues of its origin from enriched 64Ni and the decay products 64NiII and 64ZnII, efficiently restore the fluorescence of the ligand. This allows for monitoring of the emitted radiation as well as the fluorescence signal. The stability of the 64CuII–3 complex is investigated by transmetalation experiments with ZnII and NiII, using fluorescence and radioactivity detection, and the results confirm the high stability of 64CuII–3. In addition, metal complexes of ligand 3 with the lanthanide ions TbIII, EuIII, and NdIII are shown to exhibit emission of the BODIPY ligand and the lanthanide ion, thus enabling dual emission detection. KW - Bispidines KW - Chelates KW - Imaging agents KW - Lanthanides KW - Radiolabeling KW - Nuclear medical application KW - Radioactive labelling KW - SPECT PY - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201404086 SN - 0947-6539 SN - 1521-3765 VL - 20 IS - 51 SP - 17011 EP - 17018 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-32320 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mühler, T. A1 - Helsch, G. A1 - Heinrich, J.G. A1 - Yao, Dongxu A1 - Gräf, S. A1 - Müller, F.A. A1 - Günster, Jens T1 - Strategies for the selective volume sintering of ceramics N2 - The present study is dealing with the basic physics for a novel way to generate a free-formed ceramic body, not like common layer by layer, but directly by Selective Volume Sintering (SVS) in a compact block of ceramic powder. To penetrate with laser light into the volume of a ceramic powder compact it is necessary to investigate the light scattering properties of ceramic powders. Compared with polymers and metals, ceramic materials are unique as they offer a wide optical window of transparency. The optical window typically ranges from below 0.3 up to 5 µm wave length. In the present study thin layers of quartz glass (SiO2) particles have been prepared. As a function of layer thickness and the particle size, transmission and reflection spectra in a wave length range between 0.5 and 2.5 µm have been recorded. Depending on the respective particle size and by choosing a proper relation between particle size and wave length of the incident laser radiation, it is found that light can penetrate a powder compact up to a depth of a few millimeters. With an adjustment of the light absorption properties of the compact the initiation of sintering in the volume of the compact is possible. KW - Additive Manufacturing PY - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2014.174 SN - 0884-2914 VL - 29 IS - 17 SP - 2095 EP - 2099 PB - Materials Research Society CY - Warrendale, Pa. AN - OPUS4-32544 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herrmann, Ralf A1 - Hille, Falk A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Sterthaus, Jens A1 - Müller, Karsten A1 - Quercetti, Thomas A1 - Wille, Frank A1 - Paffenholz, J.-A. A1 - Baeßler, Matthias ED - Papadrakakis, M. ED - Fragiadakis, M. ED - Papadimitriou, C. T1 - Implementing a Structural Health Monitoring system using digital models of the BAM large drop test facility in Horstwalde N2 - At the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) full scale specimens for nuclear transport and storage containers (casks) are tested for their structural integrity in a series of drop tests on the Test Site Technical Safety in Horstwalde, 50 km south of Berlin. These drop tests cause a major stress not only on the casks, but also on the steel tower structure of the test facility, itself. The load pattern makes the structure very interesting for detailed investigation. The focus of the monitoring lies on the bolted joints of the flange connections that are a typical connection for cylindrical elements if welding is technical or economical unfavorable. The definition of the monitoring takes was done by investigating the existing documents and inspection results accompanied by building an initial digital representation of the structure, consisting of two finite element (FE) models and a geometrical 3D point cloud representation. As a first step the structures behavior during static and dynamic loading was analyzed using measurement data and an updated numerical FE Model. The idea behind is to use models for a digital planning and operation/evaluation of the structural health monitoring. A static FE simulation and a dynamic FE simulation are generated, to investigate how the structure behaves under the load conditions. T2 - XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics (EuroDyn 2020) CY - Online meeting DA - 23.11.2020 KW - Structural Health Monitoring KW - Drop Tests KW - System Identification KW - Digital Models KW - BIM PY - 2020 UR - https://generalconferencefiles.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/eurodyn_2020_ebook_procedings_vol1.pdf SN - 978-618-85072-0-3 VL - 1 SP - 1293 EP - 1304 PB - Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research CY - Athen AN - OPUS4-51592 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wolff, M. A1 - Wonneberger, R. A1 - Freiberg, K.E. A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Bonse, Jörn A1 - Giebeler, L. A1 - Koitzsch, A. A1 - Kunz, C. A1 - Weber, H. A1 - Hufenbach, J.K. A1 - Müller, F.A. A1 - Gräf, S. T1 - Formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures on Zr-based bulk metallic glasses with different chemical composition N2 - Bulk metallic glasses (BMG) are amorphous metal alloys known for their unique physical and mechanical properties. In the present study, the formation of femtosecond (fs) laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) on the Zr-based BMGs Zr46Cu46Al8, Zr61Cu25Al12Ti2, Zr52.5Cu17.9Al10Ni14.6Ti5 (Vit105) and Zr57Cu15.4Al10Ni12.6Nb5 (Vit106) was investigated as a function of their different chemical composition. For this purpose, LIPSS were generated on the sample surfaces in an air environment by fs-laser irradiation (λ = 1025 nm, τ = 300 fs, frep = 100 kHz). The surface topography was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Moreover, the impact of LIPSS formation on the structure and chemical surface composition was analyzed before and after fs-laser irradiation by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as by transmission electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Despite the different chemical composition of the investigated BMGs, the fs-laser irradiation resulted in almost similar properties of the generated LIPSS patterns. In the case of Zr61Cu25Al12Ti2, Vit105 and Vit106, the surface analysis revealed the preservation of the amorphous state of the materials during fs-laser irradiation. The study demonstrated the presence of a native oxide layer on all pristine BMGs. In addition, fs-laser irradiation results in the formation of laser-induced oxide layers of larger thickness consisting of an amorphous ZrAlCu-oxide. The precise laser-structuring of BMG surfaces on the nanoscale provides a versatile alternative to thermoplastic forming of BMG surfaces and is of particular interest for the engineering of functional material surfaces. KW - Bulk metallic glasses KW - Femtosecond laser KW - Laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) KW - Chemical analysis KW - Oxidation PY - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-581799 SN - 2468-0230 VL - 42 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-58179 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Ruiken, J.-P. A1 - Illner, M. A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Esche, E. A1 - Wozny, G. A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Process spectroscopy in microemulsions - setup and multi-spectral approach for reaction monitoring of a homogeneous hydroformylation process N2 - Reaction monitoring in disperse systems, such as emulsions, is of significant technical importance in various disciplines like biotechnological engineering, chemical industry, food science, and a growing number other technical fields. These systems pose several challenges when it comes to process analytics, such as heterogeneity of mixtures, changes in optical behavior, and low optical activity. Concerning this, online nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a powerful technique for process monitoring in complex reaction mixtures due to its unique direct comparison abilities, while at the same time being non-invasive and independent of optical properties of the sample. In this study the applicability of online-spectroscopic methods on the homogeneously catalyzed hydroformylation system of 1-dodecene to tridecanal is investigated, which is operated in a mini-plant scale at Technische Universität Berlin. The design of a laboratory setup for process-like calibration experiments is presented, including a 500 MHz online NMR spectrometer, a benchtop NMR device with 43 MHz proton frequency as well as two Raman probes and a flow cell assembly for an ultraviolet and visible light (UV/VIS) spectrometer. Results of high-resolution online NMR spectroscopy are shown and technical as well as process-specific problems observed during the measurements are discussed. KW - Online-spectroscopy KW - Quantitative NMR spectroscopy KW - Process analytical technology KW - Microemulsions PY - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aa54f3 SN - 0957-0233 SN - 1361-6501 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 035501-1 EP - 035501-11 PB - IOP Publishing Ltd. AN - OPUS4-39091 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Ruiken, J.-P. A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Westad, Frank A1 - Illner, M. A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Wozny, G. A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Online spectroscopy in microemulsions – A process analytical approach for hydroformylation miniplant II - Calibration and prediction by Raman spectra N2 - The Collaborative Research Center InPROMPT aims to establish a novel process concept for the hydroformylation of long-chained olefins, using a rhodium complex as catalyst in the presence of syngas. Recently, the hydroformylation in micro-emulsions, which allows for the efficient recycling of the expensive rhodium catalyst, was found to be feasible. However, the temperature and concentration sensitive multi-phase system demands a continuous observation of the reaction to achieve an operational and economically feasible plant operation. For that purpose, we tested the potential of both NMR and Raman spectroscopy for process control assistance. The lab-scale experiments were supported by sampling for off-line GC-analysis as reference analytics. The results of the NMR experiments will be part of another contribution. T2 - 11. Kolloquium Arbeitskreis Prozessanalytik CY - Wien, Austria DA - 30.11.2015 KW - Prozessanalytik KW - Process analytical technology KW - Prozess-Spektroskopie KW - Emulsions KW - Hydroformylation KW - Reaction monitoring KW - Raman spectroscopy PY - 2015 SP - 66 EP - 67 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-38846 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Ruiken, J.-P. A1 - Illner, M. A1 - Müller, D. A1 - Esche, E. A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Wozny, G. A1 - Maiwald, Michael T1 - Online spectroscopy in microemulsions – A process analytical approach for hydroformylation miniplant I – Experimental setup and NMR reaction monitoring N2 - Hydroformylation represents an important homogeneous catalyzed process, which is widely used within chemical industry. Usually applied with simple alkenes like Propene and Butene aldehydes obtained from alkenes >C6 are relevant intermediates in production of plasticizers, surfactants and polymers. Today the active catalyst species is often based on valuable Rhodium complexes in aqueous solution. This implies the problem of limited water solubility of the reactands, which is acceptable for short chain lengths, but states a problem in case of higher alkenes. Along with that efficient separation and recycling of the catalyst becomes more complicated. There are different approaches tackling this problem, e.g., by using of salt formation in the BASF process or downstream distillation within the Shell process T2 - 11. Kolloquium Arbeitskreis Prozessanalytik CY - Wien, Austria DA - 30.11.2015 KW - Prozessanalytik KW - Process analytical technology KW - Emuslions KW - Hydroformylation KW - Online NMR spectroscopy KW - Reaction monitoring PY - 2015 SP - 51 EP - 51 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-38845 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -