TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Conservation of the Dead Sea Scrolls T2 - Workshop on Preservation of the Oriental Manuscripts CY - Zakynthos, Greece DA - 2013-10-09 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-33010 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Novel Approaches in Dating of Early Texts T2 - Green Scholars Initiative Workshop on Dating Early Papyri and Manuscripts CY - Oklahoma City, USA DA - 2014-03-27 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32995 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material analysis within COMSt - Outsider as Insider T2 - Comparative Oriental Manuscript Studies (COMSt): Results and Outlook CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 2014-03-18 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32996 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Ink Differentiation and Profiling in a Collection of Byzantine Palimpsest Leaves T2 - Vllleme Colloque International de Paleograhie Grecque CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 2013-09-22 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-33011 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Understanding the Materials of the Dead Sea Scrolls T2 - Workshop on the Long-Term Presservation of Ancient Parchment and Papyrus CY - Jerusalem, Israel DA - 2013-04-09 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-33013 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material Studies of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Artifacts T2 - ASOR 2013 CY - Baltimore, USA DA - 2013-11-20 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-32997 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nosnitsin, D. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - A fragment of an ancient hymnody manuscript from Me'esar Gwehila (Tegray, Ethopia) N2 - In the course of several visits, the Ethio-SPaRe project has recently conducted a study of the site of Ma'asar Gwahila MikaJel, an old church in the district of Gulo Mäkäda (East Tagray).1 The manuscript Collection of the church is remarkable, among other things, thanks to the presence of a small improvised “genizah”: a number of fragments of destroyed parchment manuscripts kept in a simple bag in the inner of the sacristy. Most of the fragments are remains of medieval manuscripts of various content and age, not particularly remarkable; but one small, badly damaged leaf attracted the attention of the research group due to its pronounced archaic features.2 The leaf measures ca. 200 (height) x 160 mm (width).3 The text is laid out in two columns, 25 written lines each. The upper written line is placed under the upper blindly ruled line. The pricks are poorly visible. It seems that the “primary pricks”, intended to support the making of the vertical ruled lines, were set at the top and bottom (?) horizontal ruled lines. The outer edge of the leaf crumbled, and it is impossible to make any observation concerning the pricks for horizontal ruling (“text pricks”). KW - Inks KW - Ethiopia KW - Manuscripts PY - 2014 SN - 1430-1938 SN - 2194-4024 VL - 17 SP - 65 EP - 77 PB - Harrassowitz CY - Wiesbaden AN - OPUS4-33180 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Archaeometry of the Dead Sea scrolls N2 - Abstract For many years after the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, text analysis and fragment attribution were the main concern of the scholars dealing with them. The uncertain archaeological provenance of a large part of the collection added an additional difficulty to the formidable task of sorting thousands of fragments. After sixty years of scholarly research, the questions of origin, archaeological provenance, and correct attribution of the fragments are still debated. In many cases, material characterization of the scroll writing media delivers answers to these questions. Physical and chemical examination of the skin-based material of the Dead Sea Scrolls started shortly after their discovery. Subsequent studies dedicated to long-term preservation resulted in a respectable body of knowledge about this material, in many ways very different from medieval parchment. A new multi-instrumental approach, developed for an accurate characterization of the highly inhomogeneous 'parchment' of the Dead Sea Scrolls, might lead to a reliable reconstruction of their history. This approach is illustrated by the case studies, in which we discuss the specific questions of origin (1QHa), archaeological provenance (11QTa), and post-discovery interventions (1QapGen ar). KW - Multi-instrumental analysis KW - Archaeometry KW - Parchment KW - Dead Sea Scrolls KW - Qumran PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1163/15685179-12341247 SN - 0929-0761 SN - 1568-5179 VL - 20 IS - 1 SP - 124 EP - 142 PB - Brill CY - Leiden AN - OPUS4-33175 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Bausi, A. ED - Borbone, P.G. ED - Briquel-Chatonnet, F. ED - Buzi, P. ED - Gippert, J. ED - Macé, C. ED - Manlaci, M. ED - Melissakis, Z. ED - Parodi, L.E. ED - Witakowski, W. T1 - Instrumental analysis in manuscript studies (IR) KW - Codicology KW - Ink KW - Material analysis PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-7323-1768-4 SP - Chapter 2.2, 27 EP - 30 AN - OPUS4-33173 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - From analysis to interpretation. A comment on the paper by Rasmussen et al. (2012) N2 - The paper 'The constituents of the ink from a Qumran inkwell: New prospects for provenancing the ink on the Dead Sea Scrolls' by Rasmussen et al. (2012) presents an account of the analysis of a residue from an unprovenanced inkwell. In this comment, I reassess their study and offer alternative interpretations of their experimental results. KW - Qumran KW - Microanalysis KW - Ink PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.015 SN - 0305-4403 VL - 43 SP - 124 EP - 126 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford, UK [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-33177 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material studies of the Dead Sea Scrolls T2 - Studentenvorlesung CY - Cracow, Poland DA - 2014-05-09 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32991 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material studies of the Dead Sea Scrolls T2 - Studentenvorlesung CY - Cracow, Poland DA - 2013-04-05 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-33014 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Schlanger, J. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Cairo Genizah documents of the 11th century: analysis of writing materials N2 - The Cairo Geniza is an “archive” discovered in the 19th century in Ben Ezra Synagogue in Fustat, a district in Old Cairo (Egypt). The collection of mostly Jewish documents that vary in genres, languages and writing supports contains a large number of early medieval Hebrew manuscripts. The Geniza provides sources for the literary, linguistic, historical studies of the various aspects Jewish life. As the documents attest, at least two Jewish communities co-existed in Fustat up to 11th century: a so-called Babylonian and Palestinian. These communities had different leaders, different traditions and lived independently. The differences seem to manifest themselves also in the paleographical, codicological and some material properties of the manuscripts produced by each community. The aim of this project is to compare the inks used in the Jewish documents depending on different variables: support (paper, parchment), purpose of the manuscript (legal, private, religious), provenance of the scribe. For the determination of the inks type and composition we had to choose non-invasive, non-destructive and portable techniques to analyze the corpus directly on-situ. The analyses were carried out with a micro-X-ray spectrometer ArtTAX® (Bruker GmbH) and a digital stereomicroscope features built-in LED illumination at 395 nm and 940nm, Dino Lite. We would like to stress that though the methods of material analysis listed above have been successfully employed in the field of cultural heritage and conservation including ancient and medieval manuscripts they have not yet been used to study fragments from the Cairo Genizah. Therefore, we believe that this research project is a pioneering study that will provide new insights into the history of Hebrew writing materials, their production techniques and materials and, thus, contribute new data to the field of Hebrew paleography. T2 - Konferenz Art&Archaeology2018 – 3rd International Conference CY - Jerusalem, Israel DA - 09.12.2018 KW - XRF KW - Ink KW - Manuscripts KW - Cairo Genizah KW - Reflectography PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47100 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Schlanger, Judith T1 - Quelles informations une approche archéométrique peut-elle nous apporter pour enrichir notre connaissance des manuscrits hébreux et du monde de la Génizah du Caire ? N2 - L'archéométrie est une discipline riche qui peut nous apporter beaucoup d'informations sur l'étude des manuscrits et qui, conjuguée à la paléographie et la codicologie, peut s'apporter un outil précieux pour mieux appréhender les sociétés qui ont produits ces manuscrits. Nous verrons ici quelques exemples de techniques scientifiques non destructives, principalement appliqués à la Génizah du Caire, appliquées à l'étude des manuscrits. T2 - Tagung CY - Paris, France DA - 10.12.2018 KW - XRF KW - Ink KW - Archaeometry KW - Manuscripts KW - Non destructive PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47098 LA - fra AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Kohl, Anka A1 - Bicchieri, M. A1 - Sodo, A. A1 - Piantanida, G. T1 - New results in Dead Sea Scrolls non-destructive characterisation. Evidence of different parchment manufacture in the fragments fromReed collection N2 - This work presents the non-destructive spectroscopic characterisation of original Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS)parchment fragments from Ronald Reed collection. The fragments are of paramount importance becausethey have never been subjected to any treatment of preservation and restoration, this allows to investi-gate the manufacturing method of real original Jewish parchments. The manufacture of “sacred” Jewishparchments, in fact, is traditionally supposed to use a superficial tannin treatment. To study the DSS frag-ments, it was necessary both to analyse mock-up samples, especially manufactured in order to reproduceancient Oriental Jewish ritual parchments, and to compare the results with those obtained in the analysisof modern and ancient Western Jewish ritual parchments, in order to test the effectiveness of the selectedspectroscopic techniques. Traditionally, the main difference between Oriental and Western traditionalparchment preparation consisted in the dehairing method: enzymatic for Oriental and lime-based forWestern. Moreover, a finishing treatment with tannin was supposed to be applied on ritual Jewish parch-ments. The need of reference samples derives from the knowledge that each parchment preparation,treatment and degradation can induce structural modifications that affect the spectral features. FourierTransform Infrared Spectroscopy by Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR-FTIR), FT-Raman and m-Ramanwere used in this study. The experimental results allowed us to recognise, with different sensitivity, thepresence of tannin by using m-Raman and IR spectroscopies and to prove that not all the archaeologicalsamples were manufactured in the same way with vegetal extracts. Many salts (tschermigite, dolomite,calcite, gypsum and iron carbonate) were found on the surface of DSS fragments. They can derive fromthe degradation processes and storage environment before the discovery or from the manufacture. More-over, the different sensitivities and instrumental characteristics of the used techniques permitted us toestablish an analytical protocol, useful for further studies of similar materials. KW - ATR-FTIR KW - Tannins KW - Dead Sea Scrolls KW - Raman KW - FT-Raman PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2018.01.014 VL - 32 SP - 22 EP - 29 PB - Elsevier Masson SAS AN - OPUS4-49533 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Glaser, L. A1 - Shevchuk, I. A1 - Tolkiehn, M. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Improving Iron Gall Ink Palimpsest X-ray Fluorescence Element Mapping Analysis N2 - In the recent years multispectral imaging and X-ray Fluorescence element mapping have established themselves as a well working two step approach, when dealing with faded, erased or overwritten text in iron gall ink. During the last years a lot was done to improve the mere technical side of the techniques. Especially in the case of XRF mapping experiments the acquisition speed needed to be increased to allow mapping in the high resolution demanded by the challenges at hand. High resolution in moderate times can now be achieved, but with the price of proportionally increased amount of data that needs to be processed ideally in parallel to the measurement. The classical approach in XRF spectroscopy of elemental fitting of the spectral data does not even come close to fulfill any on the fly processing time constraints and will consume too much processing time in the foreseeable future. In this paper we will discuss the applicability of modern statistical data processing methods to XRF mapping of iron gall ink palimpsests. We will present a comparison of a new approach based on principle and independent component analysis (PCA and ICA) and the standard element mapping method. We will show that a reduction in processing time of almost two orders of magnitude can easily be achieved. T2 - Kongress Visual Heritage, CHNT 23 CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 15.11.2018 KW - Palimpsest KW - Iron-gall ink PY - 2020 SP - 1.1 EP - 1.9 AN - OPUS4-50243 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Kaska, K. ED - Uhlirz, T1 - Why Do We Need to Study Inks? N2 - While studying the socio-geographic history of inks, division 4.5 (Analysis of cultural artefacts and assets) of the BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) in Berlin together with the Centre for the Study of Manuscript Cultures in Hamburg has developed a protocol for ink analysis. It consists of a primary screening to determine the type of the ink, and a subsequent in-depth analysis using several spectroscopic techniques. Using this protocol, scientists can assist scholars in addressing a rather broad range of historical questions that cannot be answered unequivocally through scholarly research alone. Among these are investigations on collaboration between scribes and scriptoria, on the usage and annotation of manuscripts and on their path through time and space in general. This research can thus help to reconstruct the circumstances of the production of written heritage as well as their history and transmission. To facilitate the dialogue between the scholars and the scientists a simple optical tool was developed to allow the scholars to perform preliminary ink analysis required for formulation of the question that in turn can be answered by scientific in-depth investigations. In this paper, ink types and their identification method is accompanied by examples of the recent work conducted on parchment manuscripts in the Austrian National Library. T2 - Congress Visual Heritage, CHNT 23 CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 15.12.2018 KW - Ink KW - Parchment PY - 2020 SP - 1.1 EP - 1.9 CY - Wien AN - OPUS4-50242 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ghigo, Tea A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Gaining Perspective into the Materiality of Manuscripts: The Contribution of Archaeometry to the Study of the Inks of the White Monastery Codices N2 - An interdisciplinary approach to the study of manuscript traditions is here applied to the analysis of the leaves from the White Monastery, one of the greatest centres of literary production in Late Antique Egypt. In the framework of the ‘PAThs’ project, archaeometric analyses complement the information pieced together by a range of disciplines in the field of humanities. The use of different complementary analytical techniques provides information on the type of ink used and its elemental composition, unveiling interesting details regarding the materials and methodology of manufacturing of writing media. Moreover, this contribution takes a step forward and discusses the possible existence of a regional arrangement in the elemental composition revealed in the inks studied. KW - Manuscript making KW - Archaeometry KW - Ink analysis KW - Interdisciplinary approach KW - Coptic studies PY - 2020 SP - 273 EP - 282 AN - OPUS4-51003 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Del Mastro, G. A1 - Hammerstaedt, J. A1 - Mocella, V. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - XRF ink Analysis of some Herculaneum papyri N2 - Recent research has suggested that some of the inks used in Herculaneum papyri do not consist of pure carbon. Starting from this finding, in June 2018 a preliminary campaign of analysis by means of X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) of external portions removed mechanically from their original rolls in the eighteenth century (the so-called scorze) took place at the Biblioteca Nazionale at Naples. Also in this case, the aim of the survey was to investigate the ink composition in order to detect possible traces of metal. This article sums up the results of this survey. KW - Herculaneum papyri KW - Ink KW - XRF PY - 2020 SP - 50 EP - 52 AN - OPUS4-51193 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maltomini, F. A1 - Ghigo, T. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Fournet, J.-L. ED - Kramer, B. ED - Luppe, W. ED - Maehler, H. ED - McGing, B. ED - Poethke, G. ED - Reiter, F. ED - Richter, S. T1 - Florentine papyri under examination: The material study of the inks used at the beginning of the Common Era in the "Family of Kôm Kâssûm" Archive (Hermopolis) N2 - Carbon inks with metallic admixtures are found on some papyri of the 2nd century CE from a family archive in Hermopolis. The great diversity of inks found in a single household within a short period of time suggests that inks were purchased rather than self-made. KW - Carbon ink KW - Iron-gall ink KW - Mixed ink KW - XRF ink analysis KW - Family archives KW - Hermopolis PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/apf-2021-0010 SN - 0066-6459 SN - 1867-1551 VL - 67 IS - 1 SP - 146 EP - 165 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-53160 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Beyond Chocolate and Apricot Using Scientific Techniques to Determine the Relationship of the Inks of Codex Vaticanus N2 - Codex Vaticanus was written by multiple scribes and annotated by over thirty different hands. In the past, scholars have speculated about the relationship between the inks using highly subjective observations. For example, The scholars spoke about “apricot” and “chocolate” distigmai, arguing for their respective origins based on their visual similarity to the original ink and that of the medieval reinker, respectively. In recent decades, micro X-ray fluorescence (µXRF) has revolutionized the study of ancient and medieval cultural artifacts, making it possible to examine them using objective criteria. The application of such objective scientific measurements to ancient and medieval manuscripts will be explained with examples of how color, hue, and appearance of ink can be highly misleading. T2 - Annual Meeting of the Siciety of Biblical Literature CY - San Antonio, TX, USA DA - 18.11.2023 KW - Codex B KW - Codex Vaticanus KW - Historic ink KW - Micro-XRF PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-61200 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gordon, N. A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Friedrich, M. ED - Quenzer, J. T1 - Inks Used to Write the Divine Name in a Thirteenth-Century Ashkenazic Torah Scroll: Erfurt 7 (Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Ms. or. fol. 1216) N2 - The scribe of ‘Erfurt 7’, a thirteenth-century Torah scroll now kept in Berlin, initially left blank spaces for the divine appellations Elohim ( אלהים ) and YHWH Elohim ( ,(יהוה אלהים which were filled in during a second stage of writing. The appearance of the ink employed to write the appellations was significantly darker than that of the surrounding ink. X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) has shown that the light and dark brown inks had similar elemental compositions, but contained different ratios of iron to potassium, which could be explained by the use of different batches of ink. According to some medieval sources, the divine appellations were sometimes filled in during a second stage of writing in the presence of ten men from the Jewish community. In Erfurt 7, the two-stage procedure was only performed in the first 1.5 columns of the original sheets, suggesting it may have been part of a public ceremony inaugurating the writing of the divine names in the scroll. Erfurt 7 emerges from this study not only as a ritual object used for liturgy, but as a rallying point for the Jews of Erfurt to come together as a community to express their reverence for the written form of God’s name. The divine name YHWH ( יהוה ) was written in a smaller script than the surrounding text on three replacement sheets using the same two-stage procedure. The ink used on the replacement sheets contained zinc, which is characteristic of other Erfurt manuscripts as well. This suggests that Erfurt was the place where the scroll was used, cherished and eventually repaired. KW - Torah KW - Ink KW - Erfurt KW - 13th century PY - 2020 SN - 1867–9617 VL - 15 SP - 163 EP - 184 AN - OPUS4-52965 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gruskovà, J. A1 - Martin, G. A1 - Kresten, O. A1 - Mitthoff, F. A1 - Kaska, K. A1 - Hofmann, C. A1 - Kreuzer, W. A1 - Phelps, M. A1 - Boydston, K. A1 - Easton Jr., R. L. A1 - Knox, K. T. A1 - Kelbe, D. A1 - Kasotakis, D. A1 - Christens-Barry, W. A. A1 - Stewart, D. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Glaser, L. A1 - Garrevoet, J. A1 - Shevchuk, I. A1 - Klumpp, S. A1 - Deckers, D. A1 - Buck, J. ED - Cronier, M. ED - Mondrain, B. T1 - Insights-into-the-Digital-Recovery-of-the-Scythica-Vindobonesia N2 - The Scythica Vindobonensia, the new fragments on Gothic incursions into Roman provinces in the Balkans in the middle of the third century AD that were revealed some years ago in a Greek palimpsest at the Austrian National Library in Vienna (ÖNB), are commonly considered as one of the most important additions of the last decades to the corpus of texts from classical Antiquity. Tere is a high degree of confdence among scholars in supposing that the fragments come from the lost work Scythica written in Greek by the third-century historian P. Herennius Dexippus (Δέξιππος) of Athens. The new fragments have hence also been called Dexippus Vindobonensis. In his Scythica, Dexippus recorded wars of the Romans with the Goths (and other tribes) whom he called Scythians. The work had been hitherto known only from excerpts and quotes by later authors. Eight pages of a Byzantine manuscript copy of the ancient text have survived hidden underneath the visible surface of the last four parchment folios of the Vienna manuscript Historicus graecus 73, f. 192r -195v4. The copy is written in a Greek calligraphic minuscule which has been estimated by palaeographers to be of the middle or the second half of the eleventh century. In the thirteenth century, the text (on each of the eight pages arranged in one column, with 30 lines per page) was washed of the parchment and the valuable material made from animal skin was re-used for Christian texts. The new writing largely covered the faded remnants of the original text. It thus became hidden from the human eye for more than seven hundred years. Its discovery by Jana Grusková, a classical philologist specialized in the transmission of Greek texts, resulted from a systematic review of all Greek palimpsests kept at the Austrian National Library in Vienna at the beginning of the twenty-first century and a detailed examination of the four folios in 2007-20097. KW - Scythica Vindobonensia, KW - Gothic incursions KW - A Greek palimpsest KW - Antiquity KW - Byzantine manuscript KW - Vienna manuscript PY - 2020 SN - 978-2-916716-81-7 SN - 0577-1471 VL - 2020 IS - 24/1 SP - 945 EP - 967 PB - Association des Amis du Centre d’Histoire et Civilisation de Byzance CY - Paris ET - 1 AN - OPUS4-53843 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Dietz, G. A1 - Eggert, Claudia A1 - Golle, U. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Ketelsen, T. A1 - Ludwig, A. A1 - Melzer, C. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Wintermann, C. ED - Hahn, Oliver ED - Doil, Thorsten ED - Wintermann, C. T1 - Die Materialität der Zeichnung - Eine naturwissenschaftliche Annäherung N2 - Der Band 5 der N.i.Ke.-Schriftenreihe präsentiert den aktuellen Stand materialwissenschaftlicher und bildgebender Verfahren, die bei der Untersuchung von Zeichnungen Anwendung finden. Im ersten Teil der Publikation werden die klassischen Zeichnungsträger und Zeichnungsmaterialien vorgestellt. Der mittlere Teil der Publikation beschreibt die relevanten materialwissenschaftlichen und bildgebenden Verfahren. Der letzte Teil diskutiert anhand einiger Fallbeispiele die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Methoden. KW - Archäometrie KW - Zeichnungen KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Papier KW - Pergament KW - Zeichenmaterialien PY - 2024 SN - 2567-1251 N1 - Es gibt eine parallele Sprachausgabe (englisch), ein Link befindet sich im Feld zugehöriger Identifikator - There is a parallel language edition (English), a link is in the field related identifier VL - 5 SP - VII EP - 111 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-60751 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Dietz, G. A1 - Eggert, Claudia A1 - Golle, U. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Ketelsen, T. A1 - Ludwig, A. A1 - Melzer, C. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Wintermann, C. ED - Hahn, Oliver ED - Doil, Thorsten ED - Wintermann, C. T1 - The materiality of drawings - A scientific approach N2 - Volume 5 of the N.i.Ke. series presents the current state of materials science and imaging techniques used in the examination of drawings. The first part of the publication introduces the classic drawing substrates and materials. The middle part of the publication describes the relevant materials science and imaging techniques. The final part discusses the possibilities and limitations of these methods using several case studies. KW - Archaeometry KW - Paper KW - Parchment KW - Drawing materials KW - Drawings KW - Nondestructive testing PY - 2024 SN - 2567-1251 N1 - Es gibt eine parallele Sprachausgabe (deutsch), ein Link befindet sich im Feld zugehöriger Identifikator - There is a parallel language edition (German), a link is in the field related identifier VL - 5 SP - VII EP - 110 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-63672 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material analysis of manuscripts: methodological introduction N2 - Natural sciences play auxiliary role in the studies of manuscripts. The success of their contribution depends strongly on the formulation of the question and the choice of the methods to obtain the requested answer. Therefore, one should try to go beyond the understanding of the basic principles of the scientific analysis. We will start with a glance at the basic principles of the techniques used in the material science for determination of the elemental composition (X-ray emission) and molecular composition (FTIR & Raman). We will move then to the bench and mobile equipment commonly used in the field of cultural heritage. At the end we will choose a question to be answered and design an ideal experiment that will be modified according to the limitations dictated by on-site conditions. T2 - ManuSciences 17 CY - Fréjus, France DA - 10.09.2017 KW - Mobile instrumentation KW - Manuscripts PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43451 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gordon, Nehemia A1 - Patrick, Andrist A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Vasileiadis, Pavlos D. A1 - Calvillo, Nelson A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Did the Original Scribes Write the Distigmai in Codex Vaticanus B of the Bible (Vat. gr. 1209)? N2 - The fourth-century Greek Bible manuscript Codex Vaticanus B (Vat. gr. 1209) contains pairs of horizontally aligned marginal dots known as distigmai, which correspond to textual variants in other manuscripts. The production of the distigmai has been variously dated to the 4th or 16th centuries. A fourth-century date would prove the early existence of hundreds of textual variants, many of which are otherwise only witnessed by later manuscripts. Near infrared microscope reflectography combined with micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy proved that the distigmai, both those categorized as “apricot” (which are visually similar to the ink of the original main text) and “chocolate” (which are visually similar to the reinking of the main text) were written with ink(s) made from chemically purified vitriol, a process that only became standard in the 16th century. As a result, there is no reasonable chance that the distigmai were written in the fourth century. Horizontal lines that have been hypothesized to function as text-critical obeloi were written in the same ink as the original main text, which differs completely from that of the distigmai. In other words, the distigmai and horizontal lines tested were not produced during the same writing session and are separated by more than 1,000 years, making it impossible for them to have functioned as conjoining text-critical symbols in the 4th century. KW - Bible manuscripts KW - New Testament KW - Paratextual features KW - Textual criticism KW - Obelos KW - Septuagint KW - XRF KW - Greek palaeography PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-622902 DO - https://doi.org/10.1163/27728641-00302005 SN - 2772-8633 VL - 3 IS - 2 SP - 125 EP - 156 PB - Brill CY - Leiden AN - OPUS4-62290 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Caldararo, N. A1 - Rimon, H. ED - Russel, R.E. ED - Lange, A. T1 - The Role of DNA Analysis in the Study of the Biblical Manuscripts N2 - Interest in the type of skin used in scriptural materials and preparation methods increased from the nineteenth into the twentieth century. This was due partly to the number of newly discovered fragments and to the invention of new instruments and scientific procedures to identify animal skins and produce qualitative means to demonstrate specific preparation reagents and techniques. The invention of various means of analyzing the DNA of organic materials brought about a revolution in archaeology and in conservation. Difficulties in overcoming contamination of archaeological samples resulted in a number of controversies but also produced advances and improvement in the techniques of ancient DNA analysis and interpretation of results. KW - DNA KW - Dead Sea Scrolls KW - Parchment PY - 2023 SN - 2468-3027 VL - 3D SP - 120 EP - 123 PB - Brill CY - Leiden / Boston AN - OPUS4-58914 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dietz, G. A1 - Ketelsen, T. A1 - Hoss, M. A1 - Simon, O. A1 - Wintermann, C. A1 - Wolff, Timo A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - The Egmont master phenomenon: X-ray fluorescence spectrometric and paper studies for art history research N2 - The aim of the research project 'Typology of Dutch Drawing' was to establish an interdisciplinary approach for investigating heterogeneous drawing collections. To define a type common to a group of drawings, we determine elements that are common to them based on style and the use of identical materials. To that end, we investigated about 750 Dutch drawings from the sixteenth century at the Dresden Kupferstich-Kabinett using art historical and scientific methods. In this work, we present a detailed analysis of 30 drawings ascribed to the Egmont Master. KW - Archeometry KW - Fine arts KW - Nondestructive testing KW - Paper analysis KW - X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) KW - Reference materials PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5309-4 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 402 IS - 4 SP - 1505 EP - 1515 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-25510 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Colini, Claudia A1 - Shevchuk, I. A1 - Huskin, K. A. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver ED - Quenzer, J. B. T1 - A New Standard Protocol for Identification of Writing Media N2 - Our standard protocol for the characterisation of writing materials within advanced manuscript studies has been successfully used to investigate manuscripts written with a pure ink on a homogeneous writing surface. However, this protocol is inadequate for analysing documents penned in mixed inks. We present here the advantages and limitations of the improved version of the protocol, which now includes imaging further into the infrared region (1100−1700 nm). KW - Archaeometry KW - Manuscripts KW - Non-destructive testing PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-543454 SN - 978-3-11-074545-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110753301-009 VL - 25 SP - 161 EP - 182 PB - Walter de Gruyter GmbH CY - Berlin/Boston AN - OPUS4-54345 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nosnitsin, D. A1 - Kindzorra, Emanuel A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - A "study manuscript" from Qäqäma (Tagray, Ethiopia): Attempts at ink and parchment analysis N2 - The library of the remote monastery of Qäqäma Maryam Kidanä Mehrät in Däg'a Tämben (Tagray, North Ethiopia) was investigated by the team of the project Ethio-SPaRe in June and November 2012. A preliminary study of the library showed that the collection was extended and profoundly renovated in the nineteenth Century, in the course of the revival the monastery had during the reign of King Yohannas IV (1872-89). The shaping of the collection was apparently linked to the figure of the powerful abbot, Gäbrä Giyorgis, who donated dozens of books of diverse provenance, which he himself gathered or received as gifts.1 As the result, the extensive library contains a huge amount of information, but its heterogeneity poses a very serious challenge to the researcher. KW - X-ray fluorescence analysis KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - Manuscript studies PY - 2014 SN - 2078-3841 VL - 7 SP - 28 EP - 31 PB - ESF CY - Strasbourg AN - OPUS4-30864 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Panorama of Black writing inks: From Antiquity to the Middle Ages N2 - Black writing inks in the period under consideration can be divided into three different classes: soot, tannin and iron-gall ink. The first one is a fine dispersion of carbon pigments in a water-soluble binding agent, the second one is a solution of plant extract from tree barks or gallnuts, while the third one contains both soluble and insoluble phases. This last ink is based on metal (iron) and is produced by a chemical reaction of soluble iron (II) with tannin in aqueous solution. Tracing the transition from writing inks based on carbon pigments (soot or charcoal), common in Antiquity to the iron-gall inks commonly used in the Middle Ages builds a focus of our investigative work at the BAM (Federal Institute of Material Analysis and Testing) [1-5]. With the aim of creating a detailed history of writing black inks, we worked out a non-invasive protocol to collect statistically relevant ink data from dated and localized manuscripts covering a large time span and different geographic areas. The first step of our protocol consists of the screening carried out by means of imaging in the near infrared region. The optical differences between carbon, tannin, and iron-gall inks are best recognized by comparing their response to the infrared light: carbon ink has a deep black colour, iron-gall ink becomes transparent above 1400 nm, and tannin ink disappears at about 750 nm, we have simplified the analysis using a small USB microscope with built-in NIR (940 nm) and UV (395 nm) LED in addition to an external white light source [1]. Comparing the images under white and near infrared illumination, we determine the ink typology by observing the changes in the opacity of the ink. Here, carbon-based inks show no change in their opacity when illuminated with near infrared light, while the opacity of iron-gall inks changes considerably, and tannin inks become transparent. Our own recent finding that mixed carbon / iron-gall inks were quite popular in the late Antiquity and early Middle Ages suggested to return to the conventional method using infrared light in the spectral region 1000 – 1400 nm. The presentation will show the panorama of historic inks and our attempt to follow up the transition of the inks from those based on soot to the iron-gall inks commonly used in the Middle Ages. T2 - Public lecture CY - Manchester, UK DA - 01.02.2024 KW - Ink KW - Historic ink PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61201 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Black writing inks: From Antiquity to the Middle Ages N2 - Tracing the transition from writing inks based on soot, common in Antiquity to the iron-gall inks commonly used in the Middle Ages builds a focus of our investigative work at the BAM and the Centre for the Studies of Manuscript Cultures (CSMC) [1-4]. With the aim of creating a detailed history of writing black inks, we worked out a non-invasive protocol to collect statistically relevant ink data from dated and localized manuscripts covering a large time span and different geographic areas. The first step of our protocol consists of the screening carried out by means of the NIR & IRR reflectography. The optical differences between carbon, tannin, and iron-gall inks are best recognized by comparing their response to the infrared light: carbon ink has a deep black color, iron-gall ink becomes transparent above 1400 nm, and tannin ink disappears at about 750 nm, we have simplified the analysis using a small USB microscope with built-in NIR (940 nm) and UV (395 nm) LED in addition to an external white light source [1]. Comparing the images under white and near infrared illumination, we determine the ink typology by observing the changes in the opacity of the ink. Here, carbon-based inks show no change in their opacity when illuminated with NIR wavelength, while the opacity of iron-gall inks changes considerably, and tannin inks become transparent. Our own recent finding that mixed carbon / iron-gall inks were quite popular in the late Antiquity and early Middle Ages suggested to return to the conventional IRR method. The presentation will show the panorama of historic inks and our attempt to follow up the transition of the inks from those based on soot to the iron-gall inks commonly used in the Middle Ages. T2 - Seminar University of Oslo CY - Oslo, Norway DA - 23.09.2022 KW - Ink KW - Historic ink PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-61194 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Methoden und Erkenntnismöglichkeiten von Tintenanalysen N2 - Der Vortrag stellt die Palette der zerstörungsfreien analytischen Methoden, die zur Identifizierung und Vergleich der Tinten, Tuschen und Pigmente verwendet werden. T2 - Experten-Workshop CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 06.10.2022 KW - Tinte KW - Tusche KW - Pigmente PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-61195 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Unveiling the use of writing materials in Carolingian manuscripts N2 - After having been neglected for a long time, materiality is nowadays of great interest in the study of manuscripts. This allows us to explore the variety (and potential coexistence) of different inks and pigments in type and composition in their use over time and geographical area. In this presentation, we aim to contribute to their study through archaeometric analyses of black and red inks used in Carolingian manuscripts copied between the 8th and the 10th centuries. These analyses are based on an interdisciplinary strategy, bringing together knowledge from the humanities and natural sciences to understand the global use of black and red inks in the Carolingian Empire. In this regard, we adopted a non-invasive protocol that included near-infrared imaging and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for on-site measurements supported by historical and palaeographic analysis. The results have been collected in the framework of two projects at the University of Hamburg in close collaboration with the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Berlin (BAM) and will be compared with several other archaeometric studies of contemporary manuscripts. T2 - Novel approaches to Digital Codicology CY - Tours, France DA - 10.05.2023 KW - Carolingian manuscripts KW - Historick inks KW - Pigments PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-61199 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Imaging micro-XRF in studies of manuscripts N2 - Availability of mobile XRF-equipment with an interaction spot of ca. 100 µm produced a revolution in the studies of manuscripts. A protocol for the use of line-scans introduced in the beginning of 2000 permitted large scale and extremely successful investigations of the medieval iron-gall inks. Here, we usually focus on a comparison of the characteristic metallic components in the inks. In our work, we encountered cases that could be adequately addressed only using large area imaging XRF. However, conducting an M6 scan on a bound manuscript or on a scroll of huge dimensions is not a simple and easy matter. In our presentation, we want to share our experience by presenting a series of the case studies, in which many an original solution was found. T2 - M6 JETSTREAM European User Meeting CY - London, GB DA - 03.04.2023 KW - Micro-XRF KW - Manuscripts KW - Imaging PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-61198 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Authentic vs. inauthentic Dead Sea Scrolls from the point of view of material analysis N2 - The paper seeks to illuminate the problem of identifying forgeries among the Dead Sea Scrolls from the point of view of material analysis. It will present the sum of our technical knowledge of the skin-based material of the Dead Sea Scrolls, which includes the original treatment of the skins and the resulting typology as well as degradation effects due to their sojourn in caves and post-discovery interventions. We will try then to list the characteristic properties that must be found in the authentic material. We will supplement the presentation with a short description of the relevant methods of material analysis and their contribution to the secure identification of inauthentic Dead Sea Scrolls. T2 - Annual Meeting of the Siciety of Biblical Literature CY - Denver, CO, USA DA - 19.11.2022 KW - Dear Sea Scrolls KW - Forgery PY - 2022 AN - OPUS4-61196 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material analysis - results N2 - The presentations describes the results obtained by material analysis of the writing materials. Their relevance in the field of digital editing and publishing is discussed. T2 - Communicating Revealed Texts: Best Practices for Born-Digital Editions Using Enhanced Imaging CY - Iowa City, IA, USA DA - 29.06.2024 KW - Writing materials KW - Manuscripts KW - Material analysis PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61202 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cohen, Zina A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Ward, Aengus T1 - Centenary Paper: Of Inks and Scribes: The Composition of a Thirteenth-Century Castilian Manuscript – British Library Res 20787 N2 - This article presents the results of the first scientific analysis of the inks of a thirteenth-century Castilian manuscript – British Library Res 20787, a copy of the Fuero de las leyes. The analysis reveals the fingerprint of the inks used in the codex and points the way to future cross-disciplinary research based on a wider corpus of evidence. KW - Archaeometry KW - Manuscript KW - Colorant KW - Cinnabar PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.3828/bhs.2024.56 SN - 1475-3839 VL - 101 SP - 703 EP - 720 PB - Liverpool University Press AN - OPUS4-61435 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cohen, Z. A1 - Hennings, T. A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Depreux, P. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Black inks under examination. Part 2: a case study of Carolingian manuscripts N2 - With this paper, we would like to contribute to the study of black writing materials by investigating the black inks used in the manuscripts from monastic production in the eastern part of the Frankish kingdom, especially in the region of Lake Constance and in Bavaria and dated to the period between the 8th and the 10th centuries. The corpus under study contains manuscripts with formulae, i.e. model letters and charters, besides numerous other types of texts with no clear separation between them (for example by titles). Sixty-three manuscripts have been studied with the aim of reconstructing the history of both their copying and their use. To this aim, we adopted a non-invasive approach that included near-infrared imaging and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for on-site measurements, supported by historical and palaeographic analysis. The results obtained in this project are compared with several other archaeometric studies of contemporary manuscripts with the general aim of understanding the use of black ink in medieval manuscripts. KW - Manuscript KW - Ink analysis KW - Carolingian PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.4000/techne.18919 SN - 2239-0243 VL - 56 SP - 105 EP - 113 AN - OPUS4-61582 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Advances in Characterization of Written Heritage N2 - The session discusses three brances of teh work on the manuscripts: ink analysis, parchment analysis by proteomics (Matthew Collins) and lipids (Mélanie Roffet-Salque); revealing of hidden text using AI. The example of Vesuvium Challenge is presented and discussed by Bren Seales. T2 - Scientific Methods in Cultural Heritage Research Gordon Research Conference CY - Vaud, Switzerland DA - 07.07.2024 KW - Written Heritage KW - Vesuvius challenge KW - Proteomics KW - Lipids PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61203 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bonnerot, Olivier A1 - Del Mastro, G. A1 - Hammerstaedt, J. A1 - Mocella, V. A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Capasso, M. ED - Davoli, P. ED - Pellé, N. T1 - XRF Ink Analysis of Selected Fragments from the Herculaneum Collection of the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli N2 - Hundreds of papyrus rolls, carbonized during the 79CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius, were discovered in 1754 at Herculaneum. Sophisticated mechanical methods for unrolling the best-preserved scrolls have been applied, with varying success. However, such processes have been abandoned, to prevent risk from irremediable damage or loss and to preserve the integrity of the extremely fragile rolls. Following the development of X-ray based non-invasive techniques, attempts to virtually unroll the scrolls were made. The most common ink in Antiquity was carbon-based, and the main element of carbonized papyrus is carbon, making these investigations difficult. However, some attempts with synchrotron X-ray phase-contrast tomography (XPCT) were successful. Recently, the identification of antique inks containing metals raised hope that if some of the inks contain metal the rolls can be virtually unrolled using conventional CT- technique. We investigated the inks of a selection of partially unrolled fragments stored at the Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli with X-ray fluorescence in order to select the best candidates for tomography. Despite the many difficulties (analysis of several layers sticking together, letters barely visible, difficulty to separate contribution from the ink and from the papyrus, inhomogeneity of the support, fragility of the fragments…), encouraging results were found, with a number of inks from Greek fragments found to contain additions to the soot (Fe, Pb, Cu P). KW - XRF KW - ink KW - Herculaneum KW - papyrus PY - 2022 UR - http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/29th_ICP/issue/view/1881 SN - 978-88-8305-177-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.1285/i99788883051760 SP - 200 EP - 213 PB - Centro di Studi Papirologici dell’Università del Salento CY - Lecce AN - OPUS4-54756 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Gordon, Nehemia A1 - Cohen, Zina T1 - Inks of the Bologna Scroll: A Preliminary Study N2 - Rotolo 2 at the Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna, also known simply as the “Bologna Scroll,” is currently the oldest known complete Torah scroll without later replacement sheets or significant lacunae. The Bologna Scroll has some unusual scribal features. According to one opinion in the Babylonian Talmud, a Torah scroll must be written with carbon ink to be valid for liturgical use.12 The main inks of the Bologna Scroll are very black, and the inks of the marginal corrections in tiny letters are even blacker. In this study, eh inks were tested by means of XRF-spectroscopy and NIR imaging. Conreary to the expectations, the current tests have definitively determined that the Bologna Scroll was both written and corrected using multiple iron-gall inks. KW - Torah KW - Ink KW - Historic ink PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1353/mns.2024.a945374 VL - 9 IS - 2 SP - 222 EP - 242 AN - OPUS4-62264 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Krutzsch, A1 - Nehring, ED - Prignitz, Sebastian ED - Vaelske, Veit T1 - Der Papyruskodex Berlin P 1862: Restaurierung und materialtechnische Beobachtungen N2 - This paper presents the conservation of the codex Berlin P 1862, which includes the reconstruction of the original double leaves. This made it possible to reconstruct the original sequence of the layers of the codex. In addition to a detailed description of the papyrus material, technical details are explained. These concern the production, structure and layout of this codex. KW - Papyrus KW - Tusche PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111345253-011 SP - 141 EP - 163 AN - OPUS4-62265 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rimon, Hasia A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Fuller, R.E. ED - Lange, A. T1 - Conservation of the Dead Sea Scrolls N2 - The current state of preservation of the DSS results from the synergetic effect of various factors such as great age, post-discovery treatments, poor storage conditions, environmental influences and exhibitions. With rare exceptions, neither the initial state nor a list of the treatments performed on each DSS fragment is known. Reconstruction of the individual fragment history will have to rely upon advanced analytical techniques to identify the treatments and their effects. Management of the scrolls may be divided roughly into three periods: a) the scholarly archiving period, from 1948 to the mid-1960s; b) first attempts at conservation, from the mid-1960s to late-1980s; c) Israel Antiquities Authority Scrolls Lab, from 1991 onwards. KW - Preservation KW - Dead Sea Scrolls PY - 2023 SN - 2468-3027 VL - 3D SP - 102 EP - 105 PB - Brill CY - Leiden / Boston AN - OPUS4-58910 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Russel, R.E. ED - Lange, A. T1 - Ancient Inks N2 - In the last decade scientists and scholars have accumulated more knowledge on black ink used for writing in Antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Ready availability of non-destructive testing instruments employed in interdisciplinary projects on historic manuscripts have made it possible to determine the composition of ink and to compare it with the extant records. KW - Writing Ink KW - Antiquity PY - 2023 SN - 2468-3027 VL - 3D SP - 117 EP - 120 PB - Brill CY - Leiden / Boston AN - OPUS4-58913 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Russel, R.E. ED - Lange, A. T1 - Non-invasive Analytic Tools in Studies of Manuscripts N2 - Physico-chemical analyses of writing materials offer insight into various questions associated with historical, cultural, and conservational aspects of manuscript studies. The catalogue of questions that can be addressed with these methods includes authenticity, dating, the attribution of various parts of the text to different scribes and the relation between the primary and secondary texts. Similarly, preservation of the manuscripts requires knowledge of the composition of the original materials versus old repairs, identification of damage, as well as recognition of natural aging and degradation processes. The material sciences can contribute data about the chemical compositions of the writing materials, elucidation of the techniques of their production and the absolute age of organic components, as well as characterization of corrosion effects, evaluation of conservation treatment, and monitoring of the preservation state. KW - Material Analysis KW - Manuscripts PY - 2023 SN - 2468-3027 VL - 3D SP - 114 EP - 116 PB - Brill CY - Leiden / Boston AN - OPUS4-58912 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Charakterisierung historischer Schreibtinten: optische Eigenschaften und elementare Zusammensetzung N2 - Unsere Forschung zielt in erster Linie darauf ab, eine soziogeografische Geschichte von Tinte, Pergament und Papyrus zu rekonstruieren, und umfasst die Materialanalyse der Schreibtinten der Schriftrollen vom Toten Meer, der antiken und hellenistischen Papyri in Ägypten, sowie der Koptischen und Europäischen Tinten des Mittelalters. Zu diesem Zweck haben wir ein Protokoll für die zerstörungsfreie Tintenanalyse entwickelt. Es besteht aus einem ersten Screening mit Hilfe der VIS/NIR Fotografie, um die Art der Tinte zu bestimmen, und der anschließenden Analyse mit der Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (RFA). Letztere spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Identifizierung der Metalle in den Rußtuschen und der Bestimmung der charakteristischen Zusammensetzung metallhaltiger Tinten, um zwischen den verschiedenen Tinten zu unterscheiden. Der Vortrag bietet ein Panorama schwarzer historischer Schreibmittel und zeigt, dass die Materialanalyse einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Beantwortung vieler kulturhistorischen Fragen leisten kann. T2 - Eingeladener Vortrag bei GStA CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 10.11.2025 KW - Tinte KW - Tusche PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64783 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira ED - Binder, J. T1 - The marginal notes of Tosefta MS Erfurt N2 - Manuscript Erfurt 12 of the Tosefta (now Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, Ms. or. fol. 1220) is one of three major textual witnesses of the Tosefta. This manuscript has over 80 marginal notes which have not merited scholarly attention. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of all the marginal notes, including an evaluation of their ink composition, a palaeographic assessment of the scripts, as well as a philological assessment of their contents. Combining these methodologies differentiates between the glosses of the scribe and those added by later hands and identifies their provenance, allowing us to trace the history of the manuscript via the emendations that took place in the scholarly communities in which the manuscript was studied. One of the important outcomes of the research is an early dating of the manuscript to eleventh-century Italy, overturning the scholarly view which dates the manuscript to twelfth-century Rhineland KW - Hebrew Manuscripts KW - Ink KW - NIR KW - XRF PY - 2025 DO - https://doi.org/10.3828/jjs.2025.76.2.272 SN - 0022-2097 VL - 76 IS - 2 SP - 272 EP - 300 AN - OPUS4-64770 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Black ink from antiquity to the Middle Ages N2 - Il nostro lavoro di ricerca al BAM si concentra sul passaggio dagli inchiostri a base di fuliggine, comuni nell'antichità, agli inchiostri ferro-gallici, comunemente usati nel Medioevo. Con l'obiettivo di creare una storia dettagliata degli inchiostri neri, abbiamo elaborato un protocollo non invasivo per raccogliere dati statisticamente rilevanti sugli inchiostri da manoscritti datati e localizzati che coprono un ampio arco temporale e diverse aree geografiche. Il primo passo del nostro protocollo consiste nella selezione effettuata mediante riflettografia NIR e IRR. Le differenze ottiche tra gli inchiostri a base di carbonio, tannino e ferro-gallio sono meglio riconoscibili confrontando la loro risposta alla luce infrarossa: l'inchiostro a base di carbonio ha un colore nero intenso, l'inchiostro ferro-gallico diventa trasparente al di sopra dei 1400 nm e l'inchiostro a base di tannino scompare a circa 750 nm. abbiamo semplificato l'analisi utilizzando un piccolo microscopio USB con LED NIR (940 nm) e UV (395 nm) integrati, oltre a una fonte di luce bianca esterna. Confrontando le immagini sotto illuminazione bianca e nel vicino infrarosso, determiniamo la tipologia di inchiostro osservando i cambiamenti nell'opacità dell'inchiostro. In questo caso, gli inchiostri a base di carbonio non mostrano alcuna variazione di opacità quando illuminati con lunghezza d'onda NIR, mentre l'opacità degli inchiostri ferro-gallici cambia notevolmente e gli inchiostri tanninici diventano trasparenti. La nostra recente scoperta che gli inchiostri misti carbonio/ferro-gallici erano piuttosto diffusi nella tarda antichità e nell'alto Medioevo ci ha suggerito di tornare al metodo IRR convenzionale. Il secondo passo del protocollo prevede l'analisi micro-XRF per identificare i componenti inorganici dell'inchiostro. Nel caso degli inchiostri ferro-gallici, stabiliamo le impronte digitali, ovvero i rapporti caratteristici tra i componenti vitriolici dell'inchiostro e l'elemento principale, ferro. T2 - 1° SEMINARIO di studi dottorali CY - Benevento, Italy DA - 06.10.2025 KW - Ink KW - Historic ink PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64773 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Ink Analysis of Relic Texts N2 - The presentation will show the multitude of black writing inks in use during the late Antiquity and early Middle Ages in Europa and the Near East and our attempt to follow up the transition of the inks from those based on soot to the iron-gall inks commonly used in the Middle Ages. Black writing inks in the period under consideration can be divided into three different classes: soot, tannin and iron-gall ink. The first one is a fine dispersion of carbon pigments in a water-soluble binding agent, the second one is a solution of plant extract from tree barks or gallnuts, while the third one contains both soluble and insoluble phases. This last ink is based on metal (iron) and is produced by a chemical reaction of soluble iron (II) with tannin in aqueous solution. Tracing the transition from writing inks based on carbon pigments (soot or charcoal), common in Antiquity to the iron-gall inks commonly used in the Middle Ages builds a focus of our investigative work at the BAM (Federal Institute of Material Analysis and Testing). In this context, we will discuss the results of the ink analysis obtained within the project “Crafting documents”. T2 - Heritage Science and Manuscripts from Antiquity and the Middle Ages CY - Oxford, United Kingdom DA - 13.11.2025 KW - Ink KW - Historic ink PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64772 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Material analysis of afghanistan liturgical quire (ALQ) conducted at the BAM N2 - The lecture presents the results of the detailed material analysis of the inks and of the parchment of the Afghanistan Liturgical Quire (ALQ), conducted at the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM) in Berlin. Testing was conducted using the following techniques: 3-color photography, 3D-digital microscopy, scanning μ-X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), μ- Raman and FTIR spectroscopy. I will give a short explanation of the principles of the techniques and explain the choice of the instruments. The main task of our work at the BAM required characterization of the inks and comparison of the ink as well as the composition of parchment. For the ink characterization we have followed the protocol developed at the BAM. The standard protocol includes three non-invasive stages: a) near infrared photography (NIRR) to determine the ink type or its main component; b) X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) to determine a fingerprint for iron-gall inks or contaminants in carbon/plant inks; c) Raman spectroscopy if there is an indication that the inks are of a mixed type. For parchment characterization, we usually employ µ-XRF-mapping and FTIR to gain information on specific treatments experienced by the parchment during its preparation and history. T2 - 19th World Congress of Jewish Studies CY - Jerusalem, Israel DA - 04.08.2025 KW - Hebrew Manuscripts KW - Parchment KW - Ink KW - XRF KW - NIR PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64776 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Studies of the black writing inks N2 - In recent years, the interest in the composition of the inks in papyri documents grew exponentially. Different types of inks were found in the period 4th century BCE to 7th century CE. The paper will demonstrate a simple protocol based on comparison of the ink transparency in the near infrared light and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The importance of including ink composition into new catalogues and possible formats of such data will be also presented and discussed. T2 - 31st International Congress of Papyrology CY - Cologne, Germany DA - 28.07.2025 KW - Ink KW - Historic ink KW - Papyrus PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64777 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Inks in Early Medieval Manuscripts from Chelles: a Scientific Study N2 - The talk will start with the overview of the ink types and the methods of their characterisation. After displaying XRF spectra of different Carolingian inks the talk will discuss Chelles collection and the labels attributed to Chelles. We will concentrate then on the study of the Chelles manuscripts preserved in Cologne, Vatican and Paris. We will show that there is a good degree of coincidence between the inks of the Chelles manuscripts and the labels attributed to Chelles. We observe unusually early use of vitriolic ink north of the Alps. T2 - Leeds International Medieval Congress (IMC 2025) CY - Leeds, United Kingdom DA - 07.07.2025 KW - Ink KW - Historic ink PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-64778 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -