TY - CONF A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Kleber, F. A1 - Hollaus, F. A1 - Diem, M. A1 - Sablatnig, R. ED - Park, J.-I. ED - Kim, J. T1 - Can Modern Technologies Defeat Nazi Censorship? N2 - Censorship of parts of written text was and is a common practice in totalitarian regimes. It is used to destroy information not approved by the political power. Recovering the censored text is of interest for historical studies of the text. This paper raises the question, whether a censored postcard from 1942 can be made legible by applying multispectral imaging in combination with laser cleaning. In the fields of art conservation (e.g. color measurements), investigation (e.g. Analysis of underdrawings in paintings), and historical document analysis, multispectral imaging techniques have been applied successfully to give visibility to information hidden to the human eye. The basic principle of laser cleaning is to transfer laser pulse energy to a contamination layer by an absorption process that leads to heating and evaporation of the layer. Partial laser cleaning of postcards is possible; dirt on the surface can be removed and the obscured pictures and writings made visible again. We applied both techniques to the postcard. The text could not be restored since the original ink seems to have suffered severe chemical damage. T2 - ACCV 2012 Workshops, 11th Asian conference on computer vision CY - Daejeon, Korea DA - 05.11.2012 KW - Laser cleaning KW - Multispectral imaging KW - Image restoration KW - Image enhancement PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-642-37483-8 SN - 0302-9743 VL - II IS - LNCS 7729 SP - 13 EP - 24 PB - Springer CY - Berlin Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-28160 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mantouvalou, I. A1 - Wolff, Timo A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Lühl, Lars A1 - Pagels, M. A1 - Malzer, W. A1 - Kanngiesser, B. T1 - 3D Micro-XRF for cultural heritage objects: new analysis strategies for the investigation of the Dead Sea scrolls N2 - A combination of 3D micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (3D micro-XRF) and micro-XRF was utilized for the investigation of a small collection of highly heterogeneous, partly degraded Dead Sea Scroll parchment samples from known excavation sites. The quantitative combination of the two techniques proves to be suitable for the identification of reliable marker elements which may be used for classification and provenance studies. With 3D micro-XRF, the three-dimensional nature, i.e. the depth-resolved elemental composition as well as density variations, of the samples was investigated and bromine could be identified as a suitable marker element. It is shown through a comparison of quantitative and semiquantitative values for the bromine content derived using both techniques that, for elements which are homogeneously distributed in the sample matrix, quantification with micro-XRF using a one-layer model is feasible. Thus, the possibility for routine provenance studies using portable micro-XRF instrumentation on a vast amount of samples, even on site, is obtained through this work. KW - Archaeometry KW - 3D X-ray spectroscopy PY - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/ac2011262 SN - 0003-2700 SN - 1520-6882 VL - 83 IS - 16 SP - 6308 EP - 6315 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-25209 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mozir, A. A1 - Gonzalez, L. A1 - Cigic, I.K. A1 - Wess, T. J. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver A1 - Strlic, M. T1 - A study of degradation of historic parchment using small-angle X-ray scattering, synchrotron-IR and multivariate data analysis N2 - Parchment has been in use for thousands of years and has been used as the writing or drawing support for many important historic works. A variety of analytical techniques is currently used for routine assessment of the degree of denaturation of historic parchment; however, because parchment has a heterogeneous nature, analytical methods with high spatial resolution are desirable. In this work, the use of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and synchrotron-IR (SR-IR) was examined in conjunction with multivariate data analysis to study degradation of an extended set of historic parchment samples, and particularly to investigate the effect of lipids and the presence of iron gall ink on the degradation processes. In the data analysis, shrinkage temperature, lipid content, sample age, presence of ink and accelerated degradation were included. The analysis of loading factors in partial least-squares regression and principal component analyses based on SAXS, SR-IR and other analytical and descriptive data reveals the effect of lipid removal on diffraction patterns, and lipids are found to cause the degradation process in parchment to accelerate. The effect of iron gall ink is also evident, although the mechanism of ageing is different to that of natural ageing in the absence of ink. In addition, a historic parchment score from ca. 1750 is examined, demonstrating the significant effect of iron gall ink, and lipids and inorganic soiling on its increased degradation. KW - Small-angle X-ray scattering KW - Multivariate data analysis KW - Degradation KW - Collagen KW - Lipids KW - Iron gall ink PY - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5392-6 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 402 IS - 4 SP - 1559 EP - 1566 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-25506 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Masic, A. A1 - Chierotti, M.R. A1 - Gobetto, R. A1 - Martra, G. A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Coluccia, S. T1 - Solid state and unilateral NMR study of deterioration of a Dead Sea scroll fragment N2 - Unilateral and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses were performed on a parchment fragment of the Dead Sea Scroll (DSS). The analyzed sample belongs to the collection of non-inscribed and nontreated fragments of known archaeological provenance from the John Rylands University Library in Manchester. Therefore, it can be considered as original DSS material free from any contamination related to the post-discovery period. Considering the paramount significance of the DSS, noninvasive approaches and portable in situ nondestructive methods are of fundamental importance for the determination of composition, structure, and chemical–physical properties of the materials under study. NMR studies reveal low amounts of water content associated with very short proton relaxation times, T1, indicating a high level of deterioration of collagen molecules within scroll fragments. In addition, 13C cross-polarization magicangle- spinning (CPMAS) NMR spectroscopy shows characteristic peaks of lipids whose presence we attribute to the production technology that did not involve liming. Extraction with chloroform led to the reduction of both lipid and protein signals in the 13C CPMAS spectrum indicating probable involvement of lipids in parchment degradation processes. NMR absorption and relaxation measurements provide nondestructive, discriminative, and sensitive tools for studying the deterioration effects on the organization and properties of water and collagen within ancient manuscripts. KW - Dead Sea scrolls KW - Collagen deterioration KW - Solid-state NMR KW - Unilateral NMR PY - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5265-z SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 402 IS - 4 SP - 1551 EP - 1557 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-25507 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pinzari, F. A1 - Colaizzi, P. A1 - Maggi, O. A1 - Persiani, A.M. A1 - Schütz, R. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Fungal bioleaching of mineral components in a twentieth-century illuminated parchment N2 - In this work, we applied scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microanalysis and Raman spectroscopy to study the fungi inhabiting a richly illuminated parchment document and the damage induced by their activity. To that aim, we collected samples of fungal mycelium from the deteriorated areas on a removable adhesive tape specifically intended for lifting fungi without damaging the support. SEM analysis of the adhesive tape samples showed the cooccurrence of several species of fungi. One strain closely resembling Acremonium species was observed only in the tape micrographs but no agar cultures were obtained. Its fungal structures showed the production of abundant oxalates with an outstanding leaching of the calciumbased materials of parchment (typically manufactured with gypsum and lime). Needle-like crystals of calcium oxalate produced by the fungus forming a uniform and quite regular grid around conidial slimy heads were documented. As a result, the areas affected by moulds were weakened, stained and characterised by a powdery patina rich in calcium. Confocal µ-Raman confirmed the presence of oxalates while EDS showed the presence of calcium in crystals. We conclude that the defacement of the parchment was due to both collagenolytic activity, and to the biotransformation of calcium-based minerals by fungi. KW - Parchment KW - Biodeterioration KW - SEM-EDS KW - Raman KW - Oxalates KW - Fungi PY - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5263-1 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 402 IS - 4 SP - 1541 EP - 1550 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-25508 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dietz, G. A1 - Ketelsen, T. A1 - Hoss, M. A1 - Simon, O. A1 - Wintermann, C. A1 - Wolff, Timo A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - The Egmont master phenomenon: X-ray fluorescence spectrometric and paper studies for art history research N2 - The aim of the research project 'Typology of Dutch Drawing' was to establish an interdisciplinary approach for investigating heterogeneous drawing collections. To define a type common to a group of drawings, we determine elements that are common to them based on style and the use of identical materials. To that end, we investigated about 750 Dutch drawings from the sixteenth century at the Dresden Kupferstich-Kabinett using art historical and scientific methods. In this work, we present a detailed analysis of 30 drawings ascribed to the Egmont Master. KW - Archeometry KW - Fine arts KW - Nondestructive testing KW - Paper analysis KW - X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) KW - Reference materials PY - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5309-4 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 402 IS - 4 SP - 1505 EP - 1515 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-25510 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wolff, Timo A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Montouvalou, I. A1 - Kanngießer, B. A1 - Malzer, W. A1 - Kindzorra, Emanuel A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Provenance studies on Dead Sea scrolls parchment by means of quantitative micro-XRF N2 - In this study, we address the question of the provenance and origin of the Dead Sea Scrolls manuscripts. A characteristic low ratio of chlorine to bromine, corresponding to that of the Dead Sea water, may serve as an indicator for local production. For this aim we developed a non-destructive procedure to determine the Cl/Br ratio in the parchment of these manuscripts. Micro-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF) measurements of a large number of parchment and leather fragments from the Dead Sea Scrolls were analyzed with a routine we developed based on fundamental parameter quantification. This routine takes into account the absorption of the collagen matrix and the influence of the different sample thicknesses. To calculate the representative Cl/Br ratio for each fragment, we investigated the lateral homogeneity and determined the total mass deposition using the intensity of the inelastically scattered, characteristic tube radiation. The distribution of the Cl/Br ratios thus obtained from the µ-XRF measurements make it possible to distinguish fragments whose origin lies within the Dead Sea region from those produced in other locations. KW - Fundamental parameter quantification KW - Samples of intermediated thickness KW - Chlorine to bromine ratio KW - Scatter peak evaluation KW - Dark matrix KW - Inorganic traces KW - Archaeometry KW - Fine arts KW - Inorganic compounds KW - Trace elements KW - X-ray spectroscopy PY - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-5270-2 SN - 1618-2642 SN - 1618-2650 VL - 402 IS - 4 SP - 1493 EP - 1503 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-25511 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Dead Sea scrolls exhibitions around the world: reasons for concern N2 - The Dead Sea Scrolls that miraculously survived for over two thousand years suffered considerable damage due to various post-dicovery interventions. Today they are subjected to frequent travelling exhibitions. The current work collates the published information on exhibitions and conservational treatments with the results of the analytic studies of the skin-based material of the scrolls conducted since their discovery. The examination of the properties of the scrolls proves that frequent travel, exhibitons and the associated handling induce collagen deterioration that is covered up by the absence of a proper monitoring program. KW - Dead Sea scrolls KW - Deterioration KW - Collagen KW - Conservation science PY - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/res-2012-0005 SN - 0034-5806 SN - 1865-8431 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 101 EP - 121 PB - Saur CY - München AN - OPUS4-26306 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabin, Ira A1 - Hahn, Oliver T1 - Characterization of the Dead Sea scrolls by advanced analytical techniques N2 - For many years after the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, text analysis and fragment attribution were the main concern of the scholars dealing with them. The uncertain archaeological provenance of a large part of the collection added difficulties to the already formidable task of sorting thousands of fragments. After 60 years of scholarly research the questions of origin, archaeological provenance and correct attribution of the fragments are still debated. To help address these questions we have developed a methodology suitable for the material studies of the scrolls using combinations of X-ray, FTIR and Raman techniques. On the one hand, an accurate characterization of the highly heterogeneous writing media of the Dead Sea Scrolls leads to a reliable reconstruction of their history and, thus, contributes significantly to the current debate. On the other hand, it provides new information on the production of ancient parchment towards the end of the Second Temple period, opening a new page in the historical study of technology. KW - Dead Sea scrolls KW - X-ray analysis KW - FTIR spectroscopy KW - Raman spectroscopy PY - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ay41076e SN - 1759-9660 SN - 1759-9679 VL - 5 IS - 18 SP - 4648 EP - 4654 PB - RSC Publ. CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-29820 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grzegorz, Nehring A1 - Krutzsch, M. A1 - Rabin, Ira T1 - Tuschenanalyse im P 11702 T1 - Ink Analysis in P 11702 N2 - Near-inframed reflectography and imaging X-Ray flourescence analysis reveal that carbon inks of two different compositions were used in the papyrus manuscript Berlin P 11702. in contrast with the writing ink, one of the carbon drawing inks contained a significant addition of iron. This result emphasises the need for routine instrumental ink analysis. KW - Papyrus KW - Ink analysis KW - X-Ray flourescence spectroscopy KW - Near-infrared refelctography PY - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/apf-2021-0026 SN - 1867-1551 VL - 67 IS - 2 SP - 277 EP - 282 PB - De Gruyter AN - OPUS4-53942 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -