TY - GEN A1 - Yin, Huajie A1 - Madkour, Sherif Aly Hassan Aly A1 - Schönhals, Andreas ED - Kremer, F. T1 - Glass transition of ultra-thin polymer films: A combination of relaxation spectroscopy with surface analytics N2 - The glass transition behavior of ultra-thin supported polymer films is discussed controversially in the literature for around 20 years. Substantial efforts have been archived to understand it. In this contribution, a combination of methods sensitive to bulk properties of a system, like dielectric or specific heat spectroscopy with surface analytics, for instance, atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to study the glass transition of ultra-thin supported films. All investigations were carried out on identically prepared and treated samples. Different systems with different complexities going from more or less flexible homopolymers over rigid main chain macromolecules to polymer blends have been studied. For the investigated flexible macromolecules, the dynamic glass transition temperature estimated within the frame of the linear response approach is independent of the film thickness down to several nanometers and identical to the bulk value. For polystyrene it was found the thermal glass transition temperatures can depend on the film thickness. This different behavior is not well understood till now and needs further experimental clarification. For the investigated main chain polymers polycarbonate and polysulfone. Dynamic and thermal glass transition temperature estimated from the dielectric measurements increases with decreasing film thickness. This is discussed in the frame of a strong interaction of the polymer segments with the surface of the substrate. In general for homopolymers, the interaction energy of the polymer segments with the substrate surface cannot be considered as the only parameter, which is responsible for the change in the thermal glass transition with the film thickness. For the investigated miscible blend system of polystyrene/poly(vinyl methyl ether) at a composition of 50/50 wt-% a decrease of the dynamic glass transition temperature with decreasing film thickness is found. This is explained by the formation of a poly(vinyl methyl ether)-rich surface layer with a higher molecular mobility. KW - Broadband dielectric spectroscopy KW - Specific heat spectroscopy KW - Photoelectron spectroscopy KW - Contact angle measurements KW - Polystyrene KW - Poly(vinyl methyl ether) KW - Poly(2-vinylpyridine) KW - Polycarbonate KW - Polysulfone KW - Polystyrene/ Poly(vinyl methyl ether) blend PY - 2014 SN - 978-3-319-06099-6 SN - 978-3-319-06100-9 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06100-9_2 SN - 2190-930X SN - 2190-9318 SP - 17 EP - 59 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-31078 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Yin, Huajie A1 - Schönhals, Andreas ED - Utracki, L.A. ED - Wilkie, C. A. T1 - Broadband dielectric spectroscopy on polymer blends N2 - In this chapter broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) is employed to polymeric blend systems. In its modern form BDS can cover an extraordinary broad frequency range from 10-4 to 1012 Hz. Therefore, molecular and collective dipolar fluctuations, charge transport, and polarization effects at inner phase boundaries can be investigated in detail including its temperature dependence. In the first part of the chapter, the theoretical basics of dielectric spectroscopy are briefly introduced covering both static and dynamic aspects. This section is followed by short description of the various experimental techniques to cover this broad frequency range. To provide the knowledge to understand the dielectric behavior of polymeric blend systems, the dielectric features of amorphous homopolymers are discussed in some detail. This concerns an introduction of the most important relaxation processes observed for these polymers (localized fluctuations, segmental dynamics related to the dynamic glass transition, chain relaxation), a brief introduction to the conductivity of disordered systems as well as polarization effects at phase boundaries. Theoretical models for each process are shortly discussed. In the last paragraph the dielectric behavior of polymer blends is reviewed where special attention is paid to binary systems for the sake of simplicity. In detail the dielectric behavior of binary miscible blends is described. The two most important experimental facts like the broadening of the dielectric relaxation spectra and the dynamic heterogeneity of the segmental dynamics are addressed in depth. Appropriate theoretical approaches like the temperature-driven concentration fluctuation model and the self-concentration idea are introduced. PY - 2014 SN - 978-94-007-6063-9 SN - 978-94-007-6064-6 SN - 978-94-007-6065-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6064-6_14 SP - Chapter 12, 1299 EP - 1356 PB - Springer Science + Business Media AN - OPUS4-32087 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Yin, Huajie T1 - Investigation of Wood-Plastic Composites (WPCs) Using Different Flame Retardants T2 - Kolloquiumsvortrag BEIJING INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CY - Beijing, China DA - 2014-11-24 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32357 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Yin, Huajie T1 - Wood Flour/Polypropylene Composites Using Different Flame Retardants T2 - Kolloquiumsvortrag, Insitute of Chemistry, the Chinese Academy of Sciences CY - Beijing, China DA - 2014-11-26 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32358 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Yin, Huajie T1 - Improvement on the Flame Retardancy of Wood-Plastic Composites (WPCs) Using Different Flame Retardants T2 - Kolloquiumsvortrag, Sichuan University CY - Chendu, China DA - 2014-11-27 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-32359 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - THES A1 - Yin, Huajie T1 - Thermal and Dynamic Glass Transition in Ultrathin Films of Homopolymers and a Miscible Polymer Blend N2 - Dünne Polymerschichten im nanoskaligen Bereich finden heute in vielen Gebieten z. B. für Beschichtungen, als Membranen, für Sensoren oder in diversen elektronischen Geräten ihre Anwendung. Wissenschaftliche Studien belegen, dass viele physikalische Eigenschaften (Glasübergang, Kristallisation, Entnetzung, Alterung etc.) von ultradünnen Polymerschichten (Polymere in 1-dimensionaler räumlicher Begrenzung) stark von dem Verhalten im Volumen abweichen. Da die Eigenschaften eng mit der Verwendung und Funktionalität von Polymeren verknüpft sind, müssen die beobachteten Unterschiede in nanoskaliger Begrenzung genauer untersucht werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich damit, wie die Oberfläche (Luft-Polymer- Grenzfläche), die Polymer-Substrat-Wechselwirkung und die Schichtdicke die Glasübergangstemperatur (Tg) und die segmentale Dynamik (α-Relaxationsprozess) in Homopolymeren und mischbaren Polymer-Blends in dünnen Schichten beeinflussen. Komplementäre experimentelle Methoden, wie Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Capacitive Scanning Dilatometry (CSD), Breitbandige Dielektrische Spektroskopie (BDS) und Spezifische Wärme Spektroskopie (SHS) wurden angewendet, um den Glasübergang der dünnen Polymerschichten aus der thermodynamischen und kinetischen Sicht zu untersuchen. In dieser Arbeit werden die Glasübergangstemperatur und die segmentale Dynamik von ultradünnen Polymerschichten in Abhängigkeit der Schichtdicke untersucht. Für ultradünne Polycarbonatschichten (PC-Schichten, dünner als 20 nm) zwischen zwei Aluminiumschichten wurde ein Anstieg von der Glasübergangstemperatur (Tg) als auch der Vogel Temperatur (T0) mit abnehmender Schichtdicke beobachtet. BDS-Messungen zeigten einen Anstieg der segmentalen Relaxationszeit für ultradünne PC-Schichten. In den SHS-Messungen für die Siliciumdioxid (10-192 nm) basierten PC-Schichten konnte unter Einbeziehung des experimentellen Fehlers keine Abhängigkeit der segmentalen Dynamik von der Schichtdicke festgestellt werden. Diese Eigenschaften werden im Hinblick auf die Geometrie der dünnen Schichten und die relevanten Wechselwirkungsenergien zwischen dem Polymer und dem Substrat diskutiert. Im Falle von dünnen Polystyrolschichten (PS-Schichten) mit hohem Molekulargewicht (Mw) sinkt die Glasübergangstemperatur Tg mit Verringerung der Schichtdicke. Die segmentale Dynamik hängt jedoch nicht von der Stärke der Schichtdicke ab. Darüber hinaus werden für dünne PS-Schichten die Auswirkungen des Molekulargewichts Mw und Temperbedingungen auf Tg und die segmentale Dynamik untersucht. Im Bereich der dünnen Polyvinylmethyletherschichten (PVME-Schichten) konnte mittels SHS keine Abhängigkeit der segmentalen Dynamik von der Schichtdicke aufgezeigt werden. Der letzte Teil dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dünnen Schichten mischbarer Polymer-Blends mit einem Gewichtsteil von 50/50 PS/PVME. Es wurde eine Beschleunigung der segmentalen Dynamik mit geringerer Schichtdicke beobachtet. Dieses Phänomen wird mit der Oberflächenanreicherung von PVME, welches eine niedrigere Oberflächenenergie als PS aufweist, in das Polymer-Blend-System erklärt. Die segmentale Dynamik der mit PVME angereicherten freien Oberflächenschicht ist schneller als die Volumen- Dynamik. Durch die Verringerung der Schichtdicke werden diese freien Oberflächeneffekte so dominant, dass sie die gesamte segmentale Dynamik der Schichten von SHS (differenzieller AC Chip- basierten Kalorimetrie) erkennbare beeinflussen. Mittels Röntgenphotoelektronenspektroskopie (XPS) konnte die Oberflächenzusammensetzung des Films ermittelt und so die Phänomene der Oberflächenanreicherung verifiziert werden. N2 - Nowadays nanoscale thin polymer films are widely used in many fields like coatings, membranes, sensors, electronic devices and so on. Meanwhile, a lot of research work has evidenced the fact that many physical properties (glass transition, crystallization, dewetting, physical aging, etc.) of ultrathin polymer films show strong deviations from their bulk behavior. Since the aforementioned properties of polymer are closely related to their application and functionality, the discrepancies motivated us to obtain a more complete understanding of how nanoscale confinement affects the physical properties of polymer. The research work presented in this thesis is focused on understanding how the free surface (air- polymer interface), the polymer-substrate interface and the film thickness influence the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the related segmental dynamics (α-relaxation process) in both homopolymers and miscible polymer blends of thin films. Complementary experimental techniques including Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Capacitive Scanning Dilatometry (CSD), Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS) and Specific Heat Spectroscopy (SHS) have been used to investigate the glass transition of thin polymer films from both the thermodynamic and the kinetic point of view. In the thesis the film thickness dependence of Tg and segmental dynamics of different thin polymer films have been investigated. For ultrathin polycarbonate (PC) films capped between two aluminum (Al) layers an increase of both the glass transition temperature (Tg) and Vogel temperature (T0) with decreasing film thickness (d) was observed when the thickness became lower than 20 nm. The segmental relaxation time at a fixed temperature was found to increase for the ultrathin PC film of 19 nm measured by BDS, whereas no thickness dependency of the segmental dynamics was detected within the experimental error limit for the PC films supported on silicon dioxide (SiO2) (10-192 nm) in the SHS measurements. These properties are discussed in terms of the thin film geometry and the relevant interfacial interaction between the polymer and the substrate. In the case of thin polystyrene (PS) films with high molecular weight (Mw), Tg is decreasing with reducing film thickness while the segmental dynamics is independent of film thickness. Moreover, the effects of the Mw and the annealing protocol performed on thin PS films on their Tg and segmental dynamics is studied. In the part of thin poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) films, no thickness dependence of the segmental dynamics was observed in the SHS measurements. The last part of the thesis was concentrated on the thin films of a miscible polymer blend, PS/PVME with the weight fraction of 50/50. It was observed that the segmental dynamics became faster with reducing the film thickness. This phenomenon is explained in terms of surface enrichment of PVME in the polymer blend system where PVME has a lower surface energy than PS. The segmental dynamics of the PVME-enriched free surface layer are faster than the bulk dynamics. Such free surface effect becomes so predominant with reducing the film thickness that it affects the segmental dynamics of the whole films detected by SHS using differential AC chip-based calorimetry. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to probe the surface composition in order to confirm such surface enrichment phenomena. T3 - BAM Dissertationsreihe - 117 KW - glass transition KW - specific heat spectroscopy KW - ultrathin film KW - polymer KW - broadband dielectric spectroscopy PY - 2014 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-418 SN - 978-3-9816380-5-9 SN - 1613-4249 VL - 117 SP - 1 EP - 133 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-41 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -