TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffmann, Dirk T1 - Wasser zeigt klare Wahrheit - Ein einfaches Verfahren zum Nachweis der Wirksamkeit einer Flächenabdichtung gegen drückendes Wasser N2 - Mit Hilfe von Raumklimadaten besonders aber über die in einem Bautrockner konstanter Leistung aufgefangene Menge an kondensiertem Wasser ist es möglich, die Wirksamkeit einer unter Druck eingebrachten Flächenabdichtung auf (Meth)acry-latbasis nachzuweisen. Es wurden zwei von mehrmonatigen Ruhepausen unter- brochene Trocknungszyklen durchgeführt. Grundlage der Auswertung war die Beschreibung des Trocknungsverlaufs nach der Theorie von Krischer (1). Bei unbehandeltem Mauerwerk blieb die Trocknungsgeschwindigkeit über einen Zeitraum von 27 Tagen konstant hoch (0,84 l/m²d). Nach Verpressen mit dem Hydrogel sank sie auf 0,28 l/m²d ab, blieb aber über 25 Tage wiederum konstant, was auf einen erniedrigten, aber noch vorhandenen Kapillarstrom hindeutet. Danach nahm sie sehr schnell ab, weil an der Oberfläche der sog. kritische Feuchtigkeits-gehalt unterschritten wurde. Im Idealfall ist dann der Feuchtigkeitsgehalt an der Oberfläche gleich Null bzw. entspricht dem dort herrschenden hygroskopischen Feuchtigkeitsgehalt. Die Verdunstungsfront verlagert sich mit zunehmender Zeit im-mer mehr in den Baustoff hinein, so dass eine Verdunstung nur noch über langsam ablaufende Diffusionsvorgänge erfolgen kann. Im zweiten Trocknungszyklus (Dauer 6 Monate) ist quasi sofort nach dem Trocknen der Wandoberfläche, auf der sich Wasserperlen als Kondensationsprodukte gebildet hatten, ein Abfall der Verdun-stungsgeschwindigkeit festzustellen. Die Kapillarkräfte im Baustoff reichen jetzt nicht mehr aus, einen konstanten Strom an die Oberfläche zu fördern. Nach 15 Tagen ist die Verdunstungsrate auf 0,18 l/m²d abgesunken, nach 222 Tagen (Ende des Versuchs) ist eine von 0,04 l/m²d bis 0,06 l/m²d festzustellen, was auf eine Wirk-samkeit der Flächenisolierung hindeutet. KW - Flächenabdichtung KW - Drückendes Wasser KW - Wirksamkeit PY - 2005 SN - 0170-9267 VL - 28 IS - 2 SP - 36 EP - 39 PB - Müller CY - Köln AN - OPUS4-7322 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Maultzsch, Matthias A1 - Hoffmann, Dirk T1 - Effects of short curing on the performance of PCC T2 - 9th International Congress on Polymers in Concretes CY - Bologna, Italy DA - 1998-09-15 PY - 1998 SN - 88-87462-00-3 VL - 9 SP - 509 EP - 514 PB - Casma CY - Bologna AN - OPUS4-7118 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hoffmann, Dirk A1 - Maultzsch, Matthias ED - Wittmann, F. ED - Gerdes, A. T1 - Einfluß von Hydrophobierungen auf die Carbonatisierung von Beton T2 - 5. Internationales WTA-Kolloquium Werkstoffwissenschaften und Bauinstandssetzen ; 5th International WTA-Colloquium on Materials Science and Restoration (MSR) CY - Esslingen, Deutschland DA - 1999-11-30 PY - 1999 SN - 3-931681-35-1 VL - 1 SP - 783 EP - 791 PB - Aedificatio Publishers CY - Freiburg AN - OPUS4-7159 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Deppe, Hans-Joachim A1 - Lux, Bernd-Volkmar A1 - Hoffmann, Albrecht T1 - Verfahrenstechnische Untersuchungen zur Herstellung schwerentflammbarer Funierplatten PY - 1969 SN - 0018-3768 VL - 27 IS - 5 SP - 169 EP - 171 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-10790 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Studt, Peter A1 - Hoffmann, Werner T1 - Strukturaufklärung und quantitative Bestimmung von Zinkdialkyldithiophosphaten in Schmierölen PY - 1974 SN - 0036-6218 VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 60 EP - 62 PB - Vincentz CY - Hannover AN - OPUS4-8082 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffmann, Dirk A1 - Niesel, Konrad T1 - Ein neues Verfahren zur Beurteilung des Verschleißverhaltens von mineralischen Baustoffen PY - 1975 SN - 0372-0446 VL - 99 IS - 9 SP - 221 EP - 223 PB - Verl. d. Sprechsaal CY - Coburg AN - OPUS4-8185 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffmann, Horst P. M. A1 - Petrowitz, Hans-Joachim T1 - Über ein neues Verfahren zur Bor-Bestimmung in behandeltem Holz PY - 1976 SN - 0025-5270 VL - 11 IS - 1 SP - 71 EP - 76 PB - Duncker & Humblot CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-8483 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffmann, Dirk A1 - Rooß, Helmut T1 - Wechselwirkung zwischen Schwefeldioxid und Kalkmörteln PY - 1977 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 19 IS - 8 SP - 300 EP - 304 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-8627 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hoffmann, Dirk A1 - Schimmelwitz, Peter A1 - Rooß, Helmut T1 - Interactions of Sulfur Dioxide with Lime Plasters T2 - 2nd International Symposium on the Deterioration of Building Stones CY - Athens, Greece DA - 1976-09-27 PY - 1977 SP - 37 EP - 42 CY - Chambéry AN - OPUS4-8628 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffmann, Dirk A1 - Schimmelwitz, Peter A1 - Rooß, Helmut T1 - Wechselwirkung zwischen Schwefeldioxid und Kalkmörteln (Kurzfassung) PY - 1977 SN - 0340-7551 VL - 7 IS - 5 SP - 14 EP - 15 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialprüfung CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-8629 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Habig, Karl-Heinz A1 - Chatterjee-Fischer, R. A1 - Hoffmann, F. T1 - Zum tribologischen Verhalten von Oberflächenschichten, die durch Eindiffusion von Stickstoff, Bor oder Vanadin in Eisenwerkstoffe gebildet werden T2 - 2. Europäischer Tribologie-Kongreß, EUROTRIB CY - Düsseldorf, Deutschland DA - 1977-10-03 PY - 1977 VL - 1 SP - 28-1-28-4 AN - OPUS4-8735 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Deppe, Hans-Joachim A1 - Hoffmann, Alexander T1 - Zur Verwendung von Catole-Palme für die Herstellung von Spanplatten PY - 1977 SN - 0018-3768 VL - 35 SP - 91 EP - 94 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-8722 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Deppe, Hans-Joachim A1 - Hoffmann, Alexander T1 - Germany's BAM Tests Catole Palm Wood, Finds it Can Make Good Particleboard PY - 1977 SN - 0043-9258 VL - 18 SP - 36 EP - 37 CY - San Francisco, Calif. AN - OPUS4-8723 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hoffmann, Dirk T1 - Verfahren zur Bekämpfung von aufsteigender Feuchtigkeit im Mauerwerk - Elektrophysikalische (elektrokinetische) Verfahren (Informationsschrift) PY - 1978 SP - 1(?) EP - 4(?) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-8838 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Habig, Karl-Heinz A1 - Chatterjee-Fischer, R. A1 - Hoffmann, F. T1 - Adhäsiver, abrasiver und tribochemischer Verschleiß von Oberflächenschichten, die durch Eindiffusion von Bor, Vanadin oder Stickstoff in Stahl gebildet werden PY - 1978 SN - 0017-6583 SN - 0341-101X VL - 33 IS - 1 SP - 28 EP - 35 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-8932 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffmann, Heike A1 - Schulze, Horst A1 - Tobisch, Karl T1 - Untersuchungen zur Druckspannungsrelaxation der Dichtungen der Absenkstrecke des Hamburger Elbtunnels PY - 1979 SN - 0005-6693 SN - 0940-3817 VL - 26 IS - 11 SP - 579 EP - 584 PB - Bauverl. CY - Walluf AN - OPUS4-9096 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffmann, Heike A1 - Tobisch, Karl T1 - Das Langzeitverhalten von Vergleichselastomerplatten für die Abriebprüfung nach DIN 53516 PY - 1980 SN - 0948-3276 SN - 0022-9520 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 101 EP - 103 PB - Hüthig CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-9301 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Habig, Karl-Heinz A1 - Chatterjee-Fischer, R. A1 - Hoffmann, F. T1 - Wear protection of steels by boriding, vanadizing, nitriding, carburising, and hardening PY - 1980 SN - 0261-3069 SN - 0141-5530 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 83 EP - 92 PB - Scient. & Techn. Pr. CY - Reigate AN - OPUS4-9384 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hoffmann, Dirk T1 - Zur nachträglichen Trockenlegung von Mauerwerk - Praxis- und Laborversuche T2 - Vortrag auf dem Wissenschaftsforum Innovatives Bauen im Rahmen der bautec Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2006-02-22 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-12052 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffmann, Dirk T1 - Den bösen bunten Spuk richtig vertreiben - Was beim Einsatz von Antigraffiti-Systemen (AGS) beachtet werden muss KW - Antigraffiti-Systeme KW - Prüfungen KW - Anforderungen PY - 2006 SN - 0170-9267 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 14 EP - 18 PB - Müller CY - Köln AN - OPUS4-12400 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Hoffmann, Dirk A1 - Maultzsch, Matthias T1 - Einfluss von Klima- und Zeitparametern bei der Nachbehandlung von PCC KW - Beziehungen zwischen stofflicher Zusammensetzung KW - Klima KW - Nachbehandlung KW - Bewitterung und Verbundverhalten KW - Rissbildung KW - Carbonatisierung bzw. Poren PY - 2001 SN - 0344-0788 IS - 806 SP - 1 EP - 31 PB - Bundesdr., Zweigniederlassung CY - Bonn AN - OPUS4-12406 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Perez, R.M. A1 - Sandler, J.K.W. A1 - Altstädt, V. A1 - Hoffmann, T. A1 - Pospiech, D. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Knoll, Uta A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Effective halogen-free flame retardants for carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy composites N2 - DOPO-based flame retardants with tailored chemical structures are proposed for carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composites. Critical properties related to the fracture toughness are maintained, effectively allowing the use of such compounds in composites for demanding applications. KW - Fire retardancy KW - DOPO KW - Epoxy resin KW - LOI KW - UL94 PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0134-4 SN - 0022-2461 SN - 1573-4803 VL - 41 IS - 15 SP - 4981 EP - 4984 PB - Springer Science + Business Media B.V. CY - New York, USA AN - OPUS4-12641 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Knoll, Uta A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Hoffmann, T. A1 - Pospiech, D. A1 - Artner, J. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Perez-Graterol, R. A1 - Sandler, J.K.W. A1 - Altstädt, V. T1 - Novel Phosphorus-Containing Poly(ether sulfone)s and Their Blends with an Epoxy Resin: Thermal Decomposition and Fire Retardancy N2 - Summary: The decomposition of novel phosphorus-containing poly(oxyphenylene-sulfonyl-phenylene-oxy-diphenyl phenylene phosphine oxide) (PSU_I), 2,5-dihydroxy-1-biphenylene-phosphine oxide based polysulfone (PSU_II), poly(sulfonyl-diphenylphenylene phosphonate) (PSU_P) and bisphenol A-based polysulfone (PSU) is studied. The influence of the chemical structure, charring and phosphorus release is discussed based on the mass loss, kinetics and products. The pyrolysis and fire behaviour of blends with epoxy resin (EP) are studied. For EP-PSU_II, phosphorus initiates water elimination and changes the decomposition pathway of EP. The fire behaviour of EP-PSU shows some improvements, whereas the heat release rate is crucially reduced for EP-PSU_II due to simultaneous char formation and flame inhibition. KW - Epoxy KW - Flame retardance KW - High performance polymers KW - Polysulfones KW - Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.200600182 SN - 1022-1352 SN - 1521-3935 VL - 207 IS - 16 SP - 1501 EP - 1514 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-12650 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hoffmann, Katrin T1 - Standardization of fluorescence techniques: Where do we stand and what do we need? T2 - National Physics Laboratory CY - London, England DA - 2006-06-26 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-12592 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hoffmann, Dirk T1 - Praxis- und Laborversuche zur Wirksamkeit von Verfahren zur Abdichtung von Mauerwerk gegen aufsteigende Feuchtigkeit T2 - Vortrag im Rahmen des 7. Dahlbergkolloquiums "Injektionsmittelanwendungen" CY - Wismar, Germany DA - 2006-09-14 PY - 2006 AN - OPUS4-12586 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoffmann, Dirk T1 - Nachträgliche Maßnahmen gegen Feuchtigkeit in Mauerwerk - Verfahren und ihre Ergebnisse in Praxis und Labor N2 - Erkenntnisse und Ergebnisse zum Einsatz von Injektionsmaterialien sowie zur Elektroosmose/Magnetokinese: Der Autor weist die unterschiedliche Wirksamkeit von (Meth)acrylat- und Paraffin gegen aufsteigende Feuchtigkeit nach und stellt in Laborversuchen eine bessere Wirksamkeit von Paraffin gegenüber anderen Produkten beim Einsatz in kapillar durchfeuchteten Mauerausschnitten fest. Ebenso zeigt er auf, warum es bisher unmöglich war, die Wirksamkeit oder Unwirksamkeit von Verfahren der berührungslosen Elektroosmose oder Magnetokinese nachzuweisen. PY - 2005 SN - 0170-9267 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - 23 EP - 27 PB - Müller CY - Köln AN - OPUS4-11003 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hoffmann, T. T1 - Investigation of the Flame Retardation Mechanism in Novel Phosphorous-Containing Polyethers T2 - 10th European Meeting on Fire Retardancy and Protection of Materials (10th Conference on Fire Retardant Polymers), FRPM '05, BAM, Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2005-09-07 PY - 2005 AN - OPUS4-10975 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hoffmann, Dirk ED - Venzmer, H. T1 - Praxis- und Laborversuche zur Wirksamkeit von Verfahren zur Abdichtung von Mauerwerk gegen aufsteigende Feuchtigkeit T2 - 7. Dahlberg-Kolloquium, Injektionsmittelabdichtung CY - Wismar, Deutschland DA - 2006-09-14 KW - Trockenlegung von Mauerwerk KW - Labor- und Praxisversuche KW - Neues Laborverfahren zur Wirksamkeitskontrolle PY - 2006 SN - 3-345-00891-2 SP - 67 EP - 76 PB - Verlag für Bauwesen CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-13085 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Balabanovich, Aliaksandr A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Knoll, Uta A1 - Artner, J. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Perez, R. A1 - Sandler, J.K.W. A1 - Altstädt, V. A1 - Hoffmann, T. A1 - Pospiech, D. T1 - Influence of the oxidation state of phosphorus on the decomposition and fire behaviour of flame-retarded epoxy resin composites N2 - A systematic and comparative evaluation of the pyrolysis of halogen-free flame-retarded epoxy resins containing phosphine oxide, phosphinate, phosphonate, and phosphate (phosphorus contents around 2.6 wt.%) and the fire behaviour of their carbon fibre composites is presented. Decomposition pathways are proposed based on the thermal analysis (TG), TG coupled with evolved gas analysis (TG-FTIR), kinetics and analysis of the residue with FTIR and XPS. All organophosphorus-modified hardeners containing phenoxy groups lead to a reduced decomposition temperature and mass loss step for the main decomposition of the cured epoxy resin. With increasing oxidation state of the phosphorus the thermally stable residue increases, whereas the release of phosphorus-containing volatiles decreases. The flammability of the composites was investigated with LOI and UL 94 and the fire behaviour for forced-flaming conditions with cone calorimeter tests performed using different irradiations. The flame retardancy mechanisms are discussed. With increasing oxidation state of the phosphorus additional charring is observed, whereas the flame inhibition, which plays the more important role for the performance of the composites, decreases. The processing and the mechanical performance (delamination resistance, flexural properties and interlaminar bonding strength) of the fibre-reinforced composites containing phosphorus were maintained at a high level and, in some cases, even improved. The potential for optimising flame retardancy while maintaining mechanical properties is highlighted in this study. KW - Fire retardant KW - Composites KW - Organophosphorus-containing epoxy resin PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2006.10.022 SN - 0032-3861 SN - 1873-2291 VL - 47 IS - 26 SP - 8495 EP - 8508 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-14054 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Perez, R.M. A1 - Sandler, J.K.W. A1 - Altstädt, V. A1 - Hoffmann, T. A1 - Pospiech, D. A1 - Artner, J. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Balabanovich, Aliaksandr A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Effective halogen-free flame retardancy for a monocomponent polyfunctional epoxy using an oligomeric organophosphorus compound N2 - Oligomeric organo-phosphorus flame retardants are proposed for a monocomponent polyfunctional epoxy resin system (RTM6) without significantly deteriorating the overall performance of the resulting material. KW - DOPO KW - Epoxy resin KW - Fire retardancy KW - LOI PY - 2006 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-1079-3 SN - 0022-2461 SN - 1573-4803 VL - 41 IS - 24 SP - 8347 EP - 8351 PB - Springer Science + Business Media B.V. CY - New York, USA AN - OPUS4-14112 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Perez, R.M. A1 - Sandler, J.K.W. A1 - Altstädt, V. A1 - Hoffmann, T. A1 - Pospiech, D. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Balabanovich, Aliaksandr A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Novel phosphorus-modified polysulfone as a combined flame retardant and toughness modifier for epoxy resins N2 - A novel phosphorus-modified polysulfone (P-PSu) was employed as a combined toughness modifier and a source of flame retardancy for a DGEBA/DDS thermosetting system. In comparison to the results of a commercially available polysulfone (PSu), commonly used as a toughness modifier, the chemorheological changes during curing measured by means of temperature-modulated DSC revealed an earlier occurrence of mobility restrictions in the P-PSu-modified epoxy. A higher viscosity and secondary epoxy-modifier reactions induced a sooner vitrification of the reacting mixture; effects that effectively prevented any phase separation and morphology development in the resulting material during cure. Thus, only about a 20% increase in fracture toughness was observed in the epoxy modified with 20 wt.% of P-PSu, cured under standard conditions at 180 °C for 2 h. Blends of the phosphorus-modified and the standard polysulfone (PSu) were also prepared in various mixing ratios and were used to modify the same thermosetting system. Again, no evidence for phase separation of the P-PSu was found in the epoxy modified with the P-PSu/PSu blends cured under the selected experimental conditions. The particular microstructures formed upon curing these novel materials are attributed to a separation of PSu from a miscible P-PSu–epoxy mixture. Nevertheless, the blends of P-PSu/PSu were found to be effective toughness/flame retardancy enhancers owing to the simultaneous microstructure development and polymer interpenetration. KW - Flame retardants KW - Phosphorus-modified polysulfone KW - Fracture toughness PY - 2007 SN - 0032-3861 SN - 1873-2291 VL - 48 IS - 3 SP - 778 EP - 790 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-14515 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Balabanovich, Aliaksandr A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Knoll, Uta A1 - Artner, J. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Perez, R. A1 - Sandler, J.K.W. A1 - Altstädt, V. A1 - Hoffmann, T. A1 - Pospiech, D. T1 - Pyrolysis of Epoxy Resins and Fire Behavior of Epoxy Resin Composites Flame-Retarded with 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide Additives N2 - The pyrolysis of an epoxy resin and the fire behavior of corresponding carbon fiber-reinforced composites, both flame-retarded with either 10-ethyl-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide or 1,3,5-tris[2-(9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide-10-)ethyl]1, 3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione, are investigated. The different fire retardancy mechanisms are discussed, and their influence on the fire properties assessed, in particular for flammability (limiting oxygen index, UL 94) and developing fires (cone calorimeter with different external heat fluxes of 35, 50, and 70 kW m-2). Adding the flame retardants containing 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide affects the fire behavior by both condensed phase and gas phase mechanisms. Interactions between the additives and the epoxy resin result in a change in the decomposition pathways and an increased char formation. The release of phosphorous products results in significant flame inhibition. The fire properties achieved are thus interesting with respect to industrial exploration. KW - Flame retardance KW - Thermosets KW - Composites KW - Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) KW - Pyrolysis KW - High performance polymers KW - Epoxy resin PY - 2007 SN - 0021-8995 SN - 1097-4628 VL - 104 IS - 4 SP - 2260 EP - 2269 PB - Wiley InterScience CY - Hoboken, NJ AN - OPUS4-14573 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hoffmann, Dirk T1 - Graffiti-Antigraffiti, eine Einführung T2 - Vortrag im Rahmen des Nationalen Workshop, BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2007-06-29 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-14993 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Perez, R.M. A1 - Sandler, J.K.W. A1 - Altstädt, V. A1 - Hoffmann, T. A1 - Pospiech, D. A1 - Artner, J. A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Döring, M. A1 - Balabanovich, Aliaksandr A1 - Knoll, Uta A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Novel Phosphorus-containing Hardeners with Tailored Chemical Structures for Epoxy Resins: Synthesis and Cured Resin Properties N2 - A comparative evaluation of systematically tailored chemical structures of various phosphorus-containing aminic hardeners for epoxy resins was carried out. In particular, the effect of the oxidation state of the phosphorus in the hardener molecule on the curing behavior, the mechanical, thermomechanical, and hot-wet properties of a cured bifunctional bisphenol-A based thermoset is discussed. Particular attention is paid to the comparative pyrolysis of neat cured epoxy resins containing phosphine oxide, phosphinate, phosphonate, and phosphate (with a phosphorus content of about 2.6 wt %) and of the fire behavior of their corresponding carbon fiber-reinforced composites. Comparatively faster curing thermosetting system with an enhanced flame retardancy and adequate processing behavior can be formulated by taking advantage of the higher reactivity of the phosphorus-modified hardeners. For example, a combination of the high reactivity and of induced secondary crosslinking reactions leads to a comparatively high Tg when curing the epoxy using a substoichiometric amount of the phosphinate-based hardener. The overall mechanical performance of the materials cured with the phosphorus-containing hardeners is comparable to that of a 4,4-DDS-cured reference system. While the various phosphorus-containing hardeners in general provide the epoxy-based matrix with enhanced flame retardancy properties, it is the flame inhibition in the gas phase especially that determines the improvement in fire retardancy of carbon fiber-reinforced composites. In summary, the present study provides an important contribution towards developing a better understanding of the potential use of such phosphorus-containing compounds to provide the composite matrix with sufficient flame retardancy while simultaneously maintaining its overall mechanical performance on a suitable level. KW - Flame retardance KW - Organo-phosphorus compounds KW - Fracture toughness PY - 2007 SN - 0021-8995 SN - 1097-4628 VL - 105 IS - 5 SP - 2744 EP - 2759 PB - Wiley InterScience CY - Hoboken, NJ AN - OPUS4-15071 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hoffmann, Dirk T1 - Anforderungen an und Prüfung von Antigraffiti-Systemen T2 - BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2007-06-29 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-15061 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abou-Ras, D. A1 - Caballero, R. A1 - Fischer, C.-H. A1 - Kaufmann, C.A. A1 - Lauermann, I. A1 - Mainz, R. A1 - Mönig, H. A1 - Schöpke, A. A1 - Stephan, C. A1 - Streeck, C. A1 - Schorr, S. A1 - Eicke, A. A1 - Döbeli, M. A1 - Gade, B. A1 - Hinrichs, J. A1 - Nunney, T. A1 - Dijkstra, H. A1 - Hoffmann, V. A1 - Klemm, D. A1 - Efimova, V. A1 - Bergmaier, A. A1 - Dollinger, G. A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Rockett, A.A. A1 - Perez-Rodriguez, A. A1 - Alvarez-Garcia, J. A1 - Izquierdo-Roca, V. A1 - Schmid, T. A1 - Choi, P.-P. A1 - Müller, M. A1 - Bertram, F. A1 - Christen, J. A1 - Khatri, H. A1 - Collins, R.W. A1 - Marsillac, S. A1 - Kötschau, I. T1 - Comprehensive comparison of various techniques for the analysis of elemental distributions in thin films N2 - The present work shows results on elemental distribution analyses in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films for solar cells performed by use of wavelength-dispersive and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) in a scanning electron microscope, EDX in a transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron, angle-dependent soft X-ray emission, secondary ion-mass (SIMS), time-of-flight SIMS, sputtered neutral mass, glow-discharge optical emission and glow-discharge mass, Auger electron, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, by use of scanning Auger electron microscopy, Raman depth profiling, and Raman mapping, as well as by use of elastic recoil detection analysis, grazing-incidence X-ray and electron backscatter diffraction, and grazing-incidence X-ray fluorescence analysis. The Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin films used for the present comparison were produced during the same identical deposition run and exhibit thicknesses of about 2 µm. The analysis techniques were compared with respect to their spatial and depth resolutions, measuring speeds, availabilities, and detection limits. KW - Elemental distributions KW - Comparison KW - Depth profiling KW - Chemical mapping KW - Thin films KW - Solar cells KW - Chalcopyrite-type KW - Cu(In,Ga)Se2 PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927611000523 SN - 1431-9276 SN - 1435-8115 VL - 17 IS - 5 SP - 728 EP - 751 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-24506 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dombrowski, Felix A1 - Hoffmann, Rita A1 - Ploska, Ute A1 - Marx, Heidi A1 - Berger, Georg T1 - Investigations on degradable and figuline calcium alkaline phosphate cements with multimodal particle size distribution N2 - The paper presented here deals with rheological and hardening properties during the setting reaction, and density and compressive strength after the final setting of a figuline composite consisting of Ca2KNa(PO4)2 and 2wt% medium gel strength gelatin. Compared to the composite with monomodal particle size distribution (d50=7.18µm; span=3.9) and its properties during and after setting reaction, the goal of this work is to increase the resulting product compressive strength by mixing different particle sizes in order to obtain bi- and trimodal distributions. For the bimodal powder mixtures the ratio in diameter (dcourse/dsmall) was chosen with 7/1 and volume ratio dcourse/dsmall was 70/30%. For the trimodal powder mixtures the ratio in diameter (dcourse/dmedium/dsmall) was chosen with 70/7/1 and volume ratio dcourse/dmedium/dsmall was set to 44/28/28%.After establishing an adequate crushing and sieving process the tap density and powder density of each fraction was determined. Subsequently, the different particle sizes were mixed and the densities and the Hausner ratio were determined again. The mixtures show an increase in both densities especially the tap density increased significantly. Rheological investigations show that the graphs of storage and loss moduli of the multimodal powder mixtures respectively are similar. The characteristic setting times show a slight decrease compared with the monomodal composite but not significantly different data. When comparing the resulting compressive strength of cylindrical samples, which were stored direct after reaching the initial setting time under physiological conditions, the studies illustrated in all cases for the multimodal mixtures a significant increase in compressive strength and a higher density. KW - Calcium alkaline phosphate cement KW - Gelatin KW - Compressive strength KW - Figuline KW - Particle size PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.493-494.355 SN - 1013-9826 VL - 493-494 SP - 355 EP - 360 PB - Trans Tech Publ. CY - Aedermannsdorf AN - OPUS4-24925 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Göbel, E. O. A1 - Hasche, K. A1 - Ulm, G. A1 - Krumrey, M. A1 - Ade, G. A1 - Stümpel, J. A1 - Herrmann, K. A1 - Koenders, L. A1 - Thomsen-Schmidt, P. A1 - Pohlenz, F. A1 - Xu, M. A1 - Dai, G. A1 - Hoffmann, K.-P. A1 - Busch, I. A1 - Frank, W. A1 - Procop, M. A1 - Beck, Uwe T1 - Kalibrierte Schichtdicken-Maßverkörperungen für Nanometerschichten, Teilvorhaben - Kalibrierung von Schichtdicken-Maßverkörperungen im Nanometerbereich - Abschlussbericht des BMBF Verbundvorhabens 13N7704 - 13N77041 KW - Schichtdicke KW - Nanometerbereich PY - 2003 UR - http://edok01.tib.uni-hannover.de/edoks/e01fb02/373214030.pdf SP - 1 EP - 131 PB - Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt CY - Dresden AN - OPUS4-25428 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beck, Uwe A1 - Reiners, Georg A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Hoffmann, V. A1 - Präßler, F. T1 - Multilayer reference coatings for depth profile standards N2 - Depth profiles of layer systems consisting of different film materials and having different thicknesses are of great practical importance. Multilayer reference coatings of conducting (Ti/Al) and non-conducting (SiO2/Si3N4) material are analyzed with Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) depth profiling. Deposition techniques, physical vapor deposition for Ti/Al layers and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition for SiO2/Si3N4 layers, as well as measurement and testing procedures for the determination of layer thickness such as optical and mechanical stylus and spectroscopie ellipsometry are discussed. GDOES depth profiles in direct current (d.c.) and radio frequency (r.f.) mode are related to measurements of crater profiles and compared with line scans and depth profiles performed by AES. It is shown that such multilayer reference systems are appropriate for calibration of depth profiles, i.e. the definition and the evaluation of the depth resolution at the interface, the determination of sputter rates both for d.c.- and r.f.-GDOES and AES, the optimization of the conditions of analysis, and the quantification of analysis itself. KW - Depth profiling KW - Multilayers KW - Glow discharge KW - Auger electron spectroscopy PY - 1996 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6090(96)09083-9 SN - 0040-6090 VL - 290-291 SP - 57 EP - 62 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-25436 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hoffmann, Martin T1 - Entwicklung und Validierung einer Race Track Probe (RT P) Development and validation of a racetrack specimen T2 - Materialica 2012 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 2012-10-23 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-26894 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lenke, Karoline A1 - Schmidt, R. A1 - Märtin, J. A1 - Hoffmann, G. A1 - Cherif, C. T1 - Simulation of the yarn transportation dynamics in a warp knitting machine N2 - To date, in the textile manufacturing process of warp knitting, trouble-shooting and process optimization mainly rely on empirical knowledge and experiments. This factor limits the achievable increase in productivity and quality. On the other hand, using simulations, different phenomena that affect the quality of the knitted fabric and the knitting process can be clarified in the run-up of the experiments. Consequently, an increase in quality and flexibility can be reached with reduced experimental effort. This paper presents a process simulation of the warp thread dynamics in the thread feeding system of a warp knitting machine. For this purpose, a continuum model of the warp thread that includes the spatial dynamics of the thread and the axial transport movement has been developed. KW - Simulation of yarn transportation KW - Yarn transportation model KW - Warp knitting machine KW - Continuum model KW - Process optimization KW - Knitting PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517512470197 SN - 0040-5175 N1 - Geburtsname von Lenke, Karoline: Metzkes, K. - Birth name of Lenke, Karoline: Metzkes, K. VL - 83 IS - 12 SP - 1251 EP - 1262 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-28381 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Niesel, Konrad A1 - Hoffmann, Dirk T1 - Relationship between some physico-technical characteristics of stone T2 - 2nd International Congress on Studies in Ancient Structures CY - Istanbul, Turkey DA - 2001-07-09 PY - 2001 SP - 589 EP - 598 AN - OPUS4-1149 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Marlow, Frank A1 - Dong, W. A1 - Hoffmann, Katrin A1 - Loerke, J. ED - Schüth, F. T1 - Optically and electronically functional materials PY - 2002 SN - 3-527-30246-8 SP - 3029 EP - 3063 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-1751 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weh, K. A1 - Noack, M. A1 - Hoffmann, Katrin A1 - Schröder, K.-P. A1 - Caro, J. T1 - Change of gas permeation by photoinduced switching of zeolite-azobenzene membranes of type MFI and FAU N2 - FAU membranes of type Na–X and MFI membranes of type silicalite-1 which contain adsorbed azobenzene (AZB), have photoswitchable permeation properties due to the trans–cis photoisomerization of AZB. The change of gas permeation through these host–guest composite membranes depends on the irradiation wavelength, the quality of the membranes and the amount of adsorbed AZB. The permeances of the gases in the trans-form of the zeolite-encapsulated AZB were higher than those in the cis-form. The separation factors of equimolar mixtures of N2/CO2 and CH4/CO2 fed through the FAU–AZB membrane were higher at trans-switching than at cis-switching. The changes of the permeances of single gases and of the separation factors of equimolar gas mixtures by photoinduced trans–cis switching were found to be reversible over numerous switching cycles. The experimental results are in agreement with predictions made by Monte Carlo simulations for passing of permeant gases through these host–guest systems with the zeolite-hosted AZB in the trans- and in the cis-configuration. PY - 2002 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-1811(02)00331-1 SN - 1387-1811 SN - 1873-3093 VL - 54 IS - 1-2 SP - 15 EP - 26 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-1752 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Piquemal, François A1 - Hoffmann, Johannes A1 - Gautier, Brice A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Frabricius, Norbert T1 - Publishable Summary for 20IND12 Elena Electrical nanoscale metrology in industry N2 - Consumer electronics, innovative quantum technologies, and Internet of Things applications all rely on semiconductors, where reliable characterisation of electrical properties at the nanoscale is essential for European innovation and competitiveness. The measurement of these properties allows the evaluation of critical parameters used to define the performance of electronic materials and components. Currently, Conductive Atomic Force Microscopes and Scanning Microwave Microscopes enable nanoscale electrical characterisation, but they are costly, complicated and, in many cases where they are used, unreliable as measurements are not traceable. The aim of the project was to make such measurements traceable for the first time, with stated uncertainties, and affordable by developing and testing cost effective instrumentation and the first “out of lab” reference standards from DC to GHz and by elaborating robust calibration methods and good practice guides using simplified uncertainty budgets. All the objectives were achieved. The project has successfully improved the user-friendly uncertainty quantification for the electrical measurements at the nanoscale in the industrial environment. The design of calibration standards has been improved and new standards for DC resistance / current as well as HF impedance have been introduced and quantified. Good practice guides for the calibration and uncertainty quantification have been written and will be available to the users’ community. New ways of determining the properties of standard samples like ellipsometry have been evaluated. The interaction with stakeholders and industry collaborators was very important for the consortium and several case studies were carried out with industry-relevant samples. All data, procedures, and example uncertainty data from the project are included into the standardisation process and two IEC standards projects have been started during this project. These standards will be used as one important dissemination ways for the results of the project. KW - Electrical Properties KW - Nanometrology KW - Scanning Probe Microscopy KW - Optical Surface Analysis PY - 2024 SP - 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-61812 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hoffmann, Heike A1 - Schwibbert, Karin ED - Annokkée, G. J. T1 - Monitoring the influence of biocides on soil bacteria using fluorescence microscopy T2 - 8th International FZK/TNO Conference on Contaminated Soil ; 8th ConSoil 2003 CY - Gent, Belgium DA - 2003-05-12 PY - 2003 SN - 0947-8620 N1 - Geburtsname von Schwibbert, Karin: Göller, K. - Birth name of Schwibbert, Karin: Göller, K. N1 - Serientitel: Wissenschaftliche Berichte / Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft – Series title: Wissenschaftliche Berichte / Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft IS - 6943 SP - 1417 EP - 1423 PB - Forschungszentrum CY - Karlsruhe AN - OPUS4-2539 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hoffmann, Holger T1 - An insight into fractionated environmental water samples to understand matrix effects in immunoassays N2 - N4-acetyl-SMX is the most important cross-reacting compound for the SMX-ELISA with concentrations of 1064 - 2488 ng/L in influent wastewater and 40 - 160 ng/L in effluent wastewater. The ELISAgrams for estrone show less interfering signals than for SMX. ELISAgrams of SMX and estrone display in effluent wastewater more interfering signals than in influent wastewater. T2 - ANAKON CY - Graz, Austria DA - 23.03.2016 KW - Sulfamethoxazole KW - Estrone KW - LC-ELISA KW - Matrix effects PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-35792 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Becker, Ben A1 - Mair, Georg W. A1 - Schoppa, Andre A1 - Duffner, Eric A1 - Szczepaniak, Mariusz A1 - Klauke, Andre A1 - Lenz, Stefan A1 - Lehr, Christian A1 - Hoffmann, Martin A1 - Gregor, Christian ED - Mair, Georg W. T1 - CryoCode: Kryodruck Tanksystem und Betankung – Validierung bis zum Normierungsvorschlag N2 - Entwicklung und Validierung eines Kryodruck-Tanksystems für Wasserstoff-Fahrzeuge. Darstellung der Versuchsergebnisse und des Normierungsvorschlags. KW - Kryodruck KW - Wasserstoff KW - Druckbehälter KW - Composite KW - Normierungsvorschlag PY - 2017 SP - 1 EP - 56 AN - OPUS4-40714 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Beck, Uwe A1 - Hoffmann, V. A1 - Kurt, R. A1 - Kämmer, K. A1 - Thielsch, R. T1 - Interference Phenomena at Transparent Layers in Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry KW - Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy KW - Depth profile KW - Interference KW - Transparent layers KW - Layer thickness KW - Refractive index KW - GD-OES PY - 1999 SN - 0003-7028 SN - 1943-3530 VL - 53 IS - 8 SP - 987 EP - 990 PB - Society for Applied Spectroscopy CY - Frederick, Md. AN - OPUS4-777 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Beck, Uwe A1 - Wirth, Thomas A1 - Sahre, Mario A1 - Männ, Marion A1 - Gamer, Nadja A1 - Hoffmann, V. A1 - Hentschel, R. A1 - Brauneck, U. A1 - Mollenhauer, R. ED - Berg, S. T1 - Reference coatings for gdoes depth profiling - Preliminary results of a VAMAS project T2 - 7th International Conference on Plasma Surface Engineering (PSE 2000) CY - Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany DA - 2000-09-17 PY - 2000 SN - 0257-8972 IS - 142-144 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-970 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -