TY - JOUR A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Keserovic, Amela A1 - Sobetzki, Joana A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth T1 - Materials evaluation for geothermal applications N2 - In order to provide basic information on corrosion resistance to the designers and users of geothermal plants different metallic materials including duplex and austenitic stainless steels as well as a nickel alloy have been evaluated in artificial geothermal fluids simulating the conditions in some locations with geothermal potential in Germany as well as two sites in Indonesia. By electrochemical and long-term exposure tests at 100 °C and 150 °C the suitability of low alloyed steel UNS G41300, stainless steels UNS S31603 UNS S31803, UNS S32760, super austenitic steel UNS N08031 and nickel based alloy UNS N06059 was investigated in these geothermal fluids, using critical potentials and corrosion rates. In high-saline environments the crevice corrosion turned out to be the determining mechanism. The nickel based alloy shows excellent corrosion resistance against pitting corrosion. Excluding its high cost, it is very good to be used in the construction of geothermal facilities having highly saline brines. Stainless and duplex steels exhibit a limited corrosion resistance concerning pitting and crevice corrosion. Therefore they are not suitable for highly saline brines. The super austenite UNS N08031 showed a temperature depending behavior. In non-saline environments the low-alloyed steel UNS G41300 (beside of the higher alloyed materials) could be employed as a constructional material for the geothermal power plant, as long as a sufficient wall thickness of the material is considered. KW - Geothermal KW - Corrosion KW - Crevice corrosion KW - Suitability PY - 2015 UR - http://www.jurnalteknologi.utm.my/index.php/jurnalteknologi/article/view/5164 SN - 2180-3722 VL - 75 IS - 7 SP - 7 EP - 14 PB - Penerbit UTM Press CY - Johor Bahru AN - OPUS4-34747 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Göllner, J. A1 - Heyn, Andreas A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Relevance of the cathodic process on the passivation of stainless steels - an approximation to the origin of the rouging phenomenon N2 - Unwanted corrosive phenomena on stainless steel surfaces like rouging had been observed for years occurring at certain service conditions. Rouging consists in the formation of a colored surface film containing mainly iron on metallic surfaces in contact with high-purity waters. In spite of numerous hypotheses and experimental examinations a clear explanation about the origin of rouging on stainless steels is currently still lacking. Because rouging occurs even at well passivated stainless steel surfaces the origin of this corrosive phenomenon should be related to the weakness of the stability of the passive film. In the present paper electrochemical noise measurements regarding the stability of the passive layer of alloy 904L (1.4539, X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5) in high-purity water at 70 °C depending on the cathodic process are presented. In addition, the importance of the cathodic reaction on the passivation and stability of the passive layer is discussed. KW - Stanless steel KW - Passivation KW - Cathodic process KW - Electrochemical noise PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201005668 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 63 IS - 1 SP - 54 EP - 58 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-21596 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Recent progress in the qualification of materials used in geothermal energy conversion systems T2 - 1st International conference on materials for energy CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 2010-07-04 KW - Korrosion KW - Geothermie KW - CrNi-Stahl KW - Ni-Basislegierung KW - Duplexstahl PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-89746-117-8 SP - 158 EP - 159 AN - OPUS4-21676 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Göllner, J. T1 - Electrochemical noise from oxygen reduction on stainless steel surfaces N2 - Oxygen reduction occurring at the passive layer is probably the most important cathodic reaction involved in corrosion processes on stainless steel. Furthermore, the influence of the surface state on the oxygen reduction reaction is a key point for the understanding of the mechanism of localized corrosion on stainless steel. In this study, electrochemical noise measurements under cathodic polarization were carried out to obtain new information about this influence. It has been confirmed that the surface state of stainless steel plays a very important role in the kinetic of this cathodic reaction. Oxygen reduction kinetics was significantly reduced on passivated surfaces and improved on pre-reduced and ground surfaces. In addition, electrochemical current noise measurements allowed to differentiate between the electrochemical activity produced by the oxygen reduction reaction and that due to the reduction of the passive layer, in direct dependence on the characteristics of the different surface states investigated. KW - A. Stainless steel KW - B. Electrochemical noise KW - B. Potentiostatic KW - C. Oxygen reduction PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2008.10.009 SN - 0010-938X VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 144 EP - 150 PB - Elsevier CY - Orlando, Fla. AN - OPUS4-20342 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth T1 - Interpretation of electrochemical noise signals arising from the pitting corrosion of stainless steels T2 - EUROCORR 2009 CY - Nice, France DA - 2009-09-06 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20365 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth T1 - Interpretation of electrochemical noise signals arising from the pitting corrosion of stainless steels T2 - EUROCORR 2009 CY - Nice, France DA - 2009-09-06 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20409 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Goellner, J. A1 - Heyn, Andreas T1 - The influence of the cathodic process on the interpretation of electrochemical noise signals arising from pitting corrosion of stainless steels N2 - The use of electrochemical noise (EN) measurements for the investigation and monitoring of corrosion has allowed many interesting advances in the corrosion science in recent years. A special advantage of EN measurements includes the possibility to detect and study the early stages of localized corrosion. Nevertheless, the understanding of the electrochemical information included in the EN signal is actually very limited. The role of the cathodic process on the EN signals remains uncertain and has not been sufficiently investigated to date. Thus, an accurate understanding of the influence of the cathodic process on the EN signal is still lacking. On the basis of different kinetics of the oxygen reduction it was established that the anodic amplitude of transients arising from pitting corrosion on stainless steel can be decreased by the corresponding electron consumption of the cathodic process. Therefore, the stronger the electron consumption, the weaker the anodic amplitude of the EN signal becomes. EN signals arising from pitting corrosion on stainless steel can be measured because the cathodic process is inhibited by the passive layer. This was confirmed by means of EN measurements under cathodic polarisation. Since the cathodic process plays a decisive role on the form of transients arising from pitting corrosion, its influence must be considered in the evaluation and interpretation of the EN signals. KW - A. stainless steel KW - B. electrochemical noise KW - C. Pitting corrosion KW - C. Oxygen reduction PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2009.12.021 SN - 0010-938X VL - 52 IS - 4 SP - 1362 EP - 1372 PB - Elsevier CY - Orlando, Fla. AN - OPUS4-20880 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth T1 - Localized Corrosion Phenomena of Passive Materials in Geothermal Fluids T2 - NACE Corrosion Conference 2010 CY - San Antonio, TX, USA DA - 2010-03-14 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-20897 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Burkert, Andreas T1 - Alternative, nachhaltige Energiekonzepte - Herausforderungen für Werkstoffe zum Einsatz in Geothermieanlagen T2 - 3-Länder-Korrosionstagung - Nichtrostende Stähle - Spezielle Anwendungen und angepasste Lösungen CY - Berlin, Deutschland DA - 2010-04-19 KW - Hochlegierter Stahl KW - Geothermie KW - Örtliche Korrosion KW - Klassische Auslagerung KW - Elektrochemie PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-935406-40-6 SP - 1 EP - 10(?) PB - DECHEMA AN - OPUS4-21190 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth T1 - Rauschuntersuchungen zum Einfluss des Kathodischen Prozesses auf die Passivschichtumwandlung T2 - GfKORR AK-Sitzung Prüf- und Untersuchungsverfahren CY - Frankfurt am Main, Germany DA - 2010-04-22 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21146 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Heyn, Andreas A1 - Goellner, J. T1 - La técnica de ruido electroquímico para la investigación de la corrosión localizada: del fenómeno a la aplicación N2 - En los últimos anos el registro y análisis del ruido electroquímico ha posibilitado importantes avances en la investigación de fenómenos de corrosión localizada tales como el picado y la corrosión en rendijas. Así mismo, esta técnica a abierto enormes posibilidades para el monitoreo in situ de tales procesos corrosivos en la industria. Sin ninguna duda, la posibilidad de registrar en tiempo real y con extrema sensibilidad los procesos de nucleación de la corrosión localizada, hace de la técnica de ruido electroquímico una invaluable herramienta para alcanzar una mejor comprensión de su origen y propagación. A continuación se discutirán las fuentes de ruido electroquímico relacionadas con la corrosión localizada así como los avances alcanzados para una confiable adquisición y análisis de la información electroquímica suministrada por las senales de ruido electroquímico y se ilustrarán con ejemplos prácticos las ventajas de la técnica de ruido electroquímico para la evaluación de la corrosión localizada. KW - Ruido electroquímico KW - Corrosión localizada KW - Acero inoxidable KW - Aluminio KW - Elektrochemisches Rauschen KW - Korrosion KW - Passivität KW - Lochkorrosion PY - 2010 IS - November SP - 28 EP - 30 CY - Houston, TX, USA AN - OPUS4-23398 LA - spa AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth T1 - Bedeutung des kathodischen Prozesses bei der Interpretation von Rauschsignalen der Lochkorrosion an Cr-Ni-Stählen T2 - GfKORR-AK-Sitzung Prüf- und Untersuchungsverfahren CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2009-04-03 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20415 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klapper, Helmuth Sarmiento A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Burkert, Annette A1 - Lehmann, Jens A1 - Villalba, A.L. T1 - Influence of surface treatments on the pitting corrosion of type 304 stainless steel by electrochemical noise measurements N2 - Surface treatments usually are used to modify the appearance and properties of stainless steel surfaces. Simultaneously, the corrosion resistance of the stainless steel surface being related intrinsically to the spontaneous formation of a passive layer also will be affected. In this respect, the influence of different surface treatments on the corrosion resistance of Type 304 (UNS S30400) stainless steel to pitting corrosion has been evaluated by means of potentiostatic electrochemical noise measurements and surface characterization. Typical industrial treatments including mechanical grinding, glass blasting, and pickling were taken into account. Additionally, special consideration was put on the effect of aging conditions of the passive layer after surface treatments, in particular on the relative humidity. Benefits and limitations of the different applied surface treatments concerning protectiveness of the stainless steel surface were determined and discussed. KW - Corrosion KW - Electrochemical noise KW - Pitting corrosion KW - Stainless steel KW - Surface treatment PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3613641 SN - 0010-9312 SN - 1938-159X VL - 67 SP - 075004-1 EP - 075004-13 PB - National Association of Corrosion Engineers CY - Houston, Tex. AN - OPUS4-24247 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Heyn, Andreas A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Göllner, J. T1 - The effect of passive layer stability on electrochemical noise signals arising from pitting corrosion of stainless steels N2 - Electrochemical noise (EN) enables corrosion research and monitoring in real time and with high sensitivity. In the case of submicroscopic nucleation events of pitting corrosion it has been observed that the cathodic process plays a decisive role in the mechanism as well as in the origin of EN signals, which depend not only on the metallic dissolution reaction but also on the electron-consuming process. EN signals arising from the nucleation process of localized corrosion on stainless steels can only be recorded due to the inhibition effect on the cathodic process achieved by the spontaneous formation of the passive layer. In consequence, passive layer stability becomes a significant factor in influencing EN signals. The way in which the passive layer stability affects the acquisition and analysis of EN signals arising from pitting corrosion on stainless steels is discussed in detail. KW - Cathodic reaction KW - Electrochemical noise KW - Pitting corrosion KW - Stainless steel PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.201206739 SN - 0947-5117 SN - 1521-4176 VL - 64 IS - 8 SP - 671 EP - 674 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-29071 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Goellner, J. A1 - Burkert, Andreas A1 - Heyn, Andreas T1 - Environmental factors affecting pitting corrosion of type 304 stainless steel investigated by electrochemical noise measurements under potentiostatic control N2 - Electrochemical noise measurements on anodically polarised type 304 stainless steel surfaces in contact with buffer solutions of neutral pH were performed to study the effect of chloride ions in the nucleation of pitting corrosion. Passive layer stability and susceptibility to pitting corrosion after pickling and passivation at different environmental conditions were also investigated by means of electrochemical current noise measurements under cathodic and anodic polarisation. According to the obtained experimental results pits nucleate independently on the presence of chloride ions. It has been also shown that protectiveness of stainless steel surfaces after pickling strongly depends on the relative humidity of the environment in which the surface is subsequently passivated. KW - A. Stainless steel KW - C. Pitting corrosion KW - C. Passivity KW - B. Potentiostatic PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.06.005 SN - 0010-938X VL - 75 SP - 239 EP - 247 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Orlando, Fla. AN - OPUS4-29662 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Keserovic, Amela A1 - Sobetzki, Joana A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth T1 - Materials evaluation for geothermal applications N2 - The corrosion behavior of different high-alloyed metals including duplex and austenitic stainless steels as well as a nickel alloy have been evaluated in artificial geothermal fluids simulating the conditions in some locations with geothermal potential in Germany as well as two sites in Indonesia. The suitability of low alloyed steel UNS G41300, stainless steels UNS S31603 UNS S31803, UNS S32760 and super austenitic steel UNS N08031 in these geothermal fluids, investigated by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests, is limited. The nickel based alloy UNS N06059 shows excellent corrosion resistance against pitting corrosion. Excluding its high cost, it is a very good alternative to be used in the construction of geothermal facilities having highly saline brines. Stainless and duplex steels exhibit a limited corrosion resistance concerning pitting and crevice corrosion. Beside of the higher alloyed materials, also the low-alloyed steel UNS G41300 could be employed as a constructional material for the geothermal power plant in non-saline environments, as long as the wall thickness of the material vs. corrosion rate is taken into account. T2 - ISCMD 2014 - International symposium on corrosion & materials degradation 2014 / IMTCE 2014 - 9th International materials technology conference & exhibition CY - Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia DA - 13.05.2014 KW - Localized corrosion KW - Stainless steel KW - Ni-based alloy KW - Geothermal energy PY - 2014 SP - Paper 10, 1 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-30775 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Keserovic, Amela A1 - Sobetzki, Joana A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Dimper, Matthias T1 - Laboratory evaluation of metallic materials for geothermal applications N2 - In the last years, geothermal power has become a reliable and significant energy source. Because service conditions in geothermal facilities from deeply located aquifers are usually critical in terms of corrosion, materials selection is a very important issue. Preliminary evaluation of the material's suitability represents therefore a valuable strategy to ensure a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. In geothermal applications, the use of high-alloyed materials such as superaustenitic stainless steels, duplex stainless steels, and nickel-based alloys has been considered as a good alternative because of their remarkable corrosion resistance and appropriate mechanical properties. Nevertheless, the corrosion behavior of those metallic materials in geothermal fluids at service conditions has not been determined in many cases. In this work, laboratory tests including electrochemical investigations and exposure tests at 100 degrees C and 150 degrees C (1,500 kPa) showed the limits of suitability concerning localized corrosion of three different, corrosion-resistant alloys in the highly saline fluid of the North German Basin. T2 - EPRI International Conference on Corrosion in Power Plants CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 12.10.2015 KW - Geothermal KW - Corrosion KW - Crevice corrosion KW - Suitability PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.5006/1.3676631 SP - paper 6 AN - OPUS4-34754 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Sobetzki, Joana A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth T1 - Corrosion resistance of high-alloyed materials in artificial geothermal fluids N2 - The corrosion behavior of different high-alloyed metals including duplex and austenitic stainless Steels as well as a nickel alloy have been evaluated in artificial geothermal fluids simulating the conditions in the Upper Rhine Graben and the Northern German Basin, some locations with geothermal potential in Germany. The suitability of UNSS31803, UNS S32760 and super austenitic Steel UNS N08031 in These geothermal fluids obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests is limited. The nickel alloy UNS N06059 shows an excellent corrosion resistance against pitting corrosion. Excluding its high cost, it is a very good alternative to be used in the construction of geothermal facilities having highly saline brines. Stainless and duplex steels exhibit a limited corrosion resistance concerning pitting and crevice corrosion. T2 - NACE International Corrosion Conference 2013 CY - Orlando, FL, USA DA - 17.03.2013 KW - Steel KW - Geothermal KW - Brine KW - Salt solution PY - 2013 SN - 978-1-627-48145-8 SP - 1 EP - 8 (Paper 2327) PB - Curran CY - Red Hook, NY AN - OPUS4-29402 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Sobetzki, Joana A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth T1 - Korrosionsbeständigkeit von höherlegierten Werkstoffen in tiefen Aquiferfluiden N2 - Erdwärme ist generell gesehen eine langfristig nutzbare Energiequelle zur Stromerzeugung und zählt zu den regenerativen Energien. Ein wesentlicher Punkt für den sicheren und zuverlässigen Betrieb von Geothermieanlagen liegt, aufgrund der extremen Betriebsbedingungen, bei der Werkstoffauswahl für den Aufbau der bohr- und verfahrenstechnischen Einrichtungen. Hier wiederum spielt die vorläufige Werkstoffqualifizierung eine entscheidende Rolle. In diesem Beitrag werden die, anhand von elektrochemischen Untersuchungen und klassischen Auslagerungsversuchen im Labor ermittelten, Einsatzgrenzen von hochlegierten Werkstoffen für geothermische Tiefbohrungen zur Förderung von Aquiferfluiden im Bereich des Norddeutschen Beckens und des Oberrheingrabens dargestellt. T2 - 3-Länder-Korrosionstagung - Korrosionsschutztechnische Herausforderungen der Energiewende - anwendungs- und werkstofftechnische Fragestellungen CY - Frankfurt, Germany DA - 25.04.2013 KW - Hochlegierter Stahl KW - Ni-Legierung KW - Geothermie KW - Örtliche Korrosion KW - Klassische Auslagerung KW - Elektrochemie PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-935406-50-5 SP - 23 EP - 31 AN - OPUS4-29404 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Feigl, Michael A1 - Hilker, Nico T1 - Corrosion resistance of high-alloyed and alternative materials in an artificial geothermal water N2 - Many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy, which became a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and involved high temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of two high-alloyed metallic materials and α-Al2O3 in an artificial geothermal fluid simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin, a location with high geothermal potential. The suitability of the super austenitic stainless steel UNS N08031 and the nickel base alloy UNS N06059 in this geothermal fluid obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests is addressed. As an alternative to the suitable but costly UNS N06059 that showed excellent corrosion resistance against pitting corrosion, ceramic made of α-Al2O3 represents an interesting possibility for selected components to be used in the construction of geothermal facilities T2 - Corrosion 2014 CY - San Antonio, TX, USA DA - 09.03.2014 KW - Localized corrosion KW - Stainless steel KW - Ni-based alloy KW - Ceramic KW - Geothermal energy PY - 2014 SP - Paper 3826, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-30632 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Feigl, Michael A1 - Hilker, Nico T1 - Suitability of high-alloyed or alternative non-metallic materials in high saline artificial geothermal waters N2 - Many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy, which became a feasible energy source to replace fossil fliel supply. Nevertheless, Service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the Chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and involved high temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable Operation ofthe facilities. This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of two high-alloyed metallic materials and a-A1203 in an artificial geothermal fluid simulating the conditions in the Northern German Basin, a location with high geothermal potential. The suitability of the super austenitic stainless Steel, alloy 31, and the nickel base alloy 59 in this geothermal fluid obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests is addressed. As an alternative to the suitable but costly alloy 59 that showed excelient corrosion resistance against pitting corrosion, ceramic made of a-A1203 represents an interesting possibility for selected components to be used in the construction of geothermal facilities. T2 - Corrosion-2014 - XIIth International conference "Problems of corrosion and corrosion protection of structural materials" CY - Lviv, Ukraine DA - 11.06.2014 KW - Localized corrosion KW - Steel KW - Ni-alloy KW - Ceramic KW - Geothermal energy PY - 2014 SP - 18 EP - 22 AN - OPUS4-32743 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Dimper, Matthias A1 - Keserović, Amela A1 - Sobetzki, Joana A1 - Zimmer, Sebastian T1 - Corrosion behavior of duplex stainless steel S31803 in artificial geothermal waters N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. This contribution deals with the evaluation of the corrosion behavior of duplex steel S31803 (318LN, X2CrNiMoN22-5-3, 1.4462) conducted by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests in artificial geothermal waters simulating the conditions in different locations with geothermal potential in Germany. The duplex steel S31803 shows limited suitability for applications in artificial geothermal waters due to its susceptibility to pitting and crevice corrosion. For low saline geothermal waters it can be considered suitable at moderate temperatures. Slight crevice corrosion susceptibility needs to be considered. Results are being incorporated into a materials catalogue for geothermal applications which shall provide basic information for designers and users of geothermal facilities. T2 - NACE International Corrosion Conference 2016 CY - Vancouver, BC, Canada DA - 6.3.2016 KW - S31803 KW - Crevice corrosion KW - Duplex steel KW - Geothermal energy PY - 2016 SP - 7361-1 EP - 7361-8 PB - NACE International CY - Houston TX, USA AN - OPUS4-36986 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Keserović, Amela A1 - Sobetzki, Joana A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Dimper, Matthias T1 - Evaluation of Metallic Materials for Geothermal Applications N2 - Since geothermal wells are a feasible energy source to replace fossil fuel supply, many technologies have been developed to take advantage of geothermal energy. Nevertheless, service conditions in geothermal facilities are due to the chemical composition of hydrothermal fluids and temperatures, in many cases, extreme in terms of corrosion. Therefore, materials selection based on preliminary material qualification is essential to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of the facilities. The corrosion behavior of different high-alloyed metals including duplex and austenitic stainless steels as well as a nickel alloy have been evaluated in artificial geothermal fluids simulating the conditions in some locations with geothermal potential in Germany as well as two sites in Indonesia. The suitability of carbon steel 25CrMo4, stainless steels X2CrNiMo17-12-2, X2CrNiMo-22-5, X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 and super austenitic steel X1CrNiMoCu32-28-7 in these geothermal fluids obtained by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests is limited. The nickel alloy NiCr23Mo16Al shows an excellent corrosion resistance against pitting corrosion. Excluding its high cost, it is a very good alternative to be used in the construction of geothermal facilities having highly saline brines. Stainless and duplex steels exhibit a limited corrosion resistance concerning pitting and crevice corrosion. Beside of the higher alloyed materials, also the low-alloyed steel 25CrMo4 could be employed as a constructional material for the geothermal power plant in stagnant highly acidic non saline environments, as long as the wall thickness of the material vs. corrosion rate is taken into account. T2 - European Geothermal Congress 2016 CY - Starsbourg, France DA - 19.09.2016 KW - Localized corrosion KW - Stainless steel KW - Ni-based alloy KW - Geothermal energy PY - 2016 SP - paper THP-248, 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-37750 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Keserovic, Amela A1 - Sobetzki, Joana A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Dimper, Matthias T1 - Materials evaluation for geothermal applications in different geothermal waters N2 - The corrosion behavior of carbon Steel and different high-alloyed metals including duplex and austenitic stainless steels as well as a nickel alloy have been evaluated in artificial geothermal fluids simulating the conditions in some locations with geothermal potential in Germany, as well as two sites in Indonesia. The suitability of low alloyed Steel UNS G41300, stainless steels UNS S31603 UNS S31803, UNS S32760 and super austenitic Steel UNSN08031 in these geothermal waters, investigated by electrochemical measurements and exposure tests, is limited. The nickel based alloy UNS N06059 shows excellent corrosion resistance against pitting corrosion. Excluding its high cost, it is a very good alternative to be used in the construction of geothermal facilities having highly sahne brines. Stainless and duplex steels exhibit a limited corrosion resistance concerning pitting and crevice corrosion. Besides the higher alloyed materials, also the low-alloyed Steel UNS G41300 could be employed as a constructional material for the geothermal power plant in non-saline environments with moderate pH, as long as the wall thickness of the material vs. corrosion rate is taken into account. T2 - World Geothermal Congress 2015 CY - Melbourne, Australia DA - 19.04.2015 KW - Localized corrosion KW - Stainless steel KW - Ni-based alloy KW - Geothermal energy PY - 2015 SN - 978-1-877040-02-3 SP - paper 27011, S. 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-34750 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Amela Keserović, Amela A1 - Sobetzki, Joana A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Dimper, Matthias T1 - Geeignete Werkstoffe für Geothermieanwendungen (2) N2 - Durch Auslagerungs- und elektrochemische Tests im Labor kann das Korrosionsverhalten verschiedener metallener Werkstoffe beurteilt werden. Aus den Versuchsergebnissen, die in verschiedenen synthetischen Geothermalwässern im Labor erzielt wurden, lassen sich die folgenden Schlussfolgerungen ziehen: • Die Anfälligkeit für Spaltkorrosion wurde als wichtigster Aspekt für die Werkstoffqualifizierung ermittelt. • Der niedriglegierte Stahl 25CrMo4 zeigte bei niedrigem Salzgehalt in MB-Geothermalwasser eine gleichmäßige Korrosion unterhalb der akzeptierten Schwelle von 0,3 mm/Jahr. Daher kann er als geeignet für geothermische Bedingungen mit niedrigem Salzgehalt angesehen werden, wie sie für MB getestet wurden. Es besteht keine Notwendigkeit, auf höherlegierte (teurere) Werkstoffe auszuweichen. Ein niedrigerer pH-Wert (wie bei LHD) führt zu Korrosionsraten oberhalb der akzeptablen Grenzwerte, so dass die niedriglegierten Werkstoffe nicht für Flüssigkeiten mit niedrigem pH-Wert geeignet sind. • Stark salzhaltige Geothermalwässer erfordern höherlegierte Werkstoffe, da die Korrosionsrate von niedriglegiertem Stahl zu hoch ist. • Der Duplexstahl X2CrNiMo22-5-3 und der Superduplexstahl X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 wurden aufgrund ihrer kritischen Anfälligkeit für örtliche Korrosion in Form von Loch- und Spaltkorrosion unter Betriebsbedingungen nicht als geeignet für geothermische Anwendungen in Geothermalwässern mit einer mit NDB und ORG vergleichbaren Zusammensetzung angesehen. • Der superaustenitische Stahl X1CrNiMoCu32-28-7 eignet sich für ORG und salzarme Wässer. In NDB-Geothermalwasser wurde er bei 100 °C als geeignet angesehen. Jedoch schränkt seine Anfälligkeit für Spaltkorrosion seine Anwendbarkeit ein. Neben seiner guten Korrosionsbeständigkeit ist sein Repassivierungsverhalten für seine begrenzte Anwendbarkeit in Geothermalwässern mit niedrigem pH-Wert verantwortlich. • Die Nickelbasislegierung NiCr23Mo16Al wurde als geeignet erachtet und stellt eine sichere Option für den Einsatz in geothermischen Anlagen dar, selbst wenn mit stark salzhaltigem Geothermalwasser gearbeitet wird. KW - Geothermie KW - Korrosion KW - Legierungen KW - Anlagensicherheit PY - 2024 SN - 0016-4232 VL - 2024 IS - 3 SP - 370 EP - 374 PB - Eugen G. Leuze Verlag CY - Bad Saulgau AN - OPUS4-59997 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bäßler, Ralph A1 - Amela Keserović, Amela A1 - Sobetzki, Joana A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth A1 - Dimper, Matthias T1 - Geeignete Werkstoffe für Geothermieanwendungen (1) N2 - Durch Auslagerungs- und elektrochemische Tests im Labor kann das Korrosionsverhalten verschiedener metallener Werkstoffe beurteilt werden. Aus den Versuchsergebnissen, die in verschiedenen synthetischen Geothermalwässern im Labor erzielt wurden, lassen sich die folgenden Schlussfolgerungen ziehen: • Die Anfälligkeit für Spaltkorrosion wurde als wichtigster Aspekt für die Werkstoffqualifizierung ermittelt. • Der niedriglegierte Stahl 25CrMo4 zeigte bei niedrigem Salzgehalt in MB-Geothermalwasser eine gleichmäßige Korrosion unterhalb der akzeptierten Schwelle von 0,3 mm/Jahr. Daher kann er als geeignet für geothermische Bedingungen mit niedrigem Salzgehalt angesehen werden, wie sie für MB getestet wurden. Es besteht keine Notwendigkeit, auf höherlegierte (teurere) Werkstoffe auszuweichen. Ein niedrigerer pH-Wert (wie bei LHD) führt zu Korrosionsraten oberhalb der akzeptablen Grenzwerte, so dass die niedriglegierten Werkstoffe nicht für Flüssigkeiten mit niedrigem pH-Wert geeignet sind. • Stark salzhaltige Geothermalwässer erfordern höherlegierte Werkstoffe, da die Korrosionsrate von niedriglegiertem Stahl zu hoch ist. • Der Duplexstahl X2CrNiMo22-5-3 und der Superduplexstahl X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 wurden aufgrund ihrer kritischen Anfälligkeit für örtliche Korrosion in Form von Loch- und Spaltkorrosion unter Betriebsbedingungen nicht als geeignet für geothermische Anwendungen in Geothermalwässern mit einer mit NDB und ORG vergleichbaren Zusammensetzung angesehen. • Der superaustenitische Stahl X1CrNiMoCu32-28-7 eignet sich für ORG und salzarme Wässer. In NDB-Geothermalwasser wurde er bei 100 °C als geeignet angesehen. Jedoch schränkt seine Anfälligkeit für Spaltkorrosion seine Anwendbarkeit ein. Neben seiner guten Korrosionsbeständigkeit ist sein Repassivierungsverhalten für seine begrenzte Anwendbarkeit in Geothermalwässern mit niedrigem pH-Wert verantwortlich. • Die Nickelbasislegierung NiCr23Mo16Al wurde als geeignet erachtet und stellt eine sichere Option für den Einsatz in geothermischen Anlagen dar, selbst wenn mit stark salzhaltigem Geothermalwasser gearbeitet wird. KW - Geothermie KW - Korrosion KW - Legierungen KW - Anlagensicherheit PY - 2024 SN - 0016-4232 VL - 2024 IS - 2 SP - 240 EP - 243 PB - Eugen G. Leuze Verlag CY - Bad Saulgau AN - OPUS4-59996 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth T1 - Korrosionsuntersuchungen zur Qualifizierung von geothermischen Anlagen T2 - GeoHyBe- Geothermische Anlagen unter hydrogeochemischen Aspekten der Betriebssicherheit CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2009-03-23 PY - 2009 AN - OPUS4-20363 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth T1 - Evaluación de la resistencia a la corrosión de materiales paa su uso en centrales geotérmicas T2 - VII Congreso Latinoamericano de Corrosión LATINCORR 2010, NACE International CY - Quito, Ecuador DA - 2010-08-31 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21867 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth T1 - Alternative, nachhaltige Energiekonzepte - Herausforderungen für Werkstoffe zum Einsatz in Geothermieanlagen T2 - 3-Länder-Korrosionstagung, BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2010-04-19 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21147 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Sarmiento Klapper, Helmuth T1 - Recent progress in the qualification of mateirals used in geothermal energy conversion systems T2 - First International Conference on Materials for Energy CY - Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 2010-07-04 PY - 2010 AN - OPUS4-21651 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -