TY - JOUR A1 - Lupsea, M. A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Tiruta-Barna, L. A1 - Schiopu, N. T1 - Biocide leaching from CBA treated wood - A mechanistic interpretation JF - The science of the total environment N2 - Treated wood is frequently used for construction. However, there is a need to ensure that biocides used for the treatment are not a threat for people or environment. The paper focused on Pinus sylvestris treated with copper–boron–azole (CBA), containing tebuconazole as organic biocide and monoethanolamine (Mea). This study investigates chemical mechanisms of fixation and mobilisation involved in the leaching process of the used inorganic and organic biocides in CBA. A pH dependent leaching test was performed, followed by a set of complementary analysis methods in order to identify and quantify the species released from wood. The main findings of this study are: -Organic compounds are released from untreated and treated wood; the quantity of released total organic carbon, carboxylic and phenolic functions increasing with the pH. -Nitrogen containing compounds, i.e. mainly Mea and its reaction products with extractives, are released in important quantities from CBA treated wood, especially at low pH. -The release of copper is the result of competitive reactions: fixation via complexation reactions and complexation with extractives in the liquid phase. The specific pH dependency of Cu leaching is explained by the competition of ligands for protonation and complexation. -Tebuconazole is released to a lesser extent relative to its initial content. Its fixation on solid wood structure seems to be influenced by pH, suggesting interactions with –OH groups on wood. Boron release appears to be pH independent and very high. This confirms its weak fixation on wood and also no or weak interaction with the extractives. KW - CBA treated wood KW - Biocide leaching KW - Leaching mechanism KW - pH dependency test PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.089 SN - 0048-9697 VL - 444 SP - 522 EP - 530 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-27578 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lupsea, M.O. A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Tiruta-Barna, L. A1 - Schiopu, N. T1 - Leaching from new generation treated wood: a chemical approach JF - WIT transactions on ecology and the environment N2 - Leaching of biocides from construction products is currently a research topic receiving attention from the European regulation authorities (CEN/TC 351). In this paper we have focused on the leaching behaviour of CBA (copper-borateazoles) treated Pinus sylvestris. To better define the chemistry of the leaching phenomena, two leaching tests (a static equilibrium test and a dynamic surface leaching test) have been carried out on untreated and treated wood, which offered more information about how the leaching of biocides interferes with other substances released from the wood structure. Eluates, in liquid and lyophilised form, were further analyzed by analytical methods. Organic (tebuconazole) and inorganic (Cu, B) biocides were quantified and several organic compounds have been identified (e.g. carboxylic acids, phenols, amines, etc.). Also, the total amount of phenols and of carboxylic groups was determined. Results on inorganic compounds are in accordance with previous studies made on treated wood. Furthermore, organic carbon, tebuconazole and other organic compounds' behaviour was extensively investigated. This study aims to complete existing leaching data and to help developing a chemical model for several biocides in wood, including Cu, B and tebuconazole. T2 - 1st International conference on environmental and economic impact on sustainable development, incorporating envrionmental economics, toxikology and brownfields CY - New Forest, UK DA - 2012-07-02 KW - Leaching KW - CBA treated wood KW - Biocide KW - Organic compounds PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.2495/EID120461 SN - 1743-3541 SN - 1746-448X VL - 162 IS - Environmental Impact SP - 529 EP - 540 PB - WIT Press CY - Southampton [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-26262 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Torge, Manfred A1 - Brödner, Doris A1 - Feldmann, Ines A1 - Krug, Sonja A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Mull, Birte A1 - Schoknecht, Ute T1 - Untersuchungsmethoden zum Nachweis von Holzschutzmitteln - Neue Erkenntnisse zur Analyse von PCP und Lindan JF - Restauro N2 - Durch eine Kombination von naturwissenschaftlichen Untersuchungsmethoden war es möglich, mit Holzschutzmittel belastete Materialien in einer zum UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe gehörenden Kirche, der Friedenskirche in Swidnica (Polen), zu identifizieren. Ein screening mit einer mobilen Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (RFA) lieferte erste Hinweise auf die Anwendung dieser Mittel an Holzkonstruktionen. Untersuchungen von Holzproben in einer Mikrokammer (µ-CTE) bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen mit anschließender Gaschromatographie und massenspektrometrischer Detektion (GC/MS/MS) ermöglichten einen qualitativen und quantitativen Nachweis von Pentachlorphenol (PCP) und Lindan. Weiterhin erfolgte eine aktive Luftprobenahme auf Tenaxröhrchen mit anschließender Thermodesorption und GC/MS-Analyse. In Staubproben aus unterschiedlichen Bereichen der Kirche wurden Wirkstoffe aus Holzschutzmitteln nachgewiesen. Untersuchungen im Rasterelektronenmikroskop mit EDX lieferten Hinweise auf schadstoffbelastete Partikel im Staub. KW - Untersuchungsmethoden KW - Holzschutzmittel KW - PCP KW - Lindan PY - 2013 SN - 0933-4017 VL - 6 SP - 52 EP - 56 PB - Callwey CY - München AN - OPUS4-29222 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Lisec, Jan T1 - Leaching and transformation of film preservatives in paints induced by combined exposure to ultraviolet radiation and water contact under controlled laboratory conditions JF - Water N2 - Stormwater from urban areas can transport biocidally active substances and related transformation products from buildings into the environment. The occurrence of these substances in urban runoff depends on the availability of water, and on ultraviolet radiation exposure that causes photolytic reactions. In a systematic laboratory study, painted test specimens were exposed to either ultraviolet radiation, water contact, or a combination of both. Leaching of the biocidally active substances carbendazim, diuron, octylisothiazolinone, terbutryn, and selected transformation products of terbutryn and diuron were observed under various exposure conditions. Remaining concentrations of these substances in the paint were quantified. It was demonstrated that the distribution of active substances and transformation products in eluates and in the coatings themselves differs with exposure conditions. Strategies for environmental monitoring of biocide emissions need to consider the most relevant transformation products. However, environmental concentrations of biocidally active substances and transformation products depend on earlier exposure conditions. As a consequence, monitoring data cannot describe emission processes and predict expected leaching of biocidally active substances from buildings if the data are collected only occasionally. KW - Substance release KW - Construction products KW - Biocides KW - Transformation KW - UV radiation KW - Water contact PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-532114 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/w13172390 SN - 2073-4441 VL - 13 IS - 17 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-53211 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ivanov, A. A. A1 - Yudina, N. V. A1 - Mal'tseva, E. V. A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Svarovskaya, L. I. T1 - Stimulation of the activity of microorganisms by humin preparations in oil-polluted soils JF - Eurasian soil science N2 - The influence of humin preparations obtained from low-moor peat by the mechanochemical method on the changes in the microflora number and hydrocarbon composition in oil-polluted soils was studied. The intense growth of the microorganisms in number especially in the oil-polluted soil was observed upon the application of humin acids (at a concentration of 0.005 wt %) extracted from mechanically processed peat. In this case, the content of the extracted bitumoids decreased down to 40 wt %. The soil microflora stimulated by the humin preparations was shown to have highly destructive oil-oxidizing activity reflected in the indices of the hydrocarbon biodegradation. The mechanochemical activation of peat allows raising the efficiency of extracting the humic acids and can be a reason for increasing the availability of their individual components and parts of molecules, including micro- and macroelements that are used by microbial cells as sources of nutrition and energy. PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229310020110 SN - 1064-2293 VL - 43 IS - 2 SP - 210 EP - 215 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-23966 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ivanow, Alexander A1 - Yudina, N. V. A1 - Malzeva, E. A1 - Mathies, Helena T1 - Research of biostimulation and detoxfication properties of humic acids of various origins in the conditions of petropolluted soil JF - Chimija rastitel'nogo syr'ja = Chemistry of plant raw materials KW - Humic acids KW - Peats KW - Biostimulation KW - Detoxification KW - Petropolluted soil PY - 2007 SN - 1029-5151 SN - 1029-5143 IS - 1 SP - 99 EP - 103 PB - Izdat. Altajskogo Gos. Univ. CY - Barnaul AN - OPUS4-19099 LA - rus AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Gruycheva, J. A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Bergmann, Hannelore A1 - Burkhardt, M. T1 - Leaching of biocides used in facade coatings under laboratory test conditions JF - Environmental science & technology PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/es9019832 SN - 0013-936X SN - 1520-5851 VL - 43 IS - 24 SP - 9321 EP - 9328 PB - ACS Publ. CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-20560 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Bandow, Nicole A1 - Bredow, Andrea A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Piechotta, Christian T1 - Column leaching tests on soils containing less investigated organic pollutants JF - Journal of geochemical exploration N2 - Column tests are a common tool to investigate the leaching behavior of contaminated soil and waste materials. In contrast to inorganic analytes, fewer studies with organic contaminants are available based on column tests. This paper is aimed at the question if soil materials contaminated with organic pollutants can be reliably investigated by column tests. Soils contaminated with TPH (total petrol hydrocarbons), PFC (perfluorinated surfactants) and the biocide tebuconazole were used for column percolation tests. Differences in the leaching behavior are mainly driven by partitioning behavior between organic carbon and water, which can be estimated from log KOW values and size and shape of molecules. PFC show higher release (10–50% for individual compounds) than pesticides (3.7–5.3%) and TPH (< 1%) at liquid to solid ratio of 4 l/kg. All eluate concentrations are low with maximum concentrations of 50 µg/l for PFC and 1–2 mg/l for pesticides and TPH. Despite this, the observed standard deviations are quite small suggesting good repeatability. In general the observed concentration trends are similar to that from lysimeter studies found in the literature and thus, it can be concluded that laboratory column experiments are a reliable tool for organic compounds with various physico-chemical properties. KW - Column percolation leaching KW - Total petrol hydrocarbons KW - Perfluorinated surfactants KW - Pesticides PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.06.014 SN - 0375-6742 VL - 147 IS - Part B SP - 291 EP - 297 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-32144 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Wegner, R. A1 - Uhlig, S A1 - Baldauf, H. A1 - Colson, B T1 - Leaching of biocides from organic coatings JF - Farby i lakiery (Paints and Varnishes) N2 - Biocide leaching was investigated for acrylate and vinyl acetate based coatings containing biocides either as liquid formulations or microcapsules. Laboratory and field tests indicate similar relations of results on carbendazim, diuron, terbutryn and OIT from different coatings in laboratory and field experiments. Emissions were higher in EN 16105 laboratory tests than from vertically installed test specimens exposed to weathering, and slower for microencapsulated biocides. Competing processes that cause losses of active substances can occur in both tests, but to a higher degree in field experiments. Emission curves related to runoff water were similar in repeated field experiments. Relative humidity, temperature and global radiation were identified as meteorological factors that affect leaching by complex interaction besides the amount of driving rain. KW - Leaching KW - Biozid KW - Beschichtung PY - 2016 SN - 1230-3321 IS - 4 SP - 3 EP - 9 AN - OPUS4-38909 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schoknecht, Ute A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Wegner, R. T1 - Biocide leaching during field experiments on treated articles JF - Environmental Sciences Europe N2 - Background: Biocidal products can be sources of active substances in surface waters caused by weathering of treated articles. Marketing and use of biocidal products can be limited according to the European Biocidal Products Regulation if unacceptable risks to the environment are expected. Leaching of active substances from treated articles was observed in field experiments to obtain information on leaching processes and investigate the suitability of a proposed test method. Results: Leaching under weathering conditions proceeds discontinuously and tends to decrease with duration of exposure. It mainly depends on the availability of water, but is also controlled by transport processes within the materials and stability of the observed substances. Runoff amount proved to be a suitable basis to compare results from different experiments. Concentrations of substances are higher in runoff collected from vertical surfaces compared to horizontal ones, whereas the leached amounts per surface area are higher from horizontal surfaces. Gaps in mass balances indicate that additional processes such as degradation and evaporation may be relevant to the fate of active substances in treated articles. Leached amounts of substances were considerably higher when the materials were exposed to intermittent water contact under laboratory conditions as compared to weathering of vertically exposed surfaces. Conclusions: Experiences from the field experiments were used to define parameters of a procedure that is now provided to fulfil requirements of the Biocidal Products Regulation. The experiments confirmed that the amount of water which is in contact with exposed surfaces is the crucial parameter determining leaching of substances. KW - Biozidprodukte KW - Farben KW - Textil KW - Auswaschung KW - Freilandtest KW - Biocidal products KW - Paints KW - Textile KW - Leaching KW - Field test PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-354090 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-016-0074-9 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Springer CY - SpringerOpen AN - OPUS4-35409 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jakobs, Désirée A1 - Mathies, Helena A1 - Abraham, W.-R. A1 - Pritzkow, Wolfgang A1 - Stephan, Ina A1 - Noll, Matthias T1 - Biodegradation of a biocide (Cu-N-cyclohexyldiazenium dioxide) component of a wood preservative by a defined soil bacterial community JF - Applied and environmental microbiology N2 - The wood protection industry has refined their products from chrome-, copper-, and arsenate-based wood preservatives toward solely copper-based preservatives in combination with organic biocides. One of these is Cu-HDO, containing the chelation product of copper and N-cyclohexyldiazenium dioxide (HDO). In this study, the fate of isotope-labeled (13C) and nonlabeled (12C) Cu-HDO incorporated in wood sawdust mixed with soil was investigated. HDO concentration was monitored by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The total carbon and the δ13C content of respired CO2, as well as of the soil-wood-sawdust mixture, were determined with an elemental analyzer-isotopic ratio mass spectrometer. The concentration of HDO decreased significantly after 105 days of incubation, and after 24 days the 13CO2 concentration respired from soil increased steadily to a maximum after 64 days of incubation. Phospholipid fatty acid-stable isotope probing (PFA-SIP) analysis revealed that the dominant PFAs C19:0d8,9, C18:0, C18:1ω7, C18:2ω6,9, C17:1d7,8, C16:0, and C16:1ω7 were highly enriched in their δ13C content. Moreover, RNA-SIP identified members of the phylum Acidobacteria and the genera Phenylobacterium and Comamonas that were assimilating carbon from HDO exclusively. Cu-HDO as part of a wood preservative effectively decreased fungal wood decay and overall microbial respiration from soil. In turn, a defined bacterial community was stimulated that was able to metabolize HDO completely. KW - 16S rRNA KW - Biocide KW - PLFA KW - Stable isotope probing KW - Soil KW - Wood preservative PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01092-10 SN - 0099-2240 VL - 76 IS - 24 SP - 8076 EP - 8083 PB - American Society for Microbiology CY - Washington, DC [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-22688 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -