TY - GEN A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Lexow, Jürgen A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Packroff, R. A1 - Völker, D. A1 - Mutz, D. A1 - Bosse, H. A1 - Gebel, T. A1 - Pipke, R. A1 - Marx, R. A1 - Plitzko, S. A1 - Niesmann, K. A1 - Meyer-Plath, A. A1 - Burgdorf, T. A1 - Engel, N. A1 - Epp, A. A1 - Haase, A. A1 - Herzberg, F. A1 - Laux, P. A1 - Oberemm, A. A1 - Sommer, Y. A1 - Tentschert, J. A1 - Ulm, G. A1 - Schwirn, K. A1 - Liesegang, C. T1 - Nanomaterialien und andere innovative Werkstoffe: anwendungssicher und umweltverträglich T1 - Nanomaterials and other advanced materials: application safety and environmental compatibility N2 - Mit einer langfristigen Forschungsstrategie begleiten die für die Sicherheit von Mensch und Umwelt zuständigen Bundesoberbehörden (Umweltbundesamt, Bundesinstitut für Risikobe-wertung, Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin, Bundesanstalt für Materialfor-schung und -prüfung und Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt) die rasch voranschreiten-de Entwicklung neuer Materialien unter den Gesichtspunkten des Arbeits-, Verbraucher- und Umweltschutzes. Die Strategie steht daher in enger Verbindung zu den öffentlichen Förder-programmen für Nanomaterialien und andere innovative Werkstoffe, z. B. des BMBF („Vom Material zur Innovation“) und der EU („Horizon 2020“). Die Forschungsstrategie baut auf den bisherigen Ergebnissen der 2008 begonnenen und 2013 erstmals bilanzierten gemeinsamen Forschungsstrategie der Bundesoberbehörden „Nanotechnologie - Gesundheits- und Umweltrisiken von Nanomaterialien"1 auf und erweitert den Blickwinkel auch auf andere Materialinnovationen, bei denen vergleichbare Risiken für Mensch und Umwelt bestehen oder abgeklärt werden müssen. Darüber hinaus greift sie die Idee „anwendungssichere chemische Produkte“2 aus der Initiative „Neue Qualität der Arbeit“ (INQA) des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales (BMAS) und das Konzept der nach-haltigen Chemie3 auf, das vom Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reak-torsicherheit (BMUB) unterstützt wird. Durch eine anwendungssichere und umweltverträgli-che Gestaltung innovativer Materialien und ihrer Folgeprodukte sollen nicht akzeptable Risi-ken für Mensch und Umwelt von Anfang an weitgehend ausgeschlossen werden. Dies kann erreicht werden durch 1. die Verwendung sicherer Materialien ohne Gefahreneigenschaften für Mensch und Umwelt (direkte Anwendungssicherheit) oder 2. eine Produktgestaltung, die über den gesamten Lebenszyklus emissionsarm und umweltverträglich ist (integrierte Anwendungssicherheit) oder 3. eine Unterstützung des Anwenders (product stewardship) durch den Hersteller bei technischen, organisatorischen und persönlichen Schutzmaßnahmen zur sicheren Verwendung und Entsorgung des Produktes (unterstützte Anwendungssicherheit). Die Fortschreibung der Forschungsstrategie soll als Bestandteil des Nanoaktionsplans 2020 der Bundesregierung Beiträge der Ressortforschung zu folgenden Schwerpunkten leisten: • Charakterisierung und Bewertung der Risiken von Materialinnovationen • Unterstützung von Forschungseinrichtungen und Unternehmen • Fortschreiben von Rechtsvorschriften und Praxisempfehlungen 1 http://www.baua.de/nn_47716/de/Themen-von-A-Z/Gefahrstoffe/Nanotechnologie/pdf/Forschungsstrategie.pdf 2 http://www.baua.de/de/Themen-von-A-Z/Gefahrstoffe/Nachhaltige-Chemie/Nachhaltige-Chemie.html 3 http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/chemikalien/chemikalien-management/nachhaltige-chemie 2 • Gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz Die Forschungsstrategie soll mit Projekten und anderen forschungsnahen Aktivitäten umge-setzt werden. Dies umfasst die eigene Forschung der Häuser, die extramurale Ausschrei-bung und Vergabe von Forschungsdienstleistungen sowie die Beteiligung an vorwiegend öffentlich geförderten Drittmittelprojekten. Hinzu kommen Aktivitäten im Rahmen der Politik-beratung und der hoheitlichen Aufgaben. Mit inter- und transdisziplinären Ansätzen soll die Risiko- und Sicherheitsforschung enger mit der Innovationsforschung und Materialentwick-lung verknüpft werden. Die Forschungsstrategie ist aufgrund der raschen Entwicklungen auf diesem Gebiet für den Zeitraum bis 2020 angelegt. Die Forschungsziele adressieren die in diesem Zeitraum voraussichtlich umsetzbaren Forschungsansätze. Die Forschungsstrategie wird durch einen Arbeitskreis begleitet und spätestens mit Ablauf des Nanoaktionsplans 2020 evaluiert und angepasst. KW - Forschungsstrategie KW - Bundesoberbehörden KW - Nanomaterialien KW - Innovative Werkstoffe KW - Nano PY - 2016 UR - https://www.bam.de/_SharedDocs/DE/Downloads/nano-forschungsstrategie-2016.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 UR - http://www.baua.de/de/Themen-von-A-Z/Gefahrstoffe/Nanotechnologie/pdf/Fortschreibung-Forschungsstrategie.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3 UR - http://www.bmub.bund.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Nanotechnologie/forschungsstrategie_bundesoberbehoerden_de_bf.pdf SP - 1 EP - 28 PB - UBA/BfR/BAuA/BAM/PTB CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-37526 LA - mul AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Draude, F. A1 - Galla, S. A1 - Pelster, A. A1 - Tentschert, J. A1 - Jungnickel, H. A1 - Haase, A. A1 - Mantion, Alexandre A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Taubert, A. A1 - Luch, A. A1 - Arlinghaus, H. F. T1 - ToF-SIMS and laser-SNMS analysis of macrophages after exposure to silver nanoparticles N2 - Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) are among the most commercialized nanoparticles because of their antibacterial effects. Besides being employed, e.g. as a coating material for sterile surfaces in household articles and appliances, the particles are also used in a broad range of medical applications. Their antibacterial properties make SNPs especially useful for wound disinfection or as a coating material for prostheses and surgical instruments. Because of their optical characteristics, the particles are of increasing interest in biodetection as well. Despite the widespread use of SNPs, there is little knowledge of their toxicity. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and laser post-ionization secondary neutral mass spectrometry (Laser-SNMS) were used to investigate the effects of SNPs on human macrophages derived from THP-1 cells in vitro. For this purpose, macrophages were exposed to SNPs. The SNP concentration ranges were chosen with regard to functional impairments of the macrophages. To optimize the analysis of the macrophages, a special silicon wafer sandwich preparation technique was employed; ToF-SIMS was employed to characterize fragments originating from macrophage cell membranes. With the use of this optimized sample preparation method, the SNP-exposed macrophages were analyzed with ToF-SIMS and with Laser-SNMS. With Laser-SNMS, the three-dimensional distribution of SNPs in cells could be readily detected with very high efficiency, sensitivity, and submicron lateral resolution. We found an accumulation of SNPs directly beneath the cell membrane in a nanoparticular state as well as agglomerations of SNPs inside the cells. KW - Laser-SNMS KW - ToF-SIMS KW - Life sciences KW - Imaging KW - Nanoparticles KW - Three-dimensional depth profiling KW - Silver nanoparticle PY - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.4902 SN - 0142-2421 SN - 1096-9918 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 286 EP - 289 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-27585 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haase, A. A1 - Arlinghaus, H. F. A1 - Tentschert, J. A1 - Jungnickel, H. A1 - Graf, P. A1 - Mantion, Alexandre A1 - Draude, F. A1 - Galla, S. A1 - Plendl, J. A1 - Goetz, M.E. A1 - Masic, A. A1 - Meier, W. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Taubert, A. A1 - Luch, A. T1 - Application of laser postionization secondary neutral mass spectrometry / time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry in nanotoxicology: Visualization of nanosilver in human macrophages and cellular responses N2 - Silver nanoparticles (SNP) are the subject of worldwide commercialization because of their antimicrobial effects. Yet only little data on their mode of action exist. Further, only few techniques allow for visualization and quantification of unlabeled nanoparticles inside cells. To study SNP of different sizes and coatings within human macrophages, we introduce a novel laser postionization secondary neutral mass spectrometry (Laser-SNMS) approach and prove this method superior to the widely applied confocal Raman and transmission electron microscopy. With time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) we further demonstrate characteristic fingerprints in the lipid pattern of the cellular membrane indicative of oxidative stress and membrane fluidity changes. Increases of protein carbonyl and heme oxygenase-1 levels in treated cells confirm the presence of oxidative stress biochemically. Intriguingly, affected phagocytosis reveals as highly sensitive end point of SNP-mediated adversity in macrophages. The cellular responses monitored are hierarchically linked, but follow individual kinetics and are partially reversible. KW - Nanosilver KW - Laser-SNMS KW - TOF-SIMS KW - Confocal Raman microscopy KW - Oxidative stress KW - Protein carbonyls PY - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/nn200163w SN - 1936-0851 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 3059 EP - 3068 PB - ACS Publ. CY - Washington, DC, USA AN - OPUS4-23656 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haase, A. A1 - Tentschert, J. A1 - Jungnickel, H. A1 - Graf, P. A1 - Mantion, Alexandre A1 - Draude, F. A1 - Plendl, J. A1 - Goetz, M.E. A1 - Galla, S. A1 - Masic, A. A1 - Thünemann, Andreas A1 - Taubert, A. A1 - Arlinghaus, H. F. A1 - Luch, A. T1 - Toxicity of silver nanoparticles in human macrophages: uptake, intracellular distribution and cellular responses N2 - Silver nanoparticles (SNP) are among the most commercialized nanoparticles worldwide. They can be found in many diverse products, mostly because of their antibacterial properties. Despite its widespread use only little data on possible adverse health effects exist. It is difficult to compare biological data from different studies due to the great variety in sizes, coatings or shapes of the particles. Here, we applied a novel synthesis approach to obtain SNP, which are covalently stabilized by a small peptide. This enables a tight control of both size and shape. We applied these SNP in two different sizes of 20 or 40 nm (Ag20Pep and Ag40Pep) and analyzed responses of THP-1-derived human macrophages. Similar gold nanoparticles with the same coating (Au20Pep) were used for comparison and found to be non-toxic. We assessed the cytotoxicity of particles and confirmed their cellular uptake via transmission electron microscopy and confocal Raman microscopy. Importantly a majority of the SNP could be detected as individual particles spread throughout the cells. Furthermore we studied several types of oxidative stress related responses such as induction of heme oxygenase I or formation of protein carbonyls. In summary, our data demonstrate that even low doses of SNP exerted adverse effects in human macrophages. KW - Silver nanoparticles KW - Neurotoxicology KW - Protein carbonyls KW - ROS PY - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/304/1/012030 SN - 1742-6588 SN - 1742-6596 VL - 304 SP - 012030-1 - 012030-14 PB - IOP Publ. CY - Bristol, UK AN - OPUS4-24035 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Habel, Wolfgang A1 - Baumann, I. A1 - Berghmans, F. A1 - Borzycki, K. A1 - Chojetzki, C. A1 - Haase, K.-H. A1 - Jaroszewicz, L.R. A1 - Kleckers, T. A1 - Niklès, M. A1 - Rothhardt, M. A1 - Schlüter, Vivien A1 - Thévenaz, L. A1 - Tur, M. A1 - Wuilpart, M. T1 - Guidelines for the characterization and use of fibre optic sensors - Basic definitions & a proposed standard for FBG-based strain sensors N2 - This paper describes the outcome of two groups which are involved in the specification of guidelines for fibre optic sensors performance and testing. The "Guideline for use of fibre optic sensors" from the COST-299 guideline group, and the "Optical Strain Sensor based on Fibre Bragg Grating" from the GESA guideline group of the VDI - "The Association of German Engineers". Through appropriate specifications and definitions, both guidelines aim at enabling better understanding of fibre optic sensors characteristics and performances. A concise view into the structure of the guidelines is presented, emphasizing important aspects. The English version of the two guidelines will be available in autumn 2009. KW - Guideline KW - Standards KW - Fibre optic sensor KW - Strain sensor KW - Fibre Bragg grating KW - Distributed sensor PY - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.835362 SN - 0038-7355 SN - 0361-0748 SN - 0277-786X VL - 7503 SP - 75035E-1 - 75035E-4 PB - SPIE, The International Society for Optical Engineering CY - Billingham, Wash. AN - OPUS4-20110 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Keller, Julia A1 - Borzekowski, Antje A1 - Haase, H. A1 - Menzel, R. A1 - Rueß, L. A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Toxicity assay for citrinin, zearalenone and zearalenone-14-sulfate using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as model organism N2 - To keep pace with the rising number of detected mycotoxins, there is a growing need for fast and reliable toxicity tests to assess the potential threat to food safety. Toxicity tests with the bacterial-feeding nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as model organism are well established. In this study the C. elegans wildtype strain N2 (var. Bristol) was used to investigate the toxic effects of the food-relevant mycotoxins citrinin (CIT) and zearalenone-14-sulfate (ZEA-14-S) and zearalenone (ZEA) on different life cycle parameters including reproduction, thermal and oxidative stress resistance and lifespan. The metabolization of the mycotoxins by the nematodes in vivo was investigated using HPLC-MS/MS. ZEA was metabolized in vivo to the reduced isomers α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-ZEL. ZEA 14-S was reduced to α-/β-ZEL 14-sulfate and CIT was metabolized to mono-hydroxylated CIT. All mycotoxins tested led to a significant decrease in the number of nematode offspring produced. ZEA and CIT displayed negative effects on stress tolerance levels and for CIT an additional shortening of the mean lifespan was observed. In the case of ZEA-14-S, however, the mean lifespan was prolonged. The presented study shows the applicability of C. elegans for toxicity testing of emerging food mycotoxins for the purpose of assigning potential health threats. KW - Mycotoxins KW - Metabolization KW - Toxicity testing KW - Biotests PY - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-455772 VL - 10 IS - 7 SP - 284, 1 EP - 12 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-45577 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Keller, Julia A1 - Haase, H. A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Hydroxylation and dimerization of zearalenone: comparison of chemical, enzymatic and electrochemical oxidation methods N2 - Investigations of the metabolic pathway of mycotoxins by microsomal techniques are often laborious, causing an increasing demand for easy and rapid simulation methods. Thus, the non-microsomal oxidation technique of electrochemistry coupled online to mass spectrometry (EC/MS) was applied to simulate phase I biotransformation of the Fusarium mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA). The obtained transformation products were identified by high resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR) and HPLC-MS/MS. Transformation products (TPs) from EC/MS were compared to those of other oxidative methods such as Fenton-like and Ce(IV) reactions and metabolites derived from in vitro assays (human and rat liver microsomes). Electrochemical oxidization of ZEA was achieved by applying a potential between 0 and 2,500 mV vs. Pd/H2 using a flow-through cell with a boron-doped diamond working electrode. Several mono-hydroxylated TPs were generated by EC/MS and Fenton-like reaction, which could also be found in microsomal in vitro assays. EC and Ce(IV) led to the formation of structurally different ZEA dimers and dimeric quinones probably connected over covalent biaryl C-C and C-O-C bonds. Although the dimerization of phenolic compounds is often observed in natural processes, ZEA dimers have not yet been reported. This is the first report on the formation of stable ZEA dimers and their related quinones. The tested non-microsomal methods, in particular EC/MS, could be useful in order to predict the biotransformation products of mycotoxins, even in cases where one to one simulation is not always feasible. KW - Electrochemistry KW - Zearalenone KW - Dimer PY - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3920/WMJ2017.2213 SN - 1875-0710 SN - 1875-0796 VL - 10 IS - 4 SP - 297 EP - 307 PB - Wageningen Academic Publishers AN - OPUS4-43393 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Keller, Julia A1 - Hantschke, Luisa A1 - Haase, H. A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Synthesis and Structural Identification of a Biaryl Ether-Linked Zearalenone Dimer N2 - A new dimer of the food-relevant mycotoxin zearalenone was isolated after electrochemical and chemical oxidation. The structure was determined as a 16-O-15'-biaryl ether-linked dimer based on spectroscopic analyses (1H- and 13C-NMR, COSY, HMBC, and HSQCAD) and high-Resolution mass spectrometry analysis (Q-TOF). KW - Mycotoxin KW - Dimerization KW - HRMS KW - NMR PY - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-464940 SN - 1420-3049 VL - 23 IS - 10 SP - 2624 EP - 2628 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-46494 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Keller, Julia A1 - Moldenhauer, Daniel A1 - Byrne, L. A1 - Haase, H. A1 - Resch-Genger, Ute A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - Complexes of the mycotoxins citrinin and ochratoxin A with aluminum ions and their spectroscopic properties N2 - The sensitive detection of the mycotoxin citrinin (CIT) utilizing ist fluorescence requires approaches to enhance the emission. In this respect, we studied the complexation of CIT and ochratoxin A (OTA) with Al3+ in methanol using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. In this context, an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using a polymer column and a fluorescence detector was also developed that enables the separation of the metal ion complexes from the free ligands and non-complexed Al3+. CIT and OTA showed distinct changes in their absorption and fluorescence properties upon Al3+-coordination, and the fluorescence of CIT was considerably enhanced. Analysis of the photometrically assessed titration of CIT and OTA with Al3+ using the Job plot method revealed 1:2 and 1:1 stoichiometries for the Al3+ complexes of CIT (Al:CIT) and OTA (Al:OTA), respectively. In the case of CIT, only one -diketone moiety participates in Al3+ coordination. These findings can be elegantly exploited for signal amplification and provide the base to reduce the limit of detection for CIT quantification by about an order of magnitude, as revealed by HPLC measurements using a fluorescence detector. KW - Complexation KW - Aluminum KW - Fluorescence KW - Job plot KW - HPLC-DAD/FLD PY - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-470502 SN - 2072-6651 VL - 10 IS - 12 SP - 538, 1 EP - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-47050 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kennedy, D.C. A1 - Orts-Gil, G. A1 - Lai, C.-H. A1 - Müller, Larissa A1 - Haase, A. A1 - Luch, A. A1 - Seeberger, P.H. T1 - Carbohydrate functionalization of silver nanoparticles modulates cytotoxicity and cellular uptake N2 - Background Increasing use of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) in various products is resulting in a greater likelihood of human exposure to these materials. Nevertheless, little is still known about the influence of carbohydrates on the toxicity and cellular uptake of nanoparticles. Methods Ag-NPs functionalized with three different monosaccharides and ethylene glycol were synthesized and characterised. Oxidative stress and toxicity was evaluated by protein carbonylation and MTT assay, respectively. Cellular uptake was evaluated by confocal microscopy and ICP-MS. Results Ag-NPs coated with galactose and mannose were considerably less toxic to neuronal-like cells and hepatocytes compared to particles functionalized by glucose, ethylene glycol or citrate. Toxicity correlated to oxidative stress but not to cellular uptake. Conclusions Carbohydrate coating on silver nanoparticles modulates both oxidative stress and cellular uptake, but mainly the first has an impact on toxicity. These findings provide new perspectives on modulating the bioactivity of Ag-NPs by using carbohydrates. KW - Silver KW - Nanoparticles KW - Carbohydrates KW - Nanotoxicology KW - Bio-Interfaces PY - 2014 UR - http://www.jnanobiotechnology.com/content/12/1/59 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-014-0059-z SN - 1477-3155 VL - 12 IS - 59 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - BioMed Central CY - London AN - OPUS4-34345 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -