TY - CHAP A1 - Robens, E. A1 - Rübner, Katrin A1 - Klobes, Peter A1 - Balköse, Gulsum Devrim ED - Okada, C.T. T1 - Water vapour sorption and humidity - a survey on measuring methods and standards N2 - Under environmental conditions water exists in all three classical States of matter: solid, liquid and gas. The water molecule is non-linear and therefore polar. In comparison with other liquids water has anomalous features; about 63 exceptional properties are recorded. This article starts with reviewing properties of water, typical occurrences and definitions such as relative and absolute humidity and moisture content. Water is present everywhere in nature and engineering; it may be helpful or harmful. The survey concerns both: atmospheric hygrometry and usual measuring methods of the moisture content of solids and liquids as well as water Sorption. The determination of the atmospheric humidity is among the more difficult problems in metrology. In contrast, humidity determination of materials is simple; however the definition of the dry state is difficult. Because water is bound at and in solids and liquids in many different ways it tums out that the humidity content of materials is difficult to define and to measure accurately. We provide a survey on the measuring methods, describe the most important ones and discuss advantages and accuracy. In the search for extraterrestrial water special remote measuring methods have been developed analysing the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation either of natural sources or produced by a probe and reflected. Spacious deposits have been detected photographically. In situ investigations are made using conventional methods. With regard to the problems of measurements, Standardisation of measuring methods and procedures is required. There exist many institutions, which are engaged in investigating the use of water and standardising measuring methods. In tabular form, we give a survey on existing Standards. PY - 2011 SN - 978-1-61209-246-1 N1 - Serientitel: Environmental remediation technologies, regulations and safety – Series title: Environmental remediation technologies, regulations and safety IS - Chapter 1 SP - 1 EP - 91 PB - Nova Science Publishers, Inc. CY - New York AN - OPUS4-26290 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rübner, Katrin A1 - Balköse, Gulsum Devrim A1 - Robens, E. T1 - Methods of humidity determination - Part II: Determination of material humidity N2 - Part II covers the most common methods of measuring the humidity of solid material. State of water near solid surfaces, gravimetric measurement of material humidity, measurement of water sorption isotherms, chemical methods for determination of water content, measurement of material humidity via the gas phase, standardisation, cosmonautical observations are reviewed. KW - Adsorption KW - Humidity KW - Material humidity KW - Water PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-008-9370-y SN - 1388-6150 SN - 1418-2874 SN - 0368-4466 SN - 1572-8943 VL - 94 IS - 3 SP - 675 EP - 682 PB - Kluwer Academic Publ. CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-18785 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rübner, Katrin A1 - Balköse, Gulsum Devrim A1 - Robens, E. T1 - Methods of humidity determination - Part I: Hygrometry N2 - Part I of the short survey covers definitions of air humidity and the respective measuring methods such as hygrometry, psychrometry, dew point measurement, LIDAR hygrometry and humidity sensors. Techniques based on property changes of matter with adsorbed moisture from air are reviewed. KW - Humidity KW - Hygrometry KW - Psychrometry KW - Water KW - Weather forecast PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-008-9349-8 SN - 1388-6150 SN - 1418-2874 SN - 0368-4466 SN - 1572-8943 VL - 94 IS - 3 SP - 669 EP - 673 PB - Kluwer Academic Publ. CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-18786 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Robens, E. A1 - Klobes, Peter A1 - Balköse, Gulsum Devrim A1 - Amarasiri, S. A1 - Jayaweera, A. T1 - On the terms mass and weight N2 - A short survey is given on mass units and recommendations on the proper use of the notations mass and weight.Whereas mass is an inertial physical quantity in classical mechanics, weight is a force due to the gravitational field and depending on the geographic situation. KW - Atomic mass KW - Electron volt KW - Mass KW - Relative KW - Specific KW - Weight PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-008-9353-z SN - 1388-6150 SN - 1418-2874 SN - 0368-4466 SN - 1572-8943 VL - 94 IS - 3 SP - 619 EP - 622 PB - Kluwer Academic Publ. CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-18834 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -