TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, W.-H. A1 - Qin, J. A1 - Lu, D.-G. A1 - Thöns, Sebastian A1 - Havbro Faber, M. T1 - Vol-informed decision-making for SHM system arrangement JF - Special Issue: SHM: A Value of Information Perspective Structural N2 - Structural health monitoring systems have been widely implemented to provide real-time continuous data support and to ensure structural safety in the context of structural integrity management. However, the quantification of the potential benefits of structural health monitoring systems has not yet attracted widespread attention. At the same time, there is an urgent need to develop strategies, such as optimizing the monitoring period, monitoring variables, and other factors, to maximize the potential benefits of structural health monitoring systems. Considering the continuity of structural health monitoring information, a framework is developed in this article to support decision-making for structural Health monitoring systems arrangement in the context of structural integrity management, which integrates the concepts of value of information and risk-based inspection planning based on an approach which utilizes a conjugate prior probability distribution for updating of the probabilistic models of structural performances based on structural health Monitoring information. An example considering fatigue degradation of steel structures is investigated to illustrate the application of the proposed framework. The considered example shows that the choice of monitoring variables, the Monitoring period, and the monitoring quality may be consistently optimized by the application of the proposed framework and approach. Finally, discussions and conclusions are provided to clarify the potential benefits of the proposed Framework with a special view to practical applications of structural health monitoring systems. KW - Value of information KW - Structural health monitoring systems arrangement strategy KW - Structural integrity management KW - Rskbased inspection KW - Structural health monitoring information model PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/1475921720962736 SN - 1475-9217 VL - 21 IS - 1 SP - 37 EP - 58 PB - SAGE Journals CY - USA AN - OPUS4-53064 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reed, B. P. A1 - Cant, D.J.H. A1 - Spencer, J. A1 - Carmona-Carmona, A. J. A1 - Bushell, A. A1 - Herrara-Gómez, A. A1 - Kurokawa, A. A1 - Thissen, A. A1 - Thomas, A.G. A1 - Britton, A.J. A1 - Bernasik, A. A1 - Fuchs, A. A1 - Baddorf, A. P. A1 - Bock, B. A1 - Thellacker, B. A1 - Cheng, B. A1 - Castner, D.G. A1 - Morgan, D.J. A1 - Valley, D. A1 - Willneff, E.A. A1 - Smith, E.F. A1 - Nolot, E. A1 - Xie, F. A1 - Zorn, G. A1 - Smith, G.C. A1 - Yasukufu, H. A1 - Fenton, J. L. A1 - Chen, J. A1 - Counsell, J..D.P. A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Gaskell, K.J. A1 - Artyushkova, K. A1 - Yang, L. A1 - Zhang, L. A1 - Eguchi, M. A1 - Walker, M. A1 - Hajdyla, M. A1 - Marzec, M.M. A1 - Linford, M.R. A1 - Kubota, N. A1 - Cartazar-Martínez, O. A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Satoh, R. A1 - Schroeder, S.L.M. A1 - Avval, T.G. A1 - Nagatomi, T. A1 - Fernandez, V. A1 - Lake, W. A1 - Azuma, Y. A1 - Yoshikawa, Y. A1 - Shard, A.G. T1 - Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards interlaboratory study on intensity calibration for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instruments using low-density polyethylene JF - Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A N2 - We report the results of a Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards interlaboratory study on the intensity scale calibration of x-ray photoelectron spectrometers using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as an alternative material to gold, silver, and copper. An improved set of LDPE reference spectra, corrected for different instrument geometries using a quartz-monochromated Al Kα x-ray source, was developed using data provided by participants in this study. Using these new reference spectra, a transmission function was calculated for each dataset that participants provided. When compared to a similar calibration procedure using the NPL reference spectra for gold, the LDPE intensity calibration method achieves an absolute offset of ∼3.0% and a systematic deviation of ±6.5% on average across all participants. For spectra recorded at high pass energies (≥90 eV), values of absolute offset and systematic deviation are ∼5.8% and ±5.7%, respectively, whereas for spectra collected at lower pass energies (<90 eV), values of absolute offset and systematic deviation are ∼4.9% and ±8.8%, respectively; low pass energy spectra perform worse than the global average, in terms of systematic deviations, due to diminished count rates and signal-to-noise ratio. Differences in absolute offset are attributed to the surface roughness of the LDPE induced by sample preparation. We further assess the usability of LDPE as a secondary reference material and comment on its performance in the presence of issues such as variable dark noise, x-ray warm up times, inaccuracy at low count rates, and underlying spectrometer problems. In response to participant feedback and the results of the study, we provide an updated LDPE intensity calibration protocol to address the issues highlighted in the interlaboratory study. We also comment on the lack of implementation of a consistent and traceable intensity calibration method across the community of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) users and, therefore, propose a route to achieving this with the assistance of instrument manufacturers, metrology laboratories, and experts leading to an international standard for XPS intensity scale calibration. KW - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy KW - Transmission function KW - Intensity scale calibration KW - Reference spectra KW - Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0000577 VL - 38 IS - 6 SP - 063208 AN - OPUS4-51655 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, X. A1 - Zhang, S. A1 - Lu, J. A1 - Tang, F. A1 - Dong, K. A1 - Yu, Z. A1 - Hilger, A. A1 - Osenberg, M. A1 - Markötter, Henning A1 - Wilde, F. A1 - Zhang, S. A1 - Zhao, J. A1 - Xu, G. A1 - Manke, I. A1 - Sun, F. A1 - Cui, G. T1 - Unveiling the Electro-Chemo-Mechanical Failure Mechanism of Sodium Metal Anodes in Sodium–Oxygen Batteries by Synchrotron X-Ray Computed Tomography JF - Advanced Functional Materials N2 - Rechargeable sodium–oxygen batteries (NaOBs) are receiving extensive research interests because of their advantages such as ultrahigh energy density and cost efficiency. However, the severe failure of Na metal anodes has impeded the commercial development of NaOBs. Herein, combining in situ synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT) and other complementary characterizations, a novel electro-chemo-mechanical failure mechanism of sodium metal anode in NaOBs is elucidated. It is visually showcased that the Na metal anodes involve a three-stage decay evolution of a porous Na reactive interphase layer (NRIL): from the initially dot-shaped voids evolved into the spindle-shaped voids and the eventually-developed ruptured cracks. The initiation of this three-stage evolution begins with chemical-resting and is exacerbated by further electrochemical cycling. From corrosion science and fracture mechanics, theoretical simulations suggest that the evolution of porous NRIL is driven by the concentrated stress at crack tips. The findings illustrate the importance of preventing electro-chemo-mechanical degradation of Na anodes in practically rechargeable NaOBs. KW - Synchrotron radiation KW - X-ray imaging KW - NaO-battery PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202402253 SN - 1616-301X SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag AN - OPUS4-59820 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhao, F. A1 - Li, G. A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Häusler, Ines A1 - Zhang, G. A1 - Wang, T. A1 - Wang, Q. T1 - Tribological investigations of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites under oil lubrication conditions JF - Tribology International N2 - The tribological performance of short glass fibers (SGF),solid lubricants and silica nanoparticles filled epoxy (EP) composites was investigated under oil lubrication conditions. It is demonstrated that the addition of SGF greatly reduces the friction and wear of EP. However, further addition of solid lubricants and silica nanoparticles does not change obviously the friction and wear. It is identified that the high tribological performance of SGF reinforced EP is related to the high load carrying capacity and abrasion resistance of SGF. The nanostructure of the tribofilm was comprehensively characterized. It is deemed that the tribofilm plays an important role in the tribological performance by avoiding the direct rubbing of the sliding pairs exposed to boundary and mixed lubrication conditions. KW - Reinforced epoxy composites KW - Short glass fiber KW - Oil lubrication KW - Tribofilm PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.07.002 SN - 0301-679X VL - 103 SP - 208 EP - 217 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-38145 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, F. A1 - Ngai, S. A1 - Zhou, X. Y. A1 - Zaiser, E. A1 - Manzoni, Anna Maria A1 - Wu, Y. A1 - Zheng, W. W. A1 - Zhang, P. A1 - Thompson, G. B. T1 - Tracking maze-like hierarchical phase separation behavior in a Fe-Si-V alloy JF - Journal of Alloys and Compounds N2 - Optimizing the properties of next-generation high-temperature and corrosion-resistant alloys is rooted in balancing structure-property relationships and phase chemistry. Here, we implement a complementary approach based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT) to ascertain aspects of hierarchical phase separation behavior, by understanding the microstructural evolution and the three-dimensional (3D) nanochemistry of a single crystal Fe79.5Si15.5V5.0 (at%) alloy. A maze-like hierarchical microstructure forms, in which a complex network of metastable disordered α plates (A2 phase) emerges within ordered α1 precipitates (D03 phase). The supersaturation in α1 (D03) precipitates with Fe and V drives the formation of α (A2) plates. The morphology of α (A2) plates is discussed concerning crystal structure, lattice misfit, and elastic strain. Phase compositions and a ternary phase diagram aid the thermodynamic assessment of the hierarchical phase separation mechanism via the Gibbs energy of mixing. A perspective on the stabilization of hierarchical microstructures beyond Fe79.5Si15.5V5.0 is elaborated by comparing hierarchical alloys. We find that the ratio of elastic anisotropy (Zener ratio) serves as a predictor of the hierarchical particles’ morphology. We suggest that the strengthening effect of hierarchical microstructures can be harnessed by improving the temporal and thermal stability of hierarchical particles. This can be achieved through phase-targeted alloying aiming at the hierarchical particles phase by considering the constituents partitioning behavior. Beyond Fe79.5Si15.5V5.0, our results demonstrate a potential pathway for improving the properties of high-temperature structural materials. KW - Atom probe tomography KW - Transmission electron microscopy KW - Hierarchical microstructure KW - Phase separation PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.172157 SN - 0925-8388 VL - 968 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-58343 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kim, K.J. A1 - Kim, C.S. A1 - Ruh, S. W. A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Mata-Salazar, J. A1 - Juarez-Garcia, J.M. A1 - Cortazar-Martinez, O. A1 - Herrera-Gomez, A. A1 - Hansen, P.E. A1 - Madesen, J.S. A1 - Senna, C.A. A1 - Archanjo, B.S. A1 - Damasceno, J.C. A1 - Achete, C.A. A1 - Wang, H. A1 - Wang, M. A1 - Windover, D. A1 - Steel, E. A1 - Kurokawa, A. A1 - Fujimoto, T. A1 - Azuma, Y. A1 - Terauchi, S. A1 - Zhang, L. A1 - Jordaan, W.A. A1 - Spencer, S.J. A1 - Shard, A.G. A1 - Koenders, L. A1 - Krumrey, M. A1 - Busch, I. A1 - Jeynes, C. T1 - Thickness measurement of nm HfO2 films JF - Metrologia N2 - A pilot study for the thickness measurement of HfO2 films was performed by the Surface Analysis Working Group (SAWG) of the Consultative Committee for Amount of Substance (CCQM). The aim of this pilot study was to ensure the equivalency in the measurement capability of national metrology institutes for the thickness measurement of HfO2 films. In this pilot study, the thicknesses of six HfO2 films with nominal thickness from 1 nm to 4 nm were measured by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Reflectometry(XRR), X-ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF), Transmission Electron Spectroscopy (TEM), Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE) and Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS). The reference thicknesses were determined by mutual calibration of a zero-offset method (Medium Energy Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (MEIS) of KRISS) and a method traceable to the length unit (the average thicknesses of three XRR data except the thinnest film). These reference thicknesses are traceable to the length unit because they are based on the traceability of XRR. For the thickness measurement by XPS, the effective attenuation length of Hf 4f electrons was determined. In the cases of XRR and TEM, the offset values were determined from a linear fitting between the reference thicknesses and the individual data by XRR and TEM. The amount of substance of HfO2, expressed as thickness of HfO2 films (in both linear and areal density units), was found to be a good subject for a CCQM key comparison. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM. KW - Thickness measurements KW - nm films KW - X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy KW - Mutual calibration PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/58/1A/08016 SN - 0026-1394 VL - 58 IS - 1a SP - 08016 PB - IOP Publishing Lt. CY - Bristol AN - OPUS4-54175 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, G. A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Jim, B. A1 - Häusler, Ines A1 - Hesse, Rene A1 - Wetzel, B. T1 - The role of surface topography in the evolving microstructure and functionality of tribofilms of an epoxy-based nanocomposite JF - Wear N2 - The topographic effect of steel counterface, finished by mechanical grinding with Ra ranging from 0.01 to 0.95 µm, on the structure and functionality of the tribofilm of a hybrid nanocomposite, i.e. epoxy matrix filled with monodisperse silica nanoparticles, carbon fibers and graphite, was systematically investigated. The nanostructure of the tribofilm was comprehensively characterized by using combined focused ion beam and transmission electron microscope analyses. It was identified that oxidation of the steel surface, release, compaction and tribosintering of silica nanoparticles and deposition of an epoxy-like degradation product as well as fragmentation of carbon fibers are main mechanisms determining the structure and functionality of the tribofilm. The size of roughness grooves determines the type and size class of wear particles to be trapped at the surface. An optimum groove size leading to a maximum of surface coverage with a nanostructured tribofilm formed mainly from released silica nanoparticles was identified. KW - hybrid nanocomposite KW - tribological performance KW - topographic effect KW - tribofilm KW - nanostructure PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2016.06.012 VL - 364-365 SP - 48 EP - 56 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-37937 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Dmitriev, A. I. A1 - Wetzel, B. A1 - Zhang, G. A1 - Häusler, Ines A1 - Jim, B.C. T1 - The role of carbon fibers and silica nanoparticles on friction and wear reduction of an advanced polymer matrix composite JF - Materials and design N2 - Excellent tribological properties of an advanced polymer matrix composite were obtained by a combination of micro- and nano-sized fillers. Surface features and the nanostructure of tribofilms were characterized by advanced microscopic techniques, and correlated with the macroscopic behavior in terms of wear rate and friction evolution. A model based on movable cellular automata was applied for obtaining a better understanding of the sliding behavior of the nanostructured tribofilms. The failure of the conventional composite without silica nanoparticles could be attributed to severe oxidational wear after degradation of an initially formed polymer transfer film. The hybrid composite preserves its antiwear and antifriction properties because flash temperatures at micron-sized carbon fibers, lead to polymer degradation and subsequent release of nanoparticles. It has been shown that the released particles are mixed with other wear products and form stable films at the disc surface thus preventing further severe oxidational wear. Furthermore, the released wear product also is embedding carbon fibers at the composite surface thus preventing fiber fragmentation and subsequent third body abrasion. With nanoscale modelling we were able to show that low friction and wear can be expected if the nanostructured silica films contain at least 10 vol.% of a soft ingredient. KW - Carbon fibers KW - Silica nanoparticles KW - Hybrid composite KW - Tribological properties KW - Tribofilm KW - Sliding simulation PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.175 SN - 0264-1275 VL - 93 SP - 474 EP - 484 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-35598 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lu, J. A1 - Zhang, S. A1 - Yao, J. A1 - Guo, Z. A1 - Osenberg, M. A1 - Hilger, A. A1 - Markötter, Henning A1 - Wilde, F. A1 - Manke, I. A1 - Zhang, X. A1 - Sun, F. A1 - Cui, G. T1 - Synergistic Effect of CO2 in Accelerating the Galvanic Corrosion of Lithium/Sodium Anodes in Alkali Metal−Carbon Dioxide Batteries JF - ACS Nano N2 - Rechargeable alkali metal−CO2 batteries, which combine high theoretical energy density and environmentally friendly CO2 fixation ability, have attracted worldwide attention. Unfortunately, their electrochemical performances are usually inferior for practical applications. Aiming to reveal the underlying causes, a combinatorial usage of advanced nondestructive and postmortem characterization tools is used to intensively study the failure mechanisms of Li/Na−CO2 batteries. It is found that a porous interphase layer is formed between the separator and the Li/Na anode during the overvoltage rising and battery performance decaying process. A series of control experiments are designed to identify the underlying mechanisms dictating the observed morphological evolution of Li/Na anodes, and it is found that the CO2 synergist facilitates Li/Na chemical corrosion, the process of which is further promoted by the unwanted galvanic corrosion and the electrochemical cycling conditions. A detailed compositional analysis reveals that the as-formed interphase layers under different conditions are similar in species, with the main differences being their inconsistent quantity. Theoretical calculation results not only suggest an inherent intermolecular affinity between the CO2 and the electrolyte solvent but also provide the most thermodynamically favored CO2 reaction pathways. Based on these results, important implications for the further development of rechargeable alkali metal−CO2 batteries are discussed. The current discoveries not only fundamentally enrich our knowledge of the failure mechanisms of rechargeable alkali metal−CO2 batteries but also provide mechanistic directions for protecting metal anodes to build high-reversible alkali metal−CO2 batteries. KW - Alkali metal batteries KW - Synchrotron X-ray computed tomography KW - Lithium/sodium−carbon dioxide batteries KW - Battery failure mechanisms KW - Alkali metal anodes PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c02329 SP - 1 EP - 16 AN - OPUS4-59922 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, Yue A1 - Martin, A. A1 - Wolf, G.-U. A1 - Rabe, S. A1 - Worzala, H. A1 - Lücke, B. A1 - Meisel, M. A1 - Witke, Klaus T1 - Structural transformations of VOHPO4.1/2H2O in the Presence of Ammonia JF - Chemistry of materials KW - Vanadium KW - Ammoniak KW - Phosphat KW - Phyrophosphorsäure PY - 1996 SN - 0897-4756 SN - 1520-5002 VL - 8 IS - 5 SP - 1135 EP - 1140 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-684 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, J. A1 - Gong, M. A1 - Zhang, W. A1 - Mehmood, Asad A1 - Zhang, J. A1 - Ali, G. A1 - Kucernak, A. T1 - Simultaneously incorporating atomically dispersed Co-Nₓ sites with graphitic carbon layer-wrapped Co₉S₈ nanoparticles for oxygen reduction in acidic electrolyte JF - ChemElectroChem N2 - A facile yet robust synthesis is reported herein to simultaneously incorporate atomically dispersed Co-Nₓ sites with graphitic layer-protected Co₉S₈ nanoparticles (denoted as Co SACs+Co₉S₈) as an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction in acidic solution. The Co SACs+Co₉S₈ catalyst shows low H₂O₂ selectivity (∼5 %) with high half-wave potential (E1/2) of ∼0.78 V(RHE) in 0.5 M H₂SO₄. The atomic sites of the catalyst were quantified by a nitrite stripping method and the corresponding site density of the catalyst is calculated to be 3.2×10¹⁸ sites g⁻¹. Besides, we also found the presence of a reasonable amount of Co₉S₈ nanoparticles is beneficial for the oxygen electrocatalysis. Finally, the catalyst was assembled into a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for evaluating its performance under more practical conditions in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system. KW - Co−N-Cs KW - Fuel cells KW - Single-atom catalysts KW - Oxygen reduction reaction KW - PGM-free catalysts PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-575993 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.202300110 SN - 2196-0216 VL - 10 IS - 12 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-57599 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dmitriev, A. I. A1 - Häusler, Ines A1 - Wetzel, B. A1 - Zhang, G. A1 - Österle, Werner T1 - Modeling of the stress-strain behavior of an epoxy-based nanocomposite filled with silica nanoparticles JF - Materials and Design N2 - The method of movable cellular automata (MCA) was applied to simulate the stress-strain behavior of a nano composite consisting of an epoxy matrix and 6 vol. % silica nano particles. The size of the elements used for modelling was fixed at 10 nm, corresponding approximately to the diameter of the filler particles. Since not only the stress-strain response of the two constituents but also debonding of neighboring particles and granular flow was taken into account, plastic deformation as well as crack initiation and propagation could be simulated with the model. Modelling results were compared with tensile test results of both, pure epoxy as well as the epoxy-6 vol. % SiO2 composite. Since assuming bulk properties of the two constituents did not yield satisfactory results, slight modifications of the nanoparticle response functions and nanostructures were tested numerically. Finally, it was observed that only the assumption of slightly increased strength properties of the epoxy yielded good correlation between experimental and modelling results. This was attributed to an increased cross linking of the epoxy caused by the presence of silica nano particles. KW - Nanocomposite KW - Polymer matrix composite KW - Stress-strain behavior KW - Modeling KW - Computational mechanics PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.10.038 SN - 0264-1275 VL - 89 SP - 950 EP - 956 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-35596 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dmitriev, A.I. A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Wetzel, B. A1 - Zhang, G. T1 - Mesoscale modeling of the mechanical and tribological behavior of a polymer matrix composite based on epoxy and 6 vol.% silica nanoparticles JF - Computational materials science N2 - A model based on movable cellular automata (MCA) is described and applied for simulating the stress–strain and sliding behavior of a nanocomposite consisting of an epoxy matrix and 6 vol.% of homogeneously distributed silica nanoparticles. Tensile tests were used for verification of the model. It was realized that a slight modification of epoxy properties due to the addition of silica nanoparticles had to be taken into account in order to obtain good correlation between experimental and modeling results. On the other hand, sliding simulations revealed no susceptibility of results to slight modifications of matrix properties, but a significant impact of nanoparticles on the interface structure and smoothness of sliding mechanism. Furthermore, assuming both possibilities, bond breaking and rebinding of automata pairs, can explain different friction levels of polymer materials. KW - Nanocomposite KW - Stress–strain behavior KW - Movable cellular automata KW - Sliding simulation KW - Mechanically mixed layer KW - Coefficient of friction PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2015.08.029 SN - 0927-0256 VL - 110 SP - 204 EP - 214 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-34013 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Westwood, S. A1 - Josephs, R. A1 - Choteau, T. A1 - Daireaux, A. A1 - Stoppacher, N. A1 - Wielgosz, R. A1 - Davies, S. A1 - do Rego, E. A1 - Wollinger, W. A1 - Garrido, B. A1 - Fernandes, J. A1 - Lima, J. A1 - Oliveira, R. A1 - de Sena, R. A1 - Windust, A. A1 - Huang, T. A1 - Dai, X. A1 - Quan, C. A1 - He, H. A1 - Zhang, W. A1 - Wei, C. A1 - Li, N. A1 - Gao, D. A1 - Liu, Z. A1 - Lo, M. A1 - Wong, W. A1 - Pfeifer, Dietmar A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Dorgerloh, Ute A1 - Rothe, Robert A1 - Philipp, Rosemarie A1 - Hanari, N. A1 - Rezali, M. A1 - Arzate, C. A1 - Berenice, M. A1 - Caballero, V. A1 - Osuna, M. A1 - Krylov, A. A1 - Kharitonov, S. A1 - Lopushanskaya, E. A1 - Liu, Q. A1 - Lin, T. A1 - Fernandes-Whaley, M. A1 - Quinn, L. A1 - Nhlapo, N. A1 - Prevoo-Franzsen, D. A1 - Archer, M. A1 - Kim, B. A1 - Baek, S. A1 - Lee, S. A1 - Lee, J. A1 - Marbumrung, S. A1 - Kankaew, P. A1 - Chaorenpornpukdee, K. A1 - Chaipet, T. A1 - Shearman, K. A1 - Gören, A. A1 - Gündüz, S. A1 - Yilmaz, H. A1 - Un, I. A1 - Bilsel, G. A1 - Clarkson, C. A1 - Bedner, M. A1 - Camara, J. A1 - Lang, B. A1 - Lippa, K. A1 - Nelson, M. A1 - Toman, B. A1 - Yu, L. T1 - Mass fraction assignment of folic acid in a high purity material - CCQM-K55.d (Folic acid) Final Report JF - Metrologia N2 - The comparison required the assignment of the mass fraction of folic acid present as the main component in the comparison sample. Performance in the comparison is representative of a laboratory's measurement capability for the purity assignment of organic compounds of medium structural complexity [molecular weight range 300–500] and high polarity (pKOW < −2). Methods used by the eighteen participating NMIs or DIs were based on a mass balance (summation of impurities) or qNMR approach, or the combination of data obtained using both methods. The qNMR results tended to give slightly lower values for the content of folic acid, albeit with larger associated uncertainties, compared with the results obtained by mass balance procedures. Possible reasons for this divergence are discussed in the report, without reaching a definitive conclusion as to their origin. The comparison demonstrates that for a structurally complex polar organic compound containing a high water content and presenting a number of additional analytical challenges, the assignment of the mass fraction content property value of the main component can reasonably be achieved with an associated relative standard uncertainty in the assigned value of 0.5% KW - CCQM key comparison KW - Purity assessment KW - Folic acid PY - 2018 UR - https://www.bipm.org/utils/common/pdf/final_reports/QM/K55/CCQM-K55.d.pdf DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/55/1A/08013 VL - 55 IS - Technical Supplement, 2018 SP - 08013, 1 EP - 38 PB - Institute of Physics Publishing (IOP) ; Bureau International des Poids et Mesures AN - OPUS4-44999 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Westwood, S. A1 - Martos, G. A1 - Josephs, R. A1 - Choteau, T. A1 - Wielgosz, R. A1 - Davies, S. A1 - Moawad, M. A1 - Tarrant, G. A1 - Chan, B. A1 - Alamgir, M. A1 - de Rego, E. A1 - Wollinger, W. A1 - Garrido, B. A1 - Fernandes, J. A1 - de Sena, R. A1 - Oliveira, R. A1 - Melanson, J. A1 - Bates, J. A1 - Mai Le, P. A1 - Meija, J. A1 - Quan, C. A1 - Huang, T. A1 - Zhang, W. A1 - Ma, R. A1 - Zhang, S. A1 - Hao, Y. A1 - He, Y. A1 - Song, S. A1 - Wang, H. A1 - Su, F. A1 - Zhang, T. A1 - Li, H. A1 - Lam, W. A1 - Wong, W. A1 - Fung, W. A1 - Philipp, Rosemarie A1 - Dorgerloh, Ute A1 - Meyer, Klas A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Riedel, Juliane A1 - Westphalen, Tanja A1 - Giannikopoulou, P. A1 - Alexopoulos, Ch. A1 - Kakoulides, E. A1 - Kitamaki, Y. A1 - Yamazaki, T. A1 - Shimizu, Y. A1 - Kuroe, M. A1 - Numata, M. A1 - Pérez-Castorena, A. A1 - Balderas-Escamilla, M. A1 - Garcia-Escalante, J. A1 - Krylov, A. A1 - Mikheeva, A. A1 - Beliakov, M. A1 - Palagina, M. A1 - Tkachenko, I. A1 - Spirin, S. A1 - Smirnov, V. A1 - Tang Lin, T. A1 - Pui Sze, C. A1 - Juan, W. A1 - Lingkai, W. A1 - Ting, L. A1 - Quinde, L. A1 - Yizhao, C. A1 - Lay Peng, S. A1 - Fernandes-Whaley, M. A1 - Prevoo-Franzsen, D. A1 - Quinn, L. A1 - Nhlapo, N. A1 - Mkhize, D. A1 - Marajh, D. A1 - Chamane, S. A1 - Ahn, S. A1 - Choi, K. A1 - Lee, S. A1 - Han, J. A1 - Baek, S. A1 - Kim, B. A1 - Marbumrung, S. A1 - Jongmesuk, P. A1 - Shearman, K. A1 - Boonyakong, C. A1 - Bilsel, M. A1 - Gündüz, S. A1 - Ün, I. A1 - Yilmaz, H. A1 - Bilsel, G. A1 - Gökçen, T. A1 - Clarkson, C. A1 - Warren, J. A1 - Achtar, E. T1 - Mass fraction assignment of Bisphenol-A high purity material JF - Metrologia N2 - The CCQM-K148.a comparison was coordinated by the BIPM on behalf of the CCQM Organic Analysis Working Group for NMIs and DIs which provide measurement services in organic analysis under the CIPM MRA. It was undertaken as a "Track A" comparison within the OAWG strategic plan. CCQM-K148.a demonstrates capabilities for assigning the mass fraction content of a solid organic compound having moderate molecular complexity, where the compound has a molar mass in the range (75 - 500) g/mol and is non-polar (pKow < −2), when present as the primary organic component in a neat organic solid and where the mass fraction content of the primary component in the material is in excess of 950 mg/g. Participants were required to report the mass fraction of Bisphenol A present in one supplied unit of the comparison material. Participants using a mass balance method for the assignment were also required to report their assignments of the impurity components present in the material. Methods used by the seventeen participating NMIs or DIs were predominantly based on either stand-alone mass balance (summation of impurities) or qNMR approaches, or the combination of data obtained using both methods. The results obtained using thermal methods based on freezing-point depression methods were also reported by a limited number of participants. There was excellent agreement between assignments obtained using all three approaches to assign the BPA content. The assignment of the values for the mass fraction content of BPA consistent with the KCRV was achieved by most of the comparison participants with an associated relative standard uncertainty in the assigned value in the range (0.1 - 0.5)%. KW - Bisphenol-A KW - Purity assessment KW - Interlaboratory key comparison KW - Metrology PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/58/1A/08015 VL - 58 IS - 1A SP - 08015 PB - IOP Publishing AN - OPUS4-54188 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, G. A1 - Wetzel, B. A1 - Jim, B. A1 - Österle, Werner T1 - Impact of counterface topography on the formation mechanisms of nanostructured tribofilm of PEEK hybrid nanocomposites JF - Tribology International N2 - The effect of steel counterface topography on the formation mechanisms of nanostructured tribofilms of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) hybrid nanocomposites was studied. Three types of surface finishes with mean roughness Ra ranging from nano- to micro-scale were investigated. Tribo-sintering of nanopartides, oxidation of counterface steel and compaction of wear debris are identified to be competing factors dominating the formation and function of the tribofilms. Counterface topography played an important role on the competing factors, and thereby influenced significantly the final structure, the load-carrying capability and the lubrication performance of the tribofilms. It was disclosed that a thin tribofilm, which mainly consists of silica nanoparticles and which forms on the counterface with a submicron roughness, benefits best the tribological performance of the composites KW - Surface topography KW - Nanocomposite KW - Tribology KW - Tribofilm PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2014.11.015 SN - 0301-679X VL - 83 SP - 156 EP - 165 PB - Butterworth-Heinemann CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-34612 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Babu, S. S. A1 - Sonnenberg, G. A1 - Schwenk, Christopher A1 - Goldak, J. A1 - Porzner, H. A1 - Khurana, S.P. A1 - Zhang, W. A1 - Gayler, J. T1 - How can computational weld mechanics help industry? JF - Welding journal KW - Schweißen KW - Simulation KW - Temperatur KW - Verzug KW - Eigenspannungen PY - 2010 SN - 0043-2296 SN - 0096-7629 VL - 89 IS - 1 SP - 40 EP - 45 PB - American Welding Society CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-20793 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wu, Z. A1 - Guo, X. A1 - Xie, G. A1 - Yan, T. A1 - Wu, Dejian A1 - Zhang, F. A1 - Ang, R. T1 - Heat and electric flux coupling of closed-loop thermoelectric generator JF - Energy Conversion and Management N2 - Thermoelectric generator (TEG) has been proved as a promising technology for directly converting heat into electricity based on Seebeck effect. On the contrary, this electricity can trigger a solid-state cooling based on conventional Peltier effect. However, these two effects induce a coupling between heat and electric flux, especially for the quantitative relationship still remaining a mystery. Here, we show experimental evidence and theoretical calculation for the coupling by monitoring transient response of fluid temperature and output power. The experimental maximum heat flow in open circuit is 1162 W at cold fluid flow rate = 0.3 m3/h and fluid temperature difference ΔTf = 70 °C, enhanced by 13% owing to heat compensation from intrinsic coupling in closed-loop circuit. Meanwhile, the measured maximum output power of TEG is 18.2 W, and subsequently decreases to 15.4 W due to the objective existence of coupling. This double-edged sword in coupling vigorously inspires the potential applications in heat-dissipation situation such as spacecraft, electronic components, photovoltaic, refrigerator and etc. Present findings open a novel avenue for manipulating heat-electricity conversion in practical engineering. KW - Thermoelectric generator PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114529 SN - 0196-8904 VL - 244 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-53661 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trimpin, S. A1 - Inutan, E. A1 - Karki, S. A1 - Elia, E. A1 - Zhang, W. A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Marshall, D. A1 - Hoang, K. A1 - Lee, C. A1 - Davis, E. A1 - Smith, V. A1 - Meher, A. A1 - Cornejo, M. A1 - Auner, G. A1 - McEwen, C. T1 - Fundamental studies of new ionization technologies and insights from IMS-MS JF - Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry (JASMS) N2 - Exceptional ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) developments by von Helden, Jarrold, and Clemmer provided technology that gives a view of chemical/biological compositions previously not achievable. The ionization method of choice used with IMS-MS has been electrospray ionization (ESI). In this Special issue contribution, we focus on fundamentals of heretofore unprecedented means for transferring volatile and nonvolatile compounds into gas-phase ions singly and multiply charged. These newer ionization processes frequently lead to different selectivity relative to ESI and, together with IMS-MS, may provide a more comprehensive view of chemical compositions directly from their original Environment such as surfaces, e.g., tissue. Similarities of results using solvent- and matrix-assisted ionization are highlighted, as are differences between ESI and the inlet ionization methods, especially with mixtures such as bacterial extracts. Selectivity using different matrices is discussed, as are results which add to our fundamental knowledge of inlet ionization as well as pose additional avenues for inquiry. IMS-MS provides an opportunity for comparison studies relative to ESI and will prove valuable using the new ionization technologies for direct analyses. Our hypothesis is that some ESI-IMS-MS applications will be replaced by the new ionization processes and by understanding mechanistic aspects to aid enhanced source and method developments this will be hastened. KW - Inlet ionization KW - Vacuum ionization KW - Matrices KW - Fundamentals KW - Ion mobility PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-019-02194-7 SN - 1044-0305 SN - 1879-1123 VL - 30 IS - 6 SP - 1133 EP - 1147 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-48011 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, G. A1 - Häusler, Ines A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Wetzel, B. A1 - Jim, B. T1 - Formation and function mechanisms of nanostructured tribofilms of epoxy-based hybrid nanocomposites JF - Wear N2 - The nanostructures and properties of the tribofilms of epoxy (EP) composites filled with short carbon fibers (SCF) and different volume fractions of monodisperse silica nanoparticles were investigated. When the conventional composite filled only with SCF was considered under a high pv condition, an iron oxide layer is formed on the steel counterface. The addition of even only 0.05 vol% nano-silica leads to a significant change of the tribofilm's structure and the tribological behavior of the composite. With increasing silica content, the oxidation layer on the steel surface is gradually replaced by a silica-based tribofilm. A close relationship between the tribofilms’ structure and the tribological behavior of the composites was identified. Mixing, possible reactions and tribo-sintering of silica nanoparticles with other wear products are deemed to be main mechanisms inducing the formation and the lubricity of the silica-based tribofilm. KW - Polymer-matrix composite KW - Sliding wear KW - Tribofilm KW - Nanoparticles KW - Tribo-sintering PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.08.025 SN - 0043-1648 VL - 342-343 SP - 181 EP - 188 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-34442 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Westwood, S. A1 - Josephs, R. A1 - Choteau, T. A1 - Daireaux, A. A1 - Wielgosz, R. A1 - Davies, S. A1 - Moad, M. A1 - Chan, B. A1 - Munoz, A. A1 - Conneely, P. A1 - Ricci, M. A1 - Do Rego, E.C.P. A1 - Garrido, B.C. A1 - Violante, F.G.M. A1 - Windust, A. A1 - Dai, X. A1 - Huang, T. A1 - Zhang, W. A1 - Su, F. A1 - Quan, C. A1 - Wang, H. A1 - Lo, M. A1 - Wong, W. A1 - Gantois, F. A1 - Lalerle, B. A1 - Dorgerloh, Ute A1 - Koch, Matthias A1 - Klyk-Seitz, Urszula-Anna A1 - Pfeifer, Dietmar A1 - Philipp, Rosemarie A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Recknagel, Sebastian A1 - Rothe, Robert A1 - Yamazaki, T. A1 - Zakaria, O. B. A1 - Castro, E. A1 - Balderas, M. A1 - González, N. A1 - Salazar, C. A1 - Regalado, L. A1 - Valle, E. A1 - Rodríguez, L. A1 - Laguna, L.Á.. A1 - Ramírez, P. A1 - Avila, M. A1 - Ibarra, J. A1 - Valle, L. A1 - Arce, M. A1 - Mitani, Y. A1 - Konopelko, L. A1 - Krylov, A. A1 - Lopushanskaya, E. A1 - Lin, T.T. A1 - Liu, Q. A1 - Kooi, L.T. A1 - Fernandes-Whaley, M. A1 - Prevoo-Franzsen, D. A1 - Nhlapo, N. A1 - Visser, R. A1 - Kim, B. A1 - Lee, H. A1 - Kankaew, P. A1 - Pookrod, P. A1 - Sudsiri, N. A1 - Shearman, K. A1 - Gören, A.C. A1 - Bilsel, G. A1 - Yilmaz, H. A1 - Bilsel, M. A1 - Cergel, M. A1 - Coskun, F.G. A1 - Uysal, E. A1 - Gündüz, S. A1 - Ün, I. A1 - Warren, J. A1 - Bearden, D.W. A1 - Bedner, M. A1 - Duewer, D.L. A1 - Lang, B.E. A1 - Lippa, K.A. A1 - Schantz, M.M. A1 - Sieber, J.R. T1 - Final report on key comparison CCQM-K55.c (L-(+)-Valine): Characterization of organic substances for chemical purity JF - Metrologia N2 - KEY COMPARISON Under the auspices of the Organic Analysis Working Group (OAWG) of the Comité Consultatif pour la Quantité de Matière (CCQM) a key comparison, CCQM K55.c, was coordinated by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) in 2012. Twenty National Measurement Institutes or Designated Institutes and the BIPM participated. Participants were required to assign the mass fraction of valine present as the main component in the comparison sample for CCQM-K55.c. The comparison samples were prepared from analytical grade L-valine purchased from a commercial supplier and used as provided without further treatment or purification. Valine was selected to be representative of the performance of a laboratory's measurement capability for the purity assignment of organic compounds of low structural complexity [molecular weight range 100–300] and high polarity (pKOW > –2). The KCRV for the valine content of the material was 992.0 mg/g with a combined standard uncertainty of 0.3 mg/g. The key comparison reference value (KCRV) was assigned by combination of KCRVs assigned from participant results for each orthogonal impurity class. The relative expanded uncertainties reported by laboratories having results consistent with the KCRV ranged from 1 mg/g to 6 mg/g when using mass balance based approaches alone, 2 mg/g to 7 mg/g using quantitative 1H NMR (qNMR) based approaches and from 1 mg/g to 2.5 mg/g when a result obtained by a mass balance method was combined with a separate qNMR result. The material provided several analytical challenges. In addition to the need to identify and quantify various related amino acid impurities including leucine, isoleucine, alanine and a-amino butyrate, care was required to select appropriate conditions for performing Karl Fischer titration assay for water content to avoid bias due to in situ formation of water by self-condensation under the assay conditions. It also proved to be a challenging compound for purity assignment by qNMR techniques. There was overall excellent agreement between participants in the identification and the quantification of the total and individual related structure impurities, water content, residual solvent and total non-volatile content of the sample. Appropriate technical justifications were developed to rationalise observed discrepancies in the limited cases where methodology differences led to inconsistent results. The comparison demonstrated that to perform a qNMR purity assignment the selection of appropriate parameters and an understanding of their potential influence on the assigned value is critical for reliable implementation of the method, particularly when one or more of the peaks to be quantified consist of complex multiplet signals. PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/51/1A/08010 SN - 0026-1394 SN - 1681-7575 VL - 51 SP - 08010, 1 EP - 44 PB - Inst. of Physics Publ. CY - Bristol AN - OPUS4-31072 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Westwood, S. A1 - Josephs, R. A1 - Choteau, T. A1 - Daireaux, A. A1 - Mesquida, C. A1 - Wielgosz, R. A1 - Rosso, A. A1 - de Arechavaleta, M.R. A1 - Davies, S. A1 - Wang, H. A1 - do Rego, E.C.P. A1 - Rodrigues, J.M. A1 - de Freitas Guimaraes, E. A1 - Sousa, M.V.B. A1 - Monteiro, T.M. A1 - das Neves Valente, L.A. A1 - Violante, F.G.M. A1 - Almeida, R. R. R. A1 - Quaresma, M.C.B. A1 - Nogueira, R. A1 - Windust, A. A1 - Dai, X. A1 - Li, X. A1 - Zhang, W. A1 - Li, M. A1 - Shao, M. A1 - Wei, C. A1 - Wong, S.-K. A1 - Cabillic, J. A1 - Gantois, F. A1 - Philipp, Rosemarie A1 - Pfeifer, Dietmar A1 - Hein, Sebastian A1 - Klyk-Seitz, Urszula-Anna A1 - Ishikawa, K. A1 - Castro, E. A1 - Gonzalez, N. A1 - Krylov, A. A1 - Lin, T.T. A1 - Kooi, L.T. A1 - Fernandes-Whaley, M. A1 - Prévoo, D. A1 - Archer, M. A1 - Visser, R. A1 - Nlhapo, N. A1 - de Vos, B. A1 - Ahn, S. A1 - Pookrod, P. A1 - Wiangnon, K. A1 - Sudsiri, N. A1 - Muaksang, K. A1 - Cherdchu, C. A1 - Gören, A.C. A1 - Bilsel, M. A1 - LeGoff, T. A1 - Bearden, D. A1 - Bedner, M. A1 - Duewer, D. A1 - Hancock, D. A1 - Lang, B. A1 - Lippa, K. A1 - Schantz, M. A1 - Sieber, j. T1 - Final report on key comparison CCQM-K55.b (aldrin): An international comparison of mass friction purity assignment of aldrin JF - Metrologia N2 - Under the auspices of the Organic Analysis Working Group (OAWG) of the Comité Consultatif pour la Quantité de Matière (CCQM) a key comparison, CCQM K55.b, was coordinated by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) in 2010/2011. Nineteen national measurement institutes and the BIPM participated. Participants were required to assign the mass fraction of aldrin present as the main component in the comparison sample for CCQM-K55.b which consisted of technical grade aldrin obtained from the National Measurement Institute Australia that had been subject to serial recrystallization and drying prior to sub-division into the units supplied for the comparison. Aldrin was selected to be representative of the performance of a laboratory's measurement capability for the purity assignment of organic compounds of medium structural complexity [molar mass range 300 Da to 500 Da] and low polarity (pKOW < -2) for which related structure impurities can be quantified by capillary gas phase chromatography (GC). The key comparison reference value (KCRV) for the aldrin content of the material was 950.8 mg/g with a combined standard uncertainty of 0.85 mg/g. The KCRV was assigned by combination of KCRVs assigned by consensus from participant results for each orthogonal impurity class. The relative expanded uncertainties reported by laboratories having results consistent with the KCRV ranged from 0.3% to 0.6% using a mass balance approach and 0.5% to 1% using a qNMR method. The major analytical challenge posed by the material proved to be the detection and quantification of a significant amount of oligomeric organic material within the sample and most participants relying on a mass balance approach displayed a positive bias relative to the KCRV (overestimation of aldrin content) in excess of 10 mg/g due to not having adequate procedures in place to detect and quantify the non-volatile content–specifically the non-volatile organics content–of the comparison sample. There was in general excellent agreement between participants in the identification and the quantification of the total and individual related structure impurities, water content and the residual solvent content of the sample. The comparison demonstrated the utility of 1H NMR as an independent method for quantitative analysis of high purity compounds. In discussion of the participant results it was noted that while several had access to qNMR estimates for the aldrin content that were inconsistent with their mass balance determination they decided to accept the mass balance result and assumed a hidden bias in their NMR data. By contrast, laboratories that placed greater confidence in their qNMR result were able to resolve the discrepancy through additional studies that provided evidence of the presence of non-volatile organic impurity at the requisite level to bring their mass balance and qNMR estimates into agreement. PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/49/1A/08014 SN - 0026-1394 SN - 1681-7575 VL - 49 IS - CCQM-K55.b Final Report October 2012 SP - 1 EP - 41 PB - Inst. of Physics Publ. CY - Bristol AN - OPUS4-26831 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Giovannozzi, A. A1 - Gradt, Thomas A1 - Häusler, Ines A1 - Rossi, A. A1 - Wetzel, B. A1 - Zhang, G. A1 - Dmitriev, A.I. T1 - Exploring the potential of Raman spectroscopy for the identification of silicone oil residue and wear scar characterization for the assessment of tribofilm functionality JF - Tribology International N2 - We applied a combination of Raman spectroscopy (RS) and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (X-TEM) to identify silicone oil residues and tribofilms at steel disc surfaces after tribological testing. Neither chemical cleaning nor mechanical removal of a 50 µm thick surface layer produced a surface without any silicone residue. Nevertheless, long-term tribological properties are not affected due to silicone degradation which has been proved by Raman spectroscopy. Excellent anti-wear and anti-friction properties of a nanocomposite at severe stressing conditions correlated with the formation of a silica-based tribofilm containing amorphous and graphite-like carbon nanoparticles. Since reliable carbon quantification by analytical TEM is difficult, RS is a useful complementary method for carbon identification at wear scars. KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - Cross-sectional TEM KW - Silicone oil residue KW - Tribofilm PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.04.046 SN - 0301-679X VL - 90 SP - 481 EP - 490 PB - Butterworth-Heinemann CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-33421 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Qi, H. A1 - Zhang, G. A1 - Wetzel, B. A1 - Wang, T. A1 - Wang, Q. A1 - Österle, Werner T1 - Exploring the influence of counterpart materials on tribological behaviors of epoxy composites JF - Tribology International N2 - The dependence of the friction and wear of epoxy (EP) composites materials on counterpart materials, such as standard bearing steel, medium carbon steel and chrome-plating (Cr), was investigated. The conventional composite filled with short carbon fiber (SCF) and graphite shows the highest tribological performance when rubbing against Cr, whereas, the hybrid nanocomposite (EP filled with SCF, graphite and silica nanoparticles) exhibits the lowest friction and wear when sliding against the standard bearing steel. The role of nanoparticles in the tribological performance is distinctly different when sliding against with various counterpart materials. It is demonstrated that counterpart materials exert an important influence on material transfer, tribo-oxidation and mechanical mixing of wear products, resulting in the different formation mechanisms of transfer film. KW - Counterpart materials KW - Transfer film KW - Epoxy composites KW - Nanoparticles PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.08.015 VL - 103 SP - 566 EP - 573 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-37941 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Dmitriev, A.I. A1 - Gradt, Thomas A1 - Häusler, Ines A1 - Hammouri, Basem A1 - Morales Guzman, Pablo Israel A1 - Wetzel, B. A1 - Yigit, D. A1 - Zhang, G. T1 - Exploring the beneficial role of tribofilms formed from an epoxy-based hybrid nanocomposite JF - Tribology International N2 - The composition and nanostructure of a beneficial tribofilm formed during sliding of a hybrid nanocomposite against steel were characterized comprehensively. A similar nanostructure was produced by high energy ball milling of the three identified tribofilm constituents: silica, hematite and graphite. By supplying powders to a pin-on-disc test it has been shown that neither silica, nor hematite, nor a mixture of both provide the low coefficient of friction (COF) observed for the hybrid composite. Only if graphite was blended with the oxides, the low COF was obtained. Thus, a film of finely dispersed stable inorganic wear products containing 15 vol% graphite provides low friction and wear in the considered case. KW - TEM KW - Nanocomposite KW - Tribofilm KW - Ball milling KW - Pin-on-disc test PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.03.006 SN - 0301-679X VL - 88 SP - 126 EP - 134 PB - Butterworth-Heinemann CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-33035 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adwani, D. A1 - Pipintakos, G. A1 - Mirwald, J. A1 - Wang, Y. A1 - Hajj, R. A1 - Guo, M. A1 - Liang, M. A1 - Jing, R. A1 - Varveri, A. A1 - Zhang, Y. A1 - Pei, K. A1 - Xu, X. A1 - Leng, Z. A1 - Li, D. A1 - Villamil, W. A1 - Caro, S. A1 - Chailleux, E. A1 - Cantot, J. A1 - Weigel, Sandra A1 - Škulteckė, J. A1 - Tarsi, G. A1 - Margaritis, A. A1 - Wang, H. A1 - Hu, Y. A1 - Airey, G. A1 - Sreeram, A. A1 - Bhasin, A. T1 - Examining the efficacy of promising antioxidants to mitigate asphalt binder oxidation: Insights from a worldwide interlaboratory investigation JF - International journal of pavement engineering N2 - Oxidative aging induces significant stiffening of asphalt binders that leads to a pronounced reduction in the overall durability of asphalt pavements. The strategic implementation of antioxidant additives provides a potential solution to alleviate this issue. This work presents results from the second phase of the global consortium for antioxidants research aimed at investigating the effectiveness of potential antioxidants in increasing the durability of asphalt binders. Sixteen laboratories around the world participated in this effort and a total of 28 binders from diverse geographical regions were tested. Two promising antioxidants, namely zinc diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDC) and kraft lignin were evaluated in this phase and blended with the binders at specific proportions. Subsequently, a comprehensive investigation was conducted to assess rheological characteristics and chemical properties of the various blends, utilising Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) measurements and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. The findings indicate that additives such as ZDC hold considerable promise as an effective antioxidant, particularly when considering a wide diversity of binders. In general, its incorporation does not compromise the rutting performance of the binders and significantly improves fatigue performance. Therefore, research efforts should be focused on exploring additional facets to assess its practical applicability in field. KW - Asphalt oxidation KW - Binder aging KW - Antioxidant additives KW - Binder rheology KW - Binder chemistry KW - Bitumen und bitumenhaltige Bindemittel KW - FTIR-Spektroskopie KW - Anwendungsmöglichkeiten KW - Vergleichsuntersuchung KW - Arbeitsanleitung KW - Präzision PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2024.2332363 SN - 1477-268X VL - 25 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London AN - OPUS4-59957 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reed, B. P. A1 - Cant, D.J.H. A1 - Spencer, S.J. A1 - Carmona-Carmona, A. J. A1 - Bushell, A. A1 - Herrara-Gómez, A. A1 - Kurokawa, A. A1 - Thissen, A. A1 - Thomas, A.G. A1 - Britton, A.J. A1 - Bernasik, A. A1 - Fuchs, A. A1 - Baddorf, A.P. A1 - Bock, B. A1 - Thellacker, B. A1 - Cheng, B. A1 - Castner, D.G. A1 - Morgan, D.J. A1 - Valley, D. A1 - Willneff, E.A. A1 - Smith, E.P. A1 - Nolot, E. A1 - Xie, F. A1 - Zorn, G. A1 - Smith, G.C. A1 - Yasukufu, H. A1 - Fenton, J.L. A1 - Chen, J. A1 - Counsell, J.D.P. A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Gaskell, K.J. A1 - Artyushkova, K. A1 - Yang, L. A1 - Zhang, L. A1 - Eguchi, M. A1 - Walker, M. A1 - Hajdyla, M. A1 - Marzec, M.M. A1 - Linford, M.R. A1 - Kubota, N. A1 - Cortazar-Martinez, O. A1 - Dietrich, P. A1 - Satoh, R. A1 - Schroeder, S.L.M. A1 - Avval, T.G. A1 - Nagatomi, T. A1 - Fernandez, V. A1 - Lake, W. A1 - Azuma, Y. A1 - Yoshikawa, Y. A1 - Compean-Gonzalez, C.L. A1 - Ceccone, G. A1 - Shard, A.G. T1 - ERRATUM: “Versailles project on advanced materials and standards interlaboratory study on intensity calibration for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instruments using low-density polyethylene” [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 38, 063208 (2020)] JF - Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A N2 - The lead authors failed to name two collaborators as co-authors. The authors listed should include: Miss Claudia L. Compean-Gonzalez (ORCID: 0000-0002-2367-8450) and Dr. Giacomo Ceccone (ORCID: 0000-0003-4637-0771). These co-authors participated in VAMAS project A27, provided data that were analyzed and presented in this publication (and supporting information), and reviewed the manuscript before submission. KW - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy KW - Transmission function KW - Low-density polyethylene PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0000907 VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 027001 PB - American Vacuum Society AN - OPUS4-52380 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zerbst, Uwe A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Buffière, J.-Y. A1 - Wegener, T. A1 - Niendorf, T. A1 - Wu, T. A1 - Zhang, X. A1 - Kashaev, N. A1 - Meneghetti, G. A1 - Hrabe, Nik A1 - Madia, Mauro A1 - Werner, Tiago A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Koukolikova, M. A1 - Prochazka, R. A1 - Dzugan, J. A1 - Möller, B. A1 - Beretta, S. A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Wagener, R. A1 - Schnabel, K. T1 - Damage tolerant design of additively manufactured metallic components subjected to cyclic loading: State of the art and challenges JF - Progress in materials science N2 - This article is an outcome of a workshop on Fatigue of Additive Manufactured Metallic Components jointly organized by the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Berlin, Germany and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Boulder, CO, U.S.A. The aim of the workshop was a comprehensive discussion of the specific aspects of additively manufactured (AM) components in regard to failure under cyclic loading. Undoubtedly, a better understanding and the further development of approaches for damage tolerant component design of AM parts are among the most significant challenges currently facing the use of these new technologies. This article presents a thorough overview of the workshop discussions. It aims to provide a review of the parameters affecting the damage tolerance of AM parts with special emphasis on the process parameters intrinsic to the AM technologies, the resulting defects and residual stresses. Based on these aspects, concepts for damage tolerant component design for AM are reviewed and critically discussed. KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Fatigue loading KW - Component assessment KW - Damage tolerance KW - Defects KW - Residual stresses PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2021.100786 SN - 0079-6425 VL - 121 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51937 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zheng, Y. A1 - Zhang, S. A1 - Ma, J. A1 - Sun, F. A1 - Osenberg, M. A1 - Hilger, A. A1 - Markötter, Henning A1 - Wilde, F. A1 - Manke, I. A1 - Hu, Z. A1 - Cui, G. T1 - Codependent failure mechanisms between cathode and anode in solid state lithium metal batteries: mediated by uneven ion flux JF - Science Bulletin N2 - An in-depth understanding of the degradation mechanisms is a prerequisite for developing the nextgeneration all solid-state lithium metal battery (ASSLMB) technology. Herein, synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT) together with other probing tools and simulation method were employed to rediscover the decaying mechanisms of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM)|Li6PS5Cl (LPSCl)|Li ASSLMB. It reveals that the detachment and isolation of NCM particles cause the current focusing on the remaining active regions of cathode. The extent of Li stripping and the likelihood of Li+ plating into LPSCl facing the active NCM particles becomes higher. Besides, the homogeneity of Li stripping/plating is improved by homogenizing the electrochemical reactions at the cathode side by LiZr2(PO4)3 (LZP) coating. These results suggest a codependent failure mechanism between cathode and anode that is mediated by uneven Li ion flux. This work contributes to establish a holistic understanding of the degradation mechanisms in ASSLMBs and opens new opportunities for their further optimization and evelopment. KW - Current density distribution KW - Lithium ion flux KW - Solid-state lithium metal batteries KW - Codependent failure mechanism KW - Cathode deactivation PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2023.03.021 SN - 2095-9273 VL - 68 IS - 8 SP - 813 EP - 825 PB - Elsevier B.V. AN - OPUS4-57309 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sun, F. A1 - Wang, C. A1 - Osenberg, M. A1 - Dong, K. A1 - Zhang, S. A1 - Yang, C. A1 - Wang, Y. A1 - Hilger, A. A1 - Zhang, J. A1 - Dong, S. A1 - Markötter, Henning A1 - Manke, I. A1 - Cui, G. T1 - Clarifying the Electro-Chemo-Mechanical Coupling in Li10SnP2S12 based All-Solid-State Batteries JF - Advanced Energy Materials N2 - A fundamental clarification of the electro-chemo-mechanical coupling at the solid–solid electrode|electrolyte interface in all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) is of crucial significance but has proven challenging. Herein, (synchrotron) X-ray tomography, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), and finite element analysis (FEA) modeling are jointly used to decouple the electro-chemo-mechanical coupling in Li10SnP2S12-based ASSBs. Non-destructive (synchrotron) X-ray tomography results visually disclose unexpected mechanical deformation of the solid electrolyte and electrode as well as an unanticipated evolving behavior of the (electro)chemically generated interphase. The EIS and TOFSIMS probing results provide additional information that links the interphase/electrode properties to the overall battery performance. The modeling results complete the picture by providing the detailed distribution of the mechanical stress/strain and the potential/ionic flux within the electrolyte. Collectively, these results suggest that 1) the interfacial volume changes induced by the (electro)chemical reactions can trigger the mechanical deformation of the solid electrode and electrolyte; 2) the overall electrochemical process can accelerate the interfacial chemical reactions; 3) the reconfigured interfaces in turn influence the electric potential distribution as well as charge transportation within the SE. These fundamental discoveries that remain unreported until now significantly improve the understanding of the complicated electro-chemo-mechanical couplings in ASSBs. KW - All-solid-state batteries KW - Lithium metal batteries KW - Solid electrolytes KW - Sulfide solid electrolytes KW - Synchrotron X-ray tomography PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202103714 SN - 1614-6832 SP - 2103714 PB - Wiley VHC-Verlag AN - OPUS4-54431 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, X.Q. A1 - Li, H.M. A1 - Jiao, H. A1 - Guo, Z.H. A1 - Zhang, Q.H. A1 - Kneeteman, L.E. A1 - Lewin, M. A1 - Pires do Rego, E.C. A1 - Leal, R.V. A1 - Violante, F.G.M. A1 - Riedel, Juliane A1 - Koch, Matthias T1 - CCQM Key Comparison track A CCQM-K168: Non-polar analytes in high carbohydrate food matrix: trans-zearalenone in maize powder JF - Metrologia N2 - Demonstrating competency and equivalence for the measurement capacity of contaminants and nutrients in primary foodstuffs is a priority of the OAWG 10-year strategy for Track A core comparisons. Such measurements have posed significant challenges for reference material producers and calibration service providers. This key comparison (KC), under the topic of “non- polar analyte in high carbohydrate food matrix: trans-Zearalenone (trans-ZEN) in maize powder” , was a sector of the model system selected to align with this class within the OAWG strategy. Evidence of successful participation in formal, relevant international comparisons is needed to demonstrate the Calibration and Measurement Capabilities (CMCs) of national metrology institutes (NMIs) and designated institutes (DIs). 17 NMIs and DIs participated in the Track A KC CCQM- 168 “non-polar analyte in high carbohydrate food matrix: trans-ZEN in maize powder” . Participants were requested to evaluate the mass fraction (μg/kg) of trans-ZEN in maize powder material. Methods like liquid-liquid extraction and SPE were applied in the pre-treatment, and HPLC-MS/MS and HPLC-FLD were used for detection by the participants. The mass fractions for trans-ZEN were in the range of (91.8 to 169) μg/kg with standard uncertainties of (1.5 to 24.7) μg/kg, and corresponding relative standard uncertainties from 1.5% to 14.6%. Two labs, INTI and BAM were excluded from the KCRV evaluation. INTI result was identified as an outlier and confirmed their method had insufficient specificity. For BAM the calibration approach they used does not meet the CIPM traceability requirements. The other 15 labs included in the calculation of the consensus KCRV all agreed within their standard uncertainties. Hierarchical Bayes was used as estimators in calculating KCRV and standard uncertainty. Successful participation in CCQM-K168 demonstrates the measurement capabilities in determining mass fraction of organic compounds, with molecular mass of 100 g/mol to 500 g/mol, having low polarity pKow < -2, in mass fraction range from 1 μg/kg to 1000 μg/kg in a high carbohydrate food matrix. KW - Metrology KW - Quality Assurance KW - Mycotoxin Analysis KW - Sustainable Food Safety PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/60/1A/08021 VL - 60 IS - 1a SP - 08021 AN - OPUS4-59059 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Teng, Jun A1 - Tang, De-Hui A1 - Zhang, Xiao A1 - Hu, Wei-Hua A1 - Said, Samir A1 - Rohrmann, Rolf G. T1 - Automated modal analysis for tracking structural change during construction and operation phases JF - Sensors N2 - The automated modal analysis (AMA) technique has attracted significant interest over the last few years, because it can track variations in modal parameters and has the potential to detect structural changes. In this paper, an improved density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) is introduced to clean the abnormal poles in a stabilization diagram. Moreover, the optimal system model order is also discussed to obtain more stable poles. A numerical Simulation and a full-scale experiment of an arch bridge are carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Subsequently, the continuous dynamic monitoring system of the bridge and the proposed algorithm are implemented to track the structural changes during the construction phase. Finally, the artificial neural network (ANN) is used to remove the temperature effect on modal frequencies so that a health index can be constructed under operational conditions. KW - Automated Modal Analysis for Tracking Structural Change during Construction and Operation Phases PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-475116 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/4/927/pdf DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/s19040927 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 19 IS - 4 SP - 927, 1 EP - 23 PB - MDPI AG CY - Basel, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-47511 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jablonka, Kevin Maik A1 - Ai, Qianxiang A1 - Al-Feghali, Alexander A1 - Badhwar, Shruti A1 - Bocarsly, Joshua D. A1 - Bran, Andres M. A1 - Bringuier, Stefan A1 - Brinson, L. Catherine A1 - Choudhary, Kamal A1 - Circi, Defne A1 - Cox, Sam A1 - de Jong, Wibe A. A1 - Evans, Matthew L. A1 - Gastellu, Nicolas A1 - Genzling, Jerome A1 - Gil, María Victoria A1 - Gupta, Ankur K. A1 - Hong, Zhi A1 - Imran, Alishba A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine A1 - Labarre, Anne A1 - Lála, Jakub A1 - Liu, Tao A1 - Ma, Steven A1 - Majumdar, Sauradeep A1 - Merz, Garrett W. A1 - Moitessier, Nicolas A1 - Moubarak, Elias A1 - Mouriño, Beatriz A1 - Pelkie, Brenden A1 - Pieler, Michael A1 - Ramos, Mayk Caldas A1 - Ranković, Bojana A1 - Rodriques, Samuel G. A1 - Sanders, Jacob N. A1 - Schwaller, Philippe A1 - Schwarting, Marcus A1 - Shi, Jiale A1 - Smit, Berend A1 - Smith, Ben E. A1 - Van Herck, Joren A1 - Völker, Christoph A1 - Ward, Logan A1 - Warren, Sean A1 - Weiser, Benjamin A1 - Zhang, Sylvester A1 - Zhang, Xiaoqi A1 - Zia, Ghezal Ahmad A1 - Scourtas, Aristana A1 - Schmidt, K. J. A1 - Foster, Ian A1 - White, Andrew D. A1 - Blaiszik, Ben T1 - 14 examples of how LLMs can transform materials science and chemistry: a reflection on a large language model hackathon JF - Digital Discovery N2 - Large-language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 caught the interest of many scientists. Recent studies suggested that these models could be useful in chemistry and materials science. To explore these possibilities, we organized a hackathon. This article chronicles the projects built as part of this hackathon. Participants employed LLMs for various applications, including predicting properties of molecules and materials, designing novel interfaces for tools, extracting knowledge from unstructured data, and developing new educational applications. The diverse topics and the fact that working prototypes could be generated in less than two days highlight that LLMs will profoundly impact the future of our fields. The rich collection of ideas and projects also indicates that the applications of LLMs are not limited to materials science and chemistry but offer potential benefits to a wide range of scientific disciplines. KW - Large Language model KW - Hackathon KW - Concrete KW - Prediction KW - Inverse Design KW - Orchestration PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-589961 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d3dd00113j VL - 2 IS - 5 SP - 1233 EP - 1250 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) AN - OPUS4-58996 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -