TY - JOUR A1 - Hinrichs, V. A1 - Leistner, A. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Schulz, Eckhard A1 - Hinrichsen, G. T1 - Viscoelastic properties of the interphase in fibre reinforced polymers - measurement and simulation KW - Polymer KW - Glass fibre KW - Interphase KW - Coating KW - Glass transition KW - Dynamic KW - Viscoelastic PY - 1999 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 93 EP - 101 PB - North-Holland CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-12003 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Hinrichsen, G. T1 - Two-dimensional computer simulation of spherulite formation by branching lamellae KW - Thermoplaste KW - Kristallisation KW - Sphärolithe KW - Lamellen KW - Modellrechnungen PY - 1997 SN - 0323-7648 SN - 1521-4044 VL - 48 SP - 256 EP - 261 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-12004 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pastuska, Gerhard A1 - Krüger, G. T1 - Dünnschichtchromatographie vegetabilischer Gerbextrakte auf Polyamidfertigschichten PY - 1969 SN - 0016-1152 VL - 246 SP - 260 EP - 261 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-10743 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wehrstedt, Klaus-Dieter A1 - Rudolph, Michael A1 - Zemke, Gerhard-Reinhard A1 - Dischl, G. A1 - Maier, M. T1 - Deckelflug - Können Organische Peroxide vom Typ D unter Umständen in Doppelkammer-Stahl-IBC mit Verdünnungsautomatik befördert werden? Das zeigte ein Brandversuch. KW - Brandprüfung KW - Organisches Peroxid KW - Stahl-IBC PY - 2005 SN - 0016-5808 VL - 50 IS - 4 SP - 22 EP - 23 PB - Storck CY - Hamburg AN - OPUS4-7342 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kitze, Jessica A1 - Brackrock, Daniel A1 - Brekow, Gerhard A1 - Prager, Jens A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Kreutzbruck, Marc A1 - Szabo, D. A1 - Kuti, K. A1 - Paczolay, G. T1 - SAFT und TOFD - Ein Vergleich im Analyseverhalten von Reflektoren N2 - Mit der Gruppenstrahlertechnik der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung sind umfangreiche Untersuchungen an einer plattierten Druckbehälter-Testwand durchgeführt worden. In der vorliegenden Testwand mit einer Wanddicke von 149 mm befinden sich künstliche Testreflektoren im Schweißnaht- und Plattierungsbereich, die mit Gruppenstrahler- Prüfköpfen mit unterschiedlichen Frequenzen, Einschallwinkeln und Einschallrichtungen nachgewiesen und in ihrem Anzeigenverhalten analysiert wurden. Zur Rekonstruktion der Reflektoranzeigen wurde ein SAFT - Algorithmus verwendet, der die Variation der Einschallwinkel berücksichtigt. Zum Vergleich sind die Reflektoren auch mit der TOFD - Technik analysiert worden. Ziel der Untersuchungen war der direkte Vergleich der Eignung der SAFT- und TOFDTechnik zur quantitativen Reflektorgrößenbestimmung. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2010 CY - Erfurt, Deutschland DA - 2010-05-10 PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-940283-26-9 IS - DGZfP-BB 122 (Mi.2.A.3) SP - 1 EP - 11 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-21880 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kitze, Jessica A1 - Brackrock, Daniel A1 - Brekow, Gerhard A1 - Prager, Jens A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Kreutzbruck, Marc A1 - Szabo, D. A1 - Kuti, K. A1 - Paczolay, G. T1 - SAFT und TOFD - Ein Vergleich im Analyseverhalten von Reflektoren T2 - 15. ITG/GMA-Fachtagung - Sensoren und Messsysteme 2010 CY - Nürnberg, Deutschland DA - 2010-05-18 PY - 2010 SN - 978-3-8007-3260-9 IS - C5/115 SP - 650 EP - 657 PB - VDE-Verl. CY - Berlin; Offenbach AN - OPUS4-22971 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blaker, J. J. A1 - Anthony, David B. A1 - Tang, G. A1 - Shamsuddin, S.-R. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Wienrich, Malte A1 - Abdolvand, Amin A1 - Shaffer, M. S. P. A1 - Bismarck, A. T1 - Property and shape modulation of carbon fibers using lasers N2 - An exciting challenge is to create unduloid-reinforcing fibers with tailored dimensions to produce synthetic composites with improved toughness and increased ductility. Continuous carbon fibers, the state-of-the-art reinforcement for structural composites, were modified via controlled laser irradiation to result in expanded outwardly tapered regions, as well as fibers with Q-tip (cotton-bud) end shapes. A pulsed laser treatment was used to introduce damage at the single carbon fiber level, creating expanded regions at predetermined points along the lengths of continuous carbon fibers, while maintaining much of their stiffness. The range of produced shapes was quantified and correlated to single fiber tensile properties. Mapped Raman spectroscopy was used to elucidate the local compositional and structural changes. Irradiation conditions were adjusted to create a swollen weakened region, such that fiber failure occurred in the laser treated Region producing two fiber ends with outwardly tapered ends. Loading the tapered fibers allows for viscoelastic energy dissipation during fiber pull-out by enhanced friction as the fibers plough through a matrix. In these tapered fibers, diameters were locally increased up to 53%, forming outward taper angles of up to 1.8°. The tensile strength and strain to failure of the modified fibers were significantly reduced, by 75% and 55%, respectively, ensuring localization of the break in the expanded region; however, the fiber stiffness was only reduced by 17%. Using harsher irradiation conditions, carbon fibers were completely cut, resulting in cottonbud fiber end shapes. Single fiber pull-out tests performed using these fibers revealed a 6.75-fold increase in work of pull-out compared to pristine carbon fibers. Controlled laser irradiation is a route to modify the shape of continuous carbon fibers along their lengths, as well as to cut them into controlled lengths leaving tapered or cotton-bud shapes. KW - Composite KW - Irradiation KW - Pull-out tests KW - Pulsed laser treatment KW - Single carbon fibers PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b05228 SN - 1944-8244 SN - 1944-8252 VL - 8 IS - 25 SP - 16351 EP - 16358 PB - ACS Publications CY - 1155 Sixteenth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA AN - OPUS4-37699 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hantsche, Harald A1 - Kempf, Gerhard A1 - Mesterharm, G. T1 - Eine verbesserte Schaltung zur Pulse-Pile-up-Korrektur bei einem EDX-System PY - 1985 SN - 0340-3815 VL - 18 SP - 21 EP - 24 PB - Remy CY - Münster, Westf. AN - OPUS4-34133 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Radl, S. A1 - Kreimer, M. A1 - Manhart, J. A1 - Griesser, T. A1 - Moser, A. A1 - Pinter, G. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Kern, W. A1 - Schlögl, S. T1 - Photocleavable epoxy based materials N2 - The present study aims at the development of photodegradable epoxy based materials comprising o-nitrobenzyl ester links that undergo well defined bond cleavage in response to UV irradiation. New bi-functional epoxy based monomers bearing o-nitrobenzyl ester groups are synthesized and thermally cured with an anhydride hardener to yield photosensitive polymers and duromers. The UV induced changes in solubility are exploited for the preparation of positive-type photoresists. Thin patterned films are obtained by photolithographic processes and characterized by microscopic techniques. The results evidence that sensitive resist materials with good resolution and high contrast behavior can be accomplished. Along with resist technology, the applicability of o-nitrobenzyl chemistry in the design of recyclable polymer materials with thicknesses in the millimeter range is evaluated. By monitoring the thermo-mechanical properties upon UV illumination, a distinctive depletion of storage modulus and glass transition temperature is observed with increasing exposure dose. Additionally, single fiber pull-out tests are carried out revealing a significant decrease of the interfacial adhesion at the fiber-matrix interface due to the phototriggered cleavage reaction. KW - Epoxy based network KW - Photocleavage KW - o-Nitrobenzyl ester KW - Adhesion KW - Mechanical properties KW - Interfacial shear strength PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2015.05.055 SN - 0032-3861 SN - 1873-2291 VL - 69 SP - 159 EP - 168 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-34566 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fuhrmann, Gerhard A1 - Kirsch, A. A1 - Sauer, G. A1 - Strunz, V. T1 - Festigkeit und elastisches Verhalten von unterschiedlichen Stoßdämpfungselementen in IMZ-Implantaten PY - 1983 SN - 0012-1029 SN - 0366-9939 IS - 38 SP - 123 EP - 125 PB - Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag CY - Köln AN - OPUS4-38969 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mayer, T. F. A1 - Dauberschmidt, C. A1 - Bruns, M. A1 - Eichler, T. A1 - Wiens, U. A1 - Mietz, Jürgen A1 - Gehlen, C. A1 - Ebell, Gino A1 - Gerhard, G. A1 - Osterminski, K. T1 - Das Instandsetzungsprinzip W-Cl N2 - Während das Instandsetzungsprinzip W bei carbonatisierungsinduzierter Korrosion seit vielen Jahren als Standardverfahren etabliert ist, wird seine Anwendbarkeit bei chloridinduzierter Korrosion (W-Cl) in der Fachwelt bis heute kontrovers diskutiert. Zwar ergeben sich aus seiner Anwendung gegenüber anderen Instandsetzungsverfahren auf den ersten Blick u. U. deutliche wirtschaftliche Vorteile, allerdings besteht bei diesem Verfahren ein deutlich höheres Risiko, dass das Instandsetzungsziel nicht erreicht wird. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die technischen Grundlagen des Instandsetzungsprinzips W-Cl sowie der aktuelle Kenntnisstand - sowohl für den gerissenen als auch für den ungerissenen Beton - dargestellt und baurechtliche Konsequenzen, die sich aus dem erhöhten Ausführungsrisiko ergeben, diskutiert. Korrosionsmonitoring als Element zum Nachweis des Instandsetzungserfolgs bei Anwendung des Prinzips W-Cl wird vorgestellt. Anhand von Anwendungsbeispielen werden sowohl die Risiken, die mit dem Verfahren verbunden sind, als auch das Potenzial bei erfolgreicher Anwendung veranschaulicht. KW - Korrosion KW - Instandsetzung KW - W-Cl KW - Risse PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/bate.201900083 SN - 0932-8351 VL - 97 IS - 1 SP - 2 EP - 10 PB - Ernst & Sohn CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-50246 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bismarck, A. A1 - Carreyette, S. A1 - Fontana, Q.P.V. A1 - Greenhalgh, E.S. A1 - Jacobsson, P. A1 - Johansson, P. A1 - Marczewski, M.J. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Kucernak, A. A1 - Shaffer, M.S. A1 - Shirshova, N. A1 - Steinke, J.H.G. A1 - Wienrich, Malte T1 - Multifunctional epoxy resin for structural supercapacitors N2 - Polymer-based electrolytes based on commercially available epoxy resins were prepared through the addition of a liquid electrolyte, a solution of a lithium salt in an ionic liquid. The polymer monoliths were characterized using impedance spectroscopy, 3-point bending test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption (BET). The balance of ionic conductivity and flexural modulus is crucially dependent on the relative proportions of epoxy resin to electrolyte. Also the effect of the liquid electrolyte on curing kinetics and processing was assessed by complex viscosity measurements and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Only one out of the three resins investigated exhibited a significant acceleration effect. T2 - ECCM15 - 15th European conference on composite materials CY - Venice, Italy DA - 2012-06-24 KW - Multifunctional epoxy KW - Polymer electrolyte KW - Morphology KW - Ionic liquid PY - 2012 SN - 978-88-88785-33-2 SP - 1 EP - 8(?) AN - OPUS4-28694 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Greenhalgh, E.S. A1 - Ankersen, J. A1 - Asp, L. E. A1 - Bismarck, A. A1 - Fontana, Q.P.V. A1 - Houlle, M. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Kucernak, A. A1 - Mistry, M. A1 - Nguyen, S. A1 - Qian, H. A1 - Shaffer, M.S.P. A1 - Shirshova, N. A1 - Steinke, J.H.G. A1 - Wienrich, Malte T1 - Mechanical and microstructural characterisation of multifunctional structural power composites N2 - Although the inherent anisotropy of polymer composites has presented daunting technical challenges, these materials now offer engineers considerable opportunities for efficient structural design. More recently, the advent of multifunctional composites which can fulfill more than one role within a system has attracted considerable interest, providing designers with exciting opportunities to innovate. Of particular interest here are structural power composites, which simultaneously carry mechanical load whilst storing/delivering electrical energy. Although the development of these composites is highly challenging, often with conflicting constituent requirements, the STORAGE consortium has had considerable success in the development of these materials for automotive applications. The focus of this paper is structural supercapacitors, the basic architecture of a single cell of which is shown in Fig. 1. This entails two carbon fibre woven lamina (electrodes) which sandwich a glass fibre woven lamina (separator), all of which is embedded within a multifunctional matrix (electrolyte). This architecture has been the focus of the research to date, leading to components such as that shown in Fig.1 having been fabricated. This paper reports on the mechanical properties and microstructures of the different reinforcement and matrix combinations for structural supercapacitors. T2 - ICCM19 - 19th International conference on composite materials CY - Montreal, Canada DA - 28.07.2013 KW - Structural electrolyte KW - Multifunctional supercapacitor KW - Fractography KW - Ionic conductivity KW - Mechanical properties PY - 2013 SP - 2228 EP - 2237 AN - OPUS4-29272 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Shirshova, N. A1 - Bismarck, A. A1 - Carreyette, S. A1 - Greenhalgh, E.S. A1 - Johansson, P. A1 - Marczewski, M.J. A1 - Jacobsson, P. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Shaffer, M.S.P. A1 - Wienrich, Malte A1 - Steinke, J.H.G. T1 - Correlations between mechanical properties and ionic conduction of structural electrolytes with bicontinuous morphologies N2 - Electrolyte systems that can carry mechanical load while allowing for high levels of ionic conductivity are an important prerequisite for structural power storage devices. Introduction of structural power storage into the variety of consumer products will allow saving in weight and volume. Moreover, using a supercapacitor/battery system in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), the supercapacitor part will extend the battery lifetime by protecting it from the high peak currents. To successfully produce structural power storage requires the development of multifunctional electrolytes where one has to simultaneously maximize mechanical properties and ionic conductivity. T2 - ICCM19 - 19th International conference on composite materials CY - Montreal, Canada DA - 28.07.2013 KW - Structural electrolyte KW - Multifunctional supercapacitor KW - Bicontinuous morphology KW - Epoxy resin KW - Ionic conductivity KW - Mechanical properties PY - 2013 SP - 72 EP - 79 AN - OPUS4-29273 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shirshova, N. A1 - Bismarck, A. A1 - Carreyette, S. A1 - Fontana, Q.P.V. A1 - Greenhalgh, E.S. A1 - Jacobsson, P. A1 - Johansson, P. A1 - Marczewski, M.J. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Kucernak, A.R.J. A1 - Scheers, J. A1 - Shaffer, M.S.P. A1 - Steinke, J.H.G. A1 - Wienrich, Malte T1 - Structural supercapacitor electrolytes based on bicontinuous ionic liquid-epoxy resin systems N2 - 'Structural electrolytes' retain the desirable mechanical characteristics of structural (epoxy) resins whilst introducing sufficient ionic conductivity to operate as electrolytes in electrochemical devices. Here, a series of ionic liquid–epoxy resin composites were prepared to identify the optimum system microstructure required to achieve a high level of multifunctionality. The ionic conductivity, mechanical properties, thermal stability and morphology of the cured epoxy based structural electrolytes were studied as a function of phase composition for three fully formulated high performance structural epoxy systems. At only 30 wt% of structural resin and 70 wt% of ionic liquid based electrolyte, stiff monolithic plaques with thicknesses of 2–3 mm were obtained with a room temperature ionic conductivity of 0.8 mS cm-1 and a Young's modulus of 0.2 GPa. This promising performance can be attributed to a long characteristic length scale spinodal microstructure, suggesting routes to further optimisation in the future. KW - Epoxy KW - Ionic liquid KW - Supercapacitor PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ta13163g SN - 2050-7496 SN - 2050-7488 VL - 1 IS - 48 SP - 15300 EP - 15309 PB - RSC CY - London [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-29735 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Greenhalgh, E.S. A1 - Ankersen, J. A1 - Asp, L. E. A1 - Bismarck, A. A1 - Fontana, Q.P.V. A1 - Houlle, M. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Kucernak, A. A1 - Mistry, M. A1 - Nguyen, S. A1 - Qian, H. A1 - Shaffer, M.S.P. A1 - Shirshova, N. A1 - Steinke, J.H.G. A1 - Wienrich, Malte T1 - Mechanical, electrical and microstructural characterisation of multifunctional structural power composites N2 - Multifunctional composites which can fulfil more than one role within a system have attracted considerable interest. This work focusses on structural supercapacitors which simultaneously carry mechanical load whilst storing/delivering electrical energy. Critical mechanical properties (in-plane shear and in-plane compression performance) of two monofunctional and four multifunctional materials were characterised, which gave an insight into the relationships between these properties, the microstructures and fracture processes. The reinforcements included baseline T300 fabric, which was then either grafted or sized with carbon nanotubes, whilst the baseline matrix was MTM57, which was blended with ionic liquid and lithium salt (two concentrations) to imbue multifunctionality. The resulting composites exhibited a high degree of matrix heterogeneity, with the ionic liquid phase preferentially forming at the fibres, resulting in poor matrix-dominated properties. However, fibre-dominated properties were not depressed. Thus, it was demonstrated that these materials can now offer weight savings over conventional monofunctional systems when under modest loading. KW - Carbon fibres KW - Functional composites KW - Mechanical properties KW - Elastic properties KW - Fractography PY - 2014 DO - https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998314554125 SN - 0021-9983 SN - 1530-793X SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Sage CY - London AN - OPUS4-34567 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Qian, H. A1 - Kalinka, Gerhard A1 - Chan, K.L.A. A1 - Kazarian, S.G. A1 - Greenhalgh, E.S. A1 - Bismarck, A. A1 - Shaffer, M.S.P. T1 - Mapping local microstructure and mechanical performance around carbon nanotube grafted silica fibres: Methodologies for hierarchical composites N2 - The introduction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) modifies bulk polymer properties, depending on intrinsic quality, dispersion, alignment, interfacial chemistry and mechanical properties of the nanofiller. These effects can be exploited to enhance the matrices of conventional microscale fibre-reinforced polymer composites, by using primary reinforcing fibres grafted with CNTs. This paper presents a methodology that combines atomic force microscopy, polarised Raman spectroscopy, and nanoindentation techniques, to study the distribution, alignment and orientation of CNTs in the vicinity of epoxy-embedded micrometre-scale silica fibres, as well as, the resulting local mechanical properties of the matrix. Raman maps of key features in the CNT spectra clearly show the CNT distribution and orientation, including a ‘parted’ morphology associated with long grafted CNTs. The hardness and indentation modulus of the epoxy matrix were improved locally by 28% and 24%, respectively, due to the reinforcing effects of CNTs. Moreover, a slower stress relaxation was observed in the epoxy region containing CNTs, which may be due to restricted molecular mobility of the matrix. The proposed methodology is likely to be relevant to further studies of nanocomposites and hierarchical composites. KW - Nanotubes KW - Silica fibres KW - Nano indentation KW - Mapping PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c1nr10497g SN - 2040-3364 SN - 2040-3372 VL - 3 IS - 11 SP - 4759 EP - 4767 PB - RSC Publ. CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-34718 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -