TY - RPRT A1 - Weise, Frank A1 - Hüsken, Götz T1 - Ringversuch zum statischen Spaltzugversuch nach AL Sp-Beton N2 - Für die rechnerische Dimensionierung der Betondecken im Oberbau von Verkehrsflächen für den Neubau sowie die Erneuerung nach RDO-Beton 09 ist die statische Spaltzugfestigkeit an der unteren und oberen Bohrkernscheibe entsprechend der Vorgaben der AL Sp-Beton zu bestimmen. Aufgrund der unzureichenden Kenntnis der Präzision dieses Prüfverfahrens wurden, basierend auf dem Entwurf des FGSV-Merkblatts zur statistischen Auswertung von Prüfergebnissen, mit einem breit aufgestellten Ringversuch die statistischen Kennwerte an Labor- und Bestandsbetonen unter Vergleich- und Wiederholbedingungen ermittelt. Zur möglichst guten statistischen Absicherung nahmen an dem Ringversuch dreizehn erfahrene Prüfstellen teil, die vorab einem Audit unterzogen wurden. Zur Abdeckung des vielschichtigen Einsatzes des Prüfverfahrens erfolgte der Ringversuch an acht Prüflosen, die sowohl die Erst-/ Eignungsprüfung und Übereinstimmungskontrolle bei Neubaumaßnahmen, als auch die Restsubstanzbewertung von Betonfahrbahnplatten berücksichtigen. Zur Bewertung des Materialeinflusses wurde zusätzlich ein Prüflos mit Labormörtel untersucht. Die Probenvorbereitung erfolgte zentral an der BAM. Zur Sicherstellung einheitlicher Prüfbedingungen bei den Prüfstellen wurde zusätzlich eine detaillierte Standardarbeitsanweisung erarbeitet, die partiell bereits Eingang in das Normenwerk gefunden hat. Bei der Plausibilitätsprüfung aller prüflosspezifischen Einzelwerte der Spaltzug- und Druckfestigkeit wurden vereinzelt sowohl Ausführungsfehler als auch Übertragungs- und Tippfehler festgestellt. Der sich anschließende Lilliefors-Test zeigt, dass die ermittelten Einzelwerte bis auf wenige Aus-nahmen normalverteilt sind und damit die Voraussetzungen für die statistische Auswertung gegeben sind. Mittels grafischer Darstellung der Mandel’s h- und k-Werte wurden die Auffälligkeiten hinsichtlich der Mittelwerte und Varianzen prüflosspezifisch für die einzelnen Prüfstellen visualisiert und anschließend einige von ihnen mittels Grubbs- und Cochran-Test als Ausreißer identifiziert. Nach Ausreißerelimination wurde mit dem klassischen Verfahren bei der Spaltzugfestigkeit der geringste Variationskoeffizient unter Vergleich- und Wiederholbedingungen bei der Erst-/Eignungsprüfung mit 6,2 und 6,4 Prozent ermittelt. Bei einer Verminderung des Materialeinflusses durch die Verwendung eines Labormörtels verbessern sich die statistischen Kennwerte auf 4,5 und 5,3 Prozent. Mit 8,2 und 9,5 Prozent beziehungsweise 8,6 und 9,5 Prozent werden bei der Restsubstanzbewertung von Wasch- und Unterbetonen die höchsten Werte bestimmt. Das robuste Auswerteverfahren (ohne Eliminierung der Ausreißer) nach dem Entwurf des FGSV-Merkblatts zur statistischen Auswertung von Prüfergebnissen erwies sich in der Form als ungeeignet und bedurfte einer Überarbeitung. Bezüglich der vergleichend mit klassischen und robusten Verfahren gewonnenen Kennwerte ist festzustellen, dass bei sehr homogenen Messergebnissen eines Prüfloses beide Verfahren nahezu die gleichen statistischen Kennwerte liefern. Bei der Eliminierung von Ausreißern sind die Ergebnisse des robusten Verfahrens in der Regel etwas größer als die des klassischen Verfahrens. Die begleitenden vertiefenden Untersuchungen bei der Spaltzugprüfung mit innovativen Prüftechniken lieferten wertvolle Erkenntnisse zur Bewertung der Prüfeinflüsse. N2 - The computational design of concrete pavements according to the requirements of the RDO-Beton 09 requires the splitting tensile strength to be determined according to specifications of the AL Sp-Beton. However, detailed information on the precision of the described test procedure is missing. Therefore, a round robin test was set up in order to determine the statistical parameters of the prescribed splitting tensile strength test on laboratory concrete and cores extracted from concrete pavements in terms of repeatability and reproducibility. 13 testing institutes have been involved in the round robin test to guarantee a representative coverage of the sector. The selected testing institutes have been audited prior the round robin test in order to ensure their capabilities. The round robin test was divided into 8 testing lots for covering the broad field of possible applications. Thereby, the testing lots cover both the initial testing of concrete and quality control of new construction. The latter case implies also the assessment of existing concrete pavements. Additionally, a cementitious mortar was designed in order to consider the influence of the material, such as maximum grain size, on the test procedure. The samples were prepared at BAM to guarantee a uniform sample preparation. Furthermore, a standard operating procedure was prepared to assure constant test conditions at the testing institutes. This standard operating procedure is already partly considered by the corresponding standard. A revision of the data reported by the testing institutes revealed that execution errors, transcription errors as well as typing errors occurred. However, a Lilliefors-Test was conducted to verify the Gaussian distribution of the reported test data and to allow the further statistical analysis. Only view data sets do not follow a Gaussian distribution, has no remarkable influence on the obtained statistical data. By means of the graphical illustration of Mandel’s h- and k-values, abnormalities of the arithmetic mean and variance are depicted. These apparent abnormalities can be identified as outliers using the Grubbs and Cochran test. After eliminating the identified outliers, the corresponding statistical parameters have been determined using the classical method for data analysis. The lowest coefficient of variation that was determined for the splitting tensile strength by using the classical method for assessment of the repeatability and reproducibility of the test procedure amounts to 6.2 and 6.4%, respectively, for the initial testing of concrete. Reducing the material influence by using a cementitious mortar, the corresponding statistical parameters were reduced to 4.5 and 5.3%. On the contrary, the highest statistical values were obtained for the assessment of existing concrete pavements. Here, values of 8.2 and 9.5% were obtained for the exposed aggregate concrete and 8.6 and 9.5% for the subconcrete, respectively. The robust method for data analysis (without elimination of outliers) according to the draft version of the technical bulletin of the FGSV turned out to be inappropriate and required, therefore, a revision. Comparing the statistical parameters obtained by the classical and robust method used for data analysis it can be stated that both methods result in nearly identical values for homogeneous data sets without outliers. Considering outliers in the existing data sets, the statistical parameters obtained by the robust method are slightly higher than the values obtained by the classical method with elimination of outliers. The additional investigations on the splitting tensile strength using innovative test procedures provided valuable findings for the assessment of test results. KW - Verfahrenspräzision KW - Betonfahrbahndecke KW - Prüfverfahren AL Sp-Beton KW - Spaltzugfestigkeit KW - Ringversuch PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-95606-688-7 SN - 0943-9323 VL - Straßenbau Heft S 178 SP - 1 EP - 90 PB - Fachverlag NW in der Carl Ed. Schünemann KG CY - Bremen AN - OPUS4-54957 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Bedon, C. A1 - C., K. A1 - van Doormaal, A. A1 - Haberacker, C. A1 - Hüsken, Götz A1 - Larcher, M. A1 - Saarenheimo, A. A1 - Solomos, G. A1 - Stolz, A. A1 - Thamie, L. A1 - Valsamos, G. T1 - A comparison of existing standards for testing blast resistant glazing and windows N2 - It is important to protect critical buildings (shopping centres, government buildings and embassies), infrastructure and utilities, train and underground stations against being damaged, destroyed or disrupted by deliberate acts of terrorism, criminal activity and malicious behaviour. Normal regulations and building guidelines do not generally take into account these threats. The introduction of appropriate regulations or guidelines, where deemed necessary, should enhance the resilience of buildings and infrastructure against explosion incidents. In order to protect the built infrastructure, methods are required to quantify the resistance of structural components against explosive loading and to assess the hazards resulting from the failure of an element. The applicable state-of-the-art techniques may include either experimental or numerical methods, or a combination of both. Therefore, the thematic group (TG) on the resistance of structures to explosion effects was formed in order to bring the required expertise together, make it commonly available and to find and define harmonised methods and solutions which can be provided to the decision-makers responsible for critical infrastructure protection. This report discusses the differences between the existing standards for testing blast-resistant glazing and windows and it presents basic recommendations for the future development of the suite of European standards in this area. KW - Building industry KW - Accident prevention KW - Glass industry KW - Explosive KW - Industrial infrastructure KW - Risk prevention KW - Urban infrastructure KW - Terrorism KW - Safety standard KW - Technical standard KW - Research report PY - 2014 SN - 978-92-79-46168-2 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2788/361383 SN - 1831-9424 VL - JRC94930 SP - 1 EP - 42 AN - OPUS4-36904 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - C., K. A1 - van Doormaal, A. A1 - Haberacker, C. A1 - Hüsken, Götz A1 - Larcher, M. A1 - Saarenheimo, A. A1 - Solomos, G. A1 - Stolz, A. A1 - Thamie, L. A1 - Bedon, C. T1 - Numerical simulations for classification of blast loaded laminated glass: possibilities, limitations and recommendations N2 - It is important to protect critical buildings (shopping centres, government buildings and embassies), infrastructure and utilities, train and underground stations against being damaged, destroyed or disrupted by deliberate acts of terrorism, criminal activity and malicious behaviour. Normal regulations and building guidelines do not generally take into account these threats. The introduction of appropriate regulations or guidelines, where deemed necessary, should, enhance the resilience of buildings and infrastructure against explosion incidents. In order to protect the built infrastructure, methods are required to quantify the resistance of structural components against explosive loading and to assess the hazards resulting from the failure of an element. The applicable state-of-the-art techniques may include either experimental or numerical methods, or a combination of both. Therefore, the thematic group (TG) on the resistance of structures to explosion effects was formed in order to bring the required expertise together, make it commonly available and to find and define harmonised methods and solutions which can be provided to the decision-makers responsible for critical infrastructure protection. The current report summarizes existing best practices for the numerical finite element modelling of blast loading, including the important topics of domain discretisation, implicit/explicit formulation, Lagrangian/Eulerian solvers, the mathematical description of the material behaviour etc. Furthermore recommendations for the modelling of laminated glass elements are formulated and knowledge gaps in this application area are pointed out. Hence the report builds the basis for an actual evaluation of the different numerical methods, their suitability to certain problems, and their capability to support/complement the experimental testing of glass components. It thus provides helpful information to design architects and engineers, and more generally to critical infrastructure stakeholders, responsible for the structural integrity and security of the infrastructure in case of an explosion. KW - building industry KW - explosive KW - accident prevention KW - glass industry KW - industrial infrastructure KW - risk prevention KW - urban infrastructure KW - terrorism KW - technical standard KW - research report PY - 2014 SN - 978-92-79-46172-9 U6 - https://doi.org/doi:10.2788/083832 SN - 1831-9424 SP - 1 EP - 39 AN - OPUS4-36908 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Bedon, C. A1 - C., K. A1 - van Doormaal, A. A1 - Haberacker, C. A1 - Hüsken, Götz A1 - Larcher, M. A1 - Millon, O. A1 - Saarenheimo, A. A1 - Solomos, G. A1 - Stolz, A. A1 - Thamie, L. A1 - Valsamos, G. A1 - Williams, A. T1 - A set of essential requirements towards standardising the numerical simulation of blast-loaded windows and facades N2 - The determination of the blast protection level of laminated glass windows and facades is of crucial importance, and it is normally done by using experimental investigations. In recent years numerical methods have become much more powerful also with respect to this kind of application. This report attempts to give a first idea of a possible standardisation concerning such numerical simulations. Attention is drawn to the representation of the blast loading and of the behaviour of the material of the mentioned products, to the geometrical meshing, as well as to the modelling of the connections of the glass components to the main structure. The need to validate the numerical models against reliable experimental data, some of which are indicated, is underlined. KW - building industry KW - accident prevention KW - glass industry KW - explosive KW - industrial infrastructure KW - risk prevention KW - urban infrastructure KW - safety standard KW - technical standard KW - simulation KW - research report PY - 2015 SN - 978-92-79-57507-5 U6 - https://doi.org/doi:10.2788/684747 SN - 1831-9424 SP - 1 EP - 25 AN - OPUS4-36909 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Bedon, C. A1 - C., K. A1 - van Doormaal, A. A1 - Haberacker, C. A1 - Hüsken, Götz A1 - Larcher, M. A1 - Millon, O. A1 - Saarenheimo, A. A1 - Solomos, G. A1 - Stolz, A. A1 - Thamie, L. A1 - Valsamos, G. A1 - Williams, A. T1 - Recommendations for the improvement of existing European norms for testing the resistance of windows and glazed facades to explosive effects N2 - It is important to protect critical buildings (shopping centres, government buildings and embassies), infrastructure and utilities, train and underground stations from being damaged, destroyed or disrupted by deliberate acts of terrorism, criminal activity and malicious behaviour. Normal regulations and building guidelines do not generally take into account these threats. The introduction of appropriate regulations or guidelines, where deemed necessary, should enhance the resilience of buildings and infrastructures against explosion incidents. In order to protect the built infrastructure, testing methods are required which can answer the question whether certain building elements can withstand certain loading conditions created by an explosive event. The applicable state-of-the-art techniques may include either experimental or numerical methods, or a combination of both. Therefore, the thematic group (TG) on the resistance of structures to explosion effects was formed in order to bring the required expertise together, to make it commonly available and to find and define harmonised methods and solutions which can be provided to the decision-makers responsible for critical infrastructure protection. The TG described in a fist report JPC87202 the physical phenomena which have to be understood in order to ensure a proper testing of the elements and a correct interpretation of the results. In a second step, the differences between the existing standards for testing blast-resistant glazing and windows have been derived, and a basis for fundamental recommendations for the future development of the suite of European standards has been addressed JRC94930. Based on the prior findings, this report now formulates the proper enhancements of the existing standards in terms of actual recommendations for the improvement of the test standards. KW - building industry KW - accident prevention KW - glass industry KW - explosive KW - industrial infrastructure KW - safety standard KW - technical standard KW - urban infrastructure KW - terrorism KW - research report PY - 2015 SN - 978-92-79-53394-5 U6 - https://doi.org/doi:10.2788/319252 SN - 1831-9424 SP - 1 EP - 42 AN - OPUS4-36910 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Van Doormaal, A. A1 - Haberacker, C. A1 - Hüsken, Götz A1 - Larcher, M. A1 - Saarenheimo, A. A1 - Solomos, G. A1 - Stolz, A. A1 - Thamie, L. A1 - Valsamos, G. T1 - Review report of testing methods - ERNCIP thematic area resistance of structures to explosion effects - Deliverable D1 N2 - It is important to protect critical buildings (shopping centres, government buildings and embassies), infrastructure and utilities, train and underground stations against being damaged, destroyed or disrupted by deliberate acts of terrorism, criminal activity and malicious behaviour. Normal regulations and building guidelines do not generally take into account these threats. The introduction of regulations or guidelines should support the resilience of the buildings and infrastructure against explosive incidents. In order to protect the infrastructure, methods are required to quantify the resistance of structural elements against explosive loading and to assess the hazards resulting from failure of an element. The applicable state-of-the-art techniques may be either experimental or numerical methods, or a combination of both. Therefore, the thematic group (TG) on the resistance of structures to explosion effects was formed in order to bring the required expertise together, make it commonly available and to find and define harmonised methods and solutions which can be provided to the decision-makers responsible for critical infrastructure protection. This first report of the TG gives a comprehensive summary of the existing methods which can be used to analyse and test the resistance of glazing and windows under blast-loading conditions. Within this context, the experimental methods of testing using high explosives and testing using blast simulators called shock tubes is presented and explained. In addition, the potential of numerical simulations is highlighted in terms of their applicability to the different glass materials. A short, comprehensive theoretical background is given for each method. Based on this, each method is described with its requirements, realisation and the related measurement techniques. Furthermore, an interpretation of the measurements is highlighted. For the numerical simulations, the basic discretisation and calculations schemes are presented in combination with the available constitutive material descriptions for the different significant materials. Finally the chances for verification and validation of the numerical results are presented. Hence the report builds the basis for an actual evaluation of the different test methods and their applicability to certain problems, and provides helpful information for critical infrastructure stakeholders, owners and operators considering the structural resistance of the infrastructure to the effects of explosion in a comprehensive document. KW - Critical infrastructure KW - Explosion effects KW - Shock tube KW - Arena test KW - Simulation KW - Building industry KW - Accident prevention KW - Explosive KW - Industrial infrastructure KW - Risk prevention KW - Urban infrastructure KW - Terrorism KW - Technical standard KW - Research report PY - 2013 SN - 978-92-79-35104-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2788/57271 SN - 1831-9424 SP - JRC87202, 1 EP - 74 AN - OPUS4-33038 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -