TY - JOUR A1 - Brüngel, R. A1 - Rückert, J. A1 - Wohlleben, W. A1 - Babick, F. A1 - Ghanem, A. A1 - Gaillard, C. A1 - Mech, A. A1 - Rauscher, H. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Weigel, S. A1 - Friedrich, C. M. T1 - NanoDefiner e-Tool: An Implemented Decision Support Framework for Nanomaterial Identification N2 - The European Commission’s recommendation on the definition of nanomaterial (2011/696/EU) established an applicable standard for material categorization. However, manufacturers face regulatory challenges during registration of their products. Reliable categorization is difficult and requires considerable expertise in existing measurement techniques (MTs). Additionally, organizational complexity is increased as different authorities’ registration processes require distinct reporting. The NanoDefine project tackled these obstacles by providing the NanoDefiner e-tool: A decision support expert system for nanomaterial identification in a regulatory context. It providesMT recommendations for categorization of specific materials using a tiered approach (screening/confirmatory), and was constructed with experts from academia and industry to be extensible, interoperable, and adaptable for forthcoming revisions of the nanomaterial definition. An implemented MT-driven material categorization scheme allows detailed description. Its guided workflow is suitable for a variety of user groups. Direct feedback and explanation enable transparent decisions. Expert knowledge is Held in a knowledge base for representation of MT performance criteria and physicochemical particle type properties. Continuous revision ensured data quality and validity. Recommendations were validated by independent case studies on industry-relevant particulate materials. Besides supporting material identification and registration, the free and open-source e-tool may serve as template for other expert systems within the nanoscience domain. KW - EC nanomaterial definition KW - Decision support KW - Expert system KW - Nanomaterial KW - Nanoparticles PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-492449 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12193247 VL - 12 IS - 19 SP - 3247 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, CH AN - OPUS4-49244 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Mech, A. A1 - Gaillard, C. A1 - Marvin, H. A1 - Wohlleben, W. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Babick, F. A1 - Friedrich, C. M. A1 - Brüngel, R. A1 - Rückert, J. A1 - Ghanem, A. A1 - Weigel, S. T1 - The NanoDefine Decision Framework and NanoDefiner e-Tool: a practical guide to the identification of nanomaterials N2 - The European Commission's recommendation on the definition of nanomaterial [2011/696/EU] is broadly applicable across different regulatory sectors and requires the quantitative size Determination of constituent particles in samples down to 1 nm. A material is a nanomaterial if 50 % or more of the particles are in the size range 1-100 nm. The implementation of the definition in a regulatory context challenges measurement methods to reliably identify nanomaterials and ideally also nonnanomaterials as substance or product ingredient as well as in various matrices. The EU FP7 NanoDefine project [www.nanodefine.eu] addressed these challenges by developing a robust, readily implementable and cost-effective measurement strategy to decide for the widest possible range of materials whether it is a nanomaterial or not. It is based on existing and emerging particle measurement techniques evaluated against harmonized, material-dependent performance criteria and by intra- and inter-lab comparisons. Procedures were established to reliably measure the size of particles within 1-100 nm, and beyond, taking into account different shapes, coatings and chemical compositions in industrial materials and consumer products. Case studies prove their applicability for various sectors, including food, pigments and cosmetics. A main outcome is the establishment of an integrated tiered approach including rapid screening (Tier 1) and confirmatory methods (tier 2), a decision support flow scheme and a user manual to guide end-users, such as manufacturers, in selecting appropriate methods. Another main product is the “NanoDefiner” e-Tool which implements the flow scheme in a user-friendly software and guides the user in a semi-automated way through the entire decision procedure. It allows a cost-effective selection of appropriate methods for material classification according to the EC's nanomaterial definition and provides a comprehensive report with extensive explanation of all decision steps to arrive at a transparent identification of nanomaterials as well as non-nanomaterials for regulatory purposes. T2 - NanoWorkshop 2018: Workshop on Reference Nanomaterials CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 14.05.2018 KW - Definition of nanomaterial KW - Regulation PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-95606-440-1 SN - 0179-0609 VL - F-61 SP - 114 EP - 124 PB - Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt CY - Braunschweig und Berlin AN - OPUS4-49992 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heise, C. A1 - Schedler, U. A1 - Wettmarshausen, Sascha A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian T1 - Plasma-brominated cyclo-olefin polymer slides: Suiitable macroinitiators for activator regenerated by electron transfer/atom radical transfer polymerization N2 - Activators regenerated by electron transfer–atom radical transfer polymerization (ATRP) as a controlled living polymerization are distinguished by their acceptance of small amounts of transition-metal complexes and oxygen and by their tolerance of reducing agents at a high concentration. The precondition of all ATRP applications is the use of homolytic or heterolytic cleavable halides as a dormant species; this allows the propagation of monomer chains. Hence, alkyl bromides are slightly cleavable and are the preferred initiators for ATRP. The bromination of polymer slides used as macroinitiators was carried out under gentle bromoform plasma conditions. This led to an oxidation-resistant stable bromine layer. More than 20 bromines per 100 carbons on the polymer scaffold were permanently bound to the substrate after plasma treatment. The resulting amounts of secondary and tertiary bromines on the polymer scaffold exhibited a suitable macroinitiator concentration for the surface-initiated polymerization of methyl methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate. KW - Copolymers KW - Functionalization of polymers KW - Grafting KW - Monolayers and polymer brushes KW - Radical polymerization PY - 2014 UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.40662/full DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/APP.40662 SN - 0021-8995 SN - 1097-4628 VL - 131 IS - 16 SP - 40662-1 EP - 40662-10 PB - Wiley InterScience CY - Hoboken, NJ AN - OPUS4-30577 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Friedrich, C. T1 - In situ stress monitoring: Investigations of pressure pad coupling conditions T2 - 8th International Symposium on Field Measurement in GeoMechanics CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2011-09-12 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-24843 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Debatin, F. A1 - Behrens, K. A1 - Weber, J. A1 - Baburin, I. A. A1 - Thomas, A. A1 - Schmidt, J. A1 - Senkovska, I. A1 - Kaskel, S. A1 - Kelling, A. A1 - Hedin, N. A1 - Bacsik, Z. A1 - Leoni, S. A1 - Seifert, G. A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Günter, C. A1 - Schilde, U. A1 - Friedrich, A. A1 - Holdt, H.-J. T1 - An isoreticular family of microporous metal-organic frameworks based on zinc and 2-substituted imidazolate-4-amide-5-imidate: syntheses, structures and properties N2 - We report on a new series of isoreticular frameworks based on zinc and 2-substituted imidazolate-4-amide-5-imidate (IFP-1–4, IFP=imidazolate framework Potsdam) that form one-dimensional, microporous hexagonal channels. Varying R in the 2-substitued linker (R=Me (IFP-1), Cl (IFP-2), Br (IFP-3), Et (IFP-4)) allowed the channel diameter (4.0–1.7 Å), the polarisability and functionality of the channel walls to be tuned. Frameworks IFP-2, IFP-3 and IFP-4 are isostructural to previously reported IFP-1. The structures of IFP-2 and IFP-3 were solved by X-ray crystallographic analyses. The structure of IFP-4 was determined by a combination of PXRD and structure modelling and was confirmed by IR spectroscopy and 1H MAS and 13C CP-MAS NMR spectroscopy. All IFPs showed high thermal stability (345–400°C); IFP-1 and IFP-4 were stable in boiling water for 7 d. A detailed porosity analysis was performed on the basis of adsorption measurements by using various gases. The potential of the materials to undergo specific interactions with CO2 was investigated by measuring the isosteric heats of adsorption. The capacity to adsorb CH4 (at 298 K), CO2 (at 298 K) and H2 (at 77 K) at high pressure were also investigated. In situ IR spectroscopy showed that CO2 is physisorbed on IFP-1–4 under dry conditions and that both CO2 and H2O are physisorbed on IFP-1 under moist conditions. KW - Adsorption KW - Metal-organic frameworks KW - Microporous materials KW - N,O ligands KW - Zinc PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201200889 SN - 0947-6539 SN - 1521-3765 VL - 18 IS - 37 SP - 11630 EP - 11640 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-27725 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Effner, Ute A1 - Mielentz, Frank A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Friedrich, C. A1 - Mauke, R. A1 - Mayer, K. T1 - Prüfung von Abdichtbauwerken für Endlager auf Risse – eine Herausforderung N2 - Im Jahr 2011 hat der Bundestag in Deutschland den Ausstieg aus der Kernenergie beschlossen. Der angefallene Abfall wird mehr als hunderttausend Jahre eine derartig hohe Aktivität besitzen, dass er eine erhebliche Gefahr für nachfolgende Generationen darstellen kann. Dieser radioaktive Abfall soll in tiefen geologischen Formationen (z.B. Salz, Ton oder Kristallin) sicher endgelagert werden. Die Endlager werden mittels sogenannter geotechnischer Abdichtbauwerke (Schachtbzw. Streckenverschlüsse) verschlossen, wofür u.a. Zement- oder Sorel-basierte Baustoffe (Betone) in Frage kommen. Die Beschreibung des Dichtvermögens dieser Bauwerke ist unabdingbar. In der Forschungsphase werden verschiedene Werkstoffe untersucht und Methoden für die zerstörungsfreie Untersuchung der Bauwerke als Mittel der Qualitätsprüfung entwickelt. Hierbei ist der Nachweis der Rissfreiheit bzw. die Detektion möglicher Risse ein vorrangiges Thema. In den letzten Jahren konnten bereits umfangreiche Erfahrungen mit der Untersuchung von in-situ-Versuchsobjekten in Realmaßstab gesammelt werden. Die Messungen wurden im Endlager für radioaktive Abfälle Morsleben am in-situ-Versuch “Abdichtbauwerk im Steinsalz” und in der Grube Teutschenthal am Großversuch GV2 durchgeführt. Es ist gelungen mit einem neu entwickelten Ultraschall-Messsystem Eindringtiefen bis ca. 9,0 m zu realisieren. Die Messungen mit dem Large Aperture Ultrasonic System in Kombination mit der Rekonstruktion-Methode Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique zeigen, dass die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Abdichtbauwerken möglich und die Nutzung des Messsystems zur Qualitätssicherung bei der Erstellung der Verschlussbauwerke vielversprechend ist. N2 - In 2011, the German Bundestag decided to phase out nuclear energy. The resulting waste will remain highly radioactive for many hundreds of thousands of years and represents a considerable danger for future generations. This radioactive waste is to be safely disposed of in deep geological formations (e.g. salt, clay or crystalline). The repositories will be sealed by means of engineered barrier systems. The impermeability of these structures is indispensable. In the current research phase, various materials are being investigated and methods for monitoring the structures are being developed. In this context, the investigation of cracks is a priority topic. In recent years, BAM has gained extensive experience in the investigation of in-situ test objects in full scale. The measurements were performed in the Morsleben repository for radioactive waste at the test structure for the in-situ experiment "Sealing structure in rock salt" and in the Teutschenthal mine at the large-scale GV2 test structure. With a newly developed ultrasonic measuring system it has been possible to achieve penetration depths of up to approx. 9.0 m. Measurements with the Large Aperture Ultrasonic System in combination with the Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique reconstruction method show that the non-destructive testing of sealing structures is possible and the use of the measuring system for quality assurance in the construction of sealing structures is promising. KW - Abdichtbauwerk / Verschlussbauwerk KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Large Aperture Ultrasonic System KW - Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique KW - Ultraschall-Echo-Verfahren PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520298 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/mawe.202000118 SN - 1521-4052 VL - 52 IS - 1 SP - 19 EP - 31 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-52029 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brüngel, R. A1 - Rückert, J. A1 - Müller, P. A1 - Babick, F. A1 - Friedrich, C. M. A1 - Ghanem, A. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Mech, A. A1 - Weigel, S. A1 - Wohlleben, W. A1 - Rauscher, H. T1 - NanoDefiner Framework and e-Tool Revisited According to the European Commission’s Nanomaterial Definition 2022/C 229/01 N2 - The new recommended definition of a nanomaterial, 2022/C 229/01, adopted by the European Commission in 2022, will have a considerable impact on European Union legislation addressing chemicals, and therefore tools to implement this new definition are urgently needed. The updated NanoDefiner framework and its e-tool implementation presented here are such instruments, which help stakeholders to find out in a straightforward way whether a material is a nanomaterial or not. They are two major outcomes of the NanoDefine project, which is explicitly referred to in the new definition. This work revisits the framework and e-tool, and elaborates necessary adjustments to make these outcomes applicable for the updated recommendation. A broad set of case studies on representative materials confirms the validity of these adjustments. To further foster the sustainability and applicability of the framework and e-tool, measures for the FAIRification of expert knowledge within the e-tool’s knowledge base are elaborated as well. The updated framework and e-tool are now ready to be used in line with the updated recommendation. The presented approach may serve as an example for reviewing existing guidance and tools developed for the previous definition 2011/696/EU, particularly those adopting NanoDefine project outcomes. KW - Nanomaterial definition KW - Nanomaterial categorisation KW - Nanomaterial regulation KW - Nanomaterial legislation KW - Decision support KW - FAIRification PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-571618 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13060990 SN - 2079-4991 VL - 13 IS - 6 - Special Issue "Identification and Quantification of Nanomaterials" SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, CH AN - OPUS4-57161 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Friedrich, C. M. A1 - Weigel, S. A1 - Marvin, H. A1 - Rauscher, H. A1 - Wohlleben, W. A1 - Babick, F. A1 - Löschner, K. A1 - Mech, A. A1 - Brüngel, R. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Gilliland, D. A1 - Rasmussen, K. A1 - Ghanem, A. T1 - The NanoDefine Methods Manual N2 - This document is a collection of three JRC Technical Reports that together form the “NanoDefine Methods Manual”, which has been developed within the NanoDefine project ‘Development of an integrated approach based on validated and standardized methods to support the implementation of the EC recommendation for a definition of nanomaterial’, funded by the European Union’s 7th Framework Programme, under grant agreement 604347. The overall goal of the NanoDefine project was to support the implementation of the European Commission Recommendation on the definition of nanomaterial (2011/696/EU). The project has developed an integrated empirical approach, which allows identifying a material as a nano- or not a nanomaterial according to the EC Recommendation. The NanoDefine Methods Manual consists of three parts: Part 1: The NanoDefiner Framework and Tools, which covers the NanoDefiner framework, general information on measurement methods and performance criteria, and tools developed by NanoDefine such as a materials categorisation system, a decision support flow scheme and an e-tool. Part 2: Evaluation of Methods, which discusses the outcome of the evaluation of the nanomaterials characterisation methods for measuring size. Part 3: Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), which presents the 23 Standard Operating Procedures developed within the NanoDefine project. In this combined document, these three parts are included as stand-alone reports, each having its own abstract, table of contents, page, table and figure numbering, and references. KW - Nanomaterial KW - Particle size distribution KW - Nanoparticles KW - NanoDefine KW - Nanomaterial classification PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-504250 SN - 978-92-76-12335-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.2760/79490 VL - JRC117501 SP - 1 EP - 451 PB - Publications Office of the European Union CY - Luxembourg AN - OPUS4-50425 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mech, A. A1 - Rauscher, H. A1 - Rasmussen, K. A1 - Babick, F. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Ghanem, A. A1 - Wohlleben, W. A1 - Marvin, H. A1 - Brüngel, R. A1 - Friedrich, C. M. A1 - Löschner, K. A1 - Gilliland, D. T1 - The NanoDefine Methods Manual - Part 3: Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) N2 - The present series of reports, the NanoDefine Methods Manual, has been developed within the NanoDefine project 'Development of an integrated approach based on validated and standardized methods to support the implementation of the EC recommendation for a definition of nanomaterial'1 funded by the European Union's 7th Framework Programme, under grant agreement 604347. In 2011 the European Commission (EC) published the recommendation (2011/696/EU) for a definition of the term 'nanomaterial'1, the EC NM Definition, as a reference to determine whether an unknown material can be considered as a 'nanomaterial' for regulatory purposes. One challenge is the development of methods that reliably identify, characterize and quantify nanomaterials (NM) both as substances and in various products and matrices. The overall goal of NanoDefine was to support the implementation of the EC NM Definition. It can also support the implementation of any NM definition based on particle size. The project has developed an integrated approach, which allows identifying any material as a nano or non-nano material according to the EC NM Definition. NanoDefine explicitly supported the governance challenges associated with the implementation of legislation concerning nanomaterials by: - addressing the issues on availability of suitable measuring techniques, reference materials, validated methods, acceptable to all - developing an integrated and interdisciplinary approach and a close international co-operation and networking with academia, commercial firms and standardization bodies. Thus, the NanoDefine Methods Manual provides guidance on practical implementation of the EC NM Definition throughout the nanomaterial characterization process, and on the characterization techniques employed as well as their application range and limits. It assists the user in choosing the most appropriate measurement method(s) to identify any substance or mixture for a specific purpose, according to the EC NM Definition of a nanomaterial. The NanoDefine project also explored how to assess a material against the criteria of the definition through proxy solutions, i.e. by applying measurement techniques that indirectly determine the D50. Those findings were developed through empirically based scientific work and are included in Part 1 of this Manual. As they go beyond the text of the EC NM Definition, they may be used as practical approach to indicate whether a material is a nanomaterial or not, but keeping in mind that they should not be taken as recommendation for the implementation of the EC NM Definition in a regulatory context. The NanoDefine Methods Manual consists of the following three parts:  Part 1: The NanoDefiner Framework and Tools  Part 2: Evaluation of Methods  Part 3: Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Part 1 covers the NanoDefiner framework, general information on measurement methods and performance criteria and tools developed by NanoDefine such as a materials categorisation system, a decision support flow scheme and an e-tool. Part 2 discusses the outcome of the evaluation of the nanomaterials characterisation methods for measuring size. Part 3 presents the 23 Standard Operating Procedures developed within the NanoDefine project. The current document is part 3. KW - Nanomaterial KW - Nanoparticles KW - Particle size distribution KW - NanoDefine KW - Standard Operation Procedures KW - Nanomaterial classification KW - SOP PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503710 SN - 978-92-76-11955-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.2760/02910 SN - 1831-9424 VL - JRC117501 SP - 1 EP - 215 PB - Publications Office of the European Union CY - Luxembourg AN - OPUS4-50371 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mech, A. A1 - Wohlleben, W. A1 - Ghanem, A. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Weigel, S. A1 - Babick, F. A1 - Brüngel, R. A1 - Friedrich, C. M. A1 - Rasmussen, K. A1 - Rauscher, H. T1 - Nano or Not Nano? A Structured Approach for Identifying Nanomaterials According to the European Commission’s Definition N2 - Identifying nanomaterials (NMs) according to European Union Legislation is challenging, as there is an enormous variety of materials, with different physico-chemical properties. The NanoDefiner Framework and its Decision Support Flow Scheme (DSFS) allow choosing the optimal method to measure the particle size distribution by matching the material properties and the performance of the particular measurement techniques. The DSFS leads to a reliable and economic decision whether a material is an NM or not based on scientific criteria and respecting regulatory requirements. The DSFS starts beyond regulatory requirements by identifying non-NMs by a proxy Approach based on their volume-specific surface area. In a second step, it identifies NMs. The DSFS is tested on real-world materials and is implemented in an e-tool. The DSFS is compared with a decision flowchart of the European Commission’s (EC) Joint Research Centre (JRC), which rigorously follows the explicit criteria of the EC NM definition with the focus on identifying NMs, and non-NMs are identified by exclusion. The two approaches build on the same scientific basis and measurement methods, but start from opposite ends: the JRC Flowchart starts by identifying NMs, whereas the NanoDefiner Framework first identifies non-NMs. KW - Classification KW - Definition KW - Identification KW - Nanomaterials KW - Particle size KW - Regulation PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-510917 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202002228 SN - 1613-6829 SP - 2002228-1 EP - 2002228-16 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-51091 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mech, A. A1 - Rauscher, H. A1 - Rasmussen, K. A1 - Babick, F. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Ghanem, A. A1 - Wohlleben, W. A1 - Marvin, H. A1 - Brüngel, R. A1 - Friedrich, C. M. T1 - The NanoDefine Methods Manual - Part 2: Evaluation of methods N2 - The present series of reports, the NanoDefine Methods Manual, has been developed within the NanoDefine project 'Development of an integrated approach based on validated and standardized methods to support the implementation of the EC recommendation for a definition of nanomaterial', funded by the European Union's 7th Framework Programme, under grant agreement 604347. In 2011 the European Commission (EC) published a recommendation for a definition of the term 'nanomaterial', the EC NM Definition, as a reference to determine whether an unknown material can be considered as a 'nanomaterial' for regulatory purposes1. One challenge is the development of methods that reliably identify, characterize and quantify nanomaterials (NM) both as substances and in various products and matrices. The overall goal of NanoDefine was to support the implementation of the EC NM Definition. It can also support the implementation of any NM definition based on particle size. The project has developed an integrated approach, which allows identifying any material as a nano- or not a nanomaterial according to the EC NM Definition. NanoDefine explicitly supported the governance challenges associated with the implementation of legislation concerning nanomaterials by: - addressing the issues on availability of suitable measuring techniques, reference materials, validated methods, acceptable to all stakeholders (authorities, policy makers, commercial firms), - developing an integrated and interdisciplinary approach and a close international co-operation and networking with academia, commercial firms and standardization bodies. Thus, the NanoDefine Methods Manual provides guidance on practical implementation of the EC NM Definition throughout the nanomaterial characterization process, and on the characterization techniques employed as well as their application range and limits. It assists the user in choosing the most appropriate measurement method(s) to identify any substance or mixture for a specific purpose, according to the EC NM Definition of a nanomaterial. The NanoDefine project also explored how to assess a material against the criteria of the definition through proxy solutions, i.e. by applying measurement techniques that indirectly determine the x50. Those findings were developed through empirically based scientific work and are included in Part 1 of this Manual. As they go beyond the text of the EC NM Definition, they may be used as practical approach to indicate whether a material is a nanomaterial or not, but keeping in mind that they should not be taken as recommendation for the implementation of the EC NM Definition in a regulatory context. The NanoDefine Methods Manual consists of the following three parts:  Part 1: The NanoDefiner Framework and Tools  Part 2: Evaluation of Methods  Part 3: Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Part 1 covers the NanoDefiner framework, general information on measurement methods and performance criteria and tools developed by NanoDefine such as a materials categorisation system, a decision support flow scheme and an e-tool. Part 2 discusses the outcome of the evaluation of the nanomaterials characterisation methods for measuring size. Part 3 presents the 23 Standard Operating Procedures developed within the NanoDefine project. The current document is part 2. KW - Nanomaterial KW - Nanoparticles KW - NanoDefine KW - Particle size distribution KW - Nanomaterial classification PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503708 SN - 978-92-76-11953-1 DO - https://doi.org/10.2760/071877 SN - 1831-9424 VL - JRC117501 SP - 1 EP - 133 PB - Publications Office of the European Union CY - Luxembourg AN - OPUS4-50370 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mech, A. A1 - Rauscher, H. A1 - Babick, F. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Wohlleben, W. A1 - Marvin, H. A1 - Weigel, S. A1 - Brüngel, R. A1 - Friedrich, C. M. T1 - The NanoDefine Methods Manual - Part 1: The NanoDefiner Framework and Tools N2 - The present series of reports, the NanoDefine Methods Manual, has been developed within the NanoDefine project 'Development of an integrated approach based on validated and standardized methods to support the implementation of the EC recommendation for a definition of nanomaterial', funded by the European Union's 7th Framework Programme, under grant agreement 604347. In 2011 the European Commission (EC) published a recommendation for a definition of the term 'nanomaterial', the EC NM Definition, as a reference to determine whether an unknown material can be considered as a 'nanomaterial' for regulatory purposes1. One challenge is the development of methods that reliably identify, characterize and quantify nanomaterials (NM) both as substances and in various products and matrices. The overall goal of NanoDefine was to support the implementation of the EC NM Definition. It can also support the implementation of any NM definition based on particle size. The project has developed an integrated approach, which allows identifying any material as a nano- or not a nanomaterial according to the EC NM Definition. NanoDefine explicitly supported the governance challenges associated with the implementation of legislation concerning nanomaterials by: - addressing the issues on availability of suitable measuring techniques, reference materials, validated methods, acceptable to all stakeholders (authorities, policy makers, commercial firms), - developing an integrated and interdisciplinary approach and a close international co-operation and networking with academia, commercial firms and standardization bodies. Thus, the NanoDefine Methods Manual provides guidance on practical implementation of the EC NM Definition throughout the nanomaterial characterization process, and on the characterization techniques employed as well as their application range and limits. It assists the user in choosing the most appropriate measurement method(s) to identify any substance or mixture for a specific purpose, according to the EC NM Definition of a nanomaterial. The NanoDefine project also explored how to assess a material against the criteria of the definition through proxy solutions, i.e. by applying measurement techniques that indirectly determine the x50. Those findings were developed through empirically based scientific work and are included in Part 1 of this Manual. As they go beyond the text of the EC NM Definition, they may be used as practical approach to indicate whether a material is a nanomaterial or not, but keeping in mind that they should not be taken as recommendation for the implementation of the EC NM Definition in a regulatory context. The NanoDefine Methods Manual consists of the following three parts:  Part 1: The NanoDefiner Framework and Tools  Part 2: Evaluation of Methods  Part 3: Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Part 1 covers the NanoDefiner framework, general information on measurement methods and performance criteria and tools developed by NanoDefine such as a materials categorisation system, a decision support flow scheme and an e-tool. Part 2 discusses the outcome of the evaluation of the nanomaterials characterisation methods for measuring size. Part 3 presents the 23 Standard Operating Procedures developed within the NanoDefine project. The current document is part 1. KW - Nanomaterial KW - Nanoparticles KW - NanoDefine KW - Nanoparticle size distribution KW - Nanomaterial classification KW - Framework KW - Tools PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-503699 SN - 978-92-76-11950-0 DO - https://doi.org/10.2760/55181 SN - 1831-9424 SP - 1 EP - 89 PB - Publications Office of the European Union CY - Luxembourg AN - OPUS4-50369 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mühlhan, C. A1 - Weidner, Steffen A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Nowack, H. T1 - Improvement of bonding properties of polypropylene by low-pressure plasma treatment PY - 1999 SN - 0257-8972 VL - 116-119 SP - 783 EP - 787 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-6982 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ibrahimov, H.C. A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Ismailov, E.H. A1 - Zeynalov, Eldar A1 - Aliyeva, A. Z. A1 - Seidov, M.I. A1 - Rustamov, M.I. T1 - Thermal and magnetic peculiarities of metal-containing carbon nano-phase formed in the reaction of fine-dispersed aluminium with dichlorethane in paraffin medium N2 - Electron magnetic resonance (EMR) spectroscopy, X-ray-fluorescent microscopy (XFM) and thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) are used to characterize the carbon nano-phase obtained in the reaction between fine-dispersed aluminium and dichlorethane in the liquid paraffin medium and its modified with Mn(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), Cu(II) chlorides forms were studied. It was shown that the solid nano-structured functionalized carbon systems containing metals possess specific magnetic and thermal properties. Key parameters of the process, influencing on the size and structure of the formed carbon nano-phase were determined. Results and regularities established in this work create presumably the certain basis for optimization of physical and chemical properties of similar systems. KW - Aluminium KW - Dichlorethane KW - Carbon nanostructure KW - Magnetic KW - Thermal properties PY - 2012 SN - 2161-6213 VL - 2 IS - 2 SP - 196 EP - 202 PB - David publishing CY - Libertyville, Illinois, USA AN - OPUS4-25639 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lukowiak, M.C. A1 - Wettmarshausen, Sascha A1 - Hidde, Gundula A1 - Landsberger, Petra A1 - Boenke, Viola A1 - Rodenacker, K. A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Friedrich, Jörg Florian A1 - Gorbushina, Anna A1 - Haag, R. T1 - Polyglycerol coated polypropylene surfaces for protein and bacteria resistance N2 - Polyglycerol (PG) coated polypropylene (PP) films were synthesized in a two-step approach that involved plasma bromination and subsequently grafting hyperbranched polyglycerols with very few amino functionalities. The influence of different molecular weights and density of reactive linkers were investigated for the grafted PGs. Longer bromination times and higher amounts of linkers on the surface afforded long-term stability. The protein adsorption and bacteria attachment of the PP-PG films were studied. Their extremely low amine content proved to be beneficial for preventing bacteria attachment. PY - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-325406 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/c4py01375a SN - 1759-9954 SN - 1759-9962 VL - 6 IS - 8 SP - 1350 EP - 1359 AN - OPUS4-32540 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -