TY - JOUR A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Balke, Christian A1 - Butz, Manuel A1 - Zur, Malte T1 - Ermittlung von Wärmeübergangszahlen eines sich im Feuer befindlichen Tanks N2 - Für die Bewertung der Integrität von Tanks ist die detaillierte Kenntnis der belastungsrelevanten Parameter unabdingbar. Die Wärmeübergangszahl a ist eine derartige Größe. Die Wärmeübergangszahl bestimmt direkt die Größe der vorhandenen Beanspruchungen im Tank. Insofern sollte die Wärmeübergangszahl bekannt sein. Aus diesem Grund wurden experimentelle Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Für einen sich im Feuer befindlichen Tank ergibt sich die Wärmeübergangszahl zu 50 W/m2K. Auf dieser Basis konnten die bereits durchgeführten experimentellen Untersuchungen mithilfe der Methode der finiten Elemente nachgerechnet werden. Die dabei erzielten Ergebnisse sind infolge der getroffenen modelltechnischen sowie thermodynamischen Vereinfachungen als zufriedenstellend zu bezeichnen. In einem nächsten Schritt wird an einer verbesserten Modellierung sowie thermodynamischen Beschreibung der Verhältnisse im Tank gearbeitet. PY - 2011 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 1 IS - 7/8 SP - 22 EP - 24 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-24216 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzer, Stefanie A1 - Weltschev, Margit A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Lebensdauer und Schadensursachen von Tankcontainern, Tankfahrzeugen und Kesselwagen zur Beförderung von Gefahrgütern in der Praxis N2 - Daten über Schadensursachen und die tatsächliche Nutzungsdauer der Tanks zum Transport von Gefahrgütern liegen nur in begrenztem Maße vor. Auf der Basis der Daten von Tankbaufirmen, Speditionen und Eisenbahnkesselwagen-Vermietgesellschaften wurde die durchschnittliche Lebensdauer von Tankcontainern, Tankfahrzeugen und Kesselwagen zur Beförderung von Gefahrgütern in der Praxis ermittelt und die Hauptschadensursachen analysiert. Korrosion, Risse an Schweißnähten, Gestaltungs- und Dimensionierungsfehler sowie fertigungs- und betriebsbedingte Fehler zählen zu den Hauptschadensursachen. Viele Tanks werden vor Ablauf ihrer Nutzungsdauer nicht mehr für den Transport von Gefahrgütern eingesetzt, da sie nicht mehr den geänderten gesetzlichen Anforderungen in den Gefahrgutvorschriften entsprechen. Die Voraussagen durch Literaturangaben und Ergebnisse von Korrosionsversuchen in der BAM-Liste – Anforderungen an Tanks zur Beförderung gefährlicher Güter – spiegeln sich in der Nutzungsdauer/Lebensdauer der Tanks wider. KW - Gefahrguttransport KW - Tankcontainer KW - Tankfahrzeuge KW - Eisenbahnkesselwagen KW - Schadensursachen KW - Lebensdauer PY - 2011 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 1 IS - 11/12 SP - 28 EP - 33 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-24972 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen an Rohrfernleitungen in schutzwürdigen Gebieten T2 - Wangerooger Sicherheitstage 2012 Workshop: Vermeidung katastrophaler Umweltschäden - Schadensbegrenzung bei Dennoch/Exzeptionellen Störfällen CY - Wangerooge, Germany DA - 2012-04-22 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-25770 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Schadensbegrenzung bei Dennoch/Exzeptionellen Störfällen T2 - Wangerooger Sicherheitstage 2012, Vermeidung katastrophaler Umweltschäden CY - Wangerooge, Germany DA - 2012-04-22 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-25771 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Erhard, Anton A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Mohr, F. A1 - Kilian, R. T1 - Alloy 800 steam generator tube stress corrosion cracks - detection and root cause KW - Tube inspection PY - 2012 SN - 0007-1137 VL - 54 IS - 6 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing CY - Northampton AN - OPUS4-26006 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Erhard, Anton A1 - Schuler, X. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - A new concept for steam generator tube integrity assessment N2 - Steam generator (SG) tubes are part of the primary circuit of pressurised water reactors and therefore also part of the pressure retaining boundary components. Furthermore, steam generator tubes are the components which guarantee the separation between the primary and secondary circuits. Therefore the knowledge of the loss of tube integrity as soon as possible is an essential. Optimised nondestructive testing methods based on the eddy current array technique are used to find material degradation, especially intergranular stress corrosion cracks during the periodical in-service inspection. These methods are supported by the measurement of the leakage rate during operation based on radioactivity and Tritium measurement regarding a high crack grows. Shutdown criteria depending on leakage rates which are described in the operation procedures but there are no specifications about the conditions for the measured leakage. Is the leakage coming from a single crack or are there multiple cracks or is this the leakage of a critical crack. With the help of FE calculations answer about the uncertainties of leakage rate versus critical crack grows were found. Shutdown criteria must guarantee to avoid critical crack sizes, i.e. between the measured tritium activity and the critical crack size must be a safety gap. KW - Steam generator tubes KW - Crack detection KW - Non destructive testing KW - Axial cracks KW - Critical crack sizes KW - Crack opening area KW - Leakage PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2012.04.014 SN - 0029-5493 SN - 1872-759X VL - 249 SP - 297 EP - 303 PB - North-Holland Publ. Co. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-26025 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Blees, Christian A1 - Balke, Christian A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Plattenbrandprüfungen mit reaktiven Brandschutzbeschichtungen für Gastanks - Ein Vergleich zwischen Kleinprüfstand und 1-m³-Ofen N2 - In der Vergangenheit führte die Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) zahlreiche Tankbrandversuche mit und ohne Sicherheitseinrichtungen durch. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass Gastanks mit nicht ausreichend dimensionierten Sicherheitseinrichtungen bei einer äußeren thermischen Belastung innerhalb von 6 bis 10 min in Form eines BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapour Explosion) versagen können. Um die Feuerwiderstandsdauer eines Tanks zu erhöhen, besteht die Möglichkeit, den Tank u. a. mit einer sog. reaktiven Brandschutzbeschichtung zu versehen. Bei einer Temperatureinwirkung ab ca. 200 °C (produktabhängig) beginnt die Schicht aufgrund einer thermochemischen Reaktion aufzuschäumen. Die Tankwand wird dabei temporär vor einer weiteren schnellen Erwärmung geschützt. PY - 2012 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 2 IS - 1/2 SP - 27 EP - 30 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-25438 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Gashochdruckleitungen T2 - Ruhrgas Meeting Gashochdruckleitungen CY - Essen, Germany DA - 2012-01-25 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-25415 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Performance of dangerous goods tanks in a fire T2 - ASME Intrnational Mechanical Congress and Exposition CY - Houston, TX, USA DA - 2012-11-09 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-27082 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Strukturoptimierung von Rahmenwerken von Druckgasbehältern in Containereinheiten T2 - BAM / IGV Jahresgespräch 2013 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2013-02-19 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-27859 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Forschen für die Sicherheit T2 - Gefahrgut-Techniktage 2013 CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 2013-02-25 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-27860 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erhard, Anton A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Mohr, F. A1 - Kilian, R. T1 - Alloy 800 steam generator tube stress corrosion cracks - Detection N2 - Intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) in Alloy 800 steam generator tubes was until recently an unknown damage mechanism for this material. But in the meanwhile such cracks were detected within the tube sheet between upper and lower mechanical tube expansion and in the outer tube bündle periphery. The detection and the sizing of such defects were not reliable with the common NDT methods. Steam generator (SG) tube integrity constitutes the main barrier against release of activity to the secondary Circuit. When through wall cracks occur, primary water can leak into the secondary circuit due to the influence of the pressure difference between the primary and secondary circuit. Such cracks may have safety relevance if the crack growth is not negligible. Therefore optimized inspection methods are necessary fortube integrity assessment. The overall requirements in this particular case are to guarantee the tube integrity in the time between the periodically in-service inspections until the next inspection by placing special emphases of NDT methods. In the present contribution, NDT methods for the inspection of defects like IGSCC are presented. Some Statements about the root cause for this special degradation mechanism will also be described. T2 - 9th International conference on NDE in relation to structural integrity for nuclear and pressurized components CY - Seattle, USA DA - 22.05.2012 PY - 2013 SN - 978-92-79-28212-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.2790/74243 SN - 1018-5593 SP - 862 EP - 870 AN - OPUS4-28886 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pötzsch, Klaus-Michael A1 - Würsig, Andreas A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Das Gefahrgutrecht für Tanks und die technische Norm N2 - Im Gefahrgutrecht, insbesondere im Bereich der Gefahrguttanks für den Landverkehr, hat der Bezug zur technischen Norm aufgrund der Rechtsfortentwicklung eine fundamentale Bedeutung erlangt. Damit die Interessen der deutschen Tankhersteller genügend Berücksichtigung finden können, ist die kontinuierliche Mitarbeit der betroffenen Wirtschaftskreise in den nationalen und internationalen Normungsgremien erforderlich. Dieser Zusammenhang, der für den einzelnen Hersteller mit erhöhtem Aufwand verbunden ist, wird von den betroffenen Kreisen nicht flächendeckend wahrgenommen. Der Beitrag analysiert Gründe hierfür und macht Vorschläge zu leichten Korrekturen in der inhaltlichen Ausrichtung der Normung. PY - 2013 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 3 IS - 7/8 SP - 22 EP - 27 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-29016 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weltschev, Margit A1 - Schwarzer, Stefanie A1 - Otremba, Frank ED - Pierucci, S. ED - Klemes, J.J. ED - De Rademaeker, E. ED - Fabiano, B. ED - Buratti, S.S. T1 - Comparison of the operating life of tank containers, tank vehicles and rail cars for the carriage of dangerous goods in practice, analysis of causes of damage N2 - More than 400 Mt of dangerous materials are transported in Germany every year, of which 150 Mt are by road. Tank containers, tank vehicles and rail tank cars are used for the carriage of dangerous goods in large quantities. Data on the operating life of tanks are only available, in practice, to a minor degree. They are only partly published, mainly after accidents. The BAM-List - Requirements for Tanks for the Carriage of Dangerous Goods, which has compatibility evaluations of metallic and polymeric materials, has been the basis for substance-related prototype approvals for tank containers and portable tanks designed for the carriage of dangerous goods by the BAM since publication of the first edition in 1989. These data are also used for the approval of rail tank cars and road tank cars and are used as a source of knowledge not only in Germany but also worldwide. Tank leakages caused by tanks or rail tank cars being made of tank and sealing materials which are not resistant to the fill goods are avoided by using the material resistance data of the BAM. Corrosion damage is among the main causes of damage. Uniform and non-uniform area corrosion without mechanical stress in aqueous substances is one of the most frequent types of corrosion during the transport of chemicals in tanks. Much damage by pitting corrosion occurs during the transport of substances containing chlorides or substances which separate chloride ions in the presence of moisture. Operational stresses are caused by the effects of both the road and the dangerous goods being transported. Mechanical damage often results from long-term overstressing and occurs after longer operating times. Operational failures cause damage which may appear during the service of tank containers, road tank cars or rail tank cars. The damage results from the inattention of employees when opening and closing the valves. Traffic accidents also cause damage to tanks and frames. Many cases of damage are due to weld area cracks resulting from four basic errors in construction, material, manufacturing and operation. Manufacturing errors can be undetected and the starting point of cracks which only grow under service conditions. Manufacturing errors result from variations in measurement and design, fittings, state of surface (hardness, abrasiveness) and mechanical surface damage (scratches, cracks). Incorrectly welded joints and errors during mechanical deformation are typical mistakes when installing the component parts. Variations in the wall thickness or combinations of different materials lead to manufacturing errors too. A lot of tanks are not used for the transport of dangerous goods before the end of their service life as they do not fulfil the revised technical safety requirements in the Dangerous Goods Regulations. Predictions in the BAM-List based on literature data and corrosion test results are reflected in the service (operating) life. Rail tank cars made of carbon steel, for example, which are mainly used for the transport of petroleum products, can achieve a service life of 40 – 50 y. Rail tank cars produced of austenitic CrNi- or CrNiMo-steel can reach an operating life of at least 30 y, whereby the corrosiveness of the transport substances plays an important role. T2 - 14th International symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries CY - Florence, Italy DA - 12.05.2013 KW - Gefahrguttanks KW - Eisenbahnkesselwagen KW - Schadensursachen KW - Lebensdauer PY - 2013 SN - 978-88-95608-22-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1331094 SN - 1974-9791 N1 - Serientitel: Chemical engineering transactions – Series title: Chemical engineering transactions IS - 31 SP - 559 EP - 564 PB - AIDIC, Associazione Italiana di Ingegneria Chimica CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-28568 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konersmann, Rainer A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Vergleich von Risiken N2 - Vielen Entscheidungsprozessen geht ein Vergleich voraus. Bei einem Produktvergleich werden dazu Kriterien festgelegt, etwa der Kaufpreis, die Güte, Haltbarkeit, Handhabung usw. Der Testsieger ist meist derjenige, der die am höchsten bewerteten Kriterien erfüllt. Voraussetzung für derartige Vergleiche ist also die Gleichartigkeit der Vergleichsobjekte. Risiken untereinander zu vergleichen ist komplizierter. Die Notwendigkeit von Risikovergleichen ergibt sich, wenn nur unklare Vorstellungen, z. B. über die Risiken einer neuen Transporttechnologie, existieren und keine Erfahrungswerte zur Verfügung stehen. Aus bekannten und akzeptierten Risiken soll mittels eines Vergleichs die Tolerierbarkeit eines (noch) unbekannten Risikos abgeleitet werden. Der Beitrag setzt sich mit der Problematik von Risikovergleichen auseinander. KW - Risikovergleich Verkehrsmittel KW - Risikoakzeptanz KW - Qualitative Vergleichskriterien PY - 2013 SN - 2191-0073 VL - 3 IS - 6 SP - 32 EP - 37 PB - Springer-VDI-Verl. CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-28654 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Alloy 800 steam generator tube stress corrosion cracks - detection and root causes T2 - Coteq 2013 CY - Porto de Galinhas, Brazil DA - 2013-06-18 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-28720 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Reich, Franziska A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Würsig, Andreas T1 - Fail-safe? A study about the integrity of safety valves for tanks for dangerous goods N2 - In Europe, tanks designed on different safety philosophies are used for transporting one and the same liquid dangerous goods (Krautwurst, 2011). Owing to this circumstance, the BAM was commissioned by the BMVBS to conduct a research project designed to analyse and assess the equipment of tanks. Furthermore in these project were researched some failure mechanism of pressure relief devices (PRD). Based on the knowledge gained, possible solutions were worked out under safety-relevant aspects that would benefit tank transport by providing a lower hazard potential. Besides looking at the mode of operation and the construction of PRV, their blow-off characteristics and total flow rate are considered from a safety engineering point of view. Based on in-depth studies, a concept for and the further approach to examinations of the failure limits of PRD, especially of spring loaded relief valves, was developed and comprehensively described in the report “The use of safety devices, particularly safety valves, on transport containers” (Pötzsch, Reich, & Jochems, 2011). The purpose of this study was to investigate failure causes of safety valves by normal modes and accidental fire heat loads. A series of investigations for different influences using safety valves for tanks were obtained. Testing vibration modes and corrosion presents some design limits. Experimental study of a pressure vessel engulfing in fire identify significant design limits. The complete set of results provides direct information of fail-safe modes and discusses the usage. T2 - ASME 2013 International mechanical engineering congress and exposition CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 15.11.2013 KW - Safety valves KW - Transporttanks KW - Dangerous goods KW - Fire prooving KW - Response behavior PY - 2013 IS - IMECE2013-62204 SP - 1 EP - 5 AN - OPUS4-29717 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - Integrity of aluminium gas receptacle T2 - IMECE 2013 CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 2013-11-15 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29668 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero Navarrete, J. A. A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Lozano Guzmán, A. A. T1 - Experimental-theoretical modelling of the lateral sloshing in rail tankers N2 - The objective of this paper is to describe and to validate a simplified pendulum-analogy model to simulate the interaction of a liquid cargo with ist carrying vehicle. The resulting testing rig consists of a rectangular container, spring supported on a two wheelset-bogie having a scale down of 1/10 with respect to a full-size equipment. The testing rig is used to validate a simple pendulum-based, simplified three degree-of-freedom mathematical model of the response of a partially filled container to lateral accelerations. The length of the pendulum is set according to validated methodologies. The resulting mathematical scheme reveals a high correlation with the experimental output, on the order of 99%, while some other performance measures, related to the peak forces and the range of variation of the wheel-rail forces, also show good concordance with the experimental results. KW - Sloshing KW - Rail tankers KW - Pendulum analogy KW - Experimental modelling KW - Mechanical fatigue PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1504/ijhvs.2021.117504 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 435 EP - 454 AN - OPUS4-53101 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Romero Navarrete, J. A. T1 - Assesing rail damage in turns due to lateral load transfer N2 - A testing procedure is proposed and used, to estimate the rail damage potentials of variations in both, the height of the cargo´s center of gravity and the railway car suspension´s spring constant. The experimental setup consisted of a tilt table that slowly exerted an increasing lateral acceleration on a two-axle bogie-type vehicle equipped with a spring supported container. The potential damaging effect derived from the resulting lateral load transfer, was assessed on the basis of the fourth-power law. Results suggest that the cargo having a higher center of gravity could be more damaging to the outside rail when compared with the effect of the shorter center of gravity of the cargo, in arrange from0.94% to 3.17%, as a function of the spring constant of the suspension. Consequently, and comparatively, there would be a long-term damaging effect on the rail when having a cargo with a higher center of gravity, so that specific cargo, having a high center of gravity, would be more aggressive to the infrastructure. On the other hand, for the range of time rate changes of the lateral acceleration, it was not found a consistent trend regarding the effect of the value of the spring constant on the magnitude of the load transfers. T2 - ASME 2024 CY - Portland, OR, USA DA - 17.11.2024 KW - Rail demage KW - Lateral load transfer PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61784 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Romero-Navarrete, José A. A1 - Otremba, Frank T1 - A testing facility to assess railway car infrastructure damage N2 - Wheel forces generate stresses in the rail as a function of several vehicle and infrastructure characteristics and operating conditions. The different components of the wheel forces develop strains in the rail which contain an elastic and hysteretic (irreversible) components. The irreversible deformations of the rail would be associated with locomotive energy losses. In this paper, a testing facility is proposed to indirectly characterize the level of stresses in the rail, in terms of the energy that is lost during tuming maneuvers. Different potentially influential factors are considered, including the friction at the Center plate, the wheelbase length, the distance between bogies and the radius of the curved track. The change in the potential energy during a U-turn displacement is measured. In this respect, an experimental model under this operating principle, aimed at validating such a principle of Operation, reveals a significant effect of the friction at the center plate on the energy lost during turning maneuvers, and consequently, on the level of stresses in the rail. T2 - COMPRAIL 2020 - 17th International Conference on Railway Engineering Design & Operation 2020 CY - Online meeting DA - 01.07.2020 KW - Energy losses in transportation KW - Experimental methods KW - Friction energy KW - Rail damage KW - Turning forces KW - Wheel forces PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.2495/TDI-V4-N2-142-151 SN - 2058-8305 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 142 EP - 151 PB - WitPress AN - OPUS4-51125 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -