TY - RPRT A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Malow, Marcus A1 - Schmidt, Martin A1 - Krause, Ulrich T1 - Leitfaden zur Brandvermeidung bei der Lagerung von Biomasse N2 - Die Menge an genutztem, verarbeitetem und gelagertem Holz steigt von Jahr zu Jahr. In der Folge konnte in den letzten fünf Jahren eine deutlich gestiegene Zahl von Bränden in Holzlagern und -halden festgestellt werden. Viele dieser Brände sind durch Selbstentzündung des Materials verursacht worden. Sind die Ursachen der Selbstentzündung bekannt, kann die Brandentstehung durch geeignete Maßnahmen vermieden werden. Die Fachgruppe II.2 „Reaktionsfähige Stoffe und Stoffsysteme“ der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung hat in diesem Leitfaden das Thema aufgegriffen und die derzeit vorliegenden Erkenntnisse zusammenfassend dargestellt. Ziel des Leitfadens ist es, die Grundlagen der Selbstentzündung von Biomasse am Beispiel von Holz in übersichtlicher Form darzustellen und daraus praktische Hinweise zur Vermeidung der Selbstentzündung von Holzhalden abzuleiten, um so einen Weg für einen sicheren und nachhaltigen Umgang mit diesem Rohstoff zu ebnen. Dem Leitfaden liegen Ergebnisse des Forschungsvorhabens „Brandvermeidung bei der Lagerung von biogenen Brennstoffen“ zugrunde. Das Projekt wurde innerhalb der Fördermaßnahme „klimazwei – Forschung für den Klimaschutz und Schutz vor Klimawirkungen“ des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung finanziell gefördert (Förderkennzeichen 01LS05079). Für diese Förderung möchten die Autoren sich bedanken. T3 - BAM Forschungsberichtreihe - 284 PY - 2009 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-1678 SN - 978-3-9812354-1-8 SN - 0938-5533 VL - 284 SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-167 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Meyer-Scherf, Ronald A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Spoormaker, T. T1 - Study of the spontaneous ignition of stoichiometric tetrafluoroethylene-air mixtures at elevated pressures N2 - The Ignition Temperature (IT) of stoichiometric tetrafluoroethylene–air mixtures on hot walls was determined in a 3-dm³-reactor. Tests at elevated pressure conditions were performed, namely at 5, 15 and 25 bar(a), showing a decrease of the IT with the initial pressure. Furthermore, the measured ignition temperatures of stoichiometric tetrafluoroethylene–air mixtures were lower than the ignition temperatures required for the decomposition pure tetrafluoroethylene (Minimum Ignition Temperature of Decomposition, MITD) reported in previous works. Equations from the Semenov thermal explosion theory on spontaneous ignition were used to identify approximate combustion kinetics of tetrafluoroethylene from the experimental results. The determined kinetics was used for the prediction of the IT of stoichiometric tetrafluoroethylene-air by simplified calculation methods. A very good agreement with the experimental results was observed. KW - Tetrafluoroethylene KW - Combustion KW - Ignition KW - Self-ignition PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2013.02.008 SN - 0950-4230 SN - 1873-3352 N1 - Geburtsname von Meyer-Scherf, Ronald: Meyer, R. - Birth name of Meyer-Scherf, Ronald: Meyer, R. VL - 26 IS - 4 SP - 759 EP - 765 PB - Butterworth CY - Guildford, Surrey AN - OPUS4-28548 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Zeps, Robert A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Spoormaker, T. ED - Pierucci, S. ED - Klemes, J.J. ED - De Rademaeker, E. ED - Fabiano, B. ED - Buratti, S.S. T1 - The explosive decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene: large scale tests and simulations N2 - There is a lack of data on the self-ignition behaviour of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) in industrial sized equipment. In order to assess the tendency of TFE for decomposition in large scale vessels, , a facility was designed and constructed. Tests were carried out in a cylindrical reactor with a volume of 100 L with initial pressures of 5 and 10 bar(a). The effect of the reacto r adjustment (vertical or horizontal) was taken into account. The current work describes the test set up and summarizes the experimental results achieved. Furthermore, this paper reports on a numerical model for the prediction of the self -heating of TFE in closed vessels, which was previously developed for small scale reactors and has been here validated for larger dimensions with the experiments performed in the new facility. T2 - 14th International symposium on loss prevention and safety promotion in the process industries CY - Florence, Italy DA - 2013-05-12 KW - Tetrafluoroethylene KW - Self-heating KW - Large-scale reactor KW - Numerical simulation PY - 2013 SN - 978-88-95608-22-8 SN - 1974-9791 N1 - Serientitel: Chemical engineering transactions – Series title: Chemical engineering transactions IS - 31 SP - 1 EP - 6(?) PB - AIDIC, Associazione Italiana di Ingegneria Chimica CY - Milano AN - OPUS4-28549 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Zeps, Robert T1 - The Explosive Decomposition of Tetrafluoroethylene: Large Scale Tests and Simulations T2 - 14th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries CY - Florence, Italy DA - 2013-05-12 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-28668 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Kreißig, Michael A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - On the Ignition of Acetylene-Acetone Mixtures on Hot Walls T2 - ECCE 2011 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2011-09-25 PY - 2011 N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. AN - OPUS4-24469 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Numerical analysis of the effect of the electrode distance during the determination of the flammability limits of gases N2 - COMSOL Multiphysics® was used as a tool for the better understanding of the evolution of flow patterns during the induced ignition of gases. A simplified model was developed for the scope, by coupling the weakly compressible Navier Stokes module and the convection and conduction module. The current paper presents the results of the performed simulations. T2 - COMSOL Conference 2011 CY - Ludwigsburg, Germany DA - 26.10.2011 KW - Spark ignition KW - Gas flow KW - Temperature PY - 2011 SN - 978-0-9839688-0-1 N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. SP - 1 EP - 7 CY - Stuttgart AN - OPUS4-24700 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Spoormaker, T. T1 - Der Stoff, aus dem die Zukunft ist N2 - Beim begehrten Kunststoff Teflon führt kein Weg an einem komplexen Herstellungsprozess vorbei, der aufgrund der besonderen Eigenschaften des Ausgangsstoffes spezieller sicherheitstechnischer Anforderungen bedarf. Comsol Multiphysics unterstützte Wissenschaftler in der Auslegung der Produktionsanlagen bei der Identifizierung von Gefahrenquellen. KW - Tetrafluorethylen KW - Selbstentzündung KW - Numerisches Modell PY - 2011 SN - 1866-5004 SN - 1436-3348 SN - 0939-5504 N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. VL - 6 SP - 64 EP - 66 PB - Göller CY - Baden-Baden AN - OPUS4-24706 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Kreißig, Michael A1 - Hensel, Christina A1 - Schmidtchen, Ulrich A1 - Holtappels, Kai T1 - Preventing the explosion of acetylene cylinders involved in fire with help of numerical modeling N2 - The current paper describes a mathematical model, which was developed to simulate the heat transfer in acetylene cylinders during exposure to a fire. The cases of a direct engulfment of the cylinder in the flames and of exposure to a distant fire were considered. Furthermore, the model was also applied to the prediction of the heat transfer during the cooling with water of heated acetylene cylinders, in order to assess the effectiveness of this procedure as a measure to prevent the burst of the cylinder. To provide data for the definition and validation of the model a total of 13 bonfire tests with 8.9-, 10- and 50-dm³-cylinders were performed, where pressure and temperature measurements in the samples were performed. During 5 experiments the fire was extinguished before the expected cylinder burst and a cooling with water was applied. In the paper a short description of the experimental set-up and of the test results is given. Finally, a comparison with the model predictions is provided, showing reasonable agreement. KW - Acetylene cylinders KW - Fire KW - Explosion KW - Cooling KW - Numerical model PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2011.10.006 SN - 0950-4230 SN - 1873-3352 N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 364 EP - 372 PB - Butterworth CY - Guildford, Surrey AN - OPUS4-25137 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Spoormaker, T. A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - On the minimum ignition temperature for the explosive decomposition of tetrafluoroethylene on hot walls: Experiments and calculations N2 - The Minimum Ignition Temperature of Decomposition (MITD) of tetrafluoroethylene in a partially heated pipe was analyzed for different initial pressures (5, 10 and 15 bara). The pipe used had an internal length of 1 m, an internal diameter of 30 mm with a volume of about 0.7 dm³ and was vertically oriented. Pressure at the pipe top and temperature at four different locations along the pipe axis were measured. Tetrafluoroethylene was found to decompose at lower temperatures for increasing initial pressures, in agreement with previous tests with reactors with fully heated walls. A complete passive quenching in the non-heated part of the pipe was observed only for an initial pressure of 5 bara, while for higher initial pressures, the decomposition propagated completely along the test pipe. Moreover, the test results on the MITD were compared with data from previous experiments in fully heated 0.2 and 3 dm³ cylindrical reactors and showed a decrease of the MITD with the heated volume through heated surface ratio of the vessel. Furthermore, the prediction of the MITD of tetrafluoroethylene by simplified calculation methods was attempted, showing a good agreement with the experimental results. KW - Tetrafluoroethylene KW - Decomposition KW - Self-ignition PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2011.11.005 SN - 0950-4230 SN - 1873-3352 N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 293 EP - 301 PB - Butterworth CY - Guildford, Surrey AN - OPUS4-25138 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ferrero, Fabio A1 - Kluge, Martin A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Numerical Analysis of the Effect of the Electrode Distance during the Determination of the Flammability Limits of Gases T2 - COMSOL Conference 2011 CY - Ludwigsburg, Germany DA - 2011-10-26 PY - 2011 N1 - Geburtsname von Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. - Birth name of Kluge, Martin: Beckmann-Kluge, M. AN - OPUS4-24626 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -