TY - JOUR A1 - Kittner, Maria A1 - Kerndorff, A. A1 - Ricking, M. A1 - Bednarz, M. A1 - Obermaier, N. A1 - Lukas, M. A1 - Asenova, M. A1 - Bordós, G. A1 - Eisentraut, Paul A1 - Hohenblum, P. A1 - Hudcova, H. A1 - Humer, F. A1 - István, T. G. A1 - Kirchner, M. A1 - Marushevska, O. A1 - Nemejcová, D. A1 - Oswald, P. A1 - Paunovic, M. A1 - Sengl, M. A1 - Slobodnik, J. A1 - Spanowsky, K. A1 - Tudorache, M. A1 - Wagensonner, H. A1 - Liska, I. A1 - Braun, U. A1 - Bannick, C. G. T1 - Microplastics in the Danube River Basin: A First Comprehensive Screening with a Harmonized Analytical Approach N2 - In this study, carried out within the Joint Danube Survey 4, a comprehensive microplastic screening in the water column within a large European river basin from its source to estuary, including major tributaries, was realized. The objective was to develop principles of a systematic and practicable microplastic monitoring strategy using sedimentation boxes for collection of suspended particulate matter followed by its subsequent analysis using thermal extraction desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In total, 18 sampling sites in the Danube River Basin were investigated. The obtained suspended particulate matter samples were subdivided into the fractions of >100 μm and <100 μm and subsequently analyzed for microplastic mass contents. The results showed that microplastics were detected in all samples, with polyethylene being the predominant polymer with maximum contents of 22.24 μg/mg, 3.23 μg/mg for polystyrene, 1.03 μg/mg for styrene-butadiene-rubber, and 0.45 μg/mg for polypropylene. Further, polymers such as different sorts of polyester, polyacrylates, polylactide, and natural rubber were not detected or below the detection limit. Additional investigations on possible interference of polyethylene signals by algae-derived fatty acids were assessed. In the context of targeted monitoring, repeated measurements provide more certainty in the interpretation of the results for the individual sites. Nevertheless, it can be stated that the chosen approach using an integrative sampling and determination of total plastic content proved to be successful. KW - Thermal extraction desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TED-GC/MS), monitoring KW - Microplastics KW - River KW - Suspended particulate matter (SPM) KW - Sedimentation box (SB) PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-551444 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.1c00439 VL - 2 IS - 7 SP - 1174 EP - 1181 PB - ACS Publications AN - OPUS4-55144 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rothbart, Nick A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Goldammer, M. A1 - Hohlstein, F. A1 - Koch, J. A1 - Kryukov, I. A1 - Mahler, G. A1 - Stotter, B. A1 - Walle, G. A1 - Oswald-Tranta, B. A1 - Sengebusch, M. T1 - Probability of detection analysis of round robin test results performed by flash thermography N2 - Within the scope of a standardisation research project, a flash thermography round robin test that evaluates reliability, comparability and efficiency of different testing situations was performed. Data recorded at metal test specimens with flat bottom holes (FBHs) were analysed by calculating the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the defect signatures in the thermograms as well as in the phase images as a function of defect parameters. A new multi-parameter probability of detection (POD) model was developed, where an â versus a continuous signal analysis was based on the linear relationship between the SNR and a multi-parameter a. This linear relationship was verified by comparison to data obtained from an analytical model that is considering lateral thermal heat diffusion as well as to data obtained by numerical simulation. The resulting POD curves for the thermograms and phase images give an estimation for the detectability of the FBHs with known geometry in steel using different equipment and obtained by different participants. By comparing the SNRs of FBHs with similar geometries, this POD model was transferred to aluminium and copper as well. KW - Active thermography KW - Flash excitation KW - Signal-to-noise ratio KW - Round robin test KW - Multi-parameter POD PY - 2016 UR - http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17686733.2016.1229246 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/17686733.2016.1229246 SN - 1768-6733 SN - 2116-7176 VL - 14 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 23 PB - Taylor and Francis CY - Abingdon, UK AN - OPUS4-38192 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Rothbart, Nick A1 - Goldammer, M. A1 - Hohlstein, F. A1 - Koch, J. A1 - Kryukov, I. A1 - Mahler, G. A1 - Stotter, B. A1 - Walle, G. A1 - Oswald-Tranta, B. A1 - Sengebusch, M. T1 - A round robin test of flash thermography – detectability and quantification of artificial and natural defects in CFRP and metal structures N2 - Within the scope of a DIN INS project, a flash thermography round robin test that evaluates reliability, comparability, and efficiency of different testing situations was organized. The results give information about the detectability of defects, e.g. depending on their size and depth, the evaluation methods and the materials used. Besides, the influences of equipment and parameters used by the participants on the results were analysed. All of the quantitative results as well as the feedback given by the participants will be presented in a DIN committee in order to contribute to a flash thermography standard. T2 - Conference QIRT 2016 CY - Gdansk, Poland DA - 04.07.2016 KW - Active thermography KW - Flash excitation KW - Round robin test KW - CFRP KW - Metal PY - 2016 UR - http://qirt.gel.ulaval.ca/archives/qirt2016/papers/075.pdf DO - https://doi.org/10.21611/qirt.2016.075 SN - 2371-4085 SP - Paper 075, 517 EP - 526 CY - Quebec, Canada AN - OPUS4-37510 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauer, Oswald A1 - Weerts, J. A1 - Beck, F. T1 - Mechanische Eigenschaften von Elektrolytzinkblechen PY - 1934 IS - 24 SP - 137 EP - 144 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-16539 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauer, Oswald A1 - Weerts, J. A1 - Beck, F. T1 - Mechanische Eigenschaften von Elektrolytzinkblechen PY - 1933 VL - 12 IS - 43 SP - 615 EP - 619 PB - N.E.M.-Verl. CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-16540 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bauer, Oswald A1 - Beck, F. A1 - Weerts, J. T1 - Die mechanischen Eigenschaften technischer Elektrolytzinkbleche (Original: Metallwirtsch. Bd. 12, S. 615-618, 1933.) PY - 1934 IS - 18 SP - 279 EP - 280 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-28209 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rades, Steffi A1 - Oswald, F. A1 - Narbey, S. A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Analytical approach for characterization of morphology and chemistry of a CH3NH3PbI3/TiO2 solar cell layered system N2 - Manufacturing of new perovskite layered solar cells with constant high light conversion Efficiency over time may be hampered by the loss of efficiency caused by structural and/or chemical alterations of the complex layered system. SEM/EDX combined with XPS were chosen as an appropriate methodical approach to characterize perovskite laboratory cells in depth and at surface, before and after light exposure. The layered perovskite system investigated here is based on glass covered with fluorine doped tin oxide, followed by thin films of TiO2, ZrO2, and a thick monolithic carbon. TiO2 film is subdivided into a dense layer covered by porous one constituted of nanoparticles of truncated bipyramidal shape. This layered system serves as the matrix for the perovskite. EDX spectral maps on cross sections of specimen have shown that Pb and I are distributed homogeneously throughout the porous layers C, ZrO2, and TiO2. SEM/EDX data show that 20 weeks of ambient daylight did not change significantly the in‐depth distribution of the elemental composition of Pb and I throughout the entire solar cell system. It was confirmed with EDX that nanoparticles identified in high‐resolution SEM micrographs contain mainly Pb and I, indicating these to be the perovskite crystals. However, a compositional and chemical altering began in the near‐surface region of the outermost ~10 nm after 2 months of illumination which was observed with XPS. T2 - ECASIA 2017 CY - Montpellier, France DA - 24.09.2017 KW - Solar Cell KW - SEM KW - EDX KW - XPS KW - layered system PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.6410 SN - 0142-2421 SN - 1096-9918 VL - 50 IS - 11 SP - 1234 EP - 1238 PB - John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. AN - OPUS4-46394 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wollschläger, Nicole A1 - Palasse, L. A1 - Häusler, Ines A1 - Dirscherl, K. A1 - Oswald, F. A1 - Narbey, S. A1 - Ortel, Erik A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Characterization of the inner structure of porous TiO2 nanoparticle films in dye sensitive solar cells (DSSC) by focused ion beam (FIB) tomography and transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) N2 - A combined methodical approach is tested for the first time with respect to the characterization of the inner structure of porous TiO2 layers infiltrated with ruthenium molecular sensitizer as typically used in modern dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC). Their performance is directly linked to the surface area ‘offered’ by the pore Network to the dye. The micrometer thick layer employed was manufactured by screen-printing of a starting TiO2 powder constituted of shape-controlled, bipyramidal anatase nanoparticles (NPs) on FTO/glass substrates. The analytical methods exploited in our study are Focused Ion Beam (FIB) slicing followed by 3D reconstruction as well as the new approach transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD) technology in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). While the first method results in the visualization of the 3D pore network within the TiO2 layer, the second one can be successfully applied to analyze the crystal orientation of grains (i.e. NPs in our case) in nanometer resolution. Moreover, size and shape distribution of the TiO2 NPs within the layer can be extracted. SEM in transmission mode and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been used to verify the dimensional data obtained by the new combined methodical approach. Its analytical benefits but also the challenges and limitations are highlighted. KW - Transmission Kikuchi diffraction KW - Focused ion beam tomography KW - Titanium dioxide KW - Nanoparticles KW - Porosity KW - Particle size KW - DSSC PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2017.06.030 SN - 1044-5803 SN - 1873-4189 VL - 131 SP - 39 EP - 48 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-40875 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rades, Steffi A1 - Oswald, F. A1 - Narbey, S. A1 - Radnik, Jörg A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - Complementary methodical approach for the analysis of a perovskite solar cell layered system N2 - Loss in efficiency of perovskite solar cells may be caused by structural and/or chemical alterations of the complex layered system. SEM/EDX combined with XPS were chosen as appropriate methodical approach to characterise perovskite laboratory cells in depth and complementary on top, before and after light exposure. The layered perovskite system investigated here is based on glass covered with fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), followed by three porous thin films of TiO2, ZrO2 and a thick monolithic carbon. This layered system serves as the matrix for the perovskite. After infiltration of perovskite solution and annealing, EDX spectral maps on cross-sections of the specimen have been measured. The distribution of relevant elements – Si, Sn, Ti, Zr and C – correlates conclusively with layers visible in the acquired SEM images. Lead and iodine are distributed throughout the porous layers C, ZrO2 and TiO2. By EDX it was found that several weeks of ambient daylight did not change significantly the qualitative elemental composition of lead and iodine throughout the solar cell system. It was confirmed with EDX that nanoparticles identified in high-resolution SEM micrographs contain mainly Pb and I, indicating these to be the perovskite crystals. However, a time-dependent compositional and chemical altering was observed with XPS for the near-surface region of the outermost ~10 nm after two months of illumination. KW - Pervskite solar cells KW - TiO2 KW - Porous layer KW - SEM/EDX KW - XPS PY - 2017 UR - https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/0E9E937542BC8B5535900B53B7F667E9/S1431927617010558a.pdf/complementary_methodical_approach_for_the_analysis_of_a_perovskite_solar_cell_layered_system.pdf DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927617010558 VL - 23 IS - S1 (July) SP - 1978 EP - 1979 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - New York, NY, U.S.A. AN - OPUS4-41925 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ortel, Erik A1 - Häusler, Ines A1 - Österle, Werner A1 - Narbey, S. A1 - Oswald, F. A1 - Andersen, I. H. A1 - Holzweber, Markus A1 - Unger, Wolfgang A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - In-depth structural and chemical characterization of engineered TiO2 films N2 - Analytical routines for a comprehensive in-depth morphological, structural, and chemical characterization of functionalized TiO2 films by using different state-of-the-art analytical techniques are presented and discussed with the main objective to identify potential reference TiO2 coating parameters able to be certified at a later stage. TiO2 films fabricated by two different synthetic procedures as representative for two main large-scale applications were selected: (i) pulsed d.c. magnetron sputtering for photocatalytic applications and (ii) screen printing from preformed anatase nanoparticles. The screen-printed films were further loaded with a sensitizing dye for application as a dye-sensitized solar cell. Film properties such as microstructure and crystallographic texture of pulsed d.c. magnetron sputtering synthesized films were systematically studied by means of scanning nanobeam electron diffraction in a transmission electron microscope and the surface and inner morphology by scanning electron microscopy. The dye distribution over the depth of screen-printed TiO2 layers was analyzed before and after dye-loading by means of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy at scanning electronmicroscope, Auger electron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The long-term goal of the present study is the improvement of quality of the TiO2 film parameters as measured by using different types of reference TiO2 coatings having specific parameters certified. T2 - 16th European Conference on Applications of Surface and Interface Analysis ECASIA'15 CY - Granada, Spain DA - 28.09.2015 KW - Mapping KW - Line scan KW - Depth profiling KW - TiO2 films KW - Crystallinity KW - Ru dye sensitizer PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.5966 SN - 0142-2421 SN - 1096-9918 VL - 48 SP - 664 EP - 669 PB - John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. AN - OPUS4-36791 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rothbart, Nick A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Goldammer, M. A1 - Hohlstein, F. A1 - Koch, J. A1 - Kryukov, I. A1 - Mahler, G. A1 - Stotter, B. A1 - Oswald-Tranta, B. A1 - Sengebusch, M. T1 - A round robin test of flash thermography of CFRP and metal structures N2 - Within the scope of a DIN INS project, a flash thermography round robin test that evaluates reliability, comparability and efficiency of different testing situations is organized. The results give information about the detectability of defects e.g. by their size and depth, the evaluation method and by the materials used. Besides, the influence of equipment and parameters used by the participants on the results were analysed. All of the quantitative results as well as the feedback given by the participants will be presented in a DIN committee in order to contribute to a flash thermography standard. T2 - 7th International Symposium on NDT in Aerospace CY - Bremen, Germany DA - 16.11.2015 KW - Flash thermography KW - Round robin test KW - Metal KW - Flat bottom holes KW - SNR PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-351070 UR - https://www.ndt.net/?id=18921 SN - 1435-4934 VL - 21 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - NDT.net CY - Kirchwald AN - OPUS4-35107 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rothbart, Nick A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Goldammer, M. A1 - Hohlstein, F. A1 - Koch, J. A1 - Kryukov, I. A1 - Mahler, G. A1 - Stotter, B. A1 - Walle, G. A1 - Oswald-Tranta, B. A1 - Sengebusch, M. T1 - A round robin test on flash thermography N2 - A round robin test on flash thermography was organized within the scope of a standardization research project. This test gives information on reliability, comparability and efficiency of different testing situations. Data recorded on metal and CFRP test specimens with flat bottom holes (FBH) were analysed by evaluating the detectability and by calculating the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the defect signatures as a function of defect parameters. For the investigation of the influence of material properties on the spatial resolution as well as on penetration depth, test specimens made of steel and copper with crossed notches and a notch ramp were constructed and investigated. Here, the minimum resolvable notch distance and the maximum detectable depth of the ramp were analysed. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-destructive Testing (WCNDT) CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Active thermography KW - Flash excitation KW - Round robin test KW - Standardisation PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-366853 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - BB 158 SP - We.3.D.4., 1 EP - 8 PB - DGZfP CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-36685 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roszak, I. A1 - Oswald, L. A1 - Ouahabi, A. A. A1 - Bertin, Annabelle A1 - Laurent, E. A1 - Felix, O. A1 - Carvin-Sergent, I. A1 - Charles, L. A1 - Lutz, J.-F. T1 - Synthesis and sequencing of informational poly(amino phosphodiester)s N2 - Sequence-defined poly(amino phosphodiester)s containing main-chain tertiary amines were synthesized by automated solid-phase phosphoramidite chemistry. These polymers were prepared using four monomers with different substituents. The formed polymers were characterized by HPLC and mass spectrometry. These methods evidenced preparation of molecularly-defined polymers. Furthermore, the presence of tertiary amines in the polymer backbones facilitates sequencing by tandem mass spectrometry. KW - Poly(amino phosphodiester) KW - Synthesis KW - HPLC KW - Mass spectrometry PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/d1py01052b SN - 1759-9954 VL - 12 IS - 37 SP - 5279 EP - 5282 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry AN - OPUS4-53732 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -