TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Seidler, Oliver A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Kraume, M. T1 - Measurement of helium leakage rates through closures of dangerous goods packagings for the assessment of potentially explosive mixtures in freight containers N2 - The objective was to find out whether an explosive atmosphere can be created in a freight container by gaseous leakage flow of vapour-air-mixture through leaks in the closures of dangerous goods packagings filled with hazardous liquids. Because of high temperatures during intercontinental carriage, there is a gauge pressure in the free vapour phase inside the packagings which can cause a gaseous leakage flow. Two different methods were applied: Helium limit leakage rates for 23 quantitatively important hazardous liquids concerning their lower explosion limit (LEL) were calculated for a worst case transport scenario (Method 1). Helium leakage rates of five closure types of dangerous goods packagings with volumes of approximately 6 l were measured using the pressure technique by accumulation (Method 2). All types of closures of steel packagings were uncritical. The maximum measured leakage was 33% of the limit leakage rate. The leakage rates of screw closures of plastic jerricans can exceed the LEL if there are production-related patterns such as non-concentricity of the closures and flashes on the neck. Especially for plastic packagings it is important to minimize gaseous leakage flow, because an explosive atmosphere can also be reached by permeation of the individual filling substance or by a combination of both effects. For the assessment of potentially explosive mixtures in freight containers, both mass transfer mechanisms have to be taken into account. KW - Gefahrgutverpackungen KW - Dichtheit KW - Leckagerate KW - Überdruck KW - Frachtcontainer KW - Untere Explosionsgrenze KW - Dangerous goods packagings KW - Leakproofness KW - Leakage rate KW - Gauge pressure KW - Leak testing KW - Lower explosion limit PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2151 SN - 0894-3214 VL - 28 IS - 11 SP - 959 EP - 985 PB - Wiley & Sons, Ltd. CY - Chichester, UK AN - OPUS4-34967 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva A1 - Goedecke, Thomas A1 - Kraume, M. T1 - Investigations Concerning the Maximum Filling Degree of Dangerous Goods Packagings for Hazardous Liquids N2 - The dangerous goods regulations UN/ADR 6.1.5.5.4 (a) prescribe a maximum filling degree for determining the test pressure for the hydraulic pressure test by real measurements. The assumption is that the maximum filling degree of the liquid phase is the worst case concerning the gauge pressure. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the filling degree on the gauge pressure. Gauge pressure measurements and calculations for different substances were carried out at different filling degrees for a steel drum and a steel jerrican (heating up from 15°C to 55°C). The assumption that the maximum filling degree is the most critical is only valid for relatively rigid packagings: If the relative expansion of the packaging is smaller than the volume increase of the liquid phase due to heating up, the gauge pressure increases with increasing filling degree. But the opposite is true for relatively flexible packagings: If the relative expansion of the packaging exceeds the relative volume expansion of the liquid, the gauge pressure increases for decreasing filling degrees. The current regulations for the hydraulic test pressure determination at a maximum filing degree do not lead to the intended safety level. For a lower level than the maximum filling degree, the prescribed safety factor of 1.5 is not respected. Under transport conditions, it is possible that the inner gauge pressure exceeds the test pressure. This can result in a failure of the packaging. There is a need to reconsider the regulations. KW - Relative expansion KW - Dangerous Goods packagings KW - Filling degree KW - Gauge pressure KW - Overpressure PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/pts.2209 SN - 0894-3214 VL - 30 IS - 8 SP - 461 EP - 475 PB - Wiley & Sons, Ltd. AN - OPUS4-41341 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - BAM-GGR 005 - Verfahren für die Durchführung der Bauartprüfung von Verpackungen zur Beförderung gefährlicher Güter T2 - 16. Sitzung des BAM AK Prüfstellen, Fa. Rheinmetall CY - Unterlüß, Germany DA - 2002-10-08 PY - 2002 N1 - Geburtsname von Schlick-Hasper, Eva: Hasper, E. - Birth name of Schlick-Hasper, Eva: Hasper, E. AN - OPUS4-3527 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - BAM-GGR 005 - Verfahren für die Durchführung der Bauartprüfung von Verpackungen zur Beförderung gefährlicher Güter T2 - 29. Sitzung des ERFA; BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2002-11-07 PY - 2002 N1 - Geburtsname von Schlick-Hasper, Eva: Hasper, E. - Birth name of Schlick-Hasper, Eva: Hasper, E. AN - OPUS4-3543 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - Klassifizierung gefährlicher Güter, Arten von Gefahrgutverpackungen und Baumusterprüfungen T2 - Lange Nacht der Wissenschaften, BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2002-06-15 PY - 2002 N1 - Geburtsname von Schlick-Hasper, Eva: Hasper, E. - Birth name of Schlick-Hasper, Eva: Hasper, E. AN - OPUS4-3544 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - Technische Ausrüstung des Laboratoriums III. 11 und Prüfungen für Verpackungen für Stoffe der Klasse 6.2 (Ansteckungsgefährliche Stoffe) T2 - Symposium "Gefahrgutverpackungen aus Wellpappe" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2002-10-25 PY - 2002 N1 - Geburtsname von Schlick-Hasper, Eva: Hasper, E. - Birth name of Schlick-Hasper, Eva: Hasper, E. AN - OPUS4-3604 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - Schutzziel Dichtheit für Verpackungen zur Beförderung gefährlicher Güter T2 - 6. Fachseminar Dichtheitsprüfung und Lecksuche der DGZfP CY - Dortmund, Germany DA - 2012-03-06 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-25863 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Empfindlichkeit des Bubble Tests T2 - Ausschuss Gefahrgutbeförderung (AGGB-Verpackungen) CY - Bonn, Germany DA - 2012-06-05 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-25992 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Empfindlichkeit des Bubble Test T2 - BAM AK-Inspektionsstellen, BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2012-09-11 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-26452 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schlick-Hasper, Eva T1 - Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Empfindlichkeit des Bubble Test T2 - ERFA-Verpackungen, BAM CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2012-09-12 PY - 2012 AN - OPUS4-26453 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -