TY - JOUR A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Kreutzbruck, M. A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - Laser-projected photothermal thermography using thermal wave field interference for subsurface defect characterization N2 - The coherent superposition of two anti-phased thermal wave fields creates a zone of destructive interference which is extremely sensitive to the presence of defects without any reference measurements. Combining a high power laser with a spatial light modulator allows modulating phase and amplitude of an illuminated surface that induces spatially and temporally controlled thermal wave fields. The position and depth of defects are reconstructed from analysis of the Amplitude and Phase of the resulting photothermal signal. The proposed concept is experimentally validated and supported by numerical modeling. KW - Thermal waves KW - Active thermography KW - DMD KW - Spatial light modulator KW - Subsurface defects PY - 2016 UR - http://scitation.aip.org/search?value1=laser+projected+photothermal&option1=all&option912=resultCategory&value912=ResearchPublicationContent&operator8=AND&option8=pub_serialIdent&value8=aip%2Fjournal%2Fapl&qs=true U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4963139 SN - 0003-6951 VL - 109 IS - 12 SP - 123504-1 EP - 123504-4 PB - AIP Publishing CY - Melville, New York AN - OPUS4-37590 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Studemund, Taarna A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - The VCSEL-Array - a Novel High-Power Light Source for (Photo) Thermal Imaging N2 - Within the field of optically excited thermography, full-field thermal imaging is used to characterize materials, to determine thicknesses of layers or to find inhomogeneities such as voids or cracks. Classical light sources, such as flash lamps (impulse heating) or halogen lamps (modulated heating), are hereby specifically used. This has led to the different testing methods lock-in and flash thermography. The VCSEL array promises to merge these excitation methods. Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) are laser diodes emitting light perpendicular to their surface. Due to the vertical structure they can be arranged in large arrays of many thousand individual lasers and still be controlled like ordinary diode lasers. Recently a high-power albeit very compact version of such a VCSEL-array became available which offers both the fast timing behavior of lasers and large illumination areas. Moreover, it allows a spatial and temporal control of the heating because individual parts of the VCSEL-array can be controlled arbitrarily in frequency, amplitude, and phase. Although the VCSEL-array has a high potential for a new range of applications, it is too early to proclaim them. As one out of very few labs, we already adopted to this new VCSEL technology and show a thorough characterization and first results obtained with a 2.4 kW device. Specifically, we will discuss - the linearity between control voltage and optical output - the minimal pulse duration - the maximal applicable modulation frequency - optical projection and its influence on the optical output - spatial control of the illumination and thermal wave shaping Our results indicate that a VCSEL-array can be used for conventional impulse (aka flash) thermography whereas pulse duration and power are instantaneously accessible compared to flash lamp excitation. In case of lock-in thermography, we can apply frequencies in excess of 200 Hz without a loss in amplitude or an after glowing of the source, making it attractive for photo thermal applications. Consequently, this means that the VCSEL-array is able to merge the two main excitation methods lock-in and impulse thermography. T2 - 57th Course on Photoacoustic & Photothermal Phenomena CY - Erice, Italy DA - 19.10.2016 KW - VCSEL KW - Thermal Wave KW - Active Thermography PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37952 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Studemund, Taarna A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - Spatial and temporal control of thermal waves using spatial light modulators N2 - Active thermography has been developed into a well-established non-destructive testing method and is used to detect cracks, voids, or material properties. The spatial-temporal structure of the external heating: spatially: planar (e.g., halogen lamp) or local (e.g., focused laser), and temporally: pulsed (e.g., flash lamp) or periodical (e.g., halogen lamp), has led to different testing modalities, as for instance flash and lock-in thermography. In this work, we combine a high-power laser with a spatial light modulator (SLM) allowing us to merge all degrees of freedom into a spatially and temporally controlled heat source. This approach allows us to launch a set of individually controlled and fully coherent high-energy thermal waves into the sample volume. As one possible application, we demonstrate the interference of two phase shifted thermal wave patterns in order to detect the position and depth of hidden defects, which is still a challenging task in thermographic and photothermal techniques. The patterns are positioned with a certain distance and a phase shift of pi to each other, creating an amplitude depletion zone that is centered between them. Now, when a defect is brought into the depletion zone, the destructive interference is disturbed and the defect can be recognized. This approach means that we intentionally exploit the vertical and lateral propagation directions of the thermal waves. In a more general view, controlling simultaneously control of phase and amplitude of a set of thermal waves enables us to have a defined propagation of the thermal wave field within the sample, which means that thermal waves can be controlled almost like acoustical or optical waves. However, in contrast to optical or acoustical waves, thermal waves are highly damped due to the diffusive character of the thermal heat flow and therefore limited in penetration depth in relation to the achievable spatial resolution. Nevertheless, the coherence length of thermal waves can be chosen in the mm-range for modulation frequencies below 10 Hz which is perfectly met by present SLM technology. Eventually, this offers the opportunity to transfer known technologies from wave shaping techniques to thermography methods and to exploit the possibilities of coherent thermal wave shaping. T2 - 57th Course on Photoacoustic & Photothermal Phenomena CY - Erice, Italy DA - 19.10.2016 KW - Infrared thermography KW - Thermal Wave KW - DMD PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37954 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Myrach, Philipp A1 - Jonietz, Florian A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - Wärmebehandlung und zerstörungsfreie Prüfung: Oberflächenrisse mit der Laser-Thermografie finden T2 - Institutskolloqium der TU Dresden am Institut für Oberflächen- und Fertigungstechnik IOF und Fraunhofer IWS CY - Dresden DA - 2015-03-23 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34291 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - Advanced thermographic testing using DLP Technology T2 - 10th International Symposium on Emerging on Emerging and Idustrial DLP Technology Applications CY - Mainz DA - 2015-10-07 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34625 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Kreutzbruck, M. A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - Laser projected photothermal thermography for characterizing hidden defects N2 - For the last 20 years active thermography has developed into a standard method in non-destructive material testing. It has become possible to detect defects such as cracks, voids, or even material inhomogeneities. Until now, it is still difficult to quantify subsurface or hidden defects in size due to the diffusive nature of heat flow within a solid. Facing this issue, lockin thermography and other photothermal techniques have been established. They are based on exciting a sample periodically (e.g. with a halogen lamp), causing a controlled periodical heat flow and thereby representing strongly damped thermal waves. These techniques make use of interference and reflection of thermal waves which allow enhancing depth resolution. So far, only the temporal component of the light source was modified to achieve a defined vertical heat flow – In contrast, we propose a novel technique in which we are able to control both: time and space. This technique enables us to exploit the possibilities of coherent thermal wave shaping. We achieve that by combining a spatial light modulator (SLM) with a high power laser. This approach allows us to launch a set of individually controlled and fully coherent high energy thermal waves into the sample volume. That means, we intentionally use wave propagation throughout the sample’s material in both - vertical and lateral direction. As one possible application, we use a thermal waves’ interference effect of two phase shifted wave patterns to detect the position of hidden defects. The wave patterns are positioned with a certain distance and a 180° phase shift to each other creating an amplitude depletion zone right in the middle of the two patterns. When a defect is brought unsymmetrically into the depletion zone, the lateral heat flow is disturbed. If the sample is now moved through the depletion zone, a defect can be easily characterized. Exciting periodically while controlling simultaneously phase and amplitude enables us to have a defined thermal wave propagation throughout the sample which means thermal waves can be controlled almost like acoustical or optical waves. This offers the opportunity to transfer known technologies from wave shaping techniques to thermography methods. T2 - 19th World Conference of Non-Destructive Testing 2016 CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Thermal waves KW - DMD KW - Active thermography KW - SLM PY - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-365702 SP - Th.4.I.2 - 1 EP - Th.4.I.2 - 6 AN - OPUS4-36570 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Kreutzbruck, M. A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - Laser projected photothermal thermography for characterizing hidden defects N2 - For the last 20 years active thermography has developed into a standard method in non-destructive material testing. It has become possible to detect defects such as cracks, voids, or even material inhomogeneities. Until now, it is still difficult to quantify subsurface or hidden defects in size due to the diffusive nature of heat flow within a solid. Facing this issue, lockin thermography and other photothermal techniques have been established. They are based on exciting a sample periodically (e.g. with a halogen lamp), causing a controlled periodical heat flow and thereby representing strongly damped thermal waves. These techniques make use of interference and reflection of thermal waves which allow enhancing depth resolution. So far, only the temporal component of the light source was modified to achieve a defined vertical heat flow – In contrast, we propose a novel technique in which we are able to control both: time and space. This technique enables us to exploit the possibilities of coherent thermal wave shaping. We achieve that by combining a spatial light modulator (SLM) with a high power laser. This approach allows us to launch a set of individually controlled and fully coherent high energy thermal waves into the sample volume. That means, we intentionally use wave propagation throughout the sample’s material in both - vertical and lateral direction. As one possible application, we use a thermal waves’ interference effect of two phase shifted wave patterns to detect the position of hidden defects. The wave patterns are positioned with a certain distance and a 180° phase shift to each other creating an amplitude depletion zone right in the middle of the two patterns. When a defect is brought unsymmetrically into the depletion zone, the lateral heat flow is disturbed. If the sample is now moved through the depletion zone, a defect can be easily characterized. Exciting periodically while controlling simultaneously phase and amplitude enables us to have a defined thermal wave propagation throughout the sample which means thermal waves can be controlled almost like acoustical or optical waves. This offers the opportunity to transfer known technologies from wave shaping techniques to thermography methods. T2 - 19th World Conference of Non-Destructive Testing 2016 CY - München, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Thermal waves KW - DMD KW - Active thermography KW - SLM PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36577 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, Mathias A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Studemund, T. T1 - Thermography using a 1D laser array – From planar to structured heating N2 - In the field of optically excited thermography, flash lamps (impulse shaped planar heating) and halogen lamps (modulated planar heating) have become established for the specific regimes of impulse and lock-in thermography. Flying-spot laser thermography is implemented by means of a rasterized focused laser, e. g. for crack detection (continuous wave operation) and photothermal material characterization (high-frequency modulated). The availability of novel technologies, i. e. fast and high-resolution IR cameras, brilliant innovative light sources and high-performance data acquisition and processing technology will enable a paradigm shift from stand-alone photothermal and thermographic techniques to uniform quantitative measurement and testing technology that is faster and more precise. Similar to an LED array, but with irradiance two orders of magnitude higher, a new type of brilliant laser source, i. e. the VCSEL array (vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser), is now available. This novel optical energy source eliminates the strong limitation to the temporal dynamics of established light sources and at the same time is spectrally clearly separated from the detection wavelength. It combines the fast temporal behavior of a diode laser with the high optical irradiance and the wide illumination area of flash lamps. In addition, heating can also be carried out in a structured manner, because individual areas of the VCSEL array can be controlled independently of each other. This new degree of freedom enables the development of completely new thermographic NDT methods. KW - Thermography KW - Laser thermography KW - Laser KW - Lock-in KW - VCSEL KW - Thermal wave KW - Photothermal PY - 2018 UR - https://www.hanser-elibrary.com/doi/abs/10.3139/120.111209 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111209 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 60 IS - 7-8 SP - 749 EP - 757 PB - Carl Hanser Verlag CY - München AN - OPUS4-45482 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ziegler, Mathias A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Ahmadi, Samim T1 - Lock-in Thermography using High-Power Laser Sources N2 - Optical lock-in thermography is a completely contactless and very sensitive NDT technique. As an optical source of energy, incandescent lamps are most commonly used because they are relatively inexpensive and offer high irradiances at the test specimen. However, they are strongly restricted by their low modulation bandwidth with a maximum modulation frequency of only about 1 Hz. The use of high-power kilowattclass laser sources, e.g. diode laser arrays, pushes this constraint beyond 100 Hz. This allows for the exploration of the near-surface region of metals and layer systems with better and more accurate penetration depth and depth resolution. Moreover, these lasers are virtually free of any additional thermal radiation that could interfere with the “true” thermal response emitted from the heated sample. In turn, they can be easily used in a one-sided test configuration. We present current activities with kilowatt-class highpower laser sources for advanced lock-in thermography and focus on the application of laser arrays that offer a very high irradiation strength over a large sample area beyond the mentioned advantages. T2 - 12th European Conference on Non-destructive Testing CY - Gothenburg, Sweden DA - 11.06.2018 KW - Thermography KW - Laser Thermography KW - Lock-in Thermography PY - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-454466 UR - http://cdn.ecndt2018.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/ecndt-0139-2018.pdf SN - 978-91-639-6217-2 SP - ECNDT-0139-2018,1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-45446 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Burgholzer, P. A1 - Berer, T. A1 - Ziegler, Mathias A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Ahmadi, Samim A1 - Gruber, J. A1 - Mayr, G. A1 - Hendorfer, G. T1 - Blind structured illumination as excitation for super-resolution photothermal radiometry N2 - Using an infrared camera for radiometric imaging allows the contactless temperature measurement of multiple surface pixels simultaneously. From the measured surface data, a sub-surface structure, embedded inside a sample or tissue, can be reconstructed and imaged when heated by an excitation light pulse. The main drawback in radiometric imaging is the degradation of the spatial resolution with increasing depth, which results in blurred images for deeper lying structures. We circumvent this degradation with blind structured illumination, combined with a non-linear joint sparsity reconstruction algorithm. The ground-breaking concept of super-resolution can be transferred from optics to thermographic imaging. T2 - Conference QIRT 2018 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 25.06.2018 KW - Thermography KW - Laser thermography KW - Super resolution PY - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-454506 SN - 978-3-940283-94-8 SP - We.3.A.2, 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-45450 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Thiede, Tobias A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Rethmeier, Michael A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Straße, Anne T1 - AM activities at BAM with focus on process monitoring N2 - The presentation gives an overview of current projects in additive manufacturing at BAM. In particular, the results of the ProMoAm project were presented. T2 - VAMAS - Materials Issues in Additive Manufacturing CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 25.06.2018 KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Laser Metal Deposition KW - Thermography KW - Data Fusion KW - In-situ monitoring PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45620 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Ahmadi, Samim A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - Two-dimensional interference of photothermally generated moving thermal waves N2 - Structured illumination using high-power diode lasers generates a two-dimensional interference of thermal waves. In addition, the sources and the sample are moving relative to each other. Using different configurations, we investigate the validity of the temporal and spatial superposition principle of the heat diffusion equation for these cases both experimentally and by numerical-analytical modelling. Furthermore, we investigate the potential of this approach for non-destructive testing. T2 - 14th Quantitative Infrared Thermography Conference CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 24.05.2018 KW - Thermography KW - Thermal Wave KW - VCSEL KW - Laser KW - Thermal diffusion PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45621 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Myrach, P. A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey T1 - Crack detection in metal additive manufacturing with laser thermography N2 - BAM ensures and represents high standards for safety in technology and chemistry. Additive manufacturing (AM) changes the requirements for conventional non-destructive testing (NDT) as new processes of defect creation occur. Especially in safety critical areas, such as aerospace and automotive, new manufacturing processes and materials always require reliability tests and new standards which is a big challenge for NDT. T2 - Internationales Laser- und Fügesymposium CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 27.02.2018 KW - Laser Beam Melting KW - Laser Metal Deposition KW - Thermography KW - In-situ monitoring PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45619 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Kreutzbruck, M. A1 - Studemund, T. A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - Thermal wave interference with high-power VCSEL arrays for locating vertically oriented subsurface defects N2 - Among the photothermal methods, full-field thermal imaging is used to characterize materials, to determine thicknesses of layers, or to find inhomogeneities such as voids or cracks. The use of classical light sources such as flash lamps (impulse heating) or halogen lamps (modulated heating) led to a variety of nondestructive testing methods, in particular, lock-in and flash-thermography. In vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs), laser light is emitted perpendicularly to the surface with a symmetrical beam profile. Due to the vertical structure, they can be arranged in large arrays of many thousands of individual lasers, which allows power scaling into the kilowatt range. Recently, a high-power yet very compact version of such a VCSEL-array became available that offers both the fast timing behavior of a laser as well as the large illumination area of a lamp. Moreover, it allows a spatial and temporal control of the heating because individual parts of the array can be controlled arbitrarily in frequency, amplitude, and phase. In conjunction with a fast infrared camera, such structured heating opens up a field of novel thermal imaging and testing methods. As a first demonstration of this approach, we chose a testing problem very challenging to conventional thermal infrared testing: The detection of very thin subsurface defects perpendicularly oriented to the surface of metallic samples. First, we generate destructively interfering thermal wave fields, which are then affected by the presence of defects within their reach. It turned out that this technique allows highly sensitive detection of subsurface defects down to depths in excess of the usual thermographic rule of thumb, with no need for a reference or surface preparation. T2 - 44TH ANNUAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION CY - Provo, Utah DA - 16.07.2017 KW - Laser applications KW - Thermography KW - VCSEL KW - Subsurface defects PY - 2018 SN - 978-0-7354-1644-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5031547 SN - 0094-243X VL - 1949 SP - UNSP 060001, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-45171 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Burgholzer, P. A1 - Berer, T. A1 - Ziegler, Mathias A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Ahmadi, Samim A1 - Gruber, J. A1 - Mayr, G. A1 - Hendorfer, G. T1 - Blind structured illumination as excitation for super-resolution photothermal radiometry N2 - Photothermal radiometry with an infrared camera allows the contactless temperature measurement of multiple surface pixels simultaneously. A short light pulse heats the sample. The heat propagates through the sample by diffusion and the corresponding temperature evolution is measured at the sample’s surface by an infrared camera. The main drawback in radiometric imaging is the loss of the spatial resolution with increasing depth due to heat diffusion, which results in blurred images for deeper lying structures. We circumvent this information loss due to the diffusion process by using blind structured illumination, combined with a non-linear joint sparsity reconstruction algorithm. The structured illumination is realized by parallel laser lines from a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) array controlled by a random binary pattern generator. By using 150 different patterns of structured illumination and our iterative joint sparsity algorithm, it was possible to resolve 1 mm thick lines at a distance down to 0.5 mm, which results in a resolution enhancement of approximately a factor of four compared to the resolution of 5.9 mm for homogenous illuminated thermographic reconstruction. KW - Super-resolution imaging KW - Thermography KW - Blind structured illumination KW - VCSEL array PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17686733.2019.1655247 SN - 1768-6733 VL - 17 IS - 4 SP - 268 EP - 278 PB - Taylor & Francis Group CY - Milton, UK AN - OPUS4-49122 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Kreutzbruck, M. A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - Spatial and temporal control of thermal waves by using DMDs for interference based crack detection N2 - Active Thermography is a well-established non-destructive testing method and used to detect cracks, voids or material inhomogeneities. It is based on applying thermal energy to a samples’ surface whereas inner defects alter the non-stationary heat flow. Conventional excitation of a sample is hereby done spatially, either planar (e.g. using a lamp) or local (e.g. using a focused laser) and temporally, either pulsed or periodical. In this work we combine a high power laser with a Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) allowing us to merge all degrees of freedom to a spatially and temporally controlled heat source. This enables us to exploit the possibilities of coherent thermal wave shaping. Exciting periodically while controlling at the same time phase and amplitude of the illumination source induces – via absorption at the sample’s surface - a defined thermal wave propagation through a sample. That means thermal waves can be controlled almost like acoustical or optical waves. However, in contrast to optical or acoustical waves, thermal waves are highly damped due to the diffusive character of the thermal heat flow and therefore limited in penetration depth in relation to the achievable resolution. Nevertheless, the coherence length of thermal waves can be chosen in the mm-range for modulation frequencies below 10 Hz which is perfectly met by DMD technology. This approach gives us the opportunity to transfer known technologies from wave shaping techniques to thermography methods. We will present experiments on spatial and temporal wave shaping, demonstrating interference based crack detection. T2 - Photonics West 2016, OPTO, 9761 CY - San Francisco, Cal, USA DA - 15.02.2016 KW - Thermal Waves KW - Laser KW - DMD KW - Active Thermography PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35586 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Kreutzbruck, M. A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - Spatial and temporal control of thermal waves by using DMDs for interference based crack detection N2 - Active Thermography is a well-established non-destructive testing method and used to detect cracks, voids or material inhomogeneities. It is based on applying thermal energy to a samples’ surface whereas inner defects alter the nonstationary heat flow. Conventional excitation of a sample is hereby done spatially, either planar (e.g. using a lamp) or local (e.g. using a focused laser) and temporally, either pulsed or periodical. In this work we combine a high power laser with a Digital Micromirror Device (DMD) allowing us to merge all degrees of freedom to a spatially and temporally controlled heat source. This enables us to exploit the possibilities of coherent thermal wave shaping. Exciting periodically while controlling at the same time phase and amplitude of the illumination source induces – via Absorption at the sample’s surface - a defined thermal wave propagation through a sample. That means thermal waves can be controlled almost like acoustical or optical waves. However, in contrast to optical or acoustical waves, thermal waves are highly damped due to the diffusive character of the thermal heat flow and therefore limited in penetration depth in relation to the achievable resolution. Nevertheless, the coherence length of thermal waves can be chosen in the mmrange for modulation frequencies below 10 Hz which is perfectly met by DMD technology. This approach gives us the opportunity to transfer known technologies from wave shaping techniques to thermography methods. We will present experiments on spatial and temporal wave shaping, demonstrating interference based crack detection. T2 - Photonics West 2016, OPTO, 9761 CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 15.02.2016 KW - Active thermography KW - Thermal wave KW - Spatial light modulation KW - Crack detection KW - DMD KW - DMD coupled laser PY - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2210918 SN - 0277-786X VL - 9761 SP - 97610N-1 EP - 97610N-13 AN - OPUS4-35587 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Döge, N. A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Seewald, G. T1 - Wide-field two photon microscopy - transcending technology limitations N2 - Two Photon Microscopy (2PM) generates microscopic images out of depth of biological samples. Up to now the method is restricted by narrow limitations of the field of view, the imaging depth and the orientation of the image field. A new approach overcomes these boundaries and delivers high resolution images revealing very specific information on clinically and biologically relevant tissue and cell structures. The status of the 2PM technology is critically reviewed and the options are discussed. The advantages of the new approach demonstrated by excellent tissue images. KW - Two photon microscopy KW - Cell imaging KW - Tissue imaging KW - Optical biopsy KW - Immunology KW - Oncology KW - Cosmetics KW - Collagen PY - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/opph.201500035 SN - 1863-1460 VL - 10 IS - 5 SP - 29 EP - 42 PB - Wiley-VCH Verl. CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-35247 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ziegler, Mathias A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Studemund, Taarna T1 - Laser-Thermografie – Von der flächigen zur strukturierten Anregung N2 - Im Bereich der optisch angeregten Thermografie haben sich Blitzlampen (impulsförmig-flächige Erwärmung) und Halogenlampen (moduliert-flächige Erwärmung) für die spezifischen Regime Impuls- und Lockin-Thermografie etabliert. Mittels eines rasternden fokussierten Lasers wird die Flying-spot Laserthermografie z.B. zur Risserkennung (Dauerstrichbetrieb) und die photothermische Materialcharakterisierung (hochfrequent moduliert)implementiert. Durch die Verfügbarkeit neuer Technologien (schnelle und hochauflösende IR-Kameras, brillante innovativer Lichtquellen und performante Datenakquisitions- und Verarbeitungstechnik) wird ein Paradigmenwechsel von den getrennt voneinander stehenden photothermischen und thermografischen Techniken hin zu einer einheitlichen quantitativen Mess-und Prüftechnik ermöglicht, die schneller und präziser ist. Ähnlich wie ein LED-Array, jedoch mit einer um zwei Größenordnungen höheren Bestrahlungsstärke, steht jetzt eine neuartige brillante Laserquelle, das VCSEL-Array (vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser) zur Verfügung, welches die starke Beschränkung der zeitlichen Dynamik der etablierten Lichtquellen aufhebt und gleichzeitig spektral sauber von der Detektionswellenlänge getrennt ist. Es vereint somit das schnelle zeitliche Verhalten eines Diodenlasers mit der hohen optischen Bestrahlungsstärke und dem großen Beleuchtungsbereich von Blitzlampen. Darüber hinaus kann die Erwärmung auch strukturiert vorgenommen werden, da einzelne Bereiche des VCSEL-Arrays unabhängig voneinander angesteuert werden können. Dieser neue Freiheitsgrad ermöglicht die Entwicklung ganz neuer thermografischer ZfP-Verfahren. T2 - Thermographie-Kolloquium 2017 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 28.09.2017 KW - Thermografie KW - Laser KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung KW - Lock-in KW - VCSEL KW - Photothermisch PY - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-431170 UR - https://www.dgzfp.de/Portals/thermo2017/BB/6.pdf SN - 978-3-940283-88-7 VL - 163 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-43117 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - Subsurface defect localization by structured heating using laser projected photothermal thermography N2 - The presented method is used to locate subsurface defects oriented perpendicularly to the surface. To achieve this, we create destructively interfering thermal wave fields that are disturbed by the defect. This effect is measured and used to locate the defect. We form the destructively interfering wave fields by using a modified projector. The original light engine of the projector is replaced with a fiber-coupled high-power Diode laser. Its beam is shaped and aligned to the projector's spatial light modulator and optimized for optimal optical throughput and homogeneous projection by first characterizing the beam profile, and, second, correcting it mechanically and numerically. A high-performance infrared (IR) camera is set up according to the tight geometrical situation (including corrections of the geometrical image distortions) and the requirement to detect weak temperature oscillations at the sample surface. Data acquisition can be performed once a synchronization between the individual thermal wave field sources, the scanning stage, and the IR camera is established by using a dedicated experimental setup which needs to be tuned to the specific material being investigated. During data post-processing, the relevant information on the presence of a defect below the surface of the sample is extracted. It is retrieved from the oscillating part of the acquired thermal radiation coming from the so-called depletion line of the sample surface. The exact location of the defect is deduced from the analysis of the spatial-temporal shape of these oscillations in a final step. The method is reference-free and very sensitive to changes within the thermal wave field. So far, the method has been tested with steel samples but is applicable to different materials as well, in particular to temperature sensitive materials. KW - Active thermography KW - Structured heating KW - Digital micromirror device KW - Thermal wave field KW - Photothermal PY - 2017 UR - https://www.jove.com/video/55733 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3791/55733 SN - 1940-087X IS - 123 SP - e55733-1 EP - e55733-13 PB - MyJoVE Corp. AN - OPUS4-40281 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, Mathias A1 - Thiel, Erik T1 - Wenn die Wärme Wellen schlägt N2 - Mit Laserlicht kann man eine Materialoberfläche berührungslos und schnell moduliert aufheizen. Dabei entsteht eine stark gedämpfte Wärmewelle, die tief ins Material eindringen kann. Erzeugt und überlagert man solche thermischen Wellen auf kohärente Weise, dann kann man damit versteckte Materialfehler zerstörungsfrei und sehr präzise aufspüren. Sogar eine bildgebende Tomografie ist denkbar. KW - Thermography KW - Laser thermography KW - Lock-in thermography KW - NDT KW - Thermal waves PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/piuz.201801512 SN - 0031-9252 VL - 49 IS - 6 SP - 296 EP - 303 PB - Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA CY - Weinheim AN - OPUS4-46630 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Ziegler, Mathias A1 - Studemund, Taarna T1 - Localization of subsurface defects in uncoated aluminum with structured heating using high-power VCSEL laser arrays N2 - We report on photothermal detection of subsurface defects by coherent superposition of thermal wave fields. This is made possible by structured heating using high-power VCSEL laser arrays whose individual emitter groups can be arbitrarily controlled. In order to locate the defects, we have developed a scanning method based on the continuous wavelet transformation with complex Morlet wavelet using the destructive interference effect of thermal waves. This approach can also be used for thermally very fast and highly reflective materials such as uncoated aluminum. We show that subsurface defects at an aspect ratio of defect width to defect depth down to 1/3 are still detectable in this material. KW - Thermography KW - Heat diffusion KW - Laser thermography KW - Structured heating KW - NDT KW - Subsurface defects KW - Thermal wave KW - VCSEL KW - Wavelet transformation PY - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-018-2478-9 SN - 1572-9567 SN - 0195-928X VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 17, 1 EP - 13 PB - Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 AN - OPUS4-47208 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thiel, Erik T1 - Novel thermographic methods for non-destructive testing using structured illumination N2 - Photothermal imaging is commonly used for the characterization of material properties, the determination of layer thicknesses or the detection of inhomogeneities such as voids or cracks. For this purpose, the solid specimen is externally heated, e.g. by using a light source. The resulting transient heat flows interact with the inner structures of the specimen, which in turn is measured as a transient temperature distribution at the surface. Novel array-shaped, high-power laser light sources allow to control the heating of the surface arbitrarily, both temporally and spatially. This enables us to shape the heat flows within the material in a very specific way. In a first application, we demonstrate how to apply destructively interfering thermal wave fields in order to detect subsurface defects with a very high sensitivity. A similar technique, although originating from a very different physical domain, is already in use for medical 3D imaging showing the high potential of this approach. T2 - Adlershofer For­schungs­forum 2017 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 10.11.2017 KW - Active thermography KW - Photothermal KW - Crack detection KW - Thermal wave KW - Structured heating PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42835 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Altenburg, Simon A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Thiede, Tobias A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Kranzmann, Axel A1 - Hilgenberg, Kai A1 - Pittner, Andreas A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Sommer, Konstantin A1 - Gumenyuk, Andrey T1 - Quality control in additive manufacturing via in-situ monitoring and non-destructive testing N2 - More than 80 representatives of SMEs, industrial companies and research institutes met on September 12 at the workshop "Challenges in Additive Manufacturing: Innovative Materials and Quality Control" at BAM in Adlershof to discuss the latest developments in materials and quality control in additive manufacturing. In special lectures, researchers, users and equipment manufacturers reported on the latest and future developments in additive manufacturing. Furthermore, funding opportunities for projects between SMEs and research institutions on a national and European level were presented. T2 - Challenges in Additive Manufacturing: Innovative Materials and Quality Control CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 12.09.2018 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - Quality control KW - Non-destructive testing KW - In-situ monitoring PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46072 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Kreutzbruck, M. A1 - Studemund, T. A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - Thermal Wave Interference with High-Power VCSEL Arrays For Locating Vertically Oriented Subsurface Defects N2 - Among the photothermal methods, full-field thermal imaging is used to characterize materials, to determine thicknesses of layers, or to find inhomogeneities such as voids or cracks. The use of classical light sources such as flash lamps (impulse heating) or halogen lamps (modulated heating) led to a variety of nondestructive testing methods, in particular lock-in and flash-thermography. In vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs), laser light is emitted perpendicular to the surface with a symmetrical beam profile. Due to the vertical structure, they can be arranged in large arrays of many thousands of individual lasers, which allows power scaling into the kilowatt range. Recently, a high-power yet very compact version of such a VCSEL-array became available that offers both the fast timing behavior of a laser as well as the large illumination area of a lamp. Moreover, it allows a spatial and temporal control of the heating because individual parts of the array can be controlled arbitrarily in frequency, amplitude, and phase. In conjunction with a fast infrared camera, such structured heating opens up a field of novel thermal imaging and testing methods. As a first demonstration of this approach, we chose a testing problem very challenging to conventional thermal infrared testing: The detection of very thin subsurface defects perpendicularly oriented to the surface of metallic samples. First, we generate destructively interfering thermal wave fields which are then affected by the presence of defects within their reach. It turned out that this technique allows highly sensitive detection of subsurface defects down to depths in excess of the usual thermographic rule of thumb, with no need for a reference or surface preparation T2 - QNDE 2017 CY - Provo, Utah, USA DA - 17.07.2017 KW - Thermal Wave KW - Photothermal KW - Active Thermography KW - VCSEL KW - Subsurface Defect PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-41078 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Ziegler, Mathias A1 - Ahmadi, Samim A1 - Portella, Pedro Dolabella T1 - Structured heating in active thermography by using laser arrays N2 - Lock-in- and flash thermography are standard methods in active thermography. They are widely used in industrial inspection tasks e.g. for the detection of delaminations, cracks or pores. The requirements for the light sources of these two methods are substantially different. While lock-in thermography requires sources that can be easily and above all fast modulated, the use of flash thermography requires sources that release a very high optical energy in the very short time. By introducing high-power vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) arrays to the field of thermography a source is now available that covers these two areas. VCSEL arrays combine the fast temporal behavior of a diode laser with the high optical irradiance and the wide illumination range of flash lamps or LEDs and can thus potentially replace all conventional light sources of thermography. However, the main advantage of this laser technology lies in the independent control of individual array areas. It is therefore possible to heat not only in terms of time, but also in terms of space. This new degree of freedom allows the development of new NDT methods. We demonstrate this approach using a test problem that can only be solved to a limited extent in active thermography, namely the detection of very thin, hidden defects in metallic materials that are aligned vertically to the surface. For this purpose, we generate destructively interfering thermal wave fields, which make it possible to detect defects within the range of the thermal wave field high sensitivity. This is done without pre-treatment of the surface and without using a reference area to depths beyond the usual thermographic rule of thumb. T2 - ConaEnd&Iev 2018 CY - Sao Paulo, Brazil DA - 27.08.2018 KW - VCSEL KW - Active thermography KW - Laser KW - Structured heating KW - Subsurface defects PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-45851 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ahmadi, Samim A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Karagianni, Christina A1 - Hirsch, Philipp Daniel A1 - Burgholzer, P. A1 - Mayr, G. A1 - Jung, P. A1 - Caire, G. A1 - Ziegler, Mathias T1 - Photothermal super resolution image reconstruction using structured 1D laser illumination N2 - The separation of two closely spaced defects in fields of Thermographic NDE is very challenging. The diffusive nature of thermal waves leads to a fundamental limitation in spatial resolution. Therefore, super resolution image reconstruction can be used. A new concerted ansatz based on spatially structured heating and joint sparsity of the signal ensemble allows for an improved reconstruction of closely spaced defects. This new technique has been studied using a 1D laser array with randomly chosen illumination pattern. This paper presents the results after applying super resolution algorithms, such as the iterative joint sparsity (IJOSP) algorithm, to our processed measurement data. Different data processing techniques before applying the IJOSP algorithm as well as the influence of regularization parameters in the data processing techniques are discussed. Moreover, the degradation of super resolution reconstruction goodness by the choice of experimental parameters such as laser line width or number of measurements is shown. The application of the super resolution results in a spatial resolution enhancement of approximately a factor of four which leads to a better separation of two closely spaced defects. T2 - Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Conference 2019 CY - Portland, OR, USA DA - 14.07.2019 KW - Super resolution KW - Photothermal KW - Thermography KW - Laser PY - 2019 SP - Paper 8593, 1 PB - ASME AN - OPUS4-50924 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ziegler, Mathias A1 - Ahmadi, Samim A1 - Hirsch, Philipp Daniel A1 - Lecompagnon, Julien A1 - Hassenstein, Christian A1 - Thiel, Erik A1 - Pech May, Nelson Wilbur T1 - Using spatial and temporal shaping of laser-induced diffuse thermal wave fields in thermography N2 - The diffuse nature of thermal waves is a fun-damental limitation in thermographic nonde-structive testing. In our studies we investigated different approaches by shaping the thermal wave fields which result from heating. We have used high-power laser sources to heat metallic samples. Using these spatial and temporal shaping techniques leads to a higher detection sensitivity in our measurements with the infra-red camera. In this contribution we show our implementation of shaping laser-induced diffuse thermal wave fields and the effect on the defect reconstruction quality. T2 - SMSI 2020 Conference CY - Online meeting DA - 22.06.2020 KW - Thermal wave KW - Diffusion KW - High-power laser KW - Thermography KW - Spatiotemporal shaping PY - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5162/SMSI2020/C5.1 SP - 179 EP - 180 AN - OPUS4-50897 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -