TY - JOUR A1 - Hempel, M. A1 - Ziegler, Mathias A1 - Schwirzke-Schaaf, S. A1 - Tomm, J.W. A1 - Jankowski, D. A1 - Schröder, D. T1 - Spectroscopic analysis of packaging concepts for high-power diode laser bars N2 - Double-side cooled high-power diode laser bars packaged by different techniques on different types of passive heat sinks are analyzed in terms of packaging-induced strain. Reference data from standard devices being single-side cooled only and packaged by conventional soft and hard soldering are also presented. Thermal profiling across the devices complements the results. The most suitable packaging architecture and technique for double-side cooled bars is identified. Measurements of the laser emission near field and electroluminescence pattern provide direct reference to the functionality of the devices. Furthermore, a type of cross calibration of the methods used for strain analysis is made, since all techniques are applied to the same set of bars. This involves micro photoluminescence, micro Raman, and degree-of-polarization electroluminescence spectroscopy. KW - Spectroscopy KW - Semiconductor laser KW - Thermography KW - High-power diode lasers KW - Non-destructive testing PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-012-6799-4 SN - 0947-8396 VL - 107 IS - 2 SP - 371 EP - 377 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-25789 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schröder, K. A1 - Meyer-Plath, Asmus A1 - Keller, D. A1 - Ohl, A. T1 - On the Applicability of Plasma Assisted Chemical Micropatterning to Different Polymeric Biomaterials N2 - A plasma process sequence has been developed to prepare chemical micropatterns on polymeric biomaterial surfaces. These patterns induce a guided localized cell layover at microscopic dimension. Two subsequent plasma steps are applied. In the first functionalization step a microwave ammonia plasma introduces amino groups to obtain areas for very good cell adhesion; the second passivation step combines pattern generation and creation of cell repelling areas. This downstream microwave hydrogen plasma process removes functional groups and changes the linkages of polymer chains at the outermost surfaces. Similar results have been obtained on different polymers including polystyrene (PS), polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (PHEMA), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) and polyethylenenaphthalate (PEN). Such a rather universal chemical structuring process could widen the availability of biomaterials with specific surface preparations. KW - Microwave plasma KW - Ammonia KW - Hydrogen KW - Polymer surface KW - Cell culture KW - XPS KW - Fluorescence PY - 2002 DO - https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016239302194 SN - 1084-0184 SN - 1572-8978 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 103 EP - 125 PB - Plenum Press CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-1729 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Holtappels, Kai A1 - Liebner, Christian A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Pasman, H. A1 - Pekalski, A. A1 - Carson, D. A1 - Proust, C. T1 - Report on the experimental factors influencing explosion indices determination KW - SAFEKINEX KW - Explosionskenngrößen KW - Experimentelle Einflüsse KW - Nicht-atmosphärische Bedingungen PY - 2004 UR - http://www.morechemistry.com/SAFEKINEX/deliverables/02.Del.%20No.%202%20Exp.%20Factors%20Expl.%20Indices%20Det.pdf SP - 1 EP - 52 AN - OPUS4-5976 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bresch, Harald A1 - Meyer-Plath, Asmus A1 - Burgdorf, T. A1 - Packroff, R. A1 - Apel, P. A1 - Adolf, P. A1 - Jesse, A. A1 - Leuschner, C. A1 - Bosse, H. A1 - Dubbert, W. A1 - Epp, A. A1 - Gebel, T. A1 - Götz, M. A1 - Herzberg, F. A1 - Hornbogen, T. A1 - Kersten, N. A1 - Kneuer, C. A1 - Kujath, P. A1 - Pipke, R. A1 - Plitzko, s. A1 - Schlesier, K. A1 - Schröder, F. A1 - Schwirn, K. A1 - Sommer, Y. A1 - Tentschert, J. A1 - Völker, D. A1 - Wolf, T. T1 - 1. Bilanz zur gemeinsamen Forschungsstrategie der Ressortforschungseinrichtungen des Bundes 'Nanotechnologie - Gesundheits- und Umweltrisiken von Nanomaterialien' (2007 - 2011) KW - Nanotechnologie KW - Nanopartikel KW - Nanomaterial KW - Bundesoberbehörden KW - Forschungsstrategie PY - 2013 SP - 1 EP - 124 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-28538 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hsuan, Y.G. A1 - Schröder, Hartmut A1 - Rowe, K. A1 - Müller, Werner A1 - Greenwood, J. A1 - Cazzuffi, D. A1 - Koerner, R.M. ED - Neil Dixon, T1 - Long-term performance and lifetime prediction of geosynthetics N2 - To properly understand and assess the long-term behaviour of geosynthetic materials it is necessary to investigate the various types of possible degradation mechanims. This includes both chemical and mechanical behaviour, and sometimes even their interactions with one another. Clearly, chemical degradation of geosynthetics depends on the polymer type. For example, polyolefins are vulnerable to oxidation; polyesters are susceptible to hydrolysis; and plasticizers can leach from polyvinyl chloride. This paper describes the concept of these three types of degradation, but focuses on the oxidation of polyolefins since the majority of the geosynthetics is made from this type of polymer. The methods used to predict the lifetime of antioxidants and service life of the geosynthetic material will be illustrated. Furthermore, the influence of temperature, pressure, and ultraviolet light on the service life are also demonstrated. Finally, the current specifications targeting the longevity of different geosynthetics are presented. Regarding mechanical degradation, the paper mainly focuses upon the creep deformation of geogrids and stress crack resistance (SCR) of polyethylene geomembranes and geopipe. The method to assess stress crack resistance is described, and the microscopic mechanisms that lead to such failure are explained. For creep evaluation, different acceleration tests are presented and their applicability with respect to the different types of polymers is illustrated. In addition, the long-term shear behaviour of geocomposites and geosynthetic clay liners is presented. T2 - 4th European Geosynthetics Conference - EuroGeo4 CY - Edinburgh, Scotland, UK DA - 2008-09-07 KW - Geosynthetic KW - Durability KW - Degradation KW - Antioxidant KW - Weathering PY - 2008 SP - 1 EP - 41 AN - OPUS4-17975 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Barbier, J.-P. A1 - Bissolotti, G. A1 - Christian, S. A1 - Cleaver, K. A1 - Heller, D. A1 - Injaian, M. A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Witte, F. T1 - Safe preparation of compressed oxidant-fuel gas mixtures in cylinders KW - Sicherheitstechnik KW - Biogas KW - Explosionsgrenzen KW - Prozesssicherheit PY - 2007 IS - 139/07/E SP - 1 EP - 36 PB - European Industrial Gases Association (EIGA) CY - Brussels AN - OPUS4-16501 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rauchegger, Christian A1 - Schalau, Bernd A1 - Schmidt, Dirk A1 - Lohse, Volkmar A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Thévenin, D. T1 - Experimental results from heavy gas dispersions (R134a) N2 - Heavy gases in large quantities are used worldwide in various industries. Past incidents, such as the liquefied gas disaster in Viareggio (2009) have shown that these materials are difficult to handle in a safe manner. According to the German Hazardous Incident Ordinance (StörfallVO 2000 - 12. BIMSchV), plant operators with extended responsibilities must produce a report in which they verify that , in the event of an unintentional gas release, the surrounding area will not be aversely affected. Essential elements of this report are calculations of both the released mass flow and the gas dispersion. Using models such as the VDI guideline 3783 (state of the art in Germany) plant operators are able to predict the characteristics of likely gas dispersions. The presented experimental investigations were carried out at the BAM better understand heavy gas dispersion with high gas concentrations in the air (≥ 1 Vol.-%), as well as concentrations with approximately neutral density characteristics (≤ 3000ppm) in order to test the accuracy of the VDI guideline. The starting point for experimental trials was the heavy gas releases resulting from pipeline, vessel or standard gas bottle leaks, with mass flows of between 20 and 100 g s-1. Investigations on the gas-phase release process focused on the unsteady mass flow associated with releases from standard gas bottles. The experimental results will be used as comparative parameters for future simulations. The goal of these simulations is to develop a model with which calculation of the unsteady mass flow, based on the material characteristics for any gas, is possible. T2 - 7th Global congress on process safety - 2011 Spring meeting CY - Chicago, Illinois, USA DA - 13.03.2011 KW - Heavy gas KW - Gas releases KW - Dispersion KW - Measurement KW - VDI guideline 3783 PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 12 AN - OPUS4-23532 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Rauchegger, Christian A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Lohse, Volkmar A1 - Schmidt, Dirk A1 - Thévenin, D. T1 - Release and dispersion of heavy gases - experimental results and numerical simulations N2 - Heavy gases in large quantities are used worldwide in various industries. Past incidents, such as the liquefied gas disaster in Viareggio (2009) have shown that these materials are difficult to handle in a safe manner. According to the German Hazardous Incident Ordinance (StörfallVO 2000 - 12. BImSchV) plant operators with 'extended responsibilities' must produce a report in which they verify that, in the event of an unintentional gas release, the surrounding area will not be aversely affected. The essential elements of this report include calculations of both released mass flow and gas dispersion. Using models such as the VDI guideline 3783 (state of the art in Germany) plant operators are able to predict the characteristics of likely gas dispersions. Within the framework of the reported experimental trials, the release process of heavy gases from standard gas cylinders was investigated. Using the results of this investigation a calculation methodology has been developed which is able to predict the mass flow of a gas-phase release. As input parameters only the geometry of the gas cylinder, the material properties of the respective fluid as well as the environmental parameters such as velocity of approach and air temperature are required. In the course of modeling various approaches for nucleate boiling have been tested for their applicability. Both the calculation methodology and a comparison between the calculated and experimental results will be presented. Within the same framework of experimental trials, the dispersion process of the aforementioned heavy gases was also investigated. The dispersed gas cloud in this case was considered as originating from a continuous point source under ambient conditions. For the various trials concentrations both in the heavy gas (≥ 1 vol.-%) and in the neutral gas field (≤ 3000 ppm) were measured. In the immediate area of the release the length, width and height of the heavy gas cloud were evaluated. The experimental results, comparison calculations and the measurement techniques will be presented. T2 - 8th Global congress on process safety (GCPS) CY - Houston, TX, USA DA - 2012-04-01 KW - Heavy gases KW - Gas releases KW - Gas Dispersion KW - VDI Guideline 3783 PY - 2012 UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267345315_Release_and_Dispersion_of_Heavy_Gases_-_Experimental_Results_and_Numerical_Simulations SN - 978-0-8169-1071-7 IS - Paper 104aq SP - 1 EP - 16 AN - OPUS4-25772 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Giurcan, V. A1 - Razus, D. A1 - Mitu, M. A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Limiting oxygen concentration and minimum inert concentration of fuel-air-inert gaseous mixtures evaluation by means of adiabatic flame temperatures and measured fuel-air lower flammability limits N2 - The present paper aims to re-examine the validity of the linear correlation found between AFTLOC, the adiabatic flame temperature at the apex of the flammability range of fuel-air-inert mixtures (where LOC, the Limiting Oxygen Concentration, is measured) and AFTLFL, the adiabatic flame temperature at the lower flammability limit of fuel-air mixtures (LFL). New sets of experimental measurements of LFL and LOC referring to fuel-air mixtures diluted with N2, CO2 and H2O(vap) from trusted literature sources form a comprehensive database for such evaluation. Both the slope and intercept of correlations AFTLOC = a + b*AFTLFL are dependent on the nature of inert gas and on initial temperature. Based on the linear correlation between AFTLOC and AFTLFL, a procedure for calculation of LOC and MIC (Minimum Inert Concentration) of fuel-air-inert mixtures is presented, using measured or calculated LFL of fuel-air mixtures and their corresponding AFT. The method predicts with reasonable accuracy LOC and MIC of fuel-air-inert mixtures (relative deviations ranging between -14 and +17% when calculated and measured LOC and MIC for fuelair-nitrogen and fuel-air-carbon dioxide at ambient initial conditions are examined). KW - Fuel KW - Limiting oxygen concentration KW - Minimum inert concentration KW - Adiabatic flame temperature KW - Flammability limit PY - 2013 UR - http://www.revistadechimie.ro/pdf/GIURCAN%20V.pdf%2012%2013.pdf SN - 0034-7752 VL - 64 IS - 12 SP - 1445 EP - 1453 PB - sti CY - Bucure AN - OPUS4-29997 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rauchegger, C. A1 - Bayley, S. A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Thévenin, D. T1 - Dispersion of heavy gases - experimental results and numerical simulations N2 - The hazardous potential of accidental heavy gas releases, especially those involving flammable and toxic gases, is widely known. In order to predict the area in which these gases are in hazardous concentrations, an estimation of the dispersion of these gases must be carried out. While the hazardous area for flammable heavy gases is determined by the lower flammability limit (ca. >1 vol%), the release of toxic heavy gases can result in a much larger hazardous area. Toxic gases, even in very low concentrations (ca. <3,000 ppm), have the potential to be highly damaging. State-of-the-art dispersion models, such as the VDI Guideline 3783, can be used to estimate the dispersion of heavy gases. However, VDI 3783 gives no method for the prediction of the height and width of a heavy gas cloud, which are both required for quantitative risk analysis as well as for a possible coupling of a Lagrangian particle model with the VDI 3783 heavy gas dispersion model. Therefore, further calculation methods were used to describe these dimensions and were evaluated against experimental studies of the length, width, and height of the heavy and neutral gas field. In addition to that the influence of the source height on the heavy gas dispersion was also examined KW - Process safety KW - Heavy gas KW - Numerical simulation KW - Explosion protection PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/prs.11723 SN - 1066-8527 SN - 1547-5913 SN - 0278-4513 VL - 34 IS - 3 SP - 280 EP - 285 PB - Wiley InterScience CY - Hoboken, NJ AN - OPUS4-34756 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zakel, S. A1 - Schröder, Volkmar A1 - Askar, Enis A1 - Gabel, D. A1 - Hirsch, W. A1 - Kleinert, J. A1 - Krause, U. A1 - Krietsch, Arne A1 - Meistes, J. A1 - Sachtleben, A. A1 - Schmidt, Martin T1 - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen des Explosionsschutzes von hybriden Stoffgemischen - Normungsfähige Bestimmungsverfahren N2 - In diesem Verbundvorhaben werden standardisierte Messverfahren für hybride Gemische erarbeitet, die der Bestimmung sicherheitstechnischer Kenngrößen des Explosionsschutzes dienen. Unter einem hybriden Gemisch wird dabei ein mehrphasiges System aus Brenngas oder brennbarem Dampf, sowie Luft und brennbarem Staub verstanden. Die Veröffentlichung der Ergebnisse erfolgt in einem Abschlussbericht und als DIN-Spezifikation (DIN SPEC). Diese DIN SPEC versetzt Prüfinstitute und Industrie in die Lage, Explosionsgefahren beim Betrieb technischer Anlagen mit hybriden Gemischen einzuschätzen und damit Prozesse sowohl sicherer als auch effizienter zu steuern. Dieses Projekt wird im Rahmen des WIPANOProgramms (Wissens- und Technologietransfer durch Patente und Normen) vom BMWi gefördert. T2 - 14. Fachtagung Anlagen-, Arbeits- und Umweltsicherheit CY - Köthen, Germany DA - 07.11.2019 KW - Explosionsschutz KW - Sicherheitstechnische Kenngrößen KW - Hybride Gemische KW - Normung PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-89746-220-5 SP - 73 CY - Frankfurt am Main AN - OPUS4-49954 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Algernon, D. A1 - Arndt, R.W. A1 - Denzel, W. A1 - Ebsen, B. A1 - Feistkorn, S. A1 - Friese, M. A1 - Große, C.U. A1 - Kathage, S. A1 - Keßler, S. A1 - Köpp, Christian A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Lohse, C. A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Schickert, M. A1 - Schröder, G. A1 - Taffe, A. A1 - Timofeev, Juri A1 - Walther, A. A1 - Wilcke, M. A1 - Wolf, J. A1 - Wöstmann, Jens T1 - Test specimen concepts in regard to quality assurance and validation of nondestructive testing in civil engineering N2 - The process of ensuring reliability of NDT applications contains various aspects, such as determining the performance and probability of success, the uncertainty in measurement, the provision of clear and functional procedures and ensuring the correct application accordingly. Test specimens have become powerful elements in supporting many of these aspects. Within the committee for NDT in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE) of the German Society for Nondestructive Testing (DGZfP), the subcommittee on Quality Assurance (UA-QS) therefore addresses the design and the integration of test specimens in the quality assurance process. Depending on the specific purpose, the requirements on test specimens can vary significantly based on the defined simulated scenario. The most prominent purposes of test specimens might be seen in providing references for inspection systems in regard to function control, calibration and validation. Further aspects can be parametric studies, basic investigation of physical principles related to NDT or a simplified and therefore comprehensive demonstration of inspection concepts (e.g. for teaching purposes). The specific purpose of a test specimen dictates the requirements regarding its conception, including the exact design, the material or the fabrication accuracy and the conditioning. In the development of a general guideline by the UA-QS for application-specific procedures and their validation, the use of test specimens is addressed and specific concepts for the design of test specimens are made. This includes the analysis of the measurement process regarding any given application, deriving an adequate calibration approach for it and designing test specimens (calibration specimens) accordingly. Furthermore, it includes the validation of the procedure taking into account all conditions related to the specific application in the field. The validation requires a statistically sufficient number of trials. Thorough evaluation of each trial can only be established if the ground-truth is known. Therefore, test specimens providing a realistic but controlled simulation of the inspection problem are valuable and indispensable elements in the validation process. The requirement of being fully realistic will often not be possible to fulfill due to practical restrictions. Any aspect that cannot be included in the simulation realistically needs to be simulated conservatively. This again, requires a sufficient understanding of the inspection principle and technique to ensure conservativeness. Among other quality-assurance-related aspects, the UA-QS establishes concepts and guidelines regarding sound and efficient approaches for the specific purposes of test specimens. This subcommittee brings together representatives of different Groups along the entire value chain of NDT-CE, including researchers, practitioners, manufacturers and clients. They all work together in establishing a common understanding and level of quality assurance in the industry. T2 - SMT and NDT-CE 2018 CY - New Brunswick, NJ, USA DA - 27.08.2018 KW - Quality assurance KW - Procedure KW - Reliability KW - Validation KW - Reference specimen PY - 2019 UR - https://asnt.org/smt18papers SN - 978-1-57117-456-7 VL - 11/19 SP - 39 EP - 48 PB - The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. CY - Columbus, OH, USA AN - OPUS4-47240 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Algernon, D. A1 - Arndt, R.W. A1 - Denzel, W. A1 - Ebsen, B. A1 - Feistkorn, S. A1 - Friese, M. A1 - Große, C.U. A1 - Kathage, S. A1 - Keßler, S. A1 - Köpp, Christian A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Lohse, C. A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Schickert, M. A1 - Schröder, G. A1 - Taffe, A. A1 - Timofeev, Juri A1 - Walther, A. A1 - Wilcke, M. A1 - Wolf, J. A1 - Wöstmann, Jens T1 - NDT procedures in relation to quality assurance and validation of nondestructive testing in civil engineering N2 - The field of non-destructive testing of civil structures (NDT-CE) has been continuously growing. Due to the complexity and diversity of civil constructions as well as the heterogeneity of concrete, specific standards or guidelines for the application of modern NDT-CE are still missing. The development of individual solutions is the current approach, which is just as challenging as it is common for NDT-CE. With the increasing development and commercialization of NDT-CE technology, the group of practitioners is growing. To ensure a good level of quality in the industry, it appears necessary to establish adequate means. Naturally, the performance of NDT-CE methods regarding a specific application is strongly dependent on choosing the most suitable inspection technique and applying it correctly, generally referred to as the inspection procedure in the field of NDT. There are well-defined guidelines regarding procedure documentation and handling in many fields of NDT (e.g. nuclear, aerospace or automotive) according to the high importance of procedures in assuring a successful and reliable application. For a long time, this has not always been the case with NDT-CE, which is still considered a unique discipline of NDT. Part of the reason for that might be the young development state of NDTCE, the heterogeneity of building materials like concrete, timber or masonry as a material and the diversity of civil structures. In consequence, NDT-CE procedure development is considered challenging. Among other aspects, addressed in the subcommittee on Quality Assurance (UA-QS) within the committee for NDT-CE of the German Society for Nondestructive Testing (DGZfP), part of its work aims at establishing an adequate basis for NDT-CE procedure development. While some of the highly developed approaches from other industries are taken into consideration, they need to be analyzed regarding their suitability for NDT-CE and adapted accordingly. For a procedure to be as defined as possible, it needs to contain sufficient information, such as the scope and limitations regarding material, geometry and condition of the test object, inspection parameters, calibration, data acquisition, analysis criteria as well as requirements regarding the inspection personnel. For a successful implementation in the field, it is important to define the specific procedure as precisely as possible. Despite the necessity of a great amount of information to be included, the procedure needs to be suitable for efficient field application. The UA-QS is developing a guideline for NDT-CE procedures suitable for application in this field of NDT to ensure correct and reproducible application. To demonstrate and evaluate this concept, specific examples of procedures are also produced. In particular, the UA-QS has developed a procedure for the detection and positioning of tendon ducts using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). This procedure is tested regarding the practical applicability in a roundrobin on a defined type of reference test block. T2 - SMT and NDT-CE 2018 CY - New Brunswick, NJ, USA DA - 27.08.2018 KW - Quality assurance KW - Procedure KW - Reliability KW - Validation KW - Reference specimen PY - 2019 UR - https://asnt.org/smt18papers SN - 978-1-57117-456-7 VL - 11/19 SP - 31 EP - 38 PB - The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. CY - Columbus, OH, USA AN - OPUS4-47239 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Algernon, D. A1 - Arndt, R. A1 - Ebsen, B. A1 - Feistkorn, S. A1 - Friese, M. A1 - Große, C. A1 - Kathage, S. A1 - Keßler, S. A1 - Kurz, J. A1 - Küttenbaum, Stefan A1 - Lohse, C. A1 - Maack, Stefan A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Schickert, M. A1 - Schröder, G. A1 - Taffe, A. A1 - Walther, A. A1 - Wilcke, M. A1 - Wolf, J. A1 - Wöstmann, Jens T1 - Richtlinie B-LF 01: Leitfaden zur Erstellung von Prüfanweisungen für die Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen (ZfP Bau) N2 - Der vorliegende Leitfaden dient zur Unterstützung der Entwicklung und Umsetzung von Prüfanweisungen für ZfP-Verfahren im Bauwesen. Er gibt einen Überblick über Verwendungszweck, Erstellung und Inhalte von Prüfanweisungen unter Berücksichtigung einheitlicher Standardisierungsziele. KW - Prüfanweisung KW - Beton KW - Leitfaden PY - 2022 SN - 978-3-947971-23-7 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e.V. (DGZfP) CY - Berlin ET - 1. Aufl., April 2022 AN - OPUS4-54985 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mitu, M. A1 - Razus, D. A1 - Schröder, Volkmar T1 - Laminar burning velocities of hydrogen-blended methane-air and natural gas-air mixtures, calculated from the early stage of p(t) records in a spherical vessel N2 - The flammable hydrogen-blended methane–air and natural gas–air mixtures raise specific safety and environmental issues in the industry and transportation; therefore, their explosion characteristics such as the explosion limits, explosion pressures, and rates of pressure rise have significant importance from a safety point of view. At the same time, the laminar burning velocities are the most useful parameters for practical applications and in basic studies for the validation of reaction mechanisms and modeling turbulent combustion. In the present study, an experimental and numerical study of the effect of hydrogen addition on the laminar burning velocity (LBV) of methane–air and natural gas–air mixtures was conducted, using mixtures with equivalence ratios within 0.90 and 1.30 and various hydrogen fractions rH within 0.0 and 0.5. The experiments were performed in a 14 L spherical vessel with central ignition at ambient initial conditions. The LBVs were calculated from p(t) data, determined in accordance with EN 15967, by using only the early stage of flame propagation. The results show that hydrogen addition determines an increase in LBV for all examined binary flammable mixtures. The LBV variation versus the fraction of added hydrogen, rH, follows a linear trend only at moderate hydrogen fractions. The further increase in rH results in a stronger variation in LBV, as shown by both experimental and computed LBVs. Hydrogen addition significantly changes the thermal diffusivity of flammable CH4–air or NG–air mixtures, the rate of heat release, and the concentration of active radical species in the flame front and contribute, thus, to LBV variation. KW - Hydrogen KW - Methane KW - Natural gas KW - Laminar burning velocity (LBV) KW - Closed vessel combustion PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-569083 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227556 SN - 1996-1073 VL - 14 IS - 22 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-56908 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -