TY - CONF A1 - Arndt, R.W. A1 - Grosse, C.U, A1 - Maehner, D. A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Taffe, A. A1 - Algernon, D. A1 - Berger, J. A1 - Kessler, S. A1 - Krueger, M. A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine A1 - Ufermann-Wallmeier, D. A1 - Walther, A. T1 - Non-destructive testing in civil engineering: A memorandum for teaching at German-speaking universities N2 - This contribution summarizes actual developments and draft fundamental teaching topics in the field of nondestructive testing in civil engineering (NDT-CE). It is based on the first memorandum on teaching and research in the field of NDT-CE at German speaking universities and provides an overview of the academic education and highlights possible focuses, especially in teaching but also takes into account noteworthy developments and topics in research in the field of NDT-CE. Suggestions are given for the development and advancement of the teaching curricula in regards to a comprehensive and sound professional education of students in civil engineering and adjacent disciplines. T2 - NDT-CE 2022 CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 16.08.2022 KW - Curriculum KW - NDT-CE KW - University KW - Competencies PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-563269 UR - https://www.ndt.net/article/ndtce2022/paper/61547_manuscript.pdf SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - NDT.net AN - OPUS4-56326 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wolff, Timo A1 - Mantouvalou, I. A1 - Malzer, W. A1 - Nissen, J. A1 - Berger, D. A1 - Zizak, I. A1 - Sokaras, D. A1 - Karydas, A. A1 - Grlj, N. A1 - Pelicon, P. A1 - Schütz, R. A1 - Zitniki, M. A1 - Kanngießer, B. T1 - Performance of a polycapillary halflens as focussing and collecting optic - a comparison N2 - Polycapillary halflenses are widely used to focus X-ray radiation onto a small spot. Additionally they can reduce the field of view of a semiconductor detector when placed in front of one. In 3D micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (3D Micro-XRF) with synchrotron radiation, two polycapillary halflenses are used in a confocal geometry. Up until now, characterization measurements in the focal plane have only been performed in the case of the lens focusing parallel radiation. Assumptions have been made, that in the other case, when isotropic radiation from a spot source is transported to a detector, the acceptance distribution in the focal plane is also Gaussian. We performed measurements with an electron beam as well as a proton beam which confirm this assumption. In addition, a comparison between measurements in collecting and focusing mode show differences in spot size and transmission. These differences exemplify the fact that there is not one global spot size or transmission function of a polycapillary halflens. Illumination and divergence effects can alter both characteristic lens parameters. PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1039/b817828c SN - 0267-9477 SN - 1364-5544 VL - 24 SP - 669 EP - 675 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - London AN - OPUS4-19415 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Waske, Anja A1 - Dzekan, D. A1 - Sellschopp, K. A1 - Berger, D., A1 - Stork, A. A1 - Nielsch, K. A1 - Fähler, S. T1 - Energy harvesting near room temperature using a thermomagnetic generator with a pretzel-like magnetic flux topology N2 - To date, there are very few technologies available for the conversion of low-temperature waste heat into electricity. Thermomagnetic generators are one approach proposed more than a century ago. Such devices are based on a cyclic change of magnetization with temperature. This switches a magnetic flux and, according to Faraday’s law, induces a voltage. Here we demonstrate that guiding the magnetic flux with an appropriate topology of the magnetic circuit improves the performance of thermomagnetic generators by orders of magnitude. Through a combination of experiments and simulations, we show that a pretzel-like topology results in a sign reversal of the magnetic flux. This avoids the drawbacks of previous designs, namely, magnetic stray fields, hysteresis and complex geometries of the thermomagnetic material. Our demonstrator, which is based on magnetocaloric plates, illustrates that this solid-state energy conversion technology presents a key step towards becoming competitive with thermoelectrics for energy harvesting near room temperature. KW - Energy harvesting KW - Thermomagnetic generator PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0306-x SN - 2058-7546 VL - 4 SP - 68 EP - 74 PB - Nature AN - OPUS4-47305 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gildenhaar, Renate A1 - Berger, Georg A1 - Knabe, C. A1 - Howlett, C. A1 - Markovic, B. A1 - Reif, D. A1 - Zreiqat, H. T1 - The Functional Expression of Human Bone Derived Cells Grown on Rapidly Resorbable Calcium Phosphate Ceramics T2 - 6th World Biomaterials Congress CY - Kamuela, Big Island, HI, USA DA - 2000-05-15 KW - Calcium Phosphate Ceramics PY - 2000 SP - 970 PB - Society for Biomaterials CY - Minneapolis, Minn. AN - OPUS4-870 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bernstein, A. A1 - Gildenhaar, Renate A1 - Nöbel, D. A1 - Berger, Georg T1 - Biocompatibility screening of different calcium phosphate ceramics PY - 2003 SN - 1616-0177 SN - 0011-8656 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 89 PB - Verl. Neuer Merkur CY - München AN - OPUS4-2596 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Berger, Achim A1 - Alber, D. T1 - Bestimmung von Kobalt in Nickel bei Gehalten im sub-mu/g Bereich T2 - GDCh-Jahrestagung Chemie 2003 ; Jahrestagung der Fachgruppe Nuklearchemie ; 19. Seminar Aktivierungsanalyse CY - München, Deutschland DA - 2003-10-06 PY - 2003 SN - 3-936028-14-1 N1 - Serientitel: Kurzreferate / GDCh-Jahrestagung Chemie 2003 – Series title: Kurzreferate / GDCh-Jahrestagung Chemie 2003 IS - 5 SP - 4 PB - Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker CY - Frankfurt am Main AN - OPUS4-2675 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Knabe, C. A1 - Howlett, C. A1 - Markovic, B. A1 - Gildenhaar, Renate A1 - Berger, Georg A1 - Reif, D. A1 - Zreiqat, H. T1 - The functional expression of human bone derived cells grown on resorbable bioactive glass ceramics T2 - 28th Annual Meeting & Exposition of the Society for Biomaterials CY - Tampa, FL, USA DA - 2002-04-23 PY - 2002 SP - 706 PB - Society for Biomaterials AN - OPUS4-1892 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bernstein, A. A1 - Berger, Georg A1 - Brandt, J. A1 - Wenkel, R. A1 - Gildenhaar, Renate A1 - Zielezinski, T. A1 - Nöbel, D. T1 - Calciumtitanat (Ca4Ti3O10) - ein neues Material für Implantatbeschichtungen KW - Implantatbeschichtung KW - Calciumtitanat KW - Bioaktivität KW - Knochenkontakt KW - Biomaterial-bone-coating of an implant PY - 2004 SN - 1616-0177 SN - 0011-8656 VL - 5 IS - 4 SP - 242 EP - 248 PB - Verl. Neuer Merkur CY - München AN - OPUS4-6010 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Berger, Wolfgang A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Hennecke, D. A1 - Hoffe, S. T1 - Validierung des Schüttelverfahrens DIN 19527 für organische Schadstoffe PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.37307/j.1864-8371.2013.01.04 SN - 0942-3818 SN - 1864-8371 IS - 1 SP - 5 EP - 8 PB - Erich Schmidt Verlag CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-27786 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bernstein, A. A1 - Nöbel, D. A1 - Mayr, H.O. A1 - Gildenhaar, Renate A1 - Berger, Georg A1 - Ploska, Ute A1 - Brandt, J. T1 - Influence of Calcium Zirconium Phosphate Containing Coatings on Mineralization of Bone KW - Ceramics KW - Coating KW - Biomaterial KW - Bone KW - Biocompatibility KW - Surface reaction PY - 2008 SN - 1013-9826 VL - 361-363 SP - 641 EP - 644 PB - Trans Tech Publ. CY - Aedermannsdorf AN - OPUS4-15900 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bernstein, A. A1 - Nöbel, D. A1 - Mayr, H.O. A1 - Göbel, F. A1 - Berger, Georg A1 - Ploska, Ute A1 - Gildenhaar, Renate A1 - Brandt, J. T1 - Inhibition of Mineralization by a Calcium Zirconium Phosphate Coating N2 - Bioactive ceramics used as coating materials combine the conductive properties of a bioceramic with the mechanical stability of the metal implant. We studied a calcium zirconium phosphate-containing coating material, FA-CZP [Ca5(PO4)3F, CaZr4(PO4)6], that is relatively insoluble in the biological milieu. The reaction of bone to this material was investigated histologically and histomorphometrically in an animal trial. Cylindrical Ti6Al4V specimens that had been coated with FA-CZP by plasma spraying were implanted in the femoral condyles of rabbits. The implants were left in place for 2, 4, 6, 12, and 14 weeks. FA-CZP led to impaired mineralization of the newly formed bone at the interface. Noncalcified osteoid was found throughout the whole study period. The layer seemed to become thicker with time. The mineralization disorder is evidently caused by zirconium ions. The presence of zirconium in the osteoid in contact with the implant was demonstrated by means of two different staining methods. KW - Mineralization KW - Toxicity KW - Coating(s) KW - Ceramic KW - Bone PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.31037 SN - 1552-4973 SN - 1552-4981 VL - 86B IS - 2 SP - 422 EP - 429 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken, NJ AN - OPUS4-17801 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Berger, Achim A1 - Alber, D. A1 - Bukalis, G. T1 - Determination of cobalt in nickel in the sub-ppm level with cold neutrons KW - Neutronenaktivierungsanalyse KW - Neutronenstrahl KW - Referenzmaterialien PY - 2007 SN - 0236-5731 SN - 1588-2780 SN - 1417-2097 VL - 271 IS - 1 SP - 251 EP - 253 PB - Elsevier Sequoia CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-14568 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Görner, Wolf A1 - Alber, D. A1 - Berger, Achim A1 - Haase, Oskar A1 - Monse, G. A1 - Segebade, Christian T1 - BEAMGAA - A chance for high precision analysis of big samples N2 - In activation analysis of traces in small samples, the non-equivalence of the activating radiation doses of sample and calibration material gives rise to sometimes tolerable systematic errors. Conversely, analysis of major components usually demands high trueness and precision. To meet this, beam geometry activation analysis (BEAMGAA) procedures have been developed for instrumental photon (IPAA) and neutron activation analysis (INAA) in which the activating neutron/photon beam exhibits broad, flat-topped characteristics. This results in a very low lateral activating flux gradient compared to known radiation facilities, however, at significantly lower flux density. The axial flux gradient can be accounted for by a monitor-sample-monitor assembly. As a first approach, major components were determined in high purity substances as well as selenium in a cattle fodder additive. T2 - 6th International Conference "Methods and Applications of Radioanalytical Chemistry" CY - Kailua-Kona, HI, United States of America DA - 2003-04-07 KW - Beam geometry activation analysis KW - Flux gradients KW - Measurement regime KW - Representativity KW - Big samples PY - 2005 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-005-0660-6 SN - 0236-5731 SN - 1588-2780 SN - 1417-2097 VL - 263 IS - 3 SP - 791 EP - 796 PB - Elsevier Sequoia CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-6907 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Berger, Wolfgang A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Hennecke, D. A1 - Kördel, W. T1 - Evaluierung von Elutionsmethoden - Durchführung von Robustheitsuntersuchungen zur Validierung von E DIN 19527 für ausgewählte Böden und Bodenmaterialien mit prioritären organischen Schadstoffen N2 - Ziel des Vorhabens ist es, die Robustheit des Schüttelverfahrens nach E DIN 19527 mit einem Wasser-/Feststoffverhältnis von 2 l/kg für unterschiedliche Bodenarten und Bodenmaterialien zu überprüfen. Gleichzeitig soll bei diesen Untersuchungen das Stoffspektrum auf weitere prioritäre organische Kontaminanten erweitert werden. Dies stellt die Voraussetzung für die Durchführung von Ringversuchen zur Validierung der Norm DIN 19527 dar. KW - Kontaminierter Boden KW - PAK KW - PCB KW - MKW KW - Phenole KW - Elutionsverfahren KW - Schütteltests KW - Robustheitsuntersuchungen KW - Standardisierung KW - Validierung KW - Laborvergleich PY - 2013 UR - https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/378/publikationen/texte_77_2013_robustheitsuntersuchung_terytze_0.pdf VL - 77 SP - 1 EP - 124 PB - Umweltbundesamt CY - Dessau-Roßlau AN - OPUS4-28990 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winkler, T. A1 - Hoenig, E. A1 - Huber, G. A1 - Janssen, R. A1 - Fritsch, D. A1 - Gildenhaar, Renate A1 - Berger, Georg A1 - Morlock, M.M. A1 - Schilling, A.F. T1 - Osteoclastic bioresorption of biomaterials: Two- and three-dimensional imaging and quantification N2 - Purpose: Bioresorbable materials have been developed in the hope that the body will replace them with newly formed tissue. The first step of this remodeling process in bone is the bioresorption of the material by osteoclasts. The aim of this study was to analyze osteoclastic resorption of biomaterials in vitro using the commonly used two-dimensional methods of light-microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in comparison with infinite focus microscopy (IFM), a recently developed imaging method allowing for three-dimensional surface analysis. Methods: Human hematopoietic stem cells were cultivated in the presence of the cytokines M-CSF and RANK-L for 4 weeks directly on dentin and a calcium phosphate cement. Osteoclast development was surveyed with standard techniques. After removal of the cells, resorption was characterized and quantified by LM, SEM and IFM. Results: Osteoclast cultures on the biomaterials presented the typical osteoclast-specific markers. On dentin samples LM, SEM as well as IFM allowed for discrimination of resorption. Quantification of the resorbed area showed a linear correlation between the results (LM vs. SEM: r=0.996, p=0.004; SEM vs. IFM: r=0.989, p=0.011; IFM vs. LM: r=0.995). It was not possible to demarcate resorption pits on GB14 using LM or SEM. With IFM, resorption on GB14 could be visualized and quantified two- and three-dimensionally. KW - Biomaterial KW - Three-dimensional KW - IFM KW - Osteoclast KW - Dentin KW - Calcium phosphate PY - 2010 SN - 0391-3988 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 198 EP - 203 PB - Wichtig Ed. CY - Milano [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-21621 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Winkler, T. A1 - Hoenig, E. A1 - Gildenhaar, Renate A1 - Berger, Georg A1 - Fritsch, D. A1 - Janssen, R. A1 - Morlock, M.M. A1 - Schilling, A.F. T1 - Volumetric analysis of osteoclastic bioresorption of calcium phosphate ceramics with different solubilities N2 - Commonly, to determine osteoclastic resorption of biomaterials only the resorbed area is measured. The depth of the resorption pit, however, may also be important for the performance of a material. To generate such data we used two calcium phosphate ceramics (Ca10 and Ca2). The solubility of the materials was determined according to DIN EN ISO 10993-14. They were scanned three-dimensionally using infinite focus microscopy and subsequently cultivated for 4 weeks in simulated body fluid without (control) or with human osteoclasts. After this cultivation period osteoclasts number was determined and surface changes were evaluated two- and three-dimensionally. Ca10 and Ca2 showed solubilities of 11.0 ± 0.5 and 23.0 ± 2.2 mg g-1, respectively. Both materials induced a significant increase in osteoclast number. While Ca10 did not show osteoclastic resorption, Ca2 showed an increased pit area and pit volume due to osteoclastic action. This was caused by an increased average pit depth and an increased number of pits, while the average area of single pits did not change significantly. The deduced volumetric osteoclastic resorption rate (vORR) of Ca2 (0.01–0.02 µm3 µm-2 day-1) was lower than the remodelling speed observed in vivo (0.08 µm3 µm-2 day-1), which is in line with the observation that implanted resorbable materials remain in the body longer than originally expected. Determination of volumetric indices of osteoclastic resorption might be valuable in obtaining additional information about cellular resorption of bone substitute materials. This may help facilitate the development of novel materials for bone substitution. KW - Biodegradation KW - Surface analysis KW - Simulated body fluid KW - Osteoclasts KW - Calcium phosphate ceramics PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2010.04.015 SN - 1742-7061 VL - 6 IS - 10 SP - 4127 EP - 4135 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-22554 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Berger, Wolfgang A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Hennecke, D. T1 - Elutionsverfahren für die Untersuchung von Böden und Abfällen - Aktueller Stand PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-89531-872-6 SP - 47 EP - 55 CY - Wiesbaden AN - OPUS4-30192 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Berger, Wolfgang A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Hennecke, D. T1 - Vergleichende Bewertung von Elutionsverfahren für die Beurteilung des Auslaugverhaltens organischer Stoffe aus Böden T2 - DBG-Jahrestagung 2013 - Kommission VI - Böden - Lebensgrundlage und Verantwortung CY - Rostock, Germany DA - 2013-09-07 KW - Elutionsverfahren KW - Methodenvergleich KW - Säulenverfahren KW - Schüttelverfahren KW - Kontaminierte Böden KW - Organische Schadstoffe PY - 2013 N1 - Serientitel: Berichte der DBG – Series title: Berichte der DBG SP - 1 EP - 3(?) PB - DBG (Deutsche Bodenkundliche Gesellschaft) CY - Göttingen AN - OPUS4-29405 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Berger, Wolfgang A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Hennecke, D. A1 - Hoffe, S. T1 - Validierungsringversuche für E DIN 19527 Elution von Feststoffen - Schüttelverfahren zur Untersuchung des Elutionsverhaltens von organischen Stoffen mit einem Wasser/ Feststoff-Verhältnis von 2 l/kg für Boden- und andere geeignete Materialien N2 - Für die vom Bundesumweltministerium vorgesehene Mantelverordnung sind validierte Unter-suchungsmethoden erforderlich. Dazu gehört auch die Herstellung von wässrigen Eluaten, z.B. zur Beurteilung der Mobilität von Schadstoffen und der Ableitung von Grenzwerten. Ziel des Vorhabens war es, auf der Grundlage geeigneter Testmaterialien (mit prioritären organischen Schadstoffen kontaminierte Böden und Bodenmaterialien) Ringversuche zur Validierung des Schüttelverfahrens nach E DIN 19527 und des Säulenverfahrens für die Übereinstimmungs-untersuchung nach DIN 19528 durchzuführen. Auf der Grundlage der Untersuchungsergebnisse sollten beide Normen bezüglich der Vorgehensweise präzisiert werden und es sollten die während des Ringversuchs ermittelten Verfahrenskenndatenn zur Validierung der Normen herangezogen werden. Darüber hinaus sollten Säulen- und Schüttelverfahren als Übereinstimmungstest vergleichend bewertet werden. Es wurden vier geeignete Ringversuchsmaterialien hergestellt und an insgesamt 18 Ringversuchsteilnehmer ausgegeben. Die Auswertung der Ringversuche erfolgte auf der Grundlage klassischer Statistik nach DIN ISO 5725 mit Hilfe der AuswertesoftwareProLab 2011 (quo data). Auf der Grundlage der Validierungsringversuche wurden die Verfahrenskenndaten für die Norm DIN 19527 ermittelt. Die statistische Auswertung der eingereichten Datensätze war aufgrund der großen Streubreite der Daten schwierig. Die vorgeschriebenen statistischen Methoden zur Datenauswertung adressieren die Behandlung nicht gleichverteilter Datensätze nur ungenügend. Das muss bei der Bewertung der Ergebnisse und deren Zuverlässigkeit berücksichtigt werden. Generell kann festgestellt werden, dass keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Ergebnissen der Schüttel- und Säulenelution beobachtet werden. Dabei werden beim Schüttelverfahren tendenziell etwas geringere Gesamtmittelwerte erzielt als beim Säulenverfahren, die berechneten Vergleichsvariationskoeffizienten sind für das Schüttelverfahren meist etwas niedriger. Dennoch erweisen sich beide Elutionsverfahren bei den eingesetzten Ringversuchsmaterialien als gut vergleichbar. N2 - Validated investigation methods are required for the drafted decree, called “Mantelverordnung”, comprising the amendment of the Federal Ordinance on Soil Protection and Contaminated Sites, the Federal Ordinance on Mineral Waste Utilization and Groundwater Ordinance published by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety in January 2011. These methods include such for the creation of aqueous eluates, which contribute to the evaluation of the mobility of pollutants and the derivation of threshold values. Objectives of the R&D project were interlaboratory tests for the validation of the batch test (E DIN 19527) and the column test using the compliance test option according to DIN 19528 based on contaminated soil test materials with organic pollutants of high priority. Dependent on the test results both standards should be specified concerning the experimental details. Furthermore, the standards shall be validated using the determined performance characteristics. The comparability of column and batch test procedures as compliance tests shall be evaluated in addition. Four appropriate test materials were prepared from two different types of soils, each with the pollutant combinations PAH/PCB and Phenols/TPH/PAH, respectively. These materials were delivered along with test solutions to 18 participants of the interlaboratory comparision. The evaluation of the interlaboratory comparison was carried out on the basis of classical statistics according to DIN ISO 5725. The software ProLab 2011 (quodata) was used for the evaluation. The performance characteristic parameters for the standard DIN 19527 were determined on the basis of the interlaboratory tests. The main challenge was the statistical evaluation due to the fact that the common statistical procedures do not address the evaluation of nonuniformly distributed datasets. This must be considered for the assessment of the results and reliability of the conclusions. However, on a more general level it can be concluded that no significant differences between the batch and column percolation test procedure were observed. The total mean values determined by batch tests tend to be slightly below the values from column tests. The between labvariation coefficients representing the reproducibility of the methods follow the same trend. All in all both methods can be assessed to be equivalent using the materials tested. KW - Kontaminierter Boden KW - PAK KW - PCB KW - MKW KW - Phenole KW - Elutionsverfahren KW - Schütteltest KW - Säulenversuch KW - Validierungsringversuche PY - 2012 SP - 1 EP - 189 AN - OPUS4-53610 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ortel, Erik A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Berger, D. A1 - Esposito, P. A1 - Rossi, A. M. A1 - Kraehnert, R. A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan T1 - New approach on quantification of porosity of thin films via electron-excited X‑ray spectra N2 - One of the crucial characteristics of functionalized thin films is their porosity (i.e., the ratio between the pore volume and the volume of the whole film). Due to the very low amount of material per coated area corresponding to thin films, it is a challenge for analytics to measure the film porosity. In this work, we present an Approach to determine the porosity of thin films by means of electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) either by wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (WDX) or by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The procedure is based on the calculation of the film mass deposition from electron-excited X-ray spectra. The mass deposition is converted into film density by division of measured film thickness. Finally, the film porosity is calculated from the measured film density and the density of bulk, nonporous film material. The general applicability of the procedure to determine the porosity is demonstrated on thin templated mesoporous TiO₂ films, dip-coated on silicon wafer, with controlled porosity in the range of 15 to 50%. The high accuracy of the mass deposition as determined from X-ray spectra was validated with independent methods (ICP-OES and weighing). Furthermore, for the validation of the porosity results, ellipsometry, interference fringes method (IFM), and focused ion beam (FIB) cross sectioning were employed as independent techniques. Hence, the approach proposed in the present study is proven to be suited as a new analytical tool for accurate and relatively fast determination of the porosity of thin films. KW - Porosity KW - X-rays KW - EDX KW - Thin film KW - TiO2 KW - Density KW - Mass deposition KW - STRATAGem PY - 2016 UR - http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00847 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00847 VL - 88 IS - 14 SP - 7083 EP - 7090 PB - ACS Publications CY - 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 AN - OPUS4-36911 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tonhauser, C. A1 - Wilms, D. A1 - Wurm, F. A1 - Berger-Nicoletti, E. A1 - Maskos, Michael A1 - Löwe, H. A1 - Frey, H. T1 - Multihydroxyl-functional polystyrenes in continuous flow N2 - We describe the synthesis of end-functionalized polystyrenes by living anionic polymerization in a microstructured reactor via termination by acetal-protected functional epoxides. Initiation of styrene polymerization by alkyllithium takes place in a micromixing device with efficient heat and mass transfer properties. A newly developed continuous polymerization-termination sequence enabled quantitative functionalization of the living carbanions by nucleophilic displacement with different, specifically designed glycidyl ethers (ethoxy ethyl glycidyl ether (EEGE), 1,2-isopropylidene glyceryl glycidyl ether (IGG), and trans-2-phenyl-1,3-dioxane glycidyl ether (PDGE)). Upon acidic hydrolysis the end-capped polystyrenes release multiple hydroxyl groups (2-3) at the chain end. Temperature and flow rates have been varied to control molecular weights and to optimize the reaction conditions for maximum polymerization and termination efficiency. The polymers were analyzed in detail using NMR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and MALDI-ToF-MS. Molecular weights of the samples prepared ranged between 1800 and 9000 g/mol. For all of the novel termination agents full termination was confirmed by MALDI-ToF MS. The approach presented is applicable for a large variety of monomers that are polymerizable by carbanionic polymerization. PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/ma902849r SN - 0024-9297 SN - 1520-5835 VL - 43 IS - 13 SP - 5582 EP - 5588 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-21710 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hemmleb, M. A1 - Bettge, Dirk A1 - Berger, D. A1 - Driehorst, I. T1 - 3D surface reconstruction with segmented BSE detector: New improvements and application for fracture analysis in SEM N2 - Application of 4Q-BSE detector and dedicated software enables 3D surface measurements of fracture samples in SEM. 3D surface measurement is independent from magnification and material invariant. Quantitative height measurements require careful detector adjustment and system calibration. Live 3D view allows a fast assessment of topographical features. In addition to SE and BSE imaging, 3D surface data help to analyse and interpret fracture samples. T2 - European Microscopy Congress 2016 CY - Lyon, France DA - 28.08.2016 KW - Topography KW - SEM KW - 3D analysis KW - Fractography PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38456 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Procop, Mathias A1 - Hodoroaba, Vasile-Dan A1 - Terborg, R. A1 - Berger, D. T1 - Determination of the Effective Detector Area of an Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer at the Scanning Electron Microscope Using Experimental and Theoretical X-Ray Emission Yields N2 - A method is proposed to determine the effective detector area for energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometers (EDS). Nowadays, detectors are available for a wide range of nominal areas ranging from 10 up to 150mm2. However, it remains in most cases unknown whether this nominal area coincides with the “net active sensor area” that should be given according to the related standard ISO 15632, or with any other area of the detector device. Moreover, the specific geometry of EDS installation may further reduce a given detector area. The proposed method can be applied to most scanning electron microscope/EDS configurations. The basic idea consists in a comparison of the measured count rate with the count rate resulting from known X-ray yields of copper, titanium, or silicon. The method was successfully tested on three detectors with known effective area and applied further to seven spectrometers from different manufacturers. In most cases the method gave an effective area smaller than the area given in the detector description. KW - Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) KW - EDX KW - Effective area KW - X-ray emission yield KW - Geometrical collection efficiency PY - 2016 UR - https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/microscopy-and-microanalysis/article/div-classtitledetermination-of-the-effective-detector-area-of-an-energy-dispersive-x-ray-spectrometer-at-the-scanning-electron-microscope-using-experimental-and-theoretical-x-ray-emission-yieldsdiv/E15B2E67C349201CF323E778EB9C6D94 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927616011788 VL - 22 IS - 6 SP - 1360 EP - 1368 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - New York, NY, USA AN - OPUS4-38858 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adel-Khattab, D. A1 - Giacomini, F. A1 - Gildenhaar, R. A1 - Berger, G. A1 - Gomes, Cynthia A1 - Linow, Ulf A1 - Hardt, M. A1 - Peleska, B. A1 - Günster, Jens A1 - Stiller, M. A1 - Houshmand, A. A1 - Ghaffar, K. A1 - Gamal, A. A1 - El-Mofty, M. A1 - Knabe, C. T1 - Development of a synthetic tissue engineered three- dimensional printed bioceramic-based bone graft with homogenously distributed osteoblasts and mineralizing bone matrix in vitro N2 - Over the last decade there have been increasing efforts to develop three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds for bone tissue Engineering from bioactive ceramics with 3D printing emerging as a promising technology. The overall objective of the present study was to generate a tissue engineered synthetic bone graft with homogenously distributed osteoblasts and mineralizing bone Matrix in vitro, thereby mimicking the advantageous properties of autogenous bone grafts and facilitating usage for reconstructing segmental discontinuity defects in vivo . To this end, 3D scaffolds were developed from a silica-containing calcium alkali orthophosphate, using, fi rst, a replica technique – the Schwartzwalder – Somers method – and, second, 3D printing, (i.e. rapid prototyping). The mechanical and physical scaffold properties and their potential to facilitate homogenous colonization by osteogenic cells and extracellular bone matrix formation throughout the porous scaffold architecture were examined. Osteoblastic cells were dynamically cultured for 7 days on both scaffold types with two different concentrations of 1.5 and 3 × 10⁹ cells/l. The amount of cells and bone matrix formed and osteogenic marker expression were evaluated using hard tissue histology, immunohistochemical and histomorphometric analysis. 3D-printed scaffolds (RPS) exhibited more micropores, greater compressive strength and silica release. RPS seeded with 3 × 10⁹ cells/l displayed greatest cell and extracellular Matrix formation, mineralization and osteocalcin expression. In conclusion, RPS displayed superior mechanical and biological properties and facilitated generating a tissue engineered synthetic bone graft in vitro, which mimics the advantageous properties of autogenous bone grafts, by containing homogenously distributed terminally differentiated osteoblasts and mineralizing bone matrix and therefore is suitable for subsequent in vivo implantation for regenerating segmental discontinuity bone defects. KW - Bone tissue engineering KW - Calcium alkali orthophosphate KW - Rapid prototyping KW - Scaffold KW - Mandible PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/term.2362 SN - 1932-6254 SN - 1932-7005 VL - 12 IS - 1 SP - 44 EP - 58 PB - Wiley Online Library AN - OPUS4-40745 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ma, L. A1 - Feng, L. A1 - Hioki, A. A1 - Cho, K.H. A1 - Vogl, Jochen A1 - Berger, Achim A1 - Turk, G. A1 - Macleod, S. A1 - Labarraque, G. A1 - Tong, W.F. A1 - Schiel, D. A1 - Yafa, C. A1 - Valiente, L. A1 - Konopelko, L.A. A1 - Quetel, C. A1 - Vermaercke, P. A1 - Manzano, J.V.L. A1 - Linsky, M. A1 - Cortés, E. A1 - Tangpitayakul, S. A1 - Plangsangmas, L. A1 - Bergamaschi, L. A1 - Hearn, R. T1 - International comparison of the determination of the mass fraction of cadmium, chromium, mercury and lead in polypropylene: the Comité Consultatif pour la quantité de matière pilot study CCQM-P106 KW - Cadmium KW - Chromium KW - Mercury KW - Lead KW - Polypropylene KW - CCQM PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00769-009-0574-z SN - 0949-1775 SN - 1432-0517 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 39 EP - 44 PB - Springer CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-20787 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Knabe, C. A1 - Stiller, M. A1 - Kampschulte, M. A1 - Wilbig, Janka A1 - Peleska, B. A1 - Günster, Jens A1 - Gildenhaar, R. A1 - Berger, G. A1 - Rack, A. A1 - Linow, U. A1 - Heiland, M. A1 - Rendenbach, C. A1 - Koerdt, S. A1 - Steffen, C. A1 - Houshmand, A. A1 - Xiang-Tischhauser, L. A1 - Adel-Khattab, D. T1 - A tissue engineered 3D printed calcium alkali phosphate bioceramic bone graft enables vascularization and regeneration of critical-size discontinuity bony defects in vivo N2 - Recently, efforts towards the development of patient-specific 3D printed scaffolds for bone tissue engineering from bioactive ceramics have continuously intensified. For reconstruction of segmental defects after subtotal mandibulectomy a suitable tissue engineered bioceramic bone graft needs to be endowed with homogenously distributed osteoblasts in order to mimic the advantageous features of vascularized autologous fibula grafts, which represent the standard of care, contain osteogenic cells and are transplanted with the respective blood vessel. Consequently, inducing vascularization early on is pivotal for bone tissue engineering. The current study explored an advanced bone tissue engineering approach combining an advanced 3D printing technique for bioactive resorbable ceramic scaffolds with a perfusion cell culture technique for pre-colonization with mesenchymal stem cells, and with an intrinsic angiogenesis technique for regenerating critical size, segmental discontinuity defects in vivo applying a rat model. To this end, the effect of differing Si-CAOP (silica containing calcium alkali orthophosphate) scaffold microarchitecture arising from 3D powder bed printing (RP) or the Schwarzwalder Somers (SSM) replica fabrication technique on vascularization and bone regeneration was analyzed in vivo. In 80 rats 6-mm segmental discontinuity defects were created in the left femur. KW - Additive Manufacturing KW - Bio active ceramic KW - In-vivo KW - Alcium alkali phosphate PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-584555 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1221314 SN - 2296-4185 VL - 11 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - Frontiers SA CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-58455 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reiche, I. A1 - Berger, Achim A1 - Duval, A. A1 - Guicharnaud, H. A1 - Merchel, Silke A1 - Radtke, Martin A1 - Schäfer, D. A1 - Simon, R. T1 - SY-XRF study of Hans Baldung Grien silverpoint drawings and the silver stylus from the 'Karlsruhe sketchbook' N2 - We performed spatially resolved synchrotron-induced x-ray fluorescence analyses (SY-XRF) of five silverpoint drawings from the famous `Karlsruhe sketchbook´ and a silverpoint, which is assumed to be an original one used by the Renaissance artist Hans Baldung Grien (1484-1545) himself. The silverpoint, one out of a very small number of ancient styli conserved nowadays, is fixed on the so-called `Karlsruhe sketchbook´. Measurements were executed at the FLUO-TOPO beamline at the electron storage ring ANKA. It has been shown, that SY-XRF at this beamline is nondestructive and sensitive enough for the analysis of minor and major elements in the silver strokes. This study provides new insights into this graphical technique and ancient drawing instruments: results are that three drawings have been created with a common type of silverpoint containing about (10.4 ± 0.7) wt% of Cu. In all the cases, Hg at a 10% level by weight was identified in the strokes. Presence of Hg is not due to the original silver alloy, but is a result of a general alteration phenomenon of silverpoint drawings. This fact is confirmed by the analysis of the original silverpoint, which contains only small traces of Hg. The result for the copper content of the silverpoint (10.4 ± 1.7) wt% is in good agreement with that of these three drawings. It is supposable that the silverpoint found attached today served for the creation of the corresponding drawings. Moreover, the graphical technique of Baldung is found to be continual over three decades. Only one very late drawing dated to 1543 was probably realized with another silverpoint, containing about 3 wt% of Cu. This difference in the chemical composition of drawings from the late period might be used as a more precise dating indicator of Baldung drawings that are not clearly attributed to a certain period. KW - Synchrotron KW - XRF analysis KW - Drawings KW - Silver stylus PY - 2007 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/xrs.963 SN - 0049-8246 VL - 36 IS - 3 SP - 173 EP - 177 PB - Wiley CY - Chichester AN - OPUS4-16150 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Müeller, W.-D. A1 - Gross, U. A1 - Fritz, Th. A1 - Voigt, Ch. A1 - Fischer, P. A1 - Berger, Georg A1 - Rogaschewski, S. A1 - Lange, K.-P. T1 - Evaluation of the interface between bone and titanium surfaces being blasted by aluminium oxide or bioceramic particles N2 - The surface structure, in particular the surface roughness, and the surface chemistry of titanium implants influence their anchoring in bone. The aim of this study was to analyse metal-bone contact (MBC) after modification of the implant surface, using different materials for blasting. The surface modification of titanium was produced by blasting it with particles made of Al2O3 or bioceramics. The biological effects were then investigated experimentally using 27 rabbits, analysed after 7, 28 and 84 days after the implantation of titanium cylinders treated accordingly. The MBC showed a tendency for more bone after bioceramics were used as a blasting material, compared to Al2O3. KW - Dental implants KW - Surface modification KW - Animal experiment KW - Bioceramics PY - 2003 DO - https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0501.2003.00791.x SN - 0905-7161 SN - 1600-0501 VL - 14 IS - 3 SP - 349 EP - 356 PB - Blackwell Munksgaard CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-3506 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -