TY - CONF A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Stolpe, Heiko A1 - Wiehle, Philipp T1 - Moisture diffusion affected by the Knudsen effect in temporal changing pore networks N2 - Almost all building materials in civil engineering have an open porosity and interact with or are affected by the environmental conditions. Structures might suffer from effects such as moisture adsorption, carbonation, corrosion, penetration of salt ions and chemical substances, etc. In the hygroscopic range, these processes are mostly driven by diffusion. Due to the confinement of small pores (< 1 µm), the Knudsen effect reduces the molecular diffusion. This reduction can become more significant in case of temporal changing pore systems because of physisorption of water vapor, carbonation, or chemisorption. In this study, unstabilised earth blocks and earth masonry are investigated. In a first step, the pore size distribution of the blocks is measured and sorption isotherms are recorded in experiments. Besides the ordinary physisorption, the involved clay minerals undergo swelling or shrinking due to chemisorption. The following two effects must be considered: first, the reduction of the available pore space by the adsorbed water layer. For this, the Hillerborg sorption theory is used, which is a combination of the well-known Brunauer-Emmett-Teller sorption theory and the Kelvin equation. This allows the computation of adsorbed water layers even in curved pore geometries. Second, the variation of the initial pore size distribution due to chemisorption needs to be modelled. Based on these two models, the effective diffusion coefficient can be predicted. For validation, arrays of relative humidity sensors were embedded into a free-standing earth masonry wall. This monitoring was carried out over more than a year to have a broad variety of environmental conditions and was located in Berlin, Germany. The prediction of the effective diffusion coefficient can also be transferred to other processes and allows the investigation of materials having temporarily changing pore systems. Examples are the carbonation of cementitious materials, alkali silica reaction, calcium leaching of long-lasting structures, etc. This effect becomes most prominent in the meso-pore range and might alter the effective diffusion coefficient by more than 100 %. T2 - 4th International Congress on Materials & Structural Stability CY - Rabat, Morocco DA - 08.03.2023 KW - Earth masonry KW - Material moisture KW - Molecular diffusion KW - Chemisoprtion KW - Knudsen effect KW - Physisorption PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-571391 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - RILEM CY - Champs-sur-Marne AN - OPUS4-57139 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Schönsee, Eric A1 - Jeyifous, Olubunmi Anthony A1 - Izanlu, Morteza A1 - Hüsken, Götz ED - Rogge, Andreas ED - Meng, Birgit T1 - In situ Prozessüberwachung und Qualitätskontrolle bei der additiven Fertigung von Betonbauteilen N2 - In der additiven Fertigung von Beton wird kontinuierlich Material gemischt und verarbeitet. Dies erfordert eine kontinuierliche in situ Prozessüberwachung und Qualitätskontrolle. An der BAM wurde ein 3D-Betondrucker aufgebaut, der eine umfängliche Prozessüberwachung ermöglicht. Druck-, Temperatur- und Feuchtesensoren in der Pumpe und im Fördersystem erlauben ein kontinuierliches Monitoring des Frischbetons, während ein Laserlinienscanner am Druckkopf unmittelbar die gedruckte Ist-Kontur verfolgt. Die so gewonnenen Daten können Grundlage für die Erarbeitung von Normen für die additive Fertigung von Betonbauteilen sein und somit deren Standsicherheit gewährleisten. T2 - 11. Jahrestagung des DAfStb mit 63. Forschungskolloquium der BAM Green Intelligent Building CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 16.10.2024 KW - In situ KW - Prozessüberwachung KW - Additive Fertigung KW - Betonbauteil PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-613064 SN - 978-3-9818564-7-7 SP - 138 EP - 146 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-61306 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hüsken, Götz A1 - Jeyifous, Olubunmi Anthony A1 - Schönsee, Eric A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph ED - Rogge, Andreas ED - Meng, Birgit T1 - Beitrag zur Beurteilung der Wiederholbarkeit additiv gedruckter Betonbauteile N2 - Die additive Fertigung von Betonbauteilen, auch bekannt als 3D-Betondruck, ist eine Technologie, die im letzten Jahrzehnt aufgrund ihrer finanziellen und ökologischen Vorteile als nachhaltige Fertigungstechnologie viel Aufmerksamkeit erhalten hat. Obwohl die Vorteile der additiven Fertigung bereits durch zahlreiche Forschungs- und Demonstrationsprojekte gezeigt wurden, ist die Qualitätskontrolle während des Druckens äußerst anspruchsvoll und wird auch aufgrund fehlender harmonisierter Normen kaum angewendet. Aufgrund des kontinuierlichen Mischprozesses beim 3D-Betondruck ist es unmöglich Schwankungen des Trockenmörtels oder des Wassergehalts auszuschließen. Daher ist eine einzelne Stichprobe nicht mehr repräsentativ für das gesamte Bauteil und ein während des Druckens in einer Schicht auftretender Fehler kann die Integrität der gesamten Struktur beeinträchtigen. In diesem Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse eines als Fachwerkstruktur konzipierten Bogens, der unter vergleichbaren Randbedingungen mehrmals mit einem 3D-Betonextrusionsdrucker gedruckt wurde, vorgestellt. Jeder Bogen wurde auf seine mechanische Festigkeit und sein Tragverhalten geprüft. Die Ergebnisse der mechanischen Prüfungen der gedruckten Bögen werden mit Materialdaten aus klassischen Materialprüfungen verglichen und hinsichtlich ihrer statistischen Signifikanz diskutiert. T2 - 11. Jahrestagung des DAfStb mit 63. Forschungskolloquium der BAM Green Intelligent Building CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 16.10.2024 KW - Additiv gedrucktes Betonbauteil KW - Beurteilung KW - Wiederholbarkeit PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-613043 SN - 978-3-9818564-7-7 SP - 126 EP - 131 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-61304 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schönsee, Eric A1 - Jeyifous, Olubunmi Anthony A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Hüsken, Götz T1 - Investigations on multi-sensor data for monitoring volume flow during the printing process N2 - Extrusion based 3D concrete printing (3DCP) is a growing technology because of its high potential for automating construction and the new possibilities of design. In conventional construction methods, a sample is taken to be representative for one material batch. However, in 3DCP continuous mixing is used which results in variations during the mixing process. Therefore, one sample is not representative for the entire structure. This leads to the necessity of continuous and real-time process monitoring. This study focuses on the variations of pressure and temperature which are caused by changes in the material due to the ongoing mixing process. Changes in material, which is transported downstream, are influencing sensor signals in different positions with a time delay. In the following, the data is analysed to investigate if the changing material and the so caused change in pressure can be used to calculate volume flow. T2 - Digital Concrete 2024 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 04.09.2024 KW - Additive manufacturing KW - In-line Monitoring KW - Volume Flow KW - Process Control PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:gbv:084-2024081513042 DO - https://doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-202408151304-0 SP - 1 EP - 3 AN - OPUS4-61001 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wiehle, Philipp A1 - Härder, M. A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph T1 - Moisture behaviour of earth block masonry under natural climate conditions – experimental and numerical studies N2 - The compressive stength of unstabilised earth masonry depends on the moisture content. Knowledge of the moisture content is necessary in order to be able to account for the impact of moisture on the structural design of earth block masonry. For conventional building materials it is possible to precisely forecast the component moisture according to the layered structure on the basis of hygrothermal simulations. However , it is still not clear to what degree these numerical calculations can offer valid results for earth building materials. Earth building materials have a number of special properties related to moisture storage and moisture transport that differ significantly from the physical simplifications that are a component of existing material models. The swelling and shrinking of earth materials and their organic components results in changes to the pore space, the sorption behaviour exhibits a clear hysteresis, and the experimental determination of hygrothermal parameters in continuous contact with liquid water is almost impossible. To adequately forecast the moisture content of earth block masonry under natural climate conditions, extensive investigations of the moisture behaviour of load-bearing earth block masonry have been carried out within the framework of this project. These efforts began with the performance of magnetic resonance spectroscopic tests on two load-bearing earth blocks, in order to quantify the adsorption and desorption processes at relative humidities of between 50 % and 90 % under controlled, isothermal laboratory conditions. Once this had been done, a modified test setup was used to determine the water absorption coefficient , from which the liquid transport coefficients were derived. Based on the hygrothermal parameters values that were thus determined, the model was calibrated using the WUFI software program [7]. Finally, long-term moisture measurements were conducted on an earth block masonry wall that was ex-Increasing shortages of raw materials and rising energy prices are resulting in continuous growth in the demand for earth construction. In comparison to conventional building materials, earth building materials offer three significant advantages that have become even more important in light of the energy crisis in 2021 and the associated increase in the price of building supplies by approx. 40 percent [1]. Firstly, water solubility makes it possible to fully separate and recover all of the material components, and in particular the sand component. Secondly, energy-intensive firing processes, such as those required for cement production or brick manufacture, are eliminated. And thirdly, earth is a local raw material that is available in large quantities [1]. However, the load-bearing capacity of earth building materials is very much dependent on the moisture content. An increase in the relative humidity results in a reduction in the clay mineral cohesion , and this in turn results in a decline in both the compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity. In this regard, the mechanical properties of earth block masonry change in inverse proportion to the relative humidity. In other words, with every percentage point increase in relative humidity, both the compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity decline by one percent [2] [4]. The internal walls of heated living areas are generally only subject to relatively small fluctuations in relative humidity (between 40 % and 60 %) [5], and short periods in excess of these levels (such as in bathrooms or kitchens) only lead to a significant increase in the moisture content of the uppermost layers [6]. Exterior walls, on the other hand, are subject to large seasonal fluctuations in temperate climates, with a relative humidity in excess of 90 % in winter months. However, the exterior walls of heated living areas must be insulated in accordance with the German Buildings Energy Act (GEG), and with masonry this is generally done us T2 - LEHM 2024 – 9. Internationale Fachtagung für Lehmbau CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 27.09.2024 KW - Earth stone KW - Masonry KW - Material moisture KW - Moisture monitoring KW - Hygrothermal simulations PY - 2024 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-61220 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hüsken, Götz A1 - Jeyifous, Olubunmi Anthony A1 - Schönsee, Eric A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph T1 - An assessment of the repeatability of 3D printed concrete structures N2 - Additive manufacturing of concrete structures, also known as 3D concrete printing, is a technology that received a lot of attention over the past decade due to its financial an ecological advantage as sustainable construction technology. Although several techniques and approaches demonstrate these advantages, quality control during printing is highly challenging and rarely applied and harmonized standards are not existing. Due to the continuous mixing process used in 3D concrete printing, it is impossible to exclude variations in the dry mixture or water content, and a single test sample is insufficient to be representative for the whole structure. A defect in one layer during the printing can affect the entire integrity of the whole structure. This study shows the results of an arch designed as framework structure that was printed multiple times under the same boundary conditions using an extrusion-based 3D concrete printer. Each arch was tested for its mechanical strength and load bearing behavior. The results of the mechanical testing of the printed arches are compared with material data obtained by classical tests and discussed regarding their statistical significance. T2 - Digital Concrete 2024 CY - Munich, Germany DA - 04.09.2024 KW - 3D concrete printing KW - Repeatability KW - Monitoring KW - Process control KW - Quality control PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-611012 DO - https://doi.org/10.24355/dbbs.084-202408150641-0 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - TU Braunschweig AN - OPUS4-61101 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wiehle, Philipp A1 - Härder, M. A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph T1 - Feuchteverhalten von Lehmsteinmauerwerk unter natürlichen Klimabedingungen – Experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen N2 - Druckfestigkeit und Elastizitätsmodul von Lehmsteinmauerwerk nehmen mit steigendem Feuchtegehalt ab, weswegen die Mauerwerksdruckfestigkeit bei der Bemessung gemäß DIN 18940 in Abhängigkeit der maximal zu erwartenden Ausgleichsfeuchte abgemindert wird. Da bisher allerdings keine Messdaten zum Feuchtegehalt von Lehmsteinmauerwerk unter natürlichen Klimabedingungen vorliegen, stellen die normativen Grenzwerte lediglich eine konservative Abschätzung dar. Um die Feuchtegehalte von Lehmsteinmauerwerk und somit die Tragfähigkeit realitätsnah einschätzen zu können, wurden im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit sowohl experimentelle als auch numerische Untersuchungen zum feuchtetechnischen Verhalten durchgeführt. Dabei wurden erstmalig magnetresonanzspektroskopische Untersuchungen an tragenden Lehmsteinen unterschiedlicher Herstellungsmethoden angewandt Weiterhin wurden Luftfeuchtesensoren in Lehmsteinmauerwerk eingebettet, um hygrische Langzeitfeuchtemessungen unter natürlichen Klimabedingungen durchzuführen. Auf Basis dieser Erkenntnisse wurde schließlich ein numerisches Modell kalibriert und Parameterstudien durchgeführt, um den unter realen Klimabedingungen tatsächlich auftretenden Feuchtegehalt im Lehmmauerwerk sowie dessen Verteilung über den Querschnitt einschätzen zu können und die normativen Grenzwerte zu überprüfen. Gezeigt wurde, dass die realitätsnahe instationäre Berechnung des Feuchtetransports mit üblichen hygrothermischen Simulationsprogrammen auf Basis einfacher feuchtetechnischer Kennwerte auch bei Lehmbaustoffen möglich ist. Der Einfluss des Quellens und Schwindens der enthaltenen Tonminerale und organischen Bestandteile wurde durch eine Modifikation bei der Ermittlung des Wasseraufnahmekoeffizienten explizit berücksichtigt und ist somit auch in den daraus abgeleiteten Transportkoeffizienten enthalten. Darüber hinaus wurde die Feuchtespeicherfunktion im überhygroskopischen Bereich auf Grundlage der Porenvolumenverteilung abgeschätzt. Die Approximation der Transportkoeffizienten und der Feuchtespeicherfunktion stellt dabei eine wesentliche Vereinfachung für Lehmbaustoffe dar, da ihre experimentelle Bestimmung aufgrund des Kontaktes mit Flüssigwasser kaum möglich ist. In Bezug auf das Feuchteverhalten üblicher Außenwandaufbauten von Wohnräumen konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Ausgleichsfeuchte im Lehmsteinmauerwerk stets unterhalb des in Nutzungsklasse 1 gemäß DIN 18940 zulässigen Grenzwertes von 65 % liegt. Je nach Putzsystem und Dämmstoff reduziert sich die Ausgleichsfeuchte auf Werte unter 60 %, wobei sich eine annähernd gleichmäßige Verteilung der Feuchte über den Mauerwerksquerschnitt hinweg einstellt. Bei Außenwänden von unbeheizten Räumen ergab sich eine maximale Ausgleichsfeuchte, die über weite Teile des Querschnitts unterhalb von 80 % lag. Der Ansatz einer maximalen Ausgleichsfeuchte von 90 % in Nutzungsklasse 2 ist folglich zu hoch angesetzt. Die zulässige Ausgleichsfeuchte bzw. der Umgebungsfeuchtefaktor in Nutzungsklasse 2 sollte dementsprechend angepasst werden T2 - LEHM 2024 – 9. Internationale Fachtagung für Lehmbau CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 27.09.2024 KW - Lehmstein KW - Mauerwerk KW - Materialfeuchte KW - Feuchtemonitoring KW - hygrothermische Simulation PY - 2024 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-61217 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jeyifous, Olubunmi Anthony A1 - Schönsee, Eric A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Hüsken, Götz T1 - Correlation of continuously measured in-line process parameters and extruded geometry in 3D concrete printing experiments N2 - Additive manufacturing of concrete structures is a novel and emerging tech-nology. Free contouring in civil engineering, which allows for entirely new designs, is a significant advantage. Although several techniques and ap-proaches demonstrate these advantages, quality control during printing is highly challenging and rarely applied. Due to the continuous mixing process used in 3D concrete printing, it is impossible to exclude variations in the dry mixture or water content, and a single test sample is insufficient to represent the whole structure. A defect in one layer during printing can affect the in-tegrity of the entire structure. Therefore, continuous and real-time process monitoring is required to record and document the printing process. At the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), a test rig for 3D concrete printing was developed to monitor the properties during the printing process. This study investigates the relationship between geometric accuracy and process parameters (pressure, pump torque, print speed, layer height, water content) in extrusion-based 3D concrete printing. Using a high-precision laser scanner, the geometric measurements of printed concrete ele-ments are evaluated in real-time. The concrete elements are printed under controlled conditions with varied process parameters. Preliminary findings indicate a significant correlation between process variables and geometric ac-curacy. T2 - Fourth RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication CY - Munich, Germany DA - 04.09.2024 KW - 3D concrete printing KW - Geometric accuracy KW - Process monitoring KW - Quality control PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-70031-6_15 SP - 127 EP - 133 AN - OPUS4-61534 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jeyifous, Olubunmi Anthony A1 - Schönsee, Eric A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Hüsken, Götz T1 - Investigating the impact of material rheology on geometric accuracy in 3D concrete printing using real-time monitoring N2 - Additive manufacturing of concrete structures is an innovative and rapidly advancing technology. One of its key advantages is the ability to achieve freeform designs in civil engineering, enabling entirely new architectural possibilities. However, despite the demonstrated benefits of this technology, maintaining consistent print quality during the printing process remains a significant challenge and is seldom implemented. The continuous mixing process inherent in 3D concrete printing introduces potential variations in the dry mix composition or water content, making a single test sample insufficient to represent the entire structure. Moreover, defects in a single layer can compromise the integrity of the whole structure. This underscores the need for continuous, real-time monitoring to document and ensure the quality of the printing process. At the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und prüfung (BAM), a 3D concrete printer was developed to enable real-time non-destructive monitoring of material properties during the printing process. This study examines the impact of rheological variations, influenced by water content variations, on the geometric characteristics of printed elements. Geometric measurements are captured in real time using a high-precision laser scanner. Concrete elements are printed under controlled conditions with systematically varied process parameters. Preliminary results reveal a strong correlation between rheological behaviour and the geometric properties of the printed components. T2 - NDT-CE 2025 - The International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing in Civil Engineering CY - Izmir, Turkiye DA - 24.09.2025 KW - 3D concrete printing KW - Real-time monitoring KW - Quality control PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-645394 DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/31704 SN - 1435-4934 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - NDT.net AN - OPUS4-64539 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schönsee, Eric A1 - Hüsken, Götz A1 - Kocherla, Amarteja A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph T1 - A framework for characterising the reflection intensity of a 3D-CP mortar N2 - The growing interest of 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) arises new challenges for quality control. A major challenge lies in evaluation of the interlayer bond strength. An optical approach is developed to monitor the surface properties of the printed layer. Commercial laser profile scanners are utilised to record the reflection intensity of the mortar’s surface. To be applicable in the printing process, the reflection intensity needs to be characterised for each material within the printable region and further effects, like geometry and environmental light, need to be considered. The presented work aims to provide a framework for implementing the laser reflection intensity to 3DCP monitoring. T2 - NDT-CE 2025 - The International Symposium on Nondestructive Testing in Civil Engineering CY - Izmir, Türkiye DA - 24.09.2025 KW - 3D Concrete Printing KW - In Situ Measurements KW - Laser reflection intensity PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-643047 DO - https://doi.org/10.58286/31728 SN - 1435-4934 SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - NDT.net AN - OPUS4-64304 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Schönsee, Eric A1 - Jeyifous, Olubunmi Anthony A1 - Mezhov, Alexander A1 - Hüsken, Götz T1 - Introduction of a monitoring system for Bingham fluids in additive manufacturing with concrete N2 - Freeform additive manufacturing of concrete structures is a rising technology in civil engineering with several fascinating advantages. Nonetheless, to ensure reliability and structural integrity, standards and quality control are required in the future to bring this technology into the market. As the concrete is manufactured continuously, continuous quality control of the printing process is also required, i.e. comprehensive process monitoring. At BAM, a test rig will be installed, enabling the printing of concrete structures with a maximum size of 2 m x 1 m x 1 m (l x w x h). Here, process monitoring is the focus of the test rig. In this study, we show the results of the first pump tests, including the measurement of several parameters such as temperature and pressure along the supply system, i.e. from the concrete pump to the printer head. T2 - NDT-CE 2022 CY - Zurich, Switzerland DA - 16.08.2022 KW - Additive manufacturing of concrete KW - Process monitoring KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Bingham fluid PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-556367 SP - 1 EP - 12 AN - OPUS4-55636 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Kocherla, Amarteja A1 - Strangfeld, Christoph A1 - Hüsken, Götz T1 - Embedded Sensors for Quality Control and Structural Integrity Monitoring of Large-scale 3DCP Structures N2 - In extrusion-based 3D concrete printing (3DCP), addressing challenges related to safety, reliability, and quality control is crucial for widespread adoption. Yet current limitations in monitoring material properties during and after printing hinder the development of effective 3DCP guidelines. Therefore, the development of an inline sensing system capable of real-time monitoring and adjustment of process parameters is necessary to overcome these challenges. Building upon an existing inline sensing system developed by BAM, which currently monitors material properties during printing and the geometry of the print post-extrusion, this study extends its capabilities to post-extrusion monitoring using embedded piezoelectric (PZT) sensors. These PZT sensors provide localized measurements of material changes through electrical impedance (EI) measurements without disrupting the printing process. By embedding these sensors in 3D printed structures, continuous monitoring is achieved from layer deposition through 1-day of hydration. To achieve this, initially, PZT sensors were developed with multiple layers of protective coatings. Two different 3D printed mixtures, each with different hydration behaviors, were utilized, and PZT sensors were strategically placed between printed layers to maintain their integrity. EI measurements were collected continuously from printing through 1 day of hydration. Analysis of amplitude and frequency changes in the EI response spectrum provided insights into material behavior post-printing. The study highlights how continuous monitoring of frequency and conductance can track structural builtup and property development of the material. Rapid changes in conductance measurements, immediately post-printing indicate swift structural built-up, while key hydration phases are reflected in frequency measurements. T2 - 34th Annual Conference and Exhibition on Non Destructive Evaluation & Enabling Technologies CY - Chennai, India DA - 12.12.2024 KW - Embedded Sensors KW - 3D Concrete Printing KW - Quality Control KW - Inline Sensing KW - Structural Integrity PY - 2025 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Springer Nature CY - Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-65305 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -