TY - JOUR A1 - Bosiljkov, V. A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Köpp, Christian A1 - Wöstmann, Jens T1 - Assessment of structure through non-destructive tests (NDT) and minor destructive tests (MDT) investigation: case study of the church at carthusian monastery at Zice (Slovenia) JF - International journal of architectural heritage : conservation, analysis, and restoration KW - On-site investigation KW - Destructive and non-destructive tests KW - Radar KW - Thermography KW - Historic masonry KW - Structural and material characterization PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/15583050902731031 SN - 1558-3058 SN - 1558-3066 VL - 4 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - Philadelphia, Pa., USA AN - OPUS4-20465 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiggenhauser, Herbert A1 - Köpp, Christian A1 - Timofeev, Juri A1 - Azari, H. T1 - Controlled creating of cracks in concrete for non-destructive testing JF - Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation N2 - The non-destructive assessment of cracks in concrete is a common task for which non-destructive evaluation solutions have been published. Primarily, these tests have been carried out on artificial cracks that have been created by using notches instead of natural cracks. This study evaluates a procedure designed to create reproducible and controlled cracks in concrete. The procedure is based on using expanding mortar in a series of blind holes. This is done in combination with carefully aligned reinforcement to guide the direction of the crack development. The depth of the crack is also controlled by reinforcement. Crack depth varies statistically in the range of the Maximum aggregate size (16 mm) used for concrete. KW - Non-destructive testing of concrete KW - Cracks KW - Reference specimen PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-457367 UR - https://rdcu.be/4IPN DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-018-0517-x SN - 0195-9298 SN - 1573-4862 VL - 37 IS - 3 SP - 67, 1 EP - 9 PB - Springer CY - New York AN - OPUS4-45736 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Azari, H. A1 - Shams, S. A1 - Köpp, Christian A1 - Timofeev, Juri A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst T1 - Development of reference specimens for nondestructive evaluation of concrete bridge decks JF - Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Forensic Engineering N2 - Decades of non-destructive evaluation (NDE) for the quality assurance of concrete bridges revealed the necessity of developing procedures for building reference specimens for different defects. External objects have been widely used in specimen construction to represent defects. However, embedded materials can alter the actual defect characteristics, interrupting the NDE responses. This study proposes new approaches to fabricating reference specimens for reinforced concrete that feature substantial defects, including cracks, delamination, honeycombing and rebar corrosion, without external objects. As a result, realistic responses can be acquired to identify promising NDE methods for characterising actual deteriorations. The procedures were produced with the intent of being reproducible in any laboratory. Destructive and non-destructive testing methods were performed to verify the effectiveness of the processes in creating defects. This study provides research laboratories with techniques for fabricating reference specimens for characterising defects and assessing the performance of NDE technologies. KW - Concrete structures KW - Reference KW - Specimen KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Laboratory tests PY - 2023 DO - https://doi.org/10.1680/jfoen.21.00030 SN - 2043-9911 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - ICE Publishing AN - OPUS4-56957 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Köpp, Christian A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Wendrich, Astrid T1 - Entwicklung zerstörungsfreier und zerstörungsarmer Prüfverfahren zur Untersuchung historischen Mauerwerks JF - Das Mauerwerk N2 - Ziel des von der Europäischen Kommission geförderten Projektes ONSITEFORMASONRY war die Entwicklung und Optimierung von Verfahren und Verfahrenskombinationen für die Bewertung der Struktur- und Materialeigenschaften von historischem Mauerwerk. Es wurden zerstörungsfreie und zerstörungsarme Methoden wie z. B. Radar, Ultraschall, Impact-Echo, Mikroseismik, aktive Thermografie und Flat-Jack weiterentwickelt und im Rahmen einer Vielzahl von Fallstudien vor Ort eingesetzt. In dieser Veröffentlichung werden die Ergebnisse des Projektes vorgestellt, und es wird auf weiterführende Literatur und Informationsquellen verwiesen. KW - Historisches Mauerwerk KW - ONSITEFORMASONRY KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung PY - 2005 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/dama.200590040 SN - 1432-3427 SN - 1437-1022 VL - 9 IS - 3 SP - 102 EP - 107 PB - Ernst CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-11256 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Niederleithinger, Ernst A1 - Gardner, S. A1 - Kind, Thomas A1 - Kaiser, R. A1 - Grunwald, Marcel A1 - Yang, G. A1 - Redmer, Bernhard A1 - Waske, Anja A1 - Mielentz, Frank A1 - Effner, Ute A1 - Köpp, Christian A1 - Clarkson, A. A1 - Thompson, F. A1 - Ryan, M. A1 - Mahon, D. T1 - Muon Tomography of the Interior of a Reinforced Concrete Block: First Experimental Proof of Concept JF - Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation N2 - Quality assurance and condition assessment of concrete structures is an important topic world-wide due to the aging infrastructure and increasing traffic demands. Common topics include, but are not limited to, localisation of rebar or tendon ducts, geometrical irregularities, cracks, voids, honeycombing or other flaws. Non-destructive techniques such as ultrasound or radar have found regular, successful practical application but sometimes suffer from limited resolution and accuracy, imaging artefacts or restrictions in detecting certain features. Until the 1980s X-ray transmission was used in case of special demands and showed a much better resolution than other NDT techniques. However, due to safety concerns and cost issues, this method is almost never used anymore. Muon tomography has received much attention recently. Novel detectors for cosmic muons and tomographic imaging algorithms have opened up new fields of application, such as the investigation of freight containers. Muon imaging also has the potential to fill some of the gaps currently existing in concrete NDT. As a first step towards practical use and as a proof of concept we used an existing system to image the interior of a reference reinforced 600 kg concrete block. Even with a yet not optimized setup for this kind of investigation, the muon imaging results are at least of similar quality compared to ultrasonic and radar imaging, potentially even better. The data acquisition takes more time and signals contain more noise, but the images allowed to detect the same important features that are visible in conventional high energy X-ray tomography. In our experiment, we have shown that muon imaging has potential for concrete inspection. The next steps include the development of mobile detectors and optimising acquisition and imaging parameters. KW - Concrete KW - Muon KW - Radar KW - Ultrasound KW - X-ray PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-529974 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-021-00797-3 VL - 40 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Springer Nature AN - OPUS4-52997 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maierhofer, Christiane A1 - Köpp, Christian A1 - Hamann, M. A1 - Hennen, C. A1 - Binda, L. A1 - Saisi, A. A1 - Zanzi, L. T1 - Non-destructive investigation of structural elements of the "Altes Museum" in Berlin JF - WIT transactions on the built environment N2 - Strategies and methodologies for the assessment of historic masonry structures based on non-destructive and minor-destructive testing methods were developed in the European Research Project ONSITEFORMASONRY and were successfully applied to assess the structure and material properties of selected structural elements in the Altes Museum in Berlin-Mitte. For the planning of a broad reconstruction within the framework of a master plan concerning the whole of Museum Island in Berlin, several questions arose which are also typical for other historic structures in general, thus the Altes Museum was chosen as a pilot site for the validation of non-destructive testing methods. KW - Non-destructive testing KW - Historic masonry KW - Radar KW - Columns KW - Cupola KW - Anchors PY - 2008 SN - 978-1-84564-106-1 DO - https://doi.org/10.2495/HPSM080521 SN - 1746-4498 SN - 1743-3509 VL - 97 SP - 513 EP - 522 PB - WIT Press CY - Southampton [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-17890 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Válek, J. A1 - Kruschwitz, Sabine A1 - Wöstmann, Jens A1 - Kind, Thomas A1 - Valach, J. A1 - Köpp, Christian A1 - Lesák, J. T1 - Nondestructive investigation of wet building material: multimethodical approach JF - Journal of performance of constructed facilities N2 - Building stones are porous media and they can deteriorate through moisture ingress and secondary damage such as crystallization of soluble salts. Not only is this due to the increasing number of flood events in the past years but also structural damages of houses from activity such as leakage or rising moisture (groundwater) are the main causes. The potential benefit of several nondestructive testing methods to assess water damage in building stone has been studied in a field-scale experiment. Three testing walls made of fired clay brick, sandstone, and spongilite were flooded and their drying behavior monitored using infrared thermography, complex resistivity, ground penetrating radar, and ultrasonics. The results were compared to the average moisture content determined by gravimetric weighing of the specimens. Qualitatively, the results of the different nondestructive testing methods matched well. But in terms of quantitative data, some scatter was observed and the results should be viewed with care. Collecting time-consuming calibration data would help to overcome this problem, but especially when dealing with historic building structures, this is not always possible in practice. KW - Diagnostics KW - Moisture KW - Masonry KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Electrical PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000056 SN - 0887-3828 VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - 462 EP - 472 PB - Soc. CY - Reston, Va. AN - OPUS4-22355 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -