TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - What is in your opinion the fertiliser of the future? N2 - Conventional fertilisers have their disadvantages as nutrient release is not synchronised with the demand of plants. Several approaches of "next generation fertilisers" are aiming at controlled nutrient release. Recycling fertilisers are often not soluble in water but fully plant available. They are suitable raw materials for the production of new types of controlled release fertilisers. T2 - CLOOP-Workshop "What is in your opinion the fertiliser of the future?" CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 22.10.2019 KW - Controlled release fertilisers KW - Recycling fertilisers PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49554 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Krüger, Oliver ED - IWA Publishing, T1 - Wastewater as a resource: From rare earth metals to phosphorus T2 - Phosphorus: Polluter and Resource of the Future N2 - Wastewater contains a diverse array of organic and inorganic compounds and its complex composition strongly depends on the location and the connected dischargers. However, municipal wastewater as a carrier of feces and urine generally contains considerable amounts of the main nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus. The latter is in the focus of the discussions about the recovery potential of wastewater due to the relatively high mass flows of phosphorus in wastewater and the finite nature and decreasing quality of phosphate rock reserves. But due to the presence of the whole periodic table of elements, wastewater might contain further valuable components of interest for recovery including those defined as critical raw materials by the European Commission. Phosphorus and most of the other critical raw materials are fixed in the sewage sludge and after incineration in the sewage sludge ash (SSA). This is accompanied by high concentration factors from wastewater via sludge to ash. However, the mass fractions of the majority of elements in sewage sludge are comparable to those of the earth crust, indicating no relative enrichment. Nevertheless, enrichment factors of 100 or higher are given for phosphorus, copper, zinc, cadmium, silver, tin, lead and the platinum group elements indicating an anthropogenic input. An economic value of sewage sludge was estimated to $460,-/t calculated on the basis of the respective market prices for high purity elements – a theoretical value. A German survey of sewage sludge ashes showed that the mass fractions and the mass flows of most of the elements present in SSA are probably too low for an economic recovery. In most cases the mass flows are rather small compared to the imports and the chemical forms are not suitable for recovery. An exception is phosphorus that is present in high mass fractions up to 13% and that bears a high substitution potential. If the application of P-recovery technologies lead to a further concentration of valuable elements e.g. as by-products in side streams of the process, it would probably make also the recovery of other elements of economic interest. KW - Wastewater KW - Sewage sludge PY - 2018 SN - 978-1-78040-835-4 SN - 978-1-78040-836-1 SN - 978-1-78040-954-2 DO - https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780408361 SP - 241 EP - 252 PB - IWA Publishing CY - London AN - OPUS4-45679 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raniro, H.R. A1 - Soares, T.de M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Pavinato, P.S. T1 - Waste-derived fertilizers can increase phosphorus uptake by sugarcane and availability in a tropical soil JF - J. Plant Nutr. Soil. Sci. N2 - The use of highly water-soluble phosphorus (P) fertilizers can lead to P fixation in the soil, reducing fertilization efficiency. Waste-derived, low water-solubility sources can potentially increase sugarcane’s P uptake compared to triple superphosphate by reducing adsorption to the soil. Aims:We aimed to test struvite, hazenite, and AshDec® for their agronomic potential as recycled fertilizers for sugarcane production in a typical tropical soil.We hypothesize that these sources can reduce P fixation in the soil, increasing its availability and sugarcane’s absorption. Methods: In a greenhouse pot experiment, two consecutive sugarcane cycles, 90 days each, were conducted in a Ferralsol. The recovered sources struvite, hazenite, AshDec®, and the conventional triple superphosphate were mixed in the soil in three P doses (30, 60, and 90 mg kg–1), aside a control (nil-P). At both harvests, sugarcane number of sprouts, plant height, stem diameter, dry mass yield, shoot phosphorus, and soil P fractionation were investigated. Results: At 90 days, struvite and hazenite performed better for dry mass yield (70.7 and 68.3 g pot–1, respectively) than AshDec® and triple superphosphate (59.8 and 57.4 g pot–1, respectively) and for shoot P, with 98.1, 91.6, 75.6, and 66.3 mg pot–1, respectively. At 180 days, struvite outperformed all treatments for dry mass yield (95.3 g pot–1) and AshDec® (75.5 mg pot–1) for shoot P. Struvite was 38% and hazenite 21% more efficient than triple superphosphate in P uptake, while AshDec® was 6% less efficient. Soil had higher labile P under struvite, hazenite, and AshDec® than triple superphosphate by the end of the first cycle, while only the later increased nonlabile P by the end of the experiment (180 days). Conclusions:Waste-derived P sources were more efficient in supplying P for sugarcane and delivering labile P in 180 days than triple superphosphate. KW - AshDec KW - Hazenite KW - P-efficiency KW - Recycled sources KW - Struvite PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-544216 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.202100410 SN - 1436-8730 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Wiley-VCH GmbH AN - OPUS4-54421 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sichler, Theresa Constanze A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Barjenbruch, M. A1 - Montag, D. A1 - Mauch, Tatjana A1 - Sommerfeld, Thomas A1 - Ehm, J.H. T1 - Variation of the element composition of municipal sewage sludges in the context of new regulations on phosphorus recovery in Germany JF - Environmental Sciences Europe N2 - Phosphorus (P) recovery is obligatory for all sewage sludges with more than 20 g P/kg dry matter (DM) from 2029 in Germany. Nine wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were chosen to investigate variations of phosphorus contents and other parameters in sewage sludge over the year. Monthly sewage sludge samples from each WWTP were analyzed for phosphorus and other matrix elements (C, N, H, Ca, Fe, Al, etc.), for several trace elements (As, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn) and loss of ignition. Among the nine WWTPs, there are four which have phosphorus contents both above and below the recovery limit of 20 g/kg DM along the year. Considering the average phosphorus content over the year, only one of them is below the limit. Compared to other matrix elements and parameters, phosphorus fuctuations are low with an average of 7% over all nine WWTPs. In total, only hydrogen and carbon are more constant in the sludge. In several WWTPs with chemical phosphorus elimination, phosphorus fuctuations showed similar courses like iron and/or aluminum. WWTPs with chamber flter presses rather showed dilution efects of calcium dosage. As result of this study, monthly phosphorus measurement is highly recommended to determine whether a WWTP is below the 20 g/kg DM limit. KW - Sewage sludge KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Wastewater KW - Phosphorus elimination PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-557499 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-022-00658-4 SN - 2190-4707 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Springer Nature CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-55749 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Use of secondary phosphates to reduce soil pollution T2 - 4th International conference on environmental pollution and remediation (Proceedings) N2 - Phosphorous is essential for all living creatures and indispensable in its functions regarding bone structure, energy metabolism, and storage and expression of genetic information. It is removed from the soils through farming and husbandry and has to be replaced. Annually, more than 17 million tons of phosphorous are applied to soils in the form of mineral fertilizer worldwide (Killiches, 2013). In Germany, this accounts for 150,000 t/a. This fertilizer is produced from rock phosphate, which is often contaminated with heavy metals (Dissanayake et al., 2009), especially cadmium and uranium. Cd concentrations are around 30 mg/kg, U around 100 mg/kg, with even higher peak values. Since rock phosphate is treated with acids to make the phosphorous bioavailable, those heavy metals were also mobilized. When the fertilizer is applied to the farmland, the contaminants can pollute the soil and pose an environmental risk. Sewage sludge is another phosphorous source for farming. In Germany, 15,000 t/a phosphorous are applied to farmlands this way. However, there is a growing concern of possible environmental hazards since sewage sludge contains not only inorganic contaminants but also organic pollutants, especially pharmaceuticals and personal care products (Guardia et al., 2004). T2 - 4th International conference on environmental pollution and remediation CY - Prague, Czech Republic DA - 11.08.2014 PY - 2014 SP - Paper 136-1 EP - 136-2 AN - OPUS4-33432 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Krüger, O. T1 - Use of nutrients from wastewater for the fertilizer industry - approaches towards the implementation of the circular economy (CE) JF - Desalination and Water Treatment N2 - More sustainable waste management practices are an important element in the Transformation towards a circular economy (CE). Activities in this area should be dedicated to all groups of waste, including those generated in the water and sewage sector. This paper presents the characteristics of sewage sludge ash (SSA) coming from Polish municipal waste incineration plants. Due to the high content of nutrients such as phosphorus (8.01% P2O5), calcium (5.11% CaO) and magnesium (2.75% MgO), the analyzed SSA may constitute a valuable source of raw materials for the fertilizer industry. Despite the good fertilizing properties of the SSA, in some cases the presence of heavy metals such as cadmium (0.74–1.4 mg/kg dry matter), lead (49.8–99 mg/kg dry matter), mercury (3.93 mg/kg dry matter) and arsenic (4.23–4.43 mg/kg dry matter) and poor bioavailability of P from SSA disqualifies this waste from direct use as a fertilizer. Therefore, it is necessary to look for methods that will allow the municipal SSA to be processed, for example, technologies for the extraction of phosphorus and the production of phosphate fertilizer. This way of SSA management is in the line with the CE assumptions, in which waste becomes a valuable source of secondary raw materials. Fertilizer produced from waste meeting quality, safety and labelling requirements and limits of organic, microbiological and physical contaminants will be able to be traded freely within the European Union (EU) and receive the CE marking. The idea of use of SSA for fertilizer purposes is consistent not only with the objectives of the CE but also with the Polish National Waste Management Plan 2022 and the Municipal Sewage Sludge Strategy 2019–2022, which emphasizes the necessity to maximize the use of biogenic substances contained in wastewater. Therefore, sustainable management of SSA, in particular its storage in a way enabling the recovery of phosphorus, should be promoted. KW - Wastewater KW - Circular economy KW - Fertilizer KW - Sewage sludge KW - Phosphorus PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25113 VL - 1 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Desalination Publications CY - Hopkinton, MA 01748, USA AN - OPUS4-50646 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Hoffmann, Marie A1 - Taube, Mareike A1 - Krüger, O. A1 - Baran, R. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Uranium and thorium species in phosphate rock and sewage sludge ash based phosphorus fertilizers JF - Journal of Hazardous Materials N2 - Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all forms of life and is thus often applied as phosphate rock-based P-fertilizers in agriculture to enable continuous farming. However, these P-fertilizers contain also hazardous uranium (U) and thorium (Th), up to 660 and 220 mg/kg, respectively. On the contrary, novel P-fertilizers made from sewage sludge (ash) contain only low mass fractions of U and Th. In addition to the total amount of U and Th in P-fertilizers, their mobility and bioavailability is important, which depends to a large extent on their chemical state, especially oxidation state and chemical bonding. Thus, we analyzed their chemical state in various P-fertilizers by U and Th L3-edge HERFD-XANES spectroscopy. Phosphate rocks and sewage sludge-based P-fertilizers contain mainly U(IV) compounds which have only a low bioavailability. In contrast, acidic treatment of phosphate rock to produce super phosphates lead to an oxidation to U(VI) compounds (including formation of uranium phosphates) with a strongly increased bioavailability. On the contrary, all analyzed P-fertilizers contain Th in form of strongly insoluble phosphates and oxides with a low bioavailability. Additionally performed water extractions and Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) experiments support these findings. KW - Phosphorus fertilizer KW - Sewage sludge KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy KW - Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) KW - Extraction PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121100 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 382 SP - 121100, 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-48872 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Rivard, C. A1 - Wilken, V. A1 - Muskolus, A. T1 - Unravelling plant-availability of recovered P-fertilizers by pot experiments and P X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy N2 - Pot experiments are often performed to analyze the plant-availability of phosphorus (P) in P-fertilizers. However, these experiments do not determine the P compounds present in the soil which are responsible for the yield increase. In order to better understand the results of pot experiments we analyzed the soils by P K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to determine the P species and unravel transformation processes. We carried out pot experiments with maize testing different waste water derived recycling P-fertilizers on an acidic and a neutral soil. Soils samples before sowing and after harvest were collected and prepared for analysis. A combination of macro- and µ-XANES spectroscopy was used to determine the chemical state of the overall soil P and to identify P compounds in P-rich spots localized by micro-X-ray fluorescence (µ-XRF). P K-edge macro-XANES spectroscopy detected organic P and/or P sorbed onto organic matter or other substrates in the unfertilized and fertilized soils. In addition, µ-XRF mapping in combination with P K-edge µ-XANES spectroscopy evidenced that some P phases present in recycling P-fertilizers (magnesium phosphate and calcium sodium phosphate) react with co-fertilized ammonium nitrate and form highly plant-available ammonium phosphates in the soil. In opposite, apatites were not affected by the presence of ammonium. Thus, for a boost of the plant-availability of P in recycling P-fertilizers these fertilizers should be directly co-fertilized with nitrogen (N) sources that contain a high amount of ammonium instead of nitrate. Possibly, a specific preparation of NP-fertilizers by granulation of recycling P-fertilizers with ammonium compounds and a nitrification inhibitor could enhance the plant-availability of the produced fertilizer whereby they become more competitive to commercially available NP-fertilizers based on phosphate rock. T2 - IPW8 - International Phosphorus Workshop CY - Rostock, Germany DA - 12.09.2016 KW - Phosphorus fertilizer KW - XANES spectroscopy PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37376 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gentzmann, Marie A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Serrano, Juan A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Understanding scandium leaching from bauxite residues of different geological backgrounds using statistical design of experiments JF - Journal of Geochemical Exploration N2 - The leaching behavior of scandium (Sc) from bauxite residues can differ significantly when residues of different geological backgrounds are compared. The mineralogy of the source rock and the physicochemical environment during bauxitization affect the association of Sc in the bauxite i.e., how Sc is distributed amongst different mineral phases and whether it is incorporated in and/or adsorbed onto those phases. The Sc association in the bauxite is in turn crucial for the resulting Sc association in the bauxite residue. In this study systematic leaching experiments were performed on three different bauxite residues using a statistical design of experiments approach. The three bauxite residues compared originated from processing of lateritic and karstic bauxites from Germany, Hungary, and Russia. The recovery of Sc and Fe was determined by ICP-OES measurements. Mineralogical changes were analyzed by X-ray-diffraction and subsequent Rietveld refinement. The effects of various parameters including temperature, acid type, acid concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio and residence time were studied. A response surface model was calculated for the selected case of citric acid leaching of Hungarian bauxite residue. The investigations showed that the type of bauxite residue has a strong influence. The easily leachable fraction of Sc can vary considerably between the types, reaching ~20–25% in German Bauxite residue and ~50% in Russian bauxite residue. Mineralogical investigations revealed that a major part of this fraction was released from secondary phases such as cancrinite and katoite formed during Bayer processing of the bauxite. The effect of temperature on Sc and Fe recovery is strong especially when citric acid is used. Based on the exponential relationship between temperature and Fe-recovery it was found to be particularly important for the selectivity of Sc over Fe. Optimization of the model for a maximum Sc recovery combined with a minimum Fe recovery yielded results of ~28% Sc recovery at <2% Fe recovery at a temperature of 60 ◦C, a citric acid normality of 1.8, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 16 ml/g. Our study has shown that detailed knowledge about the Sc association and distribution in bauxite and bauxite residue is key to an efficient and selective leaching of Sc from bauxite residues. KW - Bauxite residue KW - Scandium KW - Leaching KW - Design of experiments KW - Red mud PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2022.107041 SN - 0375-6742 VL - 2022 IS - 240 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-55531 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Grevel, K.-D. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Dachs, E. A1 - Benisek, A. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Majzlan, J. T1 - Thermodynamic properties of calcium alkali phosphates Ca(Na,K)PO4 JF - Journal of Materials Science N2 - Calcium alkali phosphates Ca(Na,K)PO4 are main constituents of bioceramics and thermochemically produced phosphorus fertilizers because of their bioavailability. Sparse thermodynamic data are available for the endmembers CaNaPO4 and CaKPO4. In this work, the missing data were determined for the low-temperature phase modifications of the endmembers CaNaPO4 and CaKPO4 and three intermediate Ca(Na,K)PO4 compositions. Standard enthalpy of formation ranges from - 2018.3 ± 2.2 kJ mol-1 to - 2030.5 ± 2.1 kJ mol-1 and standard entropy from 137.2 ± 1.0 J mol-1 K-1 to 148.6 ± 1.0 J mol-1 K-1 from sodium endmember b-CaNaPO4 to potassium endmember b0-CaKPO4. Thermodynamic functions are calculated up to 1400 K for endmembers and the sodium-rich intermediate phase b-Ca(Na0.93K0.07)PO4. Functions above 640 K are extrapolated because of the phase transition from low- to high-temperature phase. Impurities in the synthesized intermediate phases c-Ca(Na0.4K0.6)PO4 and c-Ca Na0.35K0.65)PO4 and one additional phase transition around 500 K impeded the determination of high-temperature thermodynamic functions. In general, data for phase transition temperatures agree with the previously reported phase diagrams. KW - Formation enthalpy KW - Heat capacity KW - Phase transformation KW - Bioceramics KW - Phosphorus fertilizer KW - Entropy PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-507640 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-04615-5 VL - 55 SP - 8477 EP - 8490 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-50764 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hamann, Christopher A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Stolle, Dirk A1 - Spanka, M. A1 - Auer, G. T1 - Thermochemical treatment of waste products from iron and steel production T2 - Proceedings, European Metallurgical Conference 2019 N2 - Blast furnace (BF) sludge and electric arc furnace (EAF) dust are typical wastes that incur from iron and steel production. In addition to iron, calcium, carbon, and silicon they usually contain high concentrations of heavy metals such as zinc, lead, and cadmium that are potentially hazardous to the environment, rendering disposal in landfills ecologically problematic and costly. Consequently, pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and hybrid methods for selective elimination of non-ferrous heavy metals from BF sludge and EAF dust have been conceived, of which only the carbothermic reduction route taken in the so-called Waelz rotary kiln process has been proven to be economically successful. However, this process has several drawbacks regarding efficiency of heavy-metal removal and recovery of iron, and it does not allow processing of BF sludge. In this study, we investigated the efficiency and feasibility of selective chlorination and evaporation of non-ferrous heavy metals, particularly zinc and lead, in both BF sludge and EAF dust as an alternative, thermochemical processing route. To this end, hydrochloric acid and iron(II) chloride solution have been used as chlorinating agents, and the process of heavy-metal chlorination and evaporation has been investigated under inert operating conditions, at variable chlorine concentrations, and at temperatures between 500 and 1200 °C. High zinc and lead removal efficiencies of > 99.5 % were achieved with both chlorinating agents, but iron(II) chloride turned out to be overall more efficient for removal of zinc and lead from BF sludge and EAF dust. Interestingly, and in contrast to previous studies, the iron was completely retained in the processed solid residue, therefore rendering the processed residues virtually zinc- and lead-free raw materials that may either be used internally (e.g., feeding processed BF sludge and EAF dust back into the respective furnaces) or externally (e.g., for cement production). T2 - European Metallurgical Conference 2019 CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 23.06.2019 KW - Blast furnace sludge KW - Electric arc furnace dust KW - Recycling KW - Selective chlorination KW - Zinc PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-940276-89-6 VL - 3 SP - 1267 EP - 1282 PB - GDMB CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld AN - OPUS4-48362 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Michaelis, Matthias A1 - Kley, Gerd A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ashes for phosphorus recovery JF - Waste management N2 - Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all living organisms and cannot be replaced. Municipal sewage sludge is a carrier of phosphorus, but also contains organic pollutants and heavy metals. A two-step thermal treatment is suggested, including mono-incineration of sewage sludge and subsequent thermochemical treatment of the ashes. Organic pollutants are completely destroyed by mono-incineration. The resulting sewage sludge ashes contain P, but also heavy metals. P in the ashes exhibits low bioavailability, a disadvantage in farming. Therefore, in a second thermochemical step, P is transferred into mineral phases available for plants, and heavy metals are removed as well. The thermochemical treatment was investigated in a laboratory-scale rotary furnace by treating seven different sewage sludge ashes under systematic variation of operational parameters. Heavy metal removal and the increase of the P-bioavailability were the focus of the investigation. The present experimental study shows that these objectives have been achieved with the proposed process. The P-bioavailability was significantly increased due to the formation of new mineral phases such as chlorapatite, farringtonite and stanfieldite during thermochemical treatment. KW - P-recovery KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - Mineral phases KW - X-ray diffraction PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.09.011 SN - 0956-053X VL - 29 IS - 3 SP - 1122 EP - 1128 PB - Pergamon Press CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-18605 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stemann, Jan A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash with sodium salt additives for phosphorus fertilizer production - Analysis of underlying chemical reactions JF - Waste management N2 - Stocks of high grade phosphate rock are becoming scarce, and there is growing concern about potentially harmful impurities in conventional phosphorus fertilizers. Sewage sludge ash is a promising secondary phosphorus source. However, to remove heavy metals and convert the phosphorus contained in sewage sludge ash into mineral phases available to plants, an after-treatment is required. Laboratory-scale calcination experiments of sewage sludge ash blended with sodium salts using dried sewage sludge as a reducing agent were carried out at 1000 °C. Thus, the Ca3(PO4)2 or whitlockite component of raw sewage sludge ash, which is not readily plant available, was converted to CaNaPO4 (buchwaldite). Consequently, nearly complete phosphorus solubility in ammonium citrate (a well-established indicator for plant availability) was achieved. Moreover, it was shown that Na2CO3 may be replaced by moderately priced Na2SO4. However, molar ratios of Na/P > 2 were required to achieve >80% phosphorus solubility. Such over-stoichiometric Na consumption is largely caused by side reactions with the SiO2 component of the sewage sludge ash – an explanation for which clear evidence is provided for the first time. KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Plant availability KW - Solubility in ammonium citrate KW - Whitlockite-to-buchwaldite transformation PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.07.029 SN - 0956-053X VL - 45 SP - 385 EP - 390 PB - Pergamon Press CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-33876 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash with sodium additives under reducing conditions analyzed by thermogravimetry JF - Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry N2 - Phosphorus (P) for fertilizer use can be recovered from sewage sludge ash (SSA). To enhance the bioavailability of P and reduce the heavy metal content of SSA, it can be treated thermochemically with Na2CO3 or Na2SO4 at 950 °C in a rotary kiln using dry sewage sludge or lignite as reducing agent. These processes were investigated by thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis coupled with gas analysis. Reducing conditions in this experimental setup were provided by 2 % hydrogen in the Ar carrier gas. During SSA + Na2CO3 treatment CO2, CO and water were detected in the off-gas. During SSA + Na2SO4 treatment SO2, some CO2 and water were detected. Heavy metal removal was more efficient for SSA + Na2CO3 compared to the sulfate variant. A SSA + Na2SO4 + lignite variant which also formed CO shifted the heavy metal removal to the results obtained with Na2CO3 which was obviously due to the additional reduction potential. However, Zn evaporation was not achieved with the Na2SO4 variants which were most probably due to immobilization as ZnS. KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Reducing conditions KW - Heavy metal evaporation KW - FT-IR gas analysis PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-5016-z SN - 1388-6150 SN - 1418-2874 SN - 0368-4466 SN - 1572-8943 VL - 123 IS - 2 SP - 1045 EP - 1051 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-34556 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kugler, Stefan T1 - Thermochemical Treatment of Sewage Sludge Ash (SSA)—Potential and Perspective in Poland JF - Energies N2 - Phosphorus (P) recovery from sewage sludge ash (SSA) is one of the most promising approaches of phosphate rock substitution in mineral fertilizers and might be a sustainable way to secure supply of this raw material in the future. In the current investigation, the process of thermochemical treatment of SSA was applied to SSA coming from selected mono-incineration plants of municipal sewage sludge in Poland (Cracow, Gdansk, Gdynia, Lodz, Kielce and Szczecin). The Polish SSA was thermochemically converted in the presence of sodium (Na) additives and a reducing agent (dried sewage sludge) to obtain secondary raw materials for the production of marketable P fertilizers. The process had a positive impact on the bioavailability of phosphorus and reduced the content of heavy metals in the obtained products. The P solubility in neutral Ammonium citrate, an indicator of its bioavailability, was significantly raised from 19.7–45.7% in the raw ashes and 76.5–100% in the thermochemically treated SSA. The content of nutrients in the recyclates was in the range of 15.7–19.2% P2O5, 10.8–14.2% CaO, 3.5–5.4% Na2O, 2.6–3.6% MgO and 0.9–1.3% K2O. The produced fertilizer raw materials meet the Polish norms for trace elements covered by the legislation: the content of lead was in the range 10.2–73.1 mg/kg, arsenic 4.8–22.7 mg/kg, Cadmium 0.9–2.8 mg/kg and mercury <0.05 mg/kg. Thus, these products could be potentially directly used for fertilizer production. This work also includes an analysis of the possibilities of using ashes for fertilizer purposes in Poland, based on the assumptions indicated in the adopted strategic and planning documents regarding waste management and fertilizer production. KW - Sewage Sludge Ashes KW - Critical raw materials KW - Phosphorus KW - Fertilizer KW - Sewage Sludge PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-514468 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/en13205461 VL - 13 IS - 20 SP - 5461 AN - OPUS4-51446 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Kley, Gerd A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg ED - Hilty, L. M. T1 - Thermo-chemical treatment of sewage sludge ashes aiming at marketable P-fertiliser products T2 - Proceedings of the R'07 world congress on recovery of materials and energy for resource efficiency T2 - R'07 World Congress "Recovery of Materials and Energy for Resource Efficiency" CY - Davos, Switzerland DA - 2007-09-03 KW - P-recovery KW - Sewage sludge KW - Thermo-chemical treatment KW - Mineral phases KW - XRD PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-905594-49-2 SP - 14/1 EP - 14/7 PB - EMPA CY - Davos AN - OPUS4-16469 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Auer, G. A1 - Spanka, M. A1 - Hamann, Christopher A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Thermal zinc extraction from steel mill dust JF - World of Metallurgy – Erzmetall N2 - Treatment and reusing of hazardous wastes have become significant issues of modern societies. Blast furnace sludge (BFS) and electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) are such typical wastes, because they usually contain high amounts of undesirable elements such as zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb). These elements can cause operational problems in reusing of BFS and EAFD. In this study, the Ferro Duo GmbH and the Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing have investigated a novel approach for eliminating and/or recovering Zn and Pb from both wastes. Applied was a selective chlorination and volatilization of Zn and Pb as chlorides at temperatures between 500 °C and 1100 °C. Both product obtained, Zn and Pb in the form of ZnCl2 and PbCl2 and the purified solid mineral compound are attractive materials for further use. Hydrochloric acid and iron(II) chloride were used as chlorination agents. Exceptionally high Zn and Pb removal efficiencies of >99.5 % could be achieved with both chlorination agents, whereby iron(II) chloride exhibited better performance. KW - Blast furnace sludge KW - Chlorination KW - Electric arc furnace dust KW - Lead KW - Zinc KW - Thermochemical treatment PY - 2019 SN - 1613-2394 VL - 72 IS - 1 SP - 27 EP - 31 PB - GDMB Verlag GmbH CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld AN - OPUS4-47288 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Félix, R. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Steffens, D. T1 - Thermal treatment of sewage sludge for phosphorus fertilizer production: a model experiment JF - Journal of Plant Nutrition N2 - Phosphorus (P) resource availability and quality is declining and recycling P-fertilizers from waste materials are becoming increasingly important. One important secondary P resource is sewage sludge (SSL) where P is often bound as aluminum phosphate (Al-P), iron phosphate (Fe-P) and polyphosphate (poly-P), respectively. Thermal treatment in different ways is a promising way in P recycling to produce highly plant-available P-fertilizers. To investigate mechanisms behind transformation of hardly available P-species toward plant-available P forms we treated a model SSL containing different kinds of defined P sources by low-temperature conversion (LTC) at 500 °C and subsequent thermochemical treatment of the LTC product with Na additives (TCT) at 950 °C, respectively. Pot experiments with ryegrass were carried out to determine the plant availability of P of the different treatments. The poly-P (here pyrophosphates) based fertilizers had a very high plant availability after both thermal treatments. During LTC treatment the plant availability of the Fe-P and Al-P variants increased because of the Formation of Fe(II) phosphates and/or pyro-/polyphosphates. Especially the formation of Al-polyphosphate shows a high plant availability. The subsequent TCT further increased strongly the plant availability of the Fe-P variants because of the formation of highly plant-available CaNaPO4. Thus, a direct TCT without prior LTC probably also produce CaNaPO4 and is recommended for Fe-P based SSL. However, a molar Ca/P ratio of � 1 in the fertilizer is favorable for CaNaPO4 formation. Thus, the knowledge on the source of primary P in SSL is essential for choosing the accurate thermal treatment method to produce highly plant-available P-fertilizers from SSL. KW - Phosphorus KW - Sewage sludge KW - X-ray diffraction KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy KW - Fertilizer PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2021.1994595 SN - 0190-4167 VL - 45 IS - 8 SP - 1123 EP - 1133 PB - Taylor & Francis Online AN - OPUS4-53755 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kley, Gerd A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Thermal treatment of municipal sewage sludge aiming at marketable P-fertilisers JF - Materials transactions N2 - Municipal sewage sludge is a carrier of nutrients – most important phosphorus (P) – but also contains organic pollutants and heavy metals. A two steps thermal treatment is suggested based on 1. mono-incineration of sewage sludge under destruction of organic pollutants and 2. thermochemical treatment of the resulting ashes to remove heavy metals and increase P-bioavailability. The targeted products are marketable P-fertilisers. The thermochemical treatment was investigated in a gas tight lab-scale rotary furnace. Seven sewage sludge ashes of different origin and composition and one residue from gasification of sewage sludge were mixed with a chlorine donor (e.g. MgCl2) and thermochemically treated under systematic variation of operational parameters. The distributions of the heavy metals between solid and gas phase were determined. The heavy metals concentrations of the treated ashes met the legislative limits in most cases. The products from thermochemical treatment are suited raw materials for P-fertiliser production. Relevant process parameters such as temperature, type and concentration of Cl-donor and retention time were optimised for the thermochemical treatment step. KW - Sewage sludge KW - Mono-incineration KW - Ash treatment KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - Phosphorus-fertiliser PY - 2007 SN - 1345-9678 SN - 1347-5320 VL - 48 IS - 12 SP - 3056 EP - 3061 PB - Japan Institute of Metals CY - Sendai AN - OPUS4-16647 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kley, Gerd A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg ED - Wang, B. ED - J.H. Song, ED - H. Abe, T1 - Thermal treatment of municipal sewage sludge aiming at marketable P-fertilisers T2 - 8th International Conference on Eco-materials (ICEM8 2007) "Advances in Eco-Materials", July 9-11, 2007, London, UK T2 - 8th International Conference on Eco-materials (ICEM8 2007) CY - London, UK DA - 2007-07-09 KW - Sewage sludge KW - Mono-incineration KW - Ash treatment KW - Thermo-chemical treatment KW - P-fertiliser PY - 2007 SN - 978-1-902316-54-3 VL - 2 SP - 435 EP - 442 PB - Brunel University Press CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-16470 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kley, Gerd A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Thermal treatment of municipal sewage sludge aiming at marketable P-fertilisers T2 - The 8th International Conference of Eco-Materials-ICEM8 T2 - The 8th International Conference of Eco-Materials-ICEM8 CY - London, England DA - 2007-07-09 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-15038 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Stemann, Jan A1 - Holldack, K. A1 - Sekine, R. A1 - Lipiec, E. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Thermal treatment of chromium (III) oxide with carbonates analyzed by far-infrared spectroscopy JF - Applied Spectroscopy PY - 2015 SN - 0003-7028 SN - 1943-3530 VL - 69 IS - 10 SP - 1210 EP - 1214 PB - Society for Applied Spectroscopy CY - Frederick, Md. AN - OPUS4-34635 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schraut, Katharina A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Stephan, D. A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Simon, Sebastian A1 - von Werder, Julia T1 - Synthesis and characterisation of alites from reduced basic oxygen furnace slags JF - Cement and Concrete Research N2 - Basic oxygen furnace slags (BOFS) are by-products of the steelmaking process. Several researchers have studied the production of Portland cement clinker and metallic iron from BOFS via a reductive treatment. In this study, we applied a carbothermal reduction of BOFS in a technical-scale electric arc furnace and characterised the clinker-like products. Those clinker-like non-metallic products (NMPs) had a chemical and mineralogical composition comparable to clinker for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and contained large elongated alite crystals as major component. The pure NMPs reacted more slowly and achieved a lower degree of hydration compared with commercial OPC. If the reactivity of the products can be further increased by employing specific adaptations, it can be used as a full clinker substitute for OPC. Nevertheless, it is also an option to use the material without further modifications as a cement component or concrete addition, which contributes to the strength development in both cases. KW - BOFS KW - Hydration products KW - Thermal analysis KW - X-ray diffraction PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106518 SN - 0008-8846 VL - 147 SP - 6518 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-52939 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weimann, Karin A1 - Adam, Christian ED - Jones, Roderick ED - Newlands, Moray D. ED - Halliday, Judith E. ED - Csetenyi, Lszlo J. ED - Zheng, Li ED - McCarthy, Michael J. ED - Dyer, Thomas D. T1 - Sustainability in the production of Recycled Concrete Aggregates T2 - Environment, Efficiency and Economic Challenges for Concrete N2 - Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials and, accordingly, the concrete industry is an important stakeholder in the field of sustainable construction. Therefore various approaches have been implemented to increase the sustainability of concrete. Besides reducing CO2-emissions during cement production, increasing the energy efficiency of buildings and extending their life span, the end-of-life performance of concrete is also an essential aspect of sustainability. Reusing concrete as a secondary building material meets the requirements of sustainability in several ways: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and, thereby, the protection of natural resources as well as conserving landfill site. Furthermore, the production of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) is a good example for closed-loop recycling. However, regarding the use of RCA as a substitute for natural aggregates in concrete, attention must be paid to all issues of sustainability: this means that environmental, economic and social aspects have to be considered. Since RCA generally have inferior building material properties, such as higher porosity and lower density, the implementation of closed-loop recycling of concrete only makes sense if the technical quality assurance is secured. This paper focusses on the implementation of techniques for the deconstruction/demolition of buildings and the subsequent treatment of concrete rubble in order to improve the building material properties of RCA with regard to the requirements of sustainability and also technical rules and standards. T2 - The 9th International Concrete Conference CY - Dundee, UK DA - 04.07.2016 KW - RCA (Recycled concrete aggregates) KW - Gypsum KW - Selective dismantling KW - CDW treatment KW - Gips KW - Bauschuttaufbereitung PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-9573263-1-6 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - University of Dundee – Concrete Technology Unit CY - Dundee, UK AN - OPUS4-38175 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weimann, Karin A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Sustainability in the production of recycled concrete aggregates N2 - Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials and, accordingly, the concrete industry is an important stakeholder in the field of sustainable construction. Therefore various approaches have been implemented to increase the sustainability of concrete. Besides reducing CO2-emissions during cement production, increasing the energy efficiency of buildings and extending their life span, the end-of-life performance of concrete is also an essential aspect of sustainability. Reusing concrete as a secondary building material meets the requirements of sustainability in several ways: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and, thereby, the protection of natural resources as well as conserving landfill site. Furthermore, the production of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) is a good example for closed-loop recycling. However, regarding the use of RCA as a substitute for natural aggregates in concrete, attention must be paid to all issues of sustainability: this means that environmental, economic and social aspects have to be considered. Since RCA generally have inferior building material properties, such as higher porosity and lower density, the implementation of closed-loop recycling of concrete only makes sense if the technical quality assurance is secured. This paper focusses on the implementation of techniques for the deconstruction/demolition of buildings and the subsequent treatment of concrete rubble in order to improve the building material properties of RCA with regard to the requirements of sustainability and also technical rules and standards. T2 - The 9th International Concrete Conference CY - Dundee, UK DA - 04.07.2016 KW - RCA (Recycled concrete aggregates) KW - Gypsum KW - Selective dismantling KW - CDW treatment KW - Gips KW - Bauschuttaufbereitung PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38176 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ante, A. A1 - Trumpler, A. A1 - Niermann, S. A1 - Decker, R. A1 - Herrmann, L. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - SUSAN - Sustainable and safe re-use of municipal sewage sludge for nutrient recovery - Large scale considerations of the thermo-chemical heavy metal removal from sewage sludge for the safe recycle of phosphorus T2 - Bremer Colloquium - Produktionsintegrierte Wasser-/Abwassertechnik - "Abwasser als Ressource" Kreislaufschließung, Energie- und Wertstoffrückgewinnung T2 - Bremer Colloquium - Produktionsintegrierte Wasser-/Abwassertechnik - "Abwasser als Ressource" Kreislaufschließung, Energie- und Wertstoffrückgewinnung CY - Bremen, Germany DA - 2009-09-28 KW - Sewage sludge KW - Phosphorus KW - Recycling KW - Thermochemical treatment PY - 2009 SP - 1 EP - 14(?) AN - OPUS4-22183 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ante, A. A1 - Trumpler, A. A1 - Niermann, S. A1 - Decker, Renate A1 - Hermann, L. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - SUSAN - Sustainable and safe re-use of municipal sewage sludge for nutrient recovery JF - GWF / Wasser, Abwasser KW - Sewage sludge KW - Phosphorus KW - Recycling KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - Heavy metal removal KW - Large scale consideration PY - 2010 SN - 0016-3651 VL - 151 IS - 13 SP - 78 EP - 84 PB - Oldenbourg-Industrieverl. CY - München AN - OPUS4-22097 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - SUSAN - Sustainable and safe re-use of municipal sewage sludge for nutrient recovery N2 - The SUSAN-project aimed at developing a sustainable and safe strategy for nutrient recovery from sewage sludges using thermal treatment. Mono-incineration of the sludges completely destructs the organic pollutants in a first step. The incineration residues are ashes with a high phosphorus content that still contain heavy metal compounds above the limits for agricultural use. Furthermore, phosphorus in the ashes exhibits low bioavailability - a disadvantage in farming. Therefore, in a second thermochemical step heavy metals are removed and phosphorus transferred into mineral phases available for plants. The principle of the SUSAN-project is the separation of the small heavy metals fraction from the ashes to receive a phosphorus rich product suited as raw material for fertilisers that also contains SiO2, CaO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO and K2O. The thermochemical process is based on evaporation of volatile heavy metal chlorides at 850 - 1000 °C. The sewage sludge ashes are mixed with chlorine donors such as MgCl2 or KCl, grained and treated in a thermal aggregate e.g. a rotary furnace. At the same time a transfer of non soluble P-compounds into Mineral phases available for plants takes place. Besides technological development of the thermochemical process, the products fertilisation performance, the product design, the market for the products and the sustainability of the whole process chain are emphasised in the SUSAN-project. KW - Nutrient recovery KW - Sewage sludges KW - Sludge disposal KW - Sustainability KW - Environmental pollution PY - 2017 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-391607 UR - http://cordis.europa.eu/result/rcn/46724_en.html SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-39160 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dombinov, V. A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Meiller, M. A1 - Müller, F. A1 - Willbold, S. A1 - Zang, J. W. A1 - da Fonseca-Zang, W. A. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Klose, H. A1 - Poorter, H. A1 - Jablonowski, N. D. A1 - Schrey, S. D. T1 - Sugarcane bagasse ash as fertilizer for soybeans: Effects of added residues on ash composition, mineralogy, phosphorus extractability and plant availability JF - Frontiers in Plant Science N2 - Sugarcane bagasse is commonly combusted to generate energy. Unfortunately, recycling strategies rarely consider the resulting ash as a potential fertilizer. To evaluate this recycling strategy for a sustainable circular economy, we characterized bagasse ash as a fertilizer and measured the effects of co-gasification and co-combustion of bagasse with either chicken manure or sewage sludge: on the phosphorus (P) mass fraction, P-extractability, and mineral P phases. Furthermore, we investigated the ashes as fertilizer for soybeans under greenhouse conditions. All methods in combination are reliable indicators helping to assess and predict P availability from ashes to soybeans. The fertilizer efficiency of pure bagasse ash increased with the ash amount supplied to the substrate. Nevertheless, it was not as effective as fertilization with triple-superphosphate and K2SO4, which we attributed to lower P availability. Co-gasification and co-combustion increased the P mass fraction in all bagasse-based ashes, but its extractability and availability to soybeans increased only when co-processed with chicken manure, because it enabled the formation of readily available Ca-alkali phosphates. Therefore, we recommend co-combusting biomass with alkali-rich residues to increase the availability of P from the ash to plants. KW - Combustion and gasification KW - Phosphate extractability and availability KW - X-ray diffraction (XRD) PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-567632 DO - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1041924 SN - 1664-462X VL - 13 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne AN - OPUS4-56763 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Kohl, Anka A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Spectroscopic investigation in the mid- and far-infrared regions of phosphorus fertilizers derived from thermochemically treated sewage sludge ash JF - Applied spectroscopy N2 - Inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) fertilizers based on phosphates from thermochemically treated sewage sludge ash were analyzed using mid-infrared (mid-IR) and far-infrared (FIR) spectroscopy. The different compounds present in the fertilizers were qualitatively determined with the help of recorded reference spectra of pure substances. Differentiation between various phosphates and other compounds such as sulfates, nitrates, and oxides was possible using combined interpretation of the mid-IR and FIR spectra. The results are in agreement with previous X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of the same samples. The main phosphate phases detected were NH4H2PO4, MgHPO4·3H2O, Mg3(PO4)2, Ca5(PO4)5Cl, CaHPO4·2H2O, Ca(H2-PO4)2·H2O, and AlPO4. Furthermore, K2SO4, NH4NO3, Fe2O3, and SiO2 were identified in the IR spectra. However, ammonium and sulfate compounds were only identified in the mid-IR region but were not detectable in the FIR region. KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Fertilizer KW - P-fertilizer KW - Phosphorus compounds KW - Mid-infrared spectroscopy KW - Far-infrared spectroscopy PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1366/10-06168 SN - 0003-7028 SN - 1943-3530 VL - 65 IS - 3 SP - 265 EP - 271 PB - Society for Applied Spectroscopy CY - Frederick, Md. AN - OPUS4-23270 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Dombinov, V. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Willbold, S. A1 - Levandowski, G. V. A1 - Meiller, M. A1 - Müller, F. A1 - Zang, J. W. A1 - da Fonseca-Zang, W. A. A1 - Jablonowski, N. D. A1 - Schrey, S. D. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Soybean Fertilized by P-Phases from Bagasse-Based Materials: P-Extraction Procedures, Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT), and X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) JF - agronomy N2 - The Brazilian sugarcane industry produced around 173 million tons (Mt) of bagasse in 2018. Bagasse is a by-product of juice extraction for ethanol and sugar production and is combusted in order to generate power, producing up to 10 Mt of ash per year. This ash contains various concentrations of plant nutrients, which allow the ash to be used as a crop fertilizer. However, the concentration and extractability of phosphorus (P), an essential plant nutrient, are low in bagasse ash. To increase the P content, we co-gasified and co-combusted bagasse with P-rich chicken manure. The resulting ash was thermochemically post-treated with alkali additives (Na2SO4 and K2SO4) to increase the availability of P to plants. We aimed to: (i) investigate the effect of thermochemical post-treatment of co-gasification residue and co-combustion ash on P availability to soybeans, (ii) explore the potential of chemical extraction methods (citric acid, neutral ammonium citrate, formic acid, and Mehlich-I) and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) to predict the availability of P to soybeans, and (iii) identify the responsible P-phases using X-ray diffraction . We evaluated P availability to soybeans growing in Brazilian Oxisol soil in two independent greenhouse pot experiments. The positive effect of thermochemical treatment on P availability from gasification residue was confirmed through the observation of increased P uptake and biomass in soybean plants. These findings were confirmed by chemical extraction methods and DGT. The gasification residue contained whitlockite as its main P-bearing phase. Thermochemical post-treatment converted whitlockite into highly soluble CaNaPO4. In contrast, co-combustion ash already contained highly soluble Ca(Na,K)PO4 as its main P-bearing phase, making thermochemical post-treatment unnecessary for increasing P availability. In conclusion, increased extractability and availability of P for soybeans were closely connected to the formation of calcium alkali phosphate. Our findings indicate that this combined methodology allows for the prediction of P-fertilization effects of ash. KW - Sugar cane bagasse KW - Chicken manure ash KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - Nutrient KW - Plant availability PY - 2020 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-509735 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060895 VL - 10 SP - 895 EP - 6 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-50973 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ghiringhelli, Luca M. A1 - Baldauf, Carsten A1 - Bereau, Tristan A1 - Brockhauser, Sandor A1 - Carbogno, Christian A1 - Chamanara, Javad A1 - Cozzini, Stefano A1 - Curtarolo, Stefano A1 - Draxl, Claudia A1 - Dwaraknath, Shyam A1 - Fekete, Ádám A1 - Kermode, James A1 - Koch, Christoph T. A1 - Kühbach, Markus A1 - Ladines, Alvin Noe A1 - Lambrix, Patrick A1 - Himmer, Maja-Olivia A1 - Levchenko, Sergey V. A1 - Oliveira, Micael A1 - Michalchuk, Adam A1 - Miller, Ronald E. A1 - Onat, Berk A1 - Pavone, Pasquale A1 - Pizzi, Giovanni A1 - Regler, Benjamin A1 - Rignanese, Gian-Marco A1 - Schaarschmidt, Jörg A1 - Scheidgen, Markus A1 - Schneidewind, Astrid A1 - Sheveleva, Tatyana A1 - Su, Chuanxun A1 - Usvyat, Denis A1 - Valsson, Omar A1 - Wöll, Christof A1 - Scheffler, Matthias T1 - Shared metadata for data-centric materials science JF - Scientific Data N2 - The expansive production of data in materials science, their widespread sharing and repurposing requires educated support and stewardship. In order to ensure that this need helps rather than hinders scientific work, the implementation of the FAIR-data principles (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) must not be too narrow. Besides, the wider materials-science community ought to agree on the strategies to tackle the challenges that are specific to its data, both from computations and experiments. In this paper, we present the result of the discussions held at the workshop on “Shared Metadata and Data Formats for Big-Data Driven Materials Science”. We start from an operative definition of metadata, and the features that a FAIR-compliant metadata schema should have. We will mainly focus on computational materials-science data and propose a constructive approach for the FAIRification of the (meta)data related to ground-state and excited-states calculations, potential-energy sampling, and generalized workflows. Finally, challenges with the FAIRification of experimental (meta)data and materials-science ontologies are presented together with an outlook of how to meet them. KW - Library and Information Sciences KW - Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty KW - Computer Science Applications KW - Education KW - Information Systems KW - Statistics and Probability PY - 2023 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-584846 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02501-8 VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-58484 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Sewage sludge ashes - waste or valuable resource T2 - 4th International conference industrial and hazardous waste management (Crete 2014) N2 - There is a growing concern of the direct use of contaminated sewage sludge in agriculture due possible environmental and health hazards. Thus, incineration of the sludge and thus increasing amounts of sewage sludge ashes (SSA) are to be expected in the future. SSA contains considerable amounts of phosphorus (P) and technology metals that might be recovered as secondary raw materials. Since the EU for instance depends completely on the import of rock phosphate needed for fertilizer production, alternative sources for P are in order. Furthermore, rock phosphate is often contaminated with heavy metals like Cd and U, leading to health and environmental hazards. P recovered from SSA might diminish these problems. To determine the possible recovery potential of P and technology metals from SSA, we conducted a survey of German mono incineration facilities and analyzed the respective SSA for their elemental composition. More than 95% of the emerging SSA was monitored. Results indicate a P recovery potential of 18,000 t/a (up to 13% of the annual P demands for fertilizer production). The concentrations of Cd and U in SSA are one to two Orders of magnitude lower than in rock phosphate and could help to reduce possible hazards. T2 - 4th International conference industrial and hazardous waste management (Crete 2014) CY - Chania, Crete, Greece DA - 02.09.2014 KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Resource recovery KW - Phosphorus KW - Technology metals PY - 2014 SN - 978-960-8475-20-5 SN - 2241-3138 SP - 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-31396 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Sewage sludge ashes - composition, mass flows, and recovery potential T2 - 14th International waste management and landfill symposium - Sardinia 2013 (Proceedings) N2 - Sewage sludge ashes (SSA) represent a possible source of phosphorus (P) and technology metals. So far, the sole external source for P, that is indispensable for all animate beings, is rock phosphate, a finite resource. The EU depends completely on the import from possible politically instable regions. Furthermore, rock phosphate is often contaminated with heavy metals like Cd and U, leading to health and environmental hazards. P recovered from SSA might diminish these problems. SSA of German mono incineration facilities are analyzed for their elemental composition. More than 95% of the emerging SSA is monitored, enabling the determination of complete mass flows of the ashes and their components. Initial results indicate a P recovery potential of 16,000 t/a (11% of the annual P demands for fertilizer production). The concentrations of Cd and U in SSA are one to two Orders of magnitude lower than in rock phosphate and could help to reduce possible hazards. T2 - 14th International waste management and landfill symposium - Sardinia 2013 CY - Cagliari, Italy DA - 30.09.2013 PY - 2013 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - CISA Publisher AN - OPUS4-29734 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Hermann, L. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Sewage sludge ash - A promising secondary phosphorus source for fertilizer production JF - Science of the total environment N2 - Sewage sludge incineration is extensively practiced in some European countries such as the Netherlands, Switzerland, Austria and Germany. A survey of German sewage sludge ash showed that the recovery potential is high, approx. 19,000 t of phosphorus per year. However, the survey also discovered that the bioavailability of phosphorus in the sewage sludge ash is poor and that more than half of the ashes cannot be used as fertilizers due to high heavy metal content. A new thermochemical process for sewage sludge ash treatment was developed that transforms the ash into marketable fertilizer products. Sewage sludge ash was thermochemically treated with sodium and potassium additives under reducing conditions, whereby the phosphate-bearing mineral phases were transformed into plant available phosphates. High P-bioavailability was achieved with a molar Na/P ratio > 1.75 in the starting materials. Sodium sulfate, carbonate and hydroxide performed comparably as additives for this calcination process. Potassium carbonate and -hydroxide have to be added in a molar K/P ratio > 2.5 to achieve comparable P-solubility. The findings of the laboratory scale investigations were confirmed by an industrial demonstration trial for an ash treatment with sodium sulfate. Simultaneously, the volatile transition metal arsenic (61% removal) as well as volatile heavy metals such as cadmium (80%), mercury (68%), lead (39%) and zinc (9%) were removed via the off-gas treatment system. The product of the demonstration trial is characterized by high bioavailability and a toxic trace element mass fraction below the limit values of the German fertilizer ordinance, thus fulfilling the quality parameters for a P-fertilizer. KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - Reducing conditions KW - Heavy metal evaporation KW - Bioavailability KW - Sodium sulfate PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.059 SN - 0048-9697 SN - 1879-1026 IS - 542 SP - 1136 EP - 1143 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-34165 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hamann, Christopher A1 - Piehl, Patrick A1 - Weingart, Eric A1 - Stolle, Dirk A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Auer, Gerhard A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Selective removal of zinc and lead from electric arc furnace dust by chlorination–evaporation reactions JF - Journal of Hazardous Materials N2 - Re-melting of scrap in an electric arc furnace (EAF) results in the accumulation of filter dust from off-gas treatment that predominantly consists of iron and zinc oxides. Filter dust is classified as hazardous waste due to its high contents of potentially toxic or ecotoxic elements such as Pb, Cr, Cd, and As. A promising processing route for this waste is selective chlorination, in which the non-ferrous metal oxides are chlorinated and selectively evaporated in form of their respective chlorides from the remaining solids via the process gas flow. Here, we investigate stepwise thermochemical treatment of EAF dust with either waste iron(II) chloride solution or hydrochloric acid at 650, 800, and 1100 ◦C. The Zn and Pb contents of the thermochemically processed EAF dust could be lowered from 29.9% and 1.63% to 0.09% and 0.004%, respectively. Stepwise heating allowed high separation between zinc chloride at the 650 ◦C step and sodium-, potassium-, and lead-containing chlorides at higher temperatures. Furthermore, the lab-scale results were transferred to the use of an experimental rotary kiln highlighting the possibilities of upscaling the presented process. Selective chlorination of EAF dust with liquid chlorine donors is, therefore, suggested as a potential recycling method for Zn-enriched steelworks dusts. KW - Electric arc furnace dust KW - Zinc KW - Selective Chlorination KW - Hazardous waste KW - Resource Recovery PY - 2024 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133421 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 465 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-59345 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weimann, Karin A1 - Adam, Christian ED - Martins, Isabel ED - Ulsen, Carina ED - Angulo, Sergio Cirelli T1 - Secondary building materials from construction and demolition waste: environmental benefits and costs T2 - Progress of recycling in the built environment N2 - Due to the large quantities of construction and demolition waste (CDW) in Europe, its reuse or recycling is of particular importance. Although several countries already recycle high amounts of CDW, the use as secondary raw materials is often limited by inferior building material properties. Specific characteristics, like high porosity and low density are caused by hardened cement paste in crushed concrete and the content of mortar and plaster in brick debris. Impurities like wood or gypsum and also harmful substances like organic pollutants may be a major problem for a reuse and should be minimized. Therefore unwanted materials and impairing substances have to be separated from the secondary building material stream. This can be done during the demolition process by using techniques for selective dismantling or during the subsequent treatment of the resulting rubble. Since almost all processing steps are associated with environmental impacts, the benefits of saving natural resources by applying secondary building materials should be weighed carefully. An environmental performance evaluation was undertaken to assess different techniques for reducing gypsum in recycled concrete aggregates, aiming at a minimization of elutable sulfates. These results were compared to the environmental impacts of the extraction of natural aggregates for concrete. T2 - "Progress of recycling in the built environment" CY - Sao Paulo, Brazil DA - 03.08.2015 KW - CDW processing KW - Demolition/selective dismantling KW - Gypsum KW - Environmental evaluation KW - Bauschuttaufbereitung KW - Ökobilanzielle Bewertung PY - 2015 UR - http://www.rilem.org/gene/main.php?base=500218&id_publication=449&id_papier=10699 SN - e-ISBN: 978-2-35158-158-2 SP - 192 EP - 199 CY - Paris, France AN - OPUS4-38170 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Resource recovery potential of sewage sludge ashes (SSA) T2 - Crete 2012 - 3rd International conference on industrial and hazardous waste management (Proceedings) T2 - Crete 2012 - 3rd International conference on industrial and hazardous waste management CY - Chania, Crete, Greece DA - 2012-09-12 KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Phosphorous recovery KW - Mass balance KW - Resource recovery potential PY - 2012 SN - 978-960-8475-17-5 SN - 2241-3138 IS - Session 5: Recovery opportunities SP - 73 EP - 74 AN - OPUS4-26570 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Hobohm, J. A1 - Basu, S. A1 - Kuchta, K. A1 - van Wasen, Sebastian T1 - Recycling oriented comparison of mercury distribution in new and spent fluorescent lamps and their potential risk JF - Chemosphere N2 - This study compares the mercury distribution in the vapor phase, the phosphor powder and the glass matrix of new and spent fluorescent lamps. The spent fluorescent lamps were obtained at the collection yards of a public waste management company in Hamburg, Germany. An innovative systematic sampling method is utilized to collect six spent and eight corresponding new, off-the-shelf fluorescent lamp samples. The efficiency of several acid digestion methods for the determination of the elemental composition was studied and elemental mass fractions of K, Na, Y, Ca, Ba, Eu, Al, Pb, Mg, Hg, and P were measured. The study also finds aqua regia to be the best reagent for acid digestion. However, no significant difference in mercury distribution was found in the different phases of the new and spent fluorescent lamps. KW - Mercury KW - Rare earth elements KW - Hg distribution KW - Fluorescence lamps PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.104 SN - 0045-6535 SN - 1879-1298 VL - 169 SP - 618 EP - 626 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-38481 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Brenneis, Rudolf A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Recycling of waste materials by thermochemical treatment T2 - ISWA World congress 2010 - Urban development and sustainbility - a major challenge for waste management in the 21st century (Proceedings) T2 - ISWA World congress 2010 - Urban development and sustainbility - a major challenge for waste management in the 21st century CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 2010-11-15 KW - thermochemical substance separation KW - Thermodynamics KW - Thermochemistry PY - 2010 SP - 1 EP - 10(?) AN - OPUS4-22467 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hedrich, Martina A1 - Giese, Lutz A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Haase, Oskar A1 - Segebade, Christian T1 - Recycling of Photovoltaic CdTe-Modules - Analytical Process Monitoring T2 - Proceedings / EMC 2005, European Metaalurgical Conference N2 - Along with the globally increasing energy demand the application of renewable energy sources is urgently required. According to national regulations and international treaties (e.g. Kyoto Protocol) these sources shall be sustainably available at reasonable financial effort and non-polluting during production, use and waste treatment. Using photovoltaic sources (PV), these requirements can clearly be met. All industry has to follow the best available technology and an integrative life cycle approach for their products and production. PV thin film technology strictly responds to this obligation. In order to save material resources and to minimise undesirable landfill recycling of spent PV modules is necessary. Recycling of multi-component materials containing mixed metals typically consists of three parts: liberation, separation, and recovery. In our study (RESOLVED – an EU Demonstration Project) the focus is on liberation and separation. The converting layer (CdTe) was liberated (removed) from the glass carrier by sandblasting and separated subsequently from the blast material (e.g. corundum) and other components using stepwise different separation techniques. Both the glass substrate and CdTe are subject to re-use. The overall feasibility of the recycling process is primarily governed by the efficiency of the procedure applied to the separation of CdTe from the rest (blasting material, glass residues, etc.). This was performed by water-based flotation. Several flotation procedures were studied regarding their separation yields. The distribution of CdTe in the phases involved (flotate, water, residue) was measured using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRS) intended for future routine application and by instrumental large-volume photon activation analysis (IPAA) as a reference procedure. The results of both analytical methods were in satisfactory agreement. T2 - European Metallurgical Conference (EMC 2005) CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2005-09-18 KW - Photovoltaic (PV) KW - Solar energy KW - CdTe-Modules KW - Recycling KW - Separation techniques KW - Monitoring PY - 2005 SN - 3-935797-22-2 VL - 4 SP - 1687 EP - 1696 PB - GDMB-Medienverl. CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld AN - OPUS4-11004 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Herzel, Hannes T1 - Recycling of nutrients from biomass ashes N2 - Recycling of nutrients from biomass ashes can safe natural recources and improve agricultural Efficiency. This was shown in the presentation for sewage sludge ashes, chicken manure ash and for sugar cane plants. T2 - 6° Enconto Brasileiro-Alemao para Producao Sustentavel no Cerrado CY - Goiania, Brazil DA - 19.09.2016 KW - Nutrient recovery PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37599 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hamann, Christopher A1 - Spanka, M. A1 - Stolle, Dirk A1 - Auer, G. A1 - Weingart, Eric A1 - Al-Sabbagh, Dominik A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Recycling of blast-furnace sludge by thermochemical treatment with spent iron(II) chloride solution from steel pickling JF - Journal of hazardous materials N2 - One of the typical wastes produced in blast-furnace (BF) ironmaking is BF sludge, which mostly consists of carbon and iron oxides, but also contains toxic trace metals such as Zn, Pb, Cd, As, and Hg that render the material hazardous. Due to the lack of an established recycling process, BF sludges are landfilled, which is ecologically questionable and costly. Here, we investigate selective removal of Zn, Pb, and Cd from BF sludge by chlorination–evaporation reactions using thermodynamic modelling and laboratory-scale experiments. Specifically, BF sludge was thermochemically treated at 650–1000 °C with a spent iron(II) chloride solution from steel pickling and the effects of process temperature and retention time on removal of Zn, Pb, and Cd were investigated. Zinc and Pb were quantitatively removed from BF sludge thermochemically treated at 900–1000 °C, whereas Fe and C as well as other major elements were mostly retained. The Zn, Pb, and Cd contents in the thermochemically treated BF sludge could be lowered from ∼56 g/kg, ∼4 g/kg, and ∼0.02 g/kg to ≤0.7 g/kg, ≤0.02 g/kg, and ≤0.008 g/kg, respectively, thus rendering the processed mineral residue a non-hazardous raw material that may be re-utilized in the blast furnace or on the sinter band. KW - Blast-furnace sludge KW - Selective chlorination KW - Zinc chloride PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123511 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 402 IS - 123511 SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51141 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Recovery potential of German sewage sludge ash JF - Waste management N2 - Incineration of sewage sludge is expected to increase in the future due to growing concerns about the direct use of sludge in agriculture. Sewage sludge is the pollutant sink of wastewater treatment and thus loaded with contaminants that might pose environmental hazards. Incineration degrades organic pollutants efficiently, but since the ash is currently mostly disposed of, all valuable component like phosphorus (P) and technologically relevant metals present in the sewage sludge ash (SSA) are removed from the economic cycle entirely. We conducted a complete survey of SSA from German mono-incineration facilities and determined the theoretical recovery potential of 57 elements. German SSA contains up to 19,000 t/a P which equals approximately 13% of phosphorus applied in the German agriculture in form of phosphate rock based mineral fertilizers. Thus, SSA is an important secondary resource of P. However, its P-solubility in ammonium citrate solution, an indicator for the bioavailability, is only about 26%. Treatment of SSA is recommended to enhance P bioavailability and remove heavy metals before it is applied as fertilizer. The recovery potential for technologically relevant metals is generally low, but some of these elements might be recovered efficiently in the course of P recovery exploiting synergies. KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Recovery potential KW - Phosphorus KW - Critical raw materials KW - Bioavailability KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Monitoring PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.01.025 SN - 0956-053X VL - 45 SP - 400 EP - 406 PB - Pergamon Press CY - New York, NY AN - OPUS4-34157 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Hobohm, J. A1 - Kuchta, K. A1 - van Wasen, Sebastian A1 - Krüger, Oliver T1 - Recovery of rare earth elements - optimized elemental analysis of fluorescent lamp shredder waste T2 - Crete 2016 Conference Proceedings N2 - Rare earth elements (REE) are a crucial component of fluorescence lamps. Several procedures have been developed to recovery these technological important elements. Nevertheless, actual REE recycling from fluorescence lamps is scarce so far (recovery rate of less than 1 %), with current recycling approaches concentrating on glass recovery. Since most recycling processes include several, also wet-chemical steps, a complete knowledge of the actual elemental composition of the respective mass flows is necessary for an efficient REE recovery. We tested seven different reagent mixtures for microwave-assisted digestion of fluorescent lamp shredder, including HF, HClO4, and H2O2. We determined the concentrations of 25 of the most relevant rare earth and other trace elements in the respective dilutions. Two independent digestions, one a mixture of perchlorid/nitric/hydrofluoric acid and the other aqua regia, showed the highest concentrations of 23 of these elements, excluding only Sn and Tb. The REE concentrations in the tested lamp shredder sample (stated in g/kg) were 10.2 (Y), 12.1 (La), 7.77 (Ce), 6.91 (Eu), 1.90 (Gd), and 4.11 (Tb). T2 - 5th International conference industrial and hazardous waste management - Crete 2016 CY - Chania, Crete, Greece DA - 27.09.2016 KW - Rare earth elements KW - Critical raw materials KW - Resource recovery KW - WEEE PY - 2016 SN - 978-960-8475-20-5 SN - 2241-3138 SP - 1 EP - 4 AN - OPUS4-37761 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kley, Gerd A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Lehmann, Annekatrin T1 - Recovery of nutrients from sewage sludge - Results of the European research-project SUSAN T2 - IWA-Specialist Conference "Facing Sludge Diversities: Challenges, Risks and Opportunities" T2 - IWA-Specialist Conference "Facing Sludge Diversities: Challenges, Risks and Opportunities" CY - Antalya, Turkey DA - 2007-03-28 PY - 2007 AN - OPUS4-14675 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kley, Gerd A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Lehmann, Annekatrin T1 - Recovery of nutrients from sewage sludge - Results of the European research-project SUSAN JF - Water practice & technology N2 - Municipal sewage sludge is a carrier of nutrients – most important phosphorus (P) – but also contains organic pollutants and heavy metals. A two steps thermal treatment based on 1. mono-incineration of sewage sludge under destruction of organic pollutants and 2. thermochemical treatment of the resulting ashes to remove heavy metals and increase P-bioavailability is suggested by the authors. The process aims at P-fertilisers production from sewage sludge. Seven sewage sludge ashes of different origin and composition and one residue from gasification of sewage sludge were thermochemically treated. The raw ashes were mixed with a chlorine donor (e.g. MgCl2) and thermally treated in a gas tight lab-scale rotary furnace. The distributions of the heavy metals between solid and gas phase were determined. The heavy metals concentrations of the treated ashes matched the legislative limits in most cases. The products from thermochemical treatment are suited raw materials for P-fertiliser production. Relevant process parameters such as temperature, type and concentration of Cl-donor and retention time were optimised for the thermochemical treatment step. KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - Fetiliser PY - 2008 DO - https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2008.001 SN - 1751-231X VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - IWA Publishing AN - OPUS4-17700 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kley, Gerd A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Lehmann, Annekatrin ED - Filibeli, A. ED - F. Dilek Sanin, ED - Ayol, A. ED - Selim L. Sanin, T1 - Recovery of nutrients from sewage sludge - Results of the European research-project SUSAN T2 - IWA-Specialist Conference on "Facing Sludge Diversities: Challenges, Risks and Opportunities" T2 - IWA-Specialist Conference "Facing Sludge Diversities: Challenges, Risks and Opportunities" CY - Antalya, Turkey DA - 2007-03-28 KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Thermo-chemical treatment KW - Fertiliser PY - 2007 N1 - Serientitel: Journal of environmental science and health : Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering – Series title: Journal of environmental science and health : Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering IS - 43.2008,13 SP - 297 EP - 305 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - Philadalphia, PA AN - OPUS4-16468 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Weimann, Karin ED - White, T. ED - Ferraris, C. ED - Yu, L. ED - Halada, K. ED - Umezawa, O. T1 - Recovery of non-renewable resources from waste T2 - Advances in Ecomaterials T2 - 7th International Conference on Ecomaterials (ICEM7); 3rd International Conference on Advanced Materials (ICMAT2005) CY - Singapore DA - 2005-07-03 PY - 2005 SN - 981-05-3611-9 VL - 1 SP - 148 EP - 155 PB - Stallion Press CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-11831 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Weimann, Karin T1 - Recovery of non-renewable resources from waste T2 - 7th International Conference on EcoBalance T2 - 7th International Conference on EcoBalance CY - Tsukuba, Japan DA - 2006-11-14 KW - Natural resources KW - Thermo-chemical treatment KW - Waste management KW - Sewage sludge KW - Aggregetes PY - 2006 IS - E2-4 SP - 499 EP - 502 PB - The Society of Non-Traditional Technology CY - Tsukuba, Japan AN - OPUS4-14115 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Brenneis, Rudolf A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Mudersbach, D. T1 - Recovery of chromium from AOD-converter slags JF - Steel research international N2 - Slags from the production of high-alloyed steel contain both chemically bound chromium (mainly as Cr2O3) in the mineral fraction and elemental chromium in the metallic remainders. Thermochemical post treatment of the slag in an electric arc furnace under reducing conditions enables the nearly complete recovery of the total amount of chromium in form of a metallic alloy. The best results were achieved by resistance melting (submerged electrodes) with addition of a reducing agent into the melt. The efficiencies of the reducing agents carbon, aluminium, silicon (as ferrosilicon) and silicon carbide were investigated and compared. As aluminium is the strongest reducing agent, it is less selective and reduces much more SiO2 than Cr2O3. While SiC shows only low reactivity because of its high thermal resistance, carbon and silicon had the highest reducing potentials: More than 97% of the chemically bound chromium can be recovered by application of these reducing agents. Due to the high temperature required for the reduction of the chromium compounds, the reduction of SiO2 as an undesired side reaction cannot be avoided. However, compared with mechanical procedures that are limited to the recovery of the metallic remainders, the total chromium recovery can be significantly increased by the described reductive melting procedure. KW - Arc furnace KW - By-product KW - Chromium recovery KW - High-alloyed steel KW - Reductive melting KW - Slag treatment KW - Slag KW - Thermochemical treatment PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.201000193 SN - 1611-3683 SN - 0177-4832 VL - 81 IS - 12 SP - 1078 EP - 1083 PB - Verl. Stahleisen CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-22898 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Michaelis, Matthias A1 - Kley, Gerd A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Reaction sequences in the thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ashes revealed by X-ray powder diffraction - A contribution to the European project SUSAN JF - Zeitschrift für Kristallographie / Supplement issue N2 - The sequence of reactions accompanying the thermochemical treatment of an iron- and aluminium-bearing sewage sludge ash was ascertained by investigating two systematic series of samples. The ash was thermochemically treated in a lab-scale rotary furnace after mixing it with a chlorine-donor, either CaCl2 or MgCl2. Within each of these two sample series only a single process parameter, the reaction temperature, was varied, namely between 350 and 1050°C. It was found, that among the numerous crystalline phases present in the raw ash only quartz and hematite continue to exist after thermochemical treatments carried out at 1050°C, whereas all other components undergo at least one decomposition-recrystallization cycle. Some of the components re-crystallize even several times. It was proved that the restructuring of the calcium- and phosphorus-bearing mineral phases proceeds via the formation of chlorspodioside, Ca2PO4Cl. The influence of the type of chlorine-donor on the final product was elucidated in detail and - to the best of our knowledge - for the first time crystalline AlPO4 was found in a sewage sludge ash and its decomposition was investigated, too. KW - XRD KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Urban mining KW - Fertilizers PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1524/zksu.2009.0068 SN - 0930-486X VL - 30 EPDIC 2008 SP - 459 EP - 464 PB - Oldenbourg CY - München AN - OPUS4-20562 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Re-use of secondary phosphates as fertilizers - harmonization of analytical methods T2 - 15th International waste management and landfill symposium - Sardinia 2015 (Proceedings) N2 - The number of different secondary raw materials used for fertilizer production is expected to increase in the future due to newly developed recycling procedures. Thus, more and more different matrices have to be analyzed. Furthermore, the respective legislation and analytical methodology is nonuniform throughout Europe. Therefore, a harmonization of the the regulations and Standards is desirable. We conduct a research project to test the existing analytical methods on their applicability to a broad variety of matrices to support the harmonization process. The project is scheduled tili late spring 2017. Initial results will be presented. T2 - 15th International waste management and landfill symposium - Sardinia 2015 CY - Cagliari, Italy DA - 06.10.2015 PY - 2015 SN - 9788862650212 PB - CISA Publisher CY - Cagliari AN - OPUS4-34577 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Suhendra, Suhendra A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Tetzlaff, K. T1 - Production of marketable multi-nutrient fertilisers from different biomass ashes and industrial by-products T2 - ASH Utilisation 2012 N2 - Sewage sludge ashes (SSA) contain considerable mass fractions of phosphorus (5-10 w-% P) suitable for fertiliser production. Unfortunately, also most of the heavy metals remain in the ashes. A thermochemical process was developed for the treatment of SSA to i) remove heavy metals and ii) transform phosphates into bio-available mineral phases. The technology was already demonstrated in technical scale (capacity of 300 kg/h) and the company OUTOTEC is currently planning the first industrial plant. In order to manufacture a marketable multi-nutrient fertiliser from the thermochemically treated SSA further wastes and industrial by-products were taken into account. Ammonium sulphate occurs as a by-product of the caprolactam production and was chosen as N-carrier (21 w-% N). Straw ash was tested as potassium carrier (11-15 w-% K). Granulation campaigns were carried out with intensive mixers in lab-, medium-and technical scale. NPS-and NPKS-fertilisers were produced that were characterised by suitable particle size distributions and strength. T2 - ASH Utilisation 2012 CY - Stockholm, Sweden DA - 25.01.2012 KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Recycling fertiliser KW - Heavy metals KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - Bioavailability PY - 2012 SP - 1 EP - 7 CY - Stockholm, Sweden AN - OPUS4-25496 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raniro, H.R. A1 - Teles, A.P. A1 - Pavinato, P.S. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphorus solubility and dynamics in a tropical soil under sources derived from wastewater and sewage sludge JF - Journal of Environmental Management N2 - Conventional phosphate fertilizers are usually highly water-soluble and rapidly solubilize when moistened by the soil solution. However, if this solubilization is not in alignment with plants demand, P can react with the soil colloidal phase, becoming less available over time. This is more pronounced in acidic, oxidic tropical soils, with high P adsorption capacity, reducing the efficiency of P fertilization. Furthermore, these fertilizers are derived from phosphate rock, a non-renewable resource, generating an environmental impact. To assess these concerns, waste-recycled P sources (struvite, hazenite and AshDec®) were studied for their potential of reducing P Fixation by the soil and improving the agronomic efficiency of the P fertilization. In our work, we compared the solubilization dynamics of struvite, hazenite, AshDec® to triple superphosphate (TSP) in a sandy clay loam Ferralsol, as well as their effect on solution pH and on soil P pools (labile, moderately-labile and non-labile) via an incubation experiment. Leaching columns containing 50 g of soil with surface application of 100 mg per column (mg col􀀀 1) of P from each selected fertilizer and one control (nil-P) were evaluated for 60 days. Daily leachate samples from the column were analyzed for P content and pH. Soil was stratified in the end and submitted to P fractionation. All results were analyzed considering p < 0.05. Our findings showed that TSP and struvite promoted an acid P release reaction (reaching pHs of 4.3 and 5.5 respectively), while AshDec® and hazenite reaction was alkaline (reaching pHs of 8.4 and 8.5 respectively). Furthermore, TSP promoted the highest P release among all sources in 60 days (52.8 mg col􀀀 1) and showed rapid release dynamic in the beginning, while struvite and hazenite showed late release dynamics and lower total leached P (29.7 and 15.5 mg col􀀀 1 P respectively). In contrast, no P-release was detected in the leachate of the AshDec® over the whole trial period. Struvite promoted the highest soil labile P concentration (7938 mg kg􀀀 1), followed by hazenite (5877 mg kg􀀀 1) and AshDec® (4468 mg kg􀀀 1), all higher than TSP (3821 mg kg􀀀 1), while AshDec® showed high moderately-labile P (9214 mg kg􀀀 1), reaffirming its delayed release potential. KW - Phosphate dynamics KW - Struvite KW - Wastewater KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - CaNaPO4 KW - P speciation PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113984 VL - 302 IS - Part A SP - 113984 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-53600 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Wellendorf, Stephan A1 - Adam, Christian ED - Hilty, L. M. ED - Itoh, H. ED - Hayashi, K. ED - Edelmann, X. T1 - Phosphorus recycling from sewage sludge ash and meat and bone meal by thermochemical treatment T2 - R'09 Twin world congress and world resources forum - Resource management and technology for material and energy efficiency N2 - Phosphorus can be recycled by thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ashes using a chlorine-donor at 1000°C. Heavy metals in the sewage sludge ashes are removed and the phosphorus of the developing phosphate-phases is characterised by a high bioavailability. The separated heavy metals can be post-treated for recycling purposes. The P-content in the product can be increased by addition of meat and bone meal into the thermochemical process introducing process energy at the same time. However, first investigations showed that the elimination rates of heavy metals and the P-solubility in citric acid decreased if meat and bone meal ash (MBMA) was added to sewage sludge ash before thermochemical treatment. T2 - R'09 Twin world congress and world resources forum CY - Davos, Switzerland DA - 2009-09-14 KW - Phosphorus recycling KW - Sewage sludge KW - Meat and bone meal KW - Heavy metal recycling PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-905594-54-6 IS - Chapter B1 SP - 1 EP - 6 CY - St. Gallen, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-20274 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Herzel, Hannes T1 - Phosphorus recovery in Germany – recent developments N2 - The recent developments of phosphorus recovery in Germany were presented. The funding program RePhoR was introduced with focus on the demonstration project R-Rhenania that is coordinated by BAM. T2 - Green Deal 2020 conference CY - Online-Meeting DA - 14.12.2020 KW - Phopshorus recovery KW - Waste water treatment KW - Recycling fertiliser PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51837 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphorus recovery from wastewater - Developments and perspective in Germany N2 - A new sewage sludge ordinance was set in force in Germany in 2017 that makes phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge mandatory. The technological possibilities for P-recovery from waste water, sewage sludge and sewage sludge ash were presented. T2 - International Workshop Nutrient Stewardship & Next-Generation Fertilisers CY - Heron Island, Australia DA - 15.12.2018 KW - Phosphorus recovery PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-47110 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphorus recovery from waste water, sewage sludge and sewage sludge ashes N2 - A lecture was given about the technical possibilities of phosphorus recovery from waste water, sewage sludge and sewage sludge ashes. The specific situation of Europe and Germany was explained in the context of raw materials dependencies and the legal framework. T2 - Lecture at University of Sao Paulo, Brasil CY - Berlin, Germany and Sao Paulo, Brasil DA - 11.11.2019 KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Recycling fertilisers KW - Sewage sludge ordinance PY - 2019 N1 - Vorlesung über Adobe Connect an der University of Sao Paulo, Brasilien AN - OPUS4-49590 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphorus recovery from waste streams N2 - Presentation of all relevant recovery technologies from wastes T2 - Vorlesung im Rahmen der integrierten Veranstaltung "Advanced Recycling Technologies" der TU Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 19.01.2016 KW - Phosphorus recovery PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-35694 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphorus recovery from waste streams N2 - Phosphorus recovery from waste streams became an important issue in the last years. Several different approaches were developed to recover phosphorus from waste water, sewage sludge, sewage sludge ashes and manure. The different technologies are presented. T2 - Lehrveranstaltung "advanced recycling technologies", University of Technology Berlin CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 24.01.2017 KW - Phosphorus recovery PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43306 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphorus Recovery from Waste Streams N2 - Phosphate rock is a non renewable resource and should be replaced by secondary raw materials due to different reason. The potential for P-recovery from waste streams is shown as well as technologies for recovery. T2 - Advanced Recycling Technologies CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 04.12.2018 KW - Phopshorus recovery PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46941 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Fattah, K. P. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphorus recovery from the wastewater stream - necessity and possibilities JF - Desalination and Water Treatment N2 - The annual demand of phosphorus (P) for fertilizer use is more than 550,000 t in Germany. Several of the input streams like mineral fertilizer produced from phosphate rock or sewage sludge are problematic due to contamination with heavy metals and organic pollutants and/or supply risks. Phosphorus recovery from the wastewater stream might help to diminish these problems. Several procedures have been developed to recover P from either sewage sludge ash (SSA) or wastewater via precipitation or crystallization as struvite. This study determined the elemental composition and trace metal mass fractions of 252 SSA samples and 17 struvite samples from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) to see whether there are differences related to the source of the sludge (municipal/industrial) or the stage of the WWTP where the struvite is produced. Results indicated that there is no clear trend of the elemental mass fractions related to the source of the sludge. All struvite samples show very low heavy metal contents, even though the struvite precipitated from the sludge shows slightly elevated heavy metal mass fractions compared to struvite crystallized from sludge liquor. Struvite is a clean and plant available material for fertilizer production from wastewater streams and has some advantages for the wastewater treatment plant. However, since the P recovery rate of struvite processes is low (7–11%) compared to that from SSA processes (90%), recovery from SSA is necessary for a substantial P recovery from the wastewater stream. T2 - 3rd International Conference on Water, Energy and Environment (ICWEE) CY - Sharjah, United Arab Emirates DA - 24.03.2015 KW - Struvite KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Wastewater KW - Sewage sludge ash PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1103315 SN - 1944-3994 SN - 1944-3986 VL - 57 IS - 33 SP - 15619 EP - 15627 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - Philadelphia, USA AN - OPUS4-36260 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Wellendorf, Stephan A1 - Schick, J. A1 - Kratz, S. A1 - Schnug, E. ED - Ashley, K. ED - Mavinic, D. ED - Koch, F. T1 - Phosphorus recovery by thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash - Results of the European FP6-project SUSAN T2 - International conference on nutrient recovery from wastewater streams T2 - International conference on nutrient recovery from wastewater streams CY - Vancouver, BC, Canada DA - 2009-05-10 PY - 2009 SN - 9781843392323 SP - 417 EP - 430 PB - IWA Publishing CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-19485 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Schick, J. A1 - Kratz, S. A1 - Hermann, L. T1 - Phosphorus recovery by thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash T2 - Proceedings of the 5th IWA Leading-Edge Conference on Water and Wastewater Technologies T2 - 5th IWA Leading-Edge Conference on Water and Wastewater Technologies CY - Zürich, Switzerland DA - 2008-06-01 KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - Fertiliser KW - Greenhouse pot experiments PY - 2008 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - International Water Association (IWA) CY - London AN - OPUS4-17568 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphorus in recycling fertilizers - analytical challenges JF - Environmental Research N2 - The importance of secondary raw materials for phosphorus (P) fertilizer production is expected to increase in the future due to resource depletion, supply risks, and heavy metal contamination of fossil phosphate resources. Municipal wastewater is a promising source for P recovery. In Germany for instance, it contains almost 50% of the total amount of P that is currently applied as mineral fertilizer. Several procedures have been developed to recover and re-use P resulting in a growing number of recycling fertilizers that are currently not regulated in terms of fertilizer efficiency. We tested various materials and matrices for their total P content, solubility of P in neutral ammonium citrate (Pnac) and water, and performed robustness tests to check if existing analytical methods are suitable for those new materials. Digestion with inverse aqua regia was best suited to determine the total P content. Pnac sample preparation and analyses were feasible for all matrices. However, we found significant time and temperature dependencies, especially for materials containing organic matter. Furthermore, several materials didn’t reach equilibrium during the extractions. Thus, strict compliance of the test conditions is strongly recommended to achieve comparable results. KW - Recycling fertilizer PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.02.034 SN - 0013-9351 SN - 1096-0953 VL - 155 SP - 353 EP - 358 PB - Elsevier CY - Rotterdam AN - OPUS4-39430 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Herzel, Hannes ED - Lederer, J. ED - Laner, D. ED - Rechberger, H. ED - Fellner, J. T1 - Phosphorus flows in German sewage sludge ashes and potential recovery technologies T2 - International workshop on technospheric mining - Mining the technosphere - drivers and barriers, challenges and opportunities N2 - Phosphorus (P) is essential for all forms of life and cannot be substituted. It is one of the macro nutrients applied in form of mineral or organic fertilizers in agricultural crop production. Mineral P fertilizers are generally based on phosphate rock, a limited resource. Western Europe completely depends on imports as it has no own relevant phosphate mines. The most abundant phosphate deposits are located only in a few countries such as Morocco, China, South Africa and the United States of America. Furthermore, phosphate rock and as a consequence mineral P fertilizers are often contaminated with the toxic elements cadmium and uranium. In Order to substitute phosphate rock P-bearing waste streams are investigated for their potential to be recyded as fertilizers. Wastewater is one of the important P-bearing waste streams that were in the focus of research in the last 10 years. German wastewater is e.g. a carrier of approx. 70,000 t of phosphorus per year. T2 - International workshop on technospheric mining - Mining the technosphere - drivers and barriers, challenges and opportunities CY - Vienna, Austria DA - 01.10.2015 KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Sewage sludge ash PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-85234-132-3 SP - 77 EP - 80 AN - OPUS4-34542 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphorus fertilizer from sewage sludge ashes by thermochemical treatment - Benefits and challenges T2 - RAMIRAN 2015 - 16th International conference Rural-Urban Symbiosis N2 - Mineral phosphorus (P) fertilizers are solely produced from phosphate rock. Europe completely depends on imports since there are no relevant phosphate rock deposits on the continent. Furthermore, phosphate rock is contaminated with heavy metals such as Cd and U that pollute the farmlands and pose environmental risks. Sewage sludge ash (SSA) might be a promising source for recycling fertilizer since it contains large amounts of P (up to 13 %). However, fertilizer from SSA has to comply with the respective ordinances, particularly the heavy metal limit values stated in the fertilizer ordinance, and requires sufficient P bioavailability. Thus, we conducted a complete survey of SSA from German mono-incineration facilities and developed a thermochemical treatment for SSA to reduce toxic elements and increase P bioavailability. T2 - RAMIRAN 2015 - 16th International conference Rural-Urban Symbiosis CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 08.09.2015 PY - 2015 SN - 978-3-941492-95-0 SP - TA EP - O_20, 33 AN - OPUS4-34311 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sichler, Theresa Constanze A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Sauer, Andreas A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Barjenbruch, M. T1 - Phosphorus determination in sewage sludge: comparison of different aqua regia digestion methods and ICP-OES, ICP-MS and photometric determination JF - Environmental Sciences Europe N2 - Phosphorus recycling from sewage sludge will be obligatory in Germany from 2029. Phosphorus content determination in sewage sludge is crucial to assess the prescribed recycling rates. Currently, German law regards sample preparation using aqua regia digestion in a microwave or under reflux conditions as well as instrumental phosphorus determination by ICP-OES, ICP-MS, or photometric determination with ammonium molybdate as equivalent. However, it is questionable whether these methods are indeed equivalent regarding phosphorus quantification in sludges near the limit of 20 g/kg for mandatory recycling. To answer this question, 15 sewage sludges of 11 different wastewater treatment plants were investigated with all permitted method (digestion and measurement) combinations. Moreover, one sewage sludge was also examined in an interlaboratory comparison (ILC) with 28 participants. This study shows that the above-mentioned methods differ in some cases significantly but across all method combinations and sludges, phosphorus recovery was between 80 and 121% after normalization to the grand mean (average of 15 sludges between 85 and 111%). The ILC and the examination of 15 sludges produced largely similar results. There is a tendency to higher phosphorus recovery after microwave digestion compared to reflux digestion and ICP-OES measurements determine higher phosphorus contents than ICP-MS and photometric phosphorus determination. As a result, the authors recommend ICP-OES determination of phosphorus in sewage sludge after microwave digestion. KW - Sewage sludge KW - ICP-OES KW - Phosphous recovery KW - ICP-MS KW - Photometric P determination KW - Interlaboratory comparison PY - 2022 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-558869 DO - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-022-00677-1 VL - 34 IS - 99 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-55886 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Sekine, R. A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Lombi, E. A1 - Steffens, D. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphorus availability of sewage sludge-based fertilizers determined by the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique JF - Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science N2 - The plant-availability of phosphorus (P) in fertilizers and soil can strongly influence the yield of agricultural crops. However, there are no methods to efficiently and satisfactorily analyze the plant-availability of P in sewage sludge-based P fertilizers except by undertaking time-consuming and complex pot or field experiments. We employed the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique to quantify the plant P availability of various types of P fertilizers with a novel focus on sewage sludge-based P fertilizers. Mixtures of fertilizer and soil were incubated for 3 weeks at 60% water holding capacity. DGT devices were deployed at the beginning of the incubation and again after 1, 2, and 3 weeks. Two weeks of incubation were sufficient for the formation of plant-available P in the fertilizer/soil mixtures. In a pot experiment, the DGT technique predicted maize (Zea mays L.) biomass yield and P uptake significantly more accurately than standard chemical extraction tests for P fertilizers (e.g., water, citric acid, and neutral ammonium citrate). Therefore, the DGT technique can be recommended as a reliable and robust method to screen the performance of different types of sewage sludge-based P fertilizers for maize cultivation minimizing the need for time-consuming and costly pot or field experiments. KW - Soil testing KW - Chemical extraction tests KW - Phosphate recovery KW - Plant growth experiments KW - Recycling PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201600531 VL - 180 IS - 5 SP - 594 EP - 601 PB - Wiley VCH Verlag AN - OPUS4-42413 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Severin, M. A1 - Breuer, J. A1 - Rex, M. A1 - Stemann, Jan A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Van den Weghe, H. A1 - Kücke, M. T1 - Phosphate fertilizer value of heat treated sewage sludge ash JF - Plant, soil and environment N2 - This study focuses on the question whether heat treated sewage sludge ashes are more favourable as fertilizers than untreated sewage sludge ashes (USSA) and whether their fertilization effects are comparable with commercial triple superphosphate (TSP). In a pot experiment, maize was fertilized either with one of three heat treated and Na-, Ca- and Si-compounds amended sewage sludge ashes (two glown phosphates, steel mill slag + sewage sludge ash) or USSA or TSP as control. Fertilization with USSA did not increase the biomass yield and the P uptake of maize in comparison to the P0 treatment (7.25 resp. 8.35 g dry matter/pot). Fertilization with heat treated sewage sludge ashes and TSP resulted in significantly higher yields and plant P uptakes which are on average eight times higher than treatment with USSA and P0 control. Biomass yields and P uptake of maize after fertilization with heat treated sewage sludge ashes are not significantly different from those after TSP fertilization. The main P compound in USSA is Ca3(PO4)2. By heat treatment and amendment with different sodium, calcium, sulphur and silicon containing additives or steel mill converter slag, Ca3(PO4)2 is converted to Ca- and Na-silico-phosphates, which have a higher water solubility than Ca3(PO4)2. This increased solubility is responsible for the high plant availability of this phosphates. KW - P recycling KW - Sustainability KW - P solubility PY - 2014 UR - http://www.agriculturejournals.cz/publicFiles/138177.pdf SN - 1214-1178 SN - 1805-9368 VL - 60 IS - 12 SP - 555 EP - 561 PB - Inst. CY - Prague AN - OPUS4-32147 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Rivard, C. A1 - Wilken, V. A1 - Muskolus, A. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Performance of secondary P-fertilizers in pot experiments analyzed by phosphorus X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy JF - Ambio N2 - A pot experiment was carried out with maize to determine the phosphorus (P) plant-availability of different secondary P-fertilizers derived from wastewater. We analyzed the respective soils by P K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to determine the P chemical forms that were present and determine the transformation processes. Macro- and micro-XANES spectroscopy were used to determine the chemical state of the overall soil P and identify P compounds in P-rich spots. Mainly organic P and/or P adsorbed on organic matter or other substrates were detected in unfertilized and fertilized soils. In addition, there were indications for the formation of ammonium phosphates in some fertilized soils. However, this effect was not seen in the maize yield of all P-fertilizers. The observed reactions between phosphate from secondary P-fertilizers and cofertilized nitrogen compounds should be further investigated. Formation of highly plant-available compounds such as ammonium phosphates could make secondary P-fertilizers more competitive to commercial phosphate rock-based fertilizers with positive effects on resources conservation. KW - Phosphorus KW - Pot experiments KW - Secondary P-fertilizer KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Soil KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy PY - 2018 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-433782 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-017-0973-z SN - 0044-7447 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 62 EP - 72 PB - Springer AN - OPUS4-43378 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - P-recovery technologies - developments and perspective in germany N2 - Technologies for P-recovery from wastewater, sewage sludge and sewage sludge ashes were presented and discussed. T2 - InPhos Workshop II Sustainable Phosphorus Management CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 05.12.2018 KW - Phosphorus recovery PY - 2018 AN - OPUS4-46942 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hobohm, J. A1 - Kuchta, K. A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - van Wasen, Sebastian A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Optimized elemental analysis of fluorescence lamp shredder waste JF - Talanta N2 - Fluorescence lamps contain considerable amounts of rare earth elements (REE). Several recycling procedures for REE recovery from spent lamps have been established. However, despite their economic importance, the respective recycling is scarce so far, with an REE recovery rate of less than 1%. A reliable analysis of REE and other relevant metals like Yttrium is crucial for a thorough and complete recovery process. This applies both to the solid matter and aqueous phase, since most of the recycling processes include wet-chemical steps. We tested seven different reagent mixtures for microwave-assisted digestion of fluorescent lamp shredder, including hydrofluoric acid, perchloric acid, and hydrogen peroxide. We determined the concentrations of 25 of the most relevant rare earth and other trace elements (Al, P, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Ga, Ge, As, Y, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb, La, Ce, Eu, Gd, Tb, W, Au, Hg, and Pb) in the respective dilutions. Two independent digestions, one a mixture of perchlorid/nitric/hydrofluoric acid and the other aqua regia, showed the highest concentrations of 23 of these elements, excluding only Sn and Tb. The REE concentrations in the tested lamp shredder sample (stated in g/kg) were 10.2 (Y), 12.1 (La), 7.77 (Ce), 6.91 (Eu), 1.90 (Gd), and 4.11 (Tb). KW - Yttrium KW - Rare earth elements KW - Elemental analysis KW - Microwave-assisted digestion PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2015.09.068 SN - 0039-9140 VL - 147 SP - 615 EP - 620 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-34992 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Taube, Mareike Carolin A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Schulenburg, F. A1 - Bartmann, U. A1 - Beckmann, T. A1 - Michalik, K. A1 - Reuter, M. A1 - Stelter, M. T1 - Optimisation of a Pyrometallurgical Niobium and Tantalum Recyling Process with on-line-LIBS T2 - Proceedings / EMPRC 2018, European Mineral Processing & Recycling Congress N2 - Tantalum and niobium are essential for the development of electronics towards a more and more compact design, but without reducing their performance today. Especially in smart phones and tablets, tantalum and niobium capacitors with high charge densities have already become almost indispensable. However, tantalum as a critical raw material is still a problem for the sustainable production of electronics. Due to this fact, the existence of efficient recycling processes especially in Europe is becoming even more important nowadays. The Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) is currently working on the optimisation of an existing pyrometallurgical tantalum recycling process. Optimisation of this industrial process is carried out in a small-scale electric arc furnace (480 kVA, capacity approx. 150 kg/h) at BAM using a new and innovative equipment for on-line analysis of high temperature processes. The aim of this project is to identify the best timing for an optimum slag tapping, when the slag is lower than minimum targeted tantalum concentration. Hence, LIBS (Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy) is used to identify the chemical composition of the slag layer and during slag tapping. The on-line-LIBS prototype of BAM enables an in-situ measurement of the element distribution in the melt after calibration on the slag system. First results of this joint research project will be presented including LIBS-measurements and thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the process. T2 - European Mineral Processing & Recycling Congress (EMPRC 2018) CY - Essen, Germany DA - 25.06.2018 KW - Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy KW - On-line analysis KW - Tantalum KW - Niobium KW - Pyrometallurgy PY - 2018 SN - 978-3-940276-84-1 SP - 347 EP - 362 PB - GDMB Verlag GmbH CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld AN - OPUS4-47040 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Michaelis, Matthias A1 - Krahl, T. A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered beta-cristobalite AlPO4: the now deciphered main constituent of a municipal sewage sludge ash from a full-scale incineration facility JF - Powder diffraction N2 - For the first time evidence is provided that a nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered, chemically stabilized β-cristobalite form of AlPO4 occurs in a sewage sludge ash (SSA). This proof is based on a combined X-ray powder diffraction and X-ray fluorescence investigation of an SSA produced at a large-scale fluidized bed incineration facility serving a catching area with a population of 2 million. The structural and chemical characterization was carried out on 'as received' SSA samples as well as on solid residues remaining after leaching this SSA in sodium hydroxide solution. Thus, it was ascertained that the observed nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered cristobalite-like component belongs to the aluminum phosphate component of this SSA, rather than to its silicon dioxide component. In addition, a direct proof is presented that the chemically stabilized β-cristobalite form of AlPO4 does crystallize from X-ray amorphous precursors under conditions that mimic the huge heating rate and short retention time (just seconds at T ≈ 850°C), typical for fluidized bed incinerators. KW - Aluminum phosphate KW - Chemical stabilization of high-temperature forms KW - Cristobalite form KW - Stacking disorder KW - Incinerator ash KW - Sewage sludge ash PY - 2015 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0885715614001213 SN - 0885-7156 VL - 30 IS - Supplement S 1 SP - S31 EP - S35 PB - JCPDS CY - Swarthmore, Pa. AN - OPUS4-33435 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Formanek, P. A1 - Meyer, Christian A1 - Krüger, O. A1 - Scharf, Holger A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Ostermann, Markus A1 - Nofz, Marianne A1 - Jäger, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Emmerling, Franziska T1 - Nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered beta-cristobalite AlPO4 chemically stabilized at room temperature: synthesis, physical characterization, and X-ray powder diffraction data JF - Powder Diffraction N2 - This paper reports the first successful synthesis and the structural characterization of nanocrystalline and stacking-disordered β-cristobalite AlPO4 that is chemically stabilized down to room temperature and free of crystalline impurity phases. Several batches of the title compound were synthesized and thoroughly characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping in SEM, solid-state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) spectroscopy including the TRAPDOR method, differential thermal analysis (DTA), gas-sorption methods, optical Emission spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and ion chromatography. Parameters that are critical for the synthesis were identified and optimized. The synthesis procedure yields reproducible results and is well documented. A high-quality XRD pattern of the title compound is presented, which was collected with monochromatic copper radiation at room temperature in a wide 2θ range of 5°–100°. KW - Stabilization of high-temperature phase at RT KW - Nanochrystalline AlPO4 KW - Beta-christobalite structure type KW - High-cristobalite form KW - Aluminium phosphate PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0885715617000537 SN - 1945-7413 SN - 0885-7156 VL - 32 IS - S1 SP - S193 EP - S200 PB - JCPDS-ICDD CY - Cambridge AN - OPUS4-42235 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Rivard, C. A1 - Tanabe, I. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Microspectroscopy – promising techniques to characterize phosphorus in soil JF - COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS N2 - Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all forms of life and is applied as fertilizer in agriculture. The P availability for plants may be highly dependent on the chemical state of P in fertilizers and soils; however, the nature of this dependence remains obscure due to the limitations of generally applied wet chemical and instrumental analytical approaches. This paper focuses on recently developed infrared, Raman, ultraviolet and X-ray microspectroscopic techniques for the characterization of P in soil. Microspectroscopic techniques have the advantage that discrete P phases can be distinguished and characterized even if their mass fractions are very low. However, only small volumes of soil can be analyzed by microspectroscopic methods hence a combination of macro- and microspectroscopic techniques is a promising concept. KW - Infrared KW - Microspectroscopy KW - Phosphorus KW - Raman KW - Soil KW - Ultraviolet KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2016.1228942 SN - 0010-3624 SN - 1532-2416 VL - 47 IS - 18 SP - 2088 EP - 2102 AN - OPUS4-38341 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Helfenstein, J. A1 - Massey, M. A1 - Sekine, R. A1 - Kretzschmar, R. A1 - Beiping, L. A1 - Peter, T. A1 - Chadwick, O. A1 - Tamburini, F. A1 - Rivard, C. A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Pradas del Real, A. A1 - Castillo-Michel, H. A1 - Zuin, L. A1 - Wang, D. A1 - Félix, R. A1 - Lassalle-Kaiser, B. A1 - Frossard, E. T1 - Microspectroscopy reveals dust-derived apatite grains in acidic, highly-weathered Hawaiian soils JF - Geoderma N2 - Dust deposition is an important source of phosphorus (P) to many ecosystems. However, there is little evidence of dust-derived P-containing minerals in soils. Here we studied P forms along a well-described climatic Gradient on Hawaii, which is also a dust deposition gradient. Soil mineralogy and soil P forms from six sites along the climatic gradient were analyzed with bulk (X-ray diffraction and P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure) and microscale (X-ray fluorescence, P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure, and Raman) analysis methods. In the wettest soils, apatite grains ranging from 5 to 30 μm in size were co-located at the micro-scale with quartz, a known continental dust indicator suggesting recent atmospheric deposition. In addition to co-location with quartz, further evidence of dust-derived P included backward trajectory modeling indicating that dust particles could be brought to Hawaii from the major global dust-loading areas in central Asia and northern Africa. Although it is not certain whether the individual observed apatite grains were derived from long-distance transport of dust, or from local dust sources such as volcanic ash or windblown fertilizer, these observations offer direct evidence that P-containing minerals have reached surface layers of highly-weathered grassland soils through atmospheric deposition. KW - Phosphorus KW - soil KW - microspectroscopy KW - Raman spectroscopy KW - XANES spectroscopy KW - x-ray diffraction PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-511522 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114681 SN - 0166-0918 SN - 1872-6259 VL - 381 SP - 114681-1 EP - 114681-11 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-51152 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Herbeck, Maximilian T1 - Metal recovery by reductive melting of red mud N2 - Investigation about metal recovery from red mud by reductive smelting. T2 - Exchange of good practices on metal by-products recovery CY - Brussels, Belgium DA - 12.11.2015 KW - Red mud KW - Metal recovery KW - Reductive smelting PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-35691 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gentzmann, Marie A1 - Schraut, Katharina A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Gäbler, H.-E. A1 - Huthwelker, T. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Investigation of scandium in bauxite residues of different origin JF - Applied Geochemistry N2 - This paper focuses on the scandium speciation in bauxite residues of different origin. Insights into mineralchemical similarities and differences of these materials will be presented and links to their natural geological background discussed. The presented research should provide fundamental knowledge for the future development of efficient and viable technologies for Sc-recovery from bauxite residues derived from different bauxites and accumulating at different localities. In total, five bauxite residues were investigated which originated from Greece, Germany, Hungary and Russia (North Ural & North Timan) using a combination of different analytical tools. Those included: laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, X-ray absorption near Edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy, μ-Raman spectroscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy and electron microprobe analyses. X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were used to determine the overall chemical composition. The investigated samples were found to exhibit a relatively homogenous distribution of Sc between the larger mineral particles and the fine-grained matrix except for Al-phases like diaspore, boehmite and gibbsite. These phases were found to be particularly low in Sc. The only sample where Sc mass fractions in Al-phases exceeded 50 mg/kg was the Russian sample from North Ural. Fe-phases such as goethite, hematite and chamosite (for Russian samples) were more enriched in Sc than the Al-phases. In fact, in Greek samples goethite showed a higher capacity to incorporate or adsorb Sc than hematite. Accessory minerals like zircon, rutile/anatase and ilmenite were found to incorporate higher mass fractions of Sc (>150 mg/kg), however, those minerals are only present in small amounts and do not represent major host phases for Sc. In Russian samples from North Ural an additional Ca–Mg rich phase was found to contain significant mass fractions of Sc (>500 mg/kg). μ-XANES spectroscopy was able to show that Sc in bauxite residue occurs adsorbed onto mineral surfaces as well as incorporated into the crystal lattice of certain Fe-phases. According to our observations the bauxite type, i.e. karstic or lateritic, the atmospheric conditions during bauxitization, i.e. oxidizing or reducing, and consequently the dominant Sc-bearing species in the primary Bauxite influence the occurrence of Sc in bauxite residues. In karstic bauxites, underlying carbonate rocks can work as a pH-barrier and stabilize Sc. This prevents the Sc from being mobilized and removed during bauxitization. Hence, karstic bauxites are more prone to show a Sc enrichment than lateritic bauxites. Reducing conditions during bauxitization support the incorporation of Sc into clay minerals such as chamosite, which can dissolve and reprecipitate during Bayer processing causing Sc to be redistributed and primarily adsorb onto mineral surfaces in the bauxite residue. Oxidizing conditions support the incorporation of Sc into the crystal lattice of Fe-oxides and hydroxides, which are not affected in the Bayer process. The genetic history of the bauxite is therefore the major influential factor for the Sc occurrence in bauxite residues. KW - Sc recovery KW - Scandium KW - Bauxite Residue KW - Red Mud KW - XANES PY - 2021 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2021.104898 SN - 0883-2927 VL - 126 SP - 104898 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-52123 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smol, M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kugler, Stefan T1 - Inventory of Polish municipal sewage sludge ash (SSA) – Mass flows, chemical composition, and phosphorus recovery potential JF - Journal of Waste Management N2 - This paper presents an inventory of sewage sludge ashes (SSA) generated in the mono-incineration plants for municipal sewage sludge in Poland. This research focused on the detailed study of mass flows, chemical composition, and phosphorus recovery potential. There are currently 11 sludge mono-incineration plants operated with a total capacity of 160,300 Mg dry weight (d.w.) of sludge annually. Recently, a significant increase in the amount of SSA generated in these plants has been observed, reaching 26,756 Mg in 2018. Chemical composition of SSA showed significant amounts of the main nutrients: calcium (~14%), phosphorus (~13%), magnesium (~3%), and potassium (~1%). Additional main elements were iron (~14.5%), silicon (~13%), and aluminium (~6%). The main trace elements in the SSA were zinc (~3750 mg/kg) and copper (~899 mg/kg). Pollutants, according to fertilizer regulations of different countries, present in Polish SSA were chromium(~703 mg/kg), nickel (~260 mg/kg), lead (~94 mg/kg), and Cadmium (~9 mg/kg). The radionuclides, uranium, and thorium often present in higher amounts in commercial phosphate rock-based fertilizers, were only detected in SSA t low levels of 4–9 mg/kg and 2–3 mg/kg, respectively. Theoretical phosphorus recovery potential from the SSA (from plants in Cracow, Lodz, Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, and Kielce) was estimated at 1613.8 Mg, of which 33.9% is bioavailable. Currently, in Poland, the recommended approach is the production of fertilizers as a result of the extraction of phosphorus from the SSA with its use in the production of secondary mineral fertilizers. Further research in this area is required considering Polish conditions and legislation. KW - Municipal sewage sludge KW - Sewage sludge ash (SSA) KW - Phosphorus KW - Recovery potential PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.042 VL - 116 SP - 31 EP - 39 PB - Elsevier Ltd AN - OPUS4-51093 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maresca, A. A1 - Krüger, O. A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Astrup, T. F. T1 - Influence of wood ash pre-treatment on leaching behaviour, liming and fertilising potential JF - Waste Management N2 - In Denmark, increasing amounts of woody biomass are being used for the production of renewable energy, resulting in more wood ashes being generated. While these materials have been mainly landfilled, wood ashes may also be utilised for fertilizing and liming purposes on top of soils. Pre-treatments involving hardening or granulation may be carried out prior to soil application. In this study, two Danish wood ash samples were hardened and/or granulated. Lab-hardening induced rapid changes in the shape of the acid neutralisation capacity curve of the ashes. Up-flow column tests, assuming local equilibrium conditions, were employed to investigate the leaching from pre-treated ashes. Granules and loose ashes demonstrated similar leaching behaviours, indicating that similar geochemical processes were governing their leaching. In comparison with untreated fresh ashes, the hardened ashes demonstrated reduced leaching of Ca, Ba, Pb and Zn with concentration levels generally below or close to the analytical limits of quantification; to the contrary, the leaching of As, P, Sb, Si, V and Mg was enhanced in the hardened ashes. The release of alkalinity was reduced by hardening. In general, all granules were barely breakable by finger-pinching and they could withstand one month of continuous leaching, preserving their overall shape. The solubility of phosphorous in neutral ammonium citrate indicated that about 30–51% of the total P content in the ash samples was released, suggesting that the ashes could be potentially valuable as P-fertiliser if applied onto soil. KW - Wood ash KW - Phoshpor availability KW - Leaching KW - Forest soils PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.003 SN - 0956-053X VL - 83 SP - 113 EP - 122 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-46583 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Taube, Mareike Carolin A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Beckmann, T. A1 - Reuter, M. A1 - Stelter, M. T1 - Influence of carbon feeding on a pyrometallurgical tantalum and niobium recycling process and the formation of carbides T2 - Proceedings / EMC 2019, European Metallurgical Conference N2 - An existing pyrometallurgical process for tantalum and niobium recovery, mainly from low grade pyrometallurgical residues, was investigated. Series of melting experiments were carried out in a pilot-scale electric arc furnace to study how the amount, the grain size and the way of feeding affect the activity of carbon as a reducing agent. During the pyrometallurgical treatment refractory metals such as tantalum and niobium are reduced to their carbide form and enriched in the molten iron-based metal phase. The cooled down slag and metal phase were analysed to investigate thermodynamic and kinetic conditions of the carbide formation. FACT Sage simulations were also used to investigate the material system in state of thermodynamic equilibrium. Results show that mass transfer and kinetics may play an important role if compared to equilibrium analyses using FACT Sage. T2 - Euopean Metallurgical Conference (EMC) 2019 CY - Düsseldorf, Germany DA - 23.06.2019 KW - Pyrometallurgy KW - Tantalum KW - Carbide formation KW - Reduction process KW - Carbon feeding PY - 2019 SN - 978-3-940276-87-2 VL - 1 SP - 371 EP - 386 PB - GDMB Verlag GmbH CY - Clausthal-Zellerfeld AN - OPUS4-48363 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schraut, Katharina A1 - Kargl, F. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Ivashko, O. T1 - In situ synchrotron XRD measurements during solidification of a melt in the CaO–SiO2 system using an aerodynamic levitation system JF - Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter N2 - Phase formation and evolution was investigated in the CaO–SiO2 system in the range of 70–80 mol% CaO. The samples were container-less processed in an aerodynamic levitation system and crystallization was followed in situ by synchrotron x-ray diffraction at the beamline P21.1 at the German electron synchrotron (DESY). Modification changes of di- and tricalcium silicate were observed and occurred at lower temperatures than under equilibrium conditions. Despite deep sample undercooling, no metastable phase formation was observed within the measurement timescale of 1 s. For the given cooling rates ranging from 300 K s−1 to about 1 K s−1, no decomposition of tricalcium silicate was observed. No differences in phase evolution were observed between reducing and oxidizing conditions imposed by the levitation gas (Ar and Ar + O2). We demonstrate that this setup has great potential to follow crystallization in refractory oxide liquids in situ. For sub-second primary phase formation faster detection and for polymorph detection adjustments in resolution have to be implemented. KW - Aerodynamic levitation KW - Calcium silicate KW - Phase formation KW - Oxide melts KW - In situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-526952 DO - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/abf7e1 VL - 33 IS - 26 SP - 264003 (12pp) PB - IOP Publishing AN - OPUS4-52695 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Exner, Robert A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Heavy metal removal from sewage sludge ash by thermochemical treatment with polyvinylchloride JF - Environmental science & technology N2 - Sewage sludge ash (SSA) is a prospective phosphorus source for the future production of recycling P-fertilizers. Due to its high heavy metals contents and the relatively low P plant-availability, SSA must be treated before agricultural utilisation. In this paper SSA was thermochemically treated with PVC in a bench-scale rotary furnace in order to remove heavy metals via the chloride pathway. PVC has a high Cl-content of 52–53% and a high heating value that can be beneficially used for the thermochemical process. Large amounts of waste PVC are already recovered in recycling processes, but there are still some fractions that would be available for the proposed thermochemical process, for example, the low quality near-infrared(NIR)-fraction from waste separation facilities. Heavy metals were effectively removed at temperatures in the range of 800–950°C via the gas phase by utilisation of PVC as Cl-donor. The resulting P plant-availability was comparable to SSA thermochemically treated with MgCl2 as Cl-donor if MgO was used as an additive (Mg-donor). A further increase of the plant availability of phosphorus was achieved by acid post-treatment of the thermochemically treated SSA. KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Heavy metal removal KW - Polyvinylchloride (PVC) PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/es300610e SN - 0013-936X SN - 1520-5851 VL - 47 IS - 1 SP - 563 EP - 567 PB - ACS Publ. CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-27556 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Heavy metal removal from sewage sludge ash by thermochemical treatment with gaseous hydrochlorid acid JF - Environmental science & technology N2 - Sewage sludge ash (SSA) is a suitable raw material for fertilizers due to its high phosphorus (P) content. However, heavy metals must be removed before agricultural application and P should be transferred into a bioavailable form. The utilization of gaseous hydrochloric acid for thermochemical heavy metal removal from SSA at approximately 1000 °C was investigated and compared to the utilization of alkaline earth metal chlorides. The heavy metal removal efficiency increased as expected with higher gas concentration, longer retention time and higher temperature. Equivalent heavy metal removal efficiency were achieved with these different Cl-donors under comparable conditions (150 g Cl/kg SSA, 1000 °C). In contrast, the bioavailability of the P-bearing compounds present in the SSA after thermal treatment with gaseous HCl was not as good as the bioavailability of the P-bearing compounds formed by the utilization of magnesium chloride. This disadvantage was overcome by mixing MgCO3 as an Mg-donor to the SSA before thermochemical treatment with the gaseous Cl-donor. A test series under systematic variation of the operational parameters showed that copper removal is more depending on the retention time than the removal of zinc. Zn-removal was declined by a decreasing ratio of the partial pressures of ZnCl2 and water. KW - Phosphorus recycling KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Heavy metal elimination KW - Urban mining PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1021/es2007319 SN - 0013-936X SN - 1520-5851 VL - 45 IS - 17 SP - 7445 EP - 7450 PB - ACS Publ. CY - Washington, DC AN - OPUS4-24170 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Unger, M. T1 - Heavy metal removal from sewage sludge ash analyzed by thermogravimetry JF - Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry N2 - A high temperature (1000 °C) thermochemical process for heavy metal removal from sewage sludge ash via the chloride pathway was investigated by thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA). TG and DTA measurements gave information about secession and evaporation of water, HCl, and heavy metal chlorides at different temperatures. Additionally, gaseous water and hydrochloric acid which occurred in the process were detected by an FT-IR detector that was coupled to the TG/DTA-system. Heavy metal chlorides which were also formed in the process cannot be detected by this technique. For that reason the outlet gas of the TG/DTA-system was discharged into washing flasks filled with water for absorption. The washing flasks were replaced in temperature steps of 50 °C and the heavy metal concentrations of the solutions were determined by ICP-OES. The temperature-dependent formation/evaporation of different heavy metal chlorides was analyzed and compared for two different thermochemical processes using magnesium chloride hydrate or calcium chloride hydrate as Cl-donors. In both cases evaporation of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn was observed from 600 °C, whereas As, Cr, and Ni remained in the solid state. The results were discussed against the background of thermodynamic calculations. KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Heavy metal chloride KW - Thermodynamic simulation KW - Thermogravimetry/FT-IR PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-010-0966-7 SN - 1388-6150 SN - 1418-2874 SN - 0368-4466 SN - 1572-8943 VL - 103 SP - 243 EP - 248 PB - Kluwer Academic Publ. CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-23157 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jovičević-Klug, Matic A1 - Souza Filho, Isnaldi R. A1 - Springer, Hauke A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Raabe, Dierk T1 - Green steel from red mud through climate-neutral hydrogen plasma reduction JF - Nature N2 - AbstractRed mud is the waste of bauxite refinement into alumina, the feedstock for aluminium production1. With about 180 million tonnes produced per year1, red mud has amassed to one of the largest environmentally hazardous waste products, with the staggering amount of 4 billion tonnes accumulated on a global scale1. Here we present how this red mud can be turned into valuable and sustainable feedstock for ironmaking using fossil-free hydrogen-plasma-based reduction, thus mitigating a part of the steel-related carbon dioxide emissions by making it available for the production of several hundred million tonnes of green steel. The process proceeds through rapid liquid-state reduction, chemical partitioning, as well as density-driven and viscosity-driven separation between metal and oxides. We show the underlying chemical reactions, pH-neutralization processes and phase transformations during this surprisingly simple and fast reduction method. The approach establishes a sustainable toxic-waste treatment from aluminium production through using red mud as feedstock to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from steelmaking. KW - Multidisciplinary PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-594424 DO - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06901-z SN - 0028-0836 VL - 625 IS - 7996 SP - 703 EP - 709 PB - Springer Science and Business Media LLC AN - OPUS4-59442 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sichler, Theresa Constanze A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Montag, D. A1 - Barjenbruch, M. T1 - Future nutrient recovery from sewage sludge regarding three different scenarios - German case study JF - Journal of Cleaner Production N2 - Agricultural sewage sludge utilization becomes less important in Germany. In 2017, new fertilizer and waste laws caused the agricultural sewage sludge utilization to collapse by more than a quarter. From 2029, German wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) must recover phosphorus (P) from sewage sludge if it contains more than 2 wt % P. Agricultural utilization will be prohibited for large WWTPs >100,000 population equivalents (pe) from 2029 and >50,000 pe from 2032. In Germany, each federal state must annually report amounts and quality of agriculturally utilized sewage sludge which was 16% of the total disposal in 2019. The reports of 10 states were evaluated for 2016 and 2017 representing approx. 60% of the total agriculturally used sludge volume. In 2016, 60% of the WWTPs’ sludges exceeded the recovery limit of 2 wt % P which is 70% of the amount of sludge and 85% of the phosphorus load. Other nutrients are not affected by the recovery obligation. However, many P recovery processes recover other nutrients, too. Considering three different scenarios for future German sewage sludge disposal shows that 70–77% of the P load in sewage sludge will probably be recovered in the future. At the same time, this applies for about 0–16% nitrogen, 36–52% of calcium, 31–53% of potassium, and 40–52% of magnesium. However, these recovered nutrients loads can substitute only 1% or less of the commercial fertilizer demand except from phosphorus which is up to 43% of the demand. KW - Sewage sludge KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Wastewater KW - Sewage sludge disposal PY - 2022 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.130130 VL - 333 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-54186 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Souza Filho, I. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Fundamentals of the hydrogen plasma reduction of iron ores N2 - Hydrogen plasma treatment of iron ores or iron oxide containing wastes can be an efficient option to produce green iron e.g. for steel production. This way iron oxide is reduced to metallic iron in the liquid form by the highly reactive species that are formed in a hydrogen plasma. Hydrogen plasma can be used at the same time to remove undesired gangue elements. The presentation shows the experimental setup, shows first results of iron ore reduction by hydrogen plasma and gives an outlook for industrial application of the technology. T2 - European Academic Symposium on EAF steelmaking (EASES 2023) CY - Oulu, Finland DA - 05.06.2023 KW - Hydrogen KW - Plasma KW - Reduction PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-57626 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schraut, Katharina A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Simon, Sebastian A1 - von Werder, Julia A1 - Meng, Birgit A1 - Stephan, D. A1 - Kargl, F. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Formation and chemical stabilisation of tricalcium-silicate during solidification from the melt of post-treated metallurgical slags T2 - Proceedings of the 15th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement N2 - Tricalcium-silicate (C3S) or Alite is the most important mineral in Portland cement. Since pure tricalcium-silicate is only stable above temperatures of 1250 °C, its decomposition has to be prevented technically by fast cooling after the sintering process. At room temperature, the decomposition velocity is very slow so that metastable tricalcium-silicate is obtained. Although the mechanisms of clinker phase formation during burning process of Portland cement in a rotary kiln were solved and improved over the years, in view of possible economic and ecological benefits current projects aim to produce clinker phases from metallurgical slags. Recent studies discovered that the mineral phase which remained after a reducing treatment and separation of formed metallic iron from molten Linz-Donawitz (LD-) slags contained about 60 wt.% Alite despite it was cooled slowly. Because the results could be verified using slags from different origins and varying cooling velocities a chemical stabilisation of the Alite can be assumed. First tests in mortars indicate that workability, hardening and solid state properties are comparable with an ordinary Portland cement. An application of the observed phenomenon in cement production requires enhanced knowledge about formation and stabilisation conditions of Alite during crystallisation from melts in contrast to the sintering reactions in conventional Portland cement production. Therefore, this study focuses on the stabilisation mechanisms of Alite in consolidating melts. Samples from different melting experiments are analysed to determine stabilising factors. T2 - 15th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement CY - Prag, Czech Republic DA - 16.09.2019 KW - Tricalcium-silicate KW - Portland Cement KW - Alite KW - Steelmaking slag PY - 2019 SP - Paper 492, 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-49050 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Reuther, H. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Menzel, Michael A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - First identification of the tridymite form of AlPO4 in municipal sewage sludge ash JF - Zeitschrift für Kristallographie N2 - Sewage sludge and sewage sludge ashes (SSA) are produced in huge amounts at municipal waste water treatment plants (WWTP) all around the world and have become an issue for many urbanized areas. To deal with this unceasing mass flow in an ecologically and economically responsible way a comprehensive chemical and structural characterization of all types of SSA is needed. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is one of the most promising analytical methods for this task. Although, there has been ample chemical evidence showing that many SSA contain aluminium phosphate as a major component up to now no aluminium phosphate or aluminium-rich mixed phosphate phase has been reported to be identified by XRD in a SSA produced at a mono-incineration facility. The outcome of the present com-bined XRD and Mossbauer spectroscopy investigation provides comprehensive evidence closing this gap for the first time. KW - Aluminium phosphate KW - AlPO4 KW - Tridymite KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Incinerator KW - Ash PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1524/zkpr.2011.0067 SN - 0044-2968 VL - 1 SP - 443 EP - 448 PB - Oldenbourg CY - München AN - OPUS4-24297 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Böhm, L. A1 - Heyde, B. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Fate of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in sewage sludge carbonisates and ashes – A risk assessment to a thermochemical phosphorus-recycling process JF - Waste Management N2 - In the near future, phosphorus (P) recycling will gain importance in terms of decreasing primary resources. Sewage sludge (SSL) is an adequate secondary P-resource for P-fertilizer production but it is also a sink for heavy metals and organic pollutants. The present study is an investigation on thermochemical P-recycling of SSL. Various temperatures and amendments were tested regarding their performance to remove heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and simultaneous increase of the plant-availability of P. The investigations were carried out on two types of SSL originating from wastewater treatment plants with chemical P-precipitation and enhanced biological P-removal, respectively. The results show that thermochemical treatment with chlorine donors is suitable to remove the majority of heavy metals and that a combination of a gaseous chlorine donor (HCl) and sodium additives leads to both high heavy metal removal and high plant availability of P. Furthermore, plant experiments Show that almost all investigated thermochemical treatments can significantly reduce the bioavailability and plant uptake of heavy metals. Furthermore, PAHs are secondarily formed during low-temperature treatments (400–500 ° ), but can be significantly reduced by using sodium carbonate as an additive. KW - Fertilzer KW - Pollutant KW - Phosphorus PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.06.027 SN - 0956-053X VL - 78 SP - 576 EP - 587 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-45341 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Schadrack, Reinhard A1 - Michaelis, Matthias A1 - Emmerling, Franziska A1 - Reuther, H. A1 - Menzel, Michael T1 - Evidence of formation of the tridymite form of AlPO4 in some municipal sewage sludge ashes JF - Powder diffraction N2 - Evidence is provided that the tridymite component observed in the X-ray diffraction patterns of some sewage sludge ashes (SSAs) should not be interpreted as the tridymite modification of SiO2 but as the tridymite form of AlPO4. This proof is based on a combined X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Mossbauer spectroscopy investigation of two SSAs produced at two fluidized bed incineration facilities, located in different municipalities and operated differently. The structural and chemical characterization was carried out on the 'as received' SSA samples as well as on the residues of these two SSAs pretreated by leaching in citric acid. In addition, direct proof is presented that the tridymite form of AlPO4 does crystallize from X-ray amorphous precursors under conditions that mimic the huge heating rate and short retention time (just seconds at T ≈ 850 °C) typical for fluidized bed incinerators. KW - Aluminium phosphate KW - Ash KW - Fly ash KW - Incinerator ash KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Tridymite form PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0885715613000869 SN - 0885-7156 VL - 28 IS - S2 SP - S425 EP - S435 PB - JCPDS CY - Swarthmore, Pa. AN - OPUS4-29703 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weimann, Karin A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Buchert, M. A1 - Sutter, J. T1 - Environmental Evaluation of Gypsum Plasterboard Recycling JF - Minerals N2 - Gypsum is widely used in the construction sector and its worldwide consumption has been increasing for several decades. Depending on the life-time of the used gypsum products, an increase of gypsum in construction and demolition waste follows. Especially against the background of a circular economy, the recycling of waste gypsum is of growing importance. However, the use of recycled gypsum makes only sense if it is environmentally friendly. Therefore, an evaluation of the environmental impacts of an industrial-scale processing for the recycling of post-consumer gypsum waste was conducted. The evaluation was performed with an established life cycle assessment software. Original data provided by industry and complementary data from a database for life cycle assessments were used for the calculations. Two scenarios for recycled gypsum with different transportation distances were calculated. These results are compared with results of the environmental evaluation of gypsum derived from coal-fired power plants (FGD gypsum) and natural gypsum. The results show that utilization of recycled gypsum can be environmentally advantageous compared to the use of natural gypsum or FGD gypsum, especially in the impact categories land transformation and resource consumption (abiotic depletion potential). For most environmental impact categories the specific transportation distances have a strong influence. KW - Gypsum plasterboards KW - Gypsum waste KW - Recycled gypsum KW - Environmental evaluation PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-522321 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/min11020101 SN - 2075-163X VL - 11 IS - 2 SP - 101 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz AN - OPUS4-52232 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Weimann, Karin A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Schulz, T. A1 - Linsz, E. T1 - Environmental evaluation of different ways to produce recycled concrete aggregates T2 - SUM2014 - 2nd Symposium on urban mining (Proceedings) N2 - Due to the great quantities of construction and demolition waste in Europe, the reuse of building material waste as secondary raw materials is of particular importance. A recycling of building materials can meet the requirements of sustainability in several aspects: the extended time availability of primary raw materials and the related protection of natural resources as well as the saving of landfill sites. In recent years sulphates originating from gypsum in secondary building materials, made of construction and demolition waste, received growing attention. Sulphates are unwanted in secondary building materials for concrete production as well as for other use e.g. in unbounded layers. The content of gypsum resp. sulphates in secondary aggregates can be reduced by different methods. Depending on the type of material different steps for selective dismantling can be used to separate gypsum containing residues from concrete rubble. Furthermore some steps for the processing of building rubble are suitable for the reduction of sulphates in the produced aggregates. An environmental evaluation of different ways for the production of recycled concrete aggregates was performed with regard to a reduction of sulphates in the secondary building material. The use of techniques for selective dismantling was environmentally advantegous for the deconstruction of three investigated model houses. T2 - SUM2014 - 2nd Symposium on urban mining CY - Bergamo, Italy DA - 19.05.2014 KW - Recycling KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Building waste KW - Construction PY - 2014 SN - 9788862650311 SP - Session C 6, 1 EP - 8 AN - OPUS4-30825 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vocks, M. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Lesjean, B. A1 - Gnirrs, R. A1 - Kraume, M. T1 - Enhanced post-denitrification without addition of an external carbon source in membrane bioreactors JF - Water research N2 - This study investigates a post-denitrification process without the addition of an external carbon source combined with an enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). Three trial plants, with two different process configurations, were operated on two different sites, and a variety of accompanying batch tests were conducted. It was shown that even without dosing of an external carbon source, denitrification rates (DNR) much above endogenous rates could be obtained in post-denitrification systems. Furthermore, the anaerobic reactor located ahead of the process had a positive impact on the DNR. Given these surprising results, the project team decided to identify the carbon source used by the microorganisms in the post-denitrification process. Batch tests could demonstrate that lysis products do not play a major role as a C-source for post-denitrification. The following hypothesis was proposed to explain the observations: the glycogen, internally stored by the substrate accumulating bacteria, if anaerobic conditions are followed by aerobic conditions could act as carbon source for denitrification in post-denitrification system. First exploratory batch tests, where the glycogen evolution was monitored, corroborate this assumption. KW - Post-denitrification KW - EBPR KW - Glycogen KW - MBR KW - Metabolism KW - Internal substrate KW - Denitrification rate PY - 2005 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.05.049 SN - 0043-1354 VL - 39 IS - 14 SP - 3360 EP - 3368 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-10760 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Sekine, R. A1 - Huang, J. A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Steffens, D. A1 - Huthwelker, T. A1 - Borca, C. A1 - Pradas del Real, A. A1 - Castillo-Michel, H. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Effects of a nitrification inhibitor on nitrogen species in the soil and the yield and phosphorus uptake of maize JF - Science of the total environment N2 - Phosphorus (P) resource availability is declining and the efficiency of applied nutrients in agricultural soils is becoming increasingly important. This is especially true for P fertilizers from recycled materials, which often have low plant availability. Specific co-fertilization with ammoniumcan enhance P plant availability in soils amended with these P fertilizers, and thus the yield of plants. To investigate this effect, we performed a pot experiment with maize in slightly acidic soil (pH 6.9) with one water-soluble (triple superphosphate [TSP]) and two water-insoluble (sewage sludge-based and hyperphosphate [Hyp]) P fertilizers and anammoniumsulfate nitrate with or without a nitrification inhibitor (NI). The dry matter yield of maize was significantly increased by the NI with the Hyp (from 14.7 to 21.5 g/pot) and TSP (from 40.0 to 45.4 g/pot) treatments. Furthermore, P uptake was slightly increased in all three P treatments with the NI, but not significantly. Olsen-P extraction and P K-edge micro-X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy showed that apatite-P of the water insoluble P fertilizers mobilized during the plant growth period. In addition, novel nitrogen (N) K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy and the Mogilevkina method showed that the application of an NI increased the fixation of ammonium in detectable hot spots in the soil. Thus, the delay in the nitrification process by the NI and the possible slow-release of temporarily fixed ammoniumin the soil resulted in a high amount of plant available Ammonium in the soil solution. This development probably decreases the rhizosphere pH due to release of H+ by plants during ammoniumuptake, whichmobilizes phosphorus in the amended soil and increases the dry matter yield of maize. This is especially important for water-insoluble apatite-based P fertilizers (conventional and recycled), which tend to have poor plant availability. KW - Fertilzer KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Ammonium KW - Nitrification inhibitor KW - XANES spectroscopy KW - Diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) PY - 2020 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136895 SN - 1879-1026 VL - 715 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-50477 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Steffens, D. T1 - Effect of various types of thermochemical processing of sewage sludges on phosphorus speciation, solubility, and fertilization performance JF - Waste Management N2 - Sewage sludge has one of the highest phosphorus (P) recovery potentials of all waste materials. Therefore, P-recycling from sewage sludge could contribute to closing the P-cycle. Recently, various thermal processes for P-recovery have been developed, but there is still a demand for information on the effect of different process parameters (e.g. additives and temperature) on P-speciation and especially on the fertilization performance. In the present study, two common methods (low-temperature conversion at 400–500 °C and thermochemical treatment at 950 °C) were investigated and combined to produce highly bioavailable P-fertilizers from two different types of sewage sludge based on chemical phosphorus precipitation (Chem-P) and enhanced biological phosphorus removal (Bio-P). The results of P-fractionation, X-ray diffraction analysis, and pot experiments with maize showed that Bio-P sludges attain high P-plant-availability after treatment at low temperatures (400 °C). In contrast, Chem-P sludges can adequately be treated at higher temperatures under reductive conditions with sodium additives to form highly bioavailable calcium-sodium-phosphate. Additionally, also highly heavy-metal contaminated sludges can be thermochemically treated at high temperatures to achieve the legal requirements for fertilizers. KW - P-recovery KW - Low-temperature-conversion KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - P-fractionation KW - P-plant-availability KW - Sewage sludge PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.02.019 SN - 0956-053X VL - 62 SP - 194 EP - 203 AN - OPUS4-39907 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -