TY - JOUR A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Félix, R. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Steffens, D. T1 - Thermal treatment of sewage sludge for phosphorus fertilizer production: a model experiment N2 - Phosphorus (P) resource availability and quality is declining and recycling P-fertilizers from waste materials are becoming increasingly important. One important secondary P resource is sewage sludge (SSL) where P is often bound as aluminum phosphate (Al-P), iron phosphate (Fe-P) and polyphosphate (poly-P), respectively. Thermal treatment in different ways is a promising way in P recycling to produce highly plant-available P-fertilizers. To investigate mechanisms behind transformation of hardly available P-species toward plant-available P forms we treated a model SSL containing different kinds of defined P sources by low-temperature conversion (LTC) at 500 °C and subsequent thermochemical treatment of the LTC product with Na additives (TCT) at 950 °C, respectively. Pot experiments with ryegrass were carried out to determine the plant availability of P of the different treatments. The poly-P (here pyrophosphates) based fertilizers had a very high plant availability after both thermal treatments. During LTC treatment the plant availability of the Fe-P and Al-P variants increased because of the Formation of Fe(II) phosphates and/or pyro-/polyphosphates. Especially the formation of Al-polyphosphate shows a high plant availability. The subsequent TCT further increased strongly the plant availability of the Fe-P variants because of the formation of highly plant-available CaNaPO4. Thus, a direct TCT without prior LTC probably also produce CaNaPO4 and is recommended for Fe-P based SSL. However, a molar Ca/P ratio of � 1 in the fertilizer is favorable for CaNaPO4 formation. Thus, the knowledge on the source of primary P in SSL is essential for choosing the accurate thermal treatment method to produce highly plant-available P-fertilizers from SSL. KW - Phosphorus KW - Sewage sludge KW - X-ray diffraction KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy KW - Fertilizer PY - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2021.1994595 SN - 0190-4167 VL - 45 IS - 8 SP - 1123 EP - 1133 PB - Taylor & Francis Online AN - OPUS4-53755 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Wellendorf, Stephan A1 - Adam, Christian ED - Hilty, L. M. ED - Itoh, H. ED - Hayashi, K. ED - Edelmann, X. T1 - Phosphorus recycling from sewage sludge ash and meat and bone meal by thermochemical treatment N2 - Phosphorus can be recycled by thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ashes using a chlorine-donor at 1000°C. Heavy metals in the sewage sludge ashes are removed and the phosphorus of the developing phosphate-phases is characterised by a high bioavailability. The separated heavy metals can be post-treated for recycling purposes. The P-content in the product can be increased by addition of meat and bone meal into the thermochemical process introducing process energy at the same time. However, first investigations showed that the elimination rates of heavy metals and the P-solubility in citric acid decreased if meat and bone meal ash (MBMA) was added to sewage sludge ash before thermochemical treatment. T2 - R'09 Twin world congress and world resources forum CY - Davos, Switzerland DA - 2009-09-14 KW - Phosphorus recycling KW - Sewage sludge KW - Meat and bone meal KW - Heavy metal recycling PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-905594-54-6 IS - Chapter B1 SP - 1 EP - 6 CY - St. Gallen, Switzerland AN - OPUS4-20274 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Hoffmann, Marie A1 - Taube, Mareike A1 - Krüger, O. A1 - Baran, R. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Uranium and thorium species in phosphate rock and sewage sludge ash based phosphorus fertilizers N2 - Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for all forms of life and is thus often applied as phosphate rock-based P-fertilizers in agriculture to enable continuous farming. However, these P-fertilizers contain also hazardous uranium (U) and thorium (Th), up to 660 and 220 mg/kg, respectively. On the contrary, novel P-fertilizers made from sewage sludge (ash) contain only low mass fractions of U and Th. In addition to the total amount of U and Th in P-fertilizers, their mobility and bioavailability is important, which depends to a large extent on their chemical state, especially oxidation state and chemical bonding. Thus, we analyzed their chemical state in various P-fertilizers by U and Th L3-edge HERFD-XANES spectroscopy. Phosphate rocks and sewage sludge-based P-fertilizers contain mainly U(IV) compounds which have only a low bioavailability. In contrast, acidic treatment of phosphate rock to produce super phosphates lead to an oxidation to U(VI) compounds (including formation of uranium phosphates) with a strongly increased bioavailability. On the contrary, all analyzed P-fertilizers contain Th in form of strongly insoluble phosphates and oxides with a low bioavailability. Additionally performed water extractions and Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) experiments support these findings. KW - Phosphorus fertilizer KW - Sewage sludge KW - X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy KW - Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) KW - Extraction PY - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121100 SN - 0304-3894 VL - 382 SP - 121100, 1 EP - 6 AN - OPUS4-48872 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Steffens, D. T1 - Effect of various types of thermochemical processing of sewage sludges on phosphorus speciation, solubility, and fertilization performance N2 - Sewage sludge has one of the highest phosphorus (P) recovery potentials of all waste materials. Therefore, P-recycling from sewage sludge could contribute to closing the P-cycle. Recently, various thermal processes for P-recovery have been developed, but there is still a demand for information on the effect of different process parameters (e.g. additives and temperature) on P-speciation and especially on the fertilization performance. In the present study, two common methods (low-temperature conversion at 400–500 °C and thermochemical treatment at 950 °C) were investigated and combined to produce highly bioavailable P-fertilizers from two different types of sewage sludge based on chemical phosphorus precipitation (Chem-P) and enhanced biological phosphorus removal (Bio-P). The results of P-fractionation, X-ray diffraction analysis, and pot experiments with maize showed that Bio-P sludges attain high P-plant-availability after treatment at low temperatures (400 °C). In contrast, Chem-P sludges can adequately be treated at higher temperatures under reductive conditions with sodium additives to form highly bioavailable calcium-sodium-phosphate. Additionally, also highly heavy-metal contaminated sludges can be thermochemically treated at high temperatures to achieve the legal requirements for fertilizers. KW - P-recovery KW - Low-temperature-conversion KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - P-fractionation KW - P-plant-availability KW - Sewage sludge PY - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.02.019 SN - 0956-053X VL - 62 SP - 194 EP - 203 AN - OPUS4-39907 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steckenmesser, D. A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Steffens, D. T1 - Effect of various types of thermochemical processing of sewage sludges on phosphorus speciation, solubility, and fertilization performance N2 - Sewage sludge has one of the highest phosphorus (P) recovery potentials of all waste materials. Therefore, P-recycling from sewage sludge could contribute to closing the P-cycle. Recently, various thermal processes for P-recovery have been developed, but there is still a demand for information on the effect of different process parameters (e.g. additives and temperature) on P-speciation and especially on the fertilization performance. In the present study, two common methods (low-temperature conversion at 400–500° C and thermochemical treatment at 950° C) were investigated and combined to produce highly bioavailable P-fertilizers from two different types of sewage sludge based on chemical phosphorus precipitation (Chem-P) and enhanced biological phosphorus removal (Bio-P). The results of P-fractionation, X-ray diffraction analysis, and pot experiments with maize showed that Bio-P sludges attain high P-plant-availability after treatment at low temperatures (400° C). In contrast, Chem-P sludges can adequately be treated at higher temperatures under reductive conditions with sodium additives to form highly bioavailable calcium-sodium-phosphate. Additionally, also highly heavy-metal contaminated sludges can be thermochemically treated at high temperatures to achieve the legal requirements for fertilizers. KW - P-recovery KW - Low-temperature-conversion KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - P-fractionation KW - P-plant-availability KW - Sewage sludge PY - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.02.019 SN - 0956-053X VL - 62 SP - 194 EP - 203 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-41646 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kley, Gerd A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg T1 - Thermal treatment of municipal sewage sludge aiming at marketable P-fertilisers N2 - Municipal sewage sludge is a carrier of nutrients – most important phosphorus (P) – but also contains organic pollutants and heavy metals. A two steps thermal treatment is suggested based on 1. mono-incineration of sewage sludge under destruction of organic pollutants and 2. thermochemical treatment of the resulting ashes to remove heavy metals and increase P-bioavailability. The targeted products are marketable P-fertilisers. The thermochemical treatment was investigated in a gas tight lab-scale rotary furnace. Seven sewage sludge ashes of different origin and composition and one residue from gasification of sewage sludge were mixed with a chlorine donor (e.g. MgCl2) and thermochemically treated under systematic variation of operational parameters. The distributions of the heavy metals between solid and gas phase were determined. The heavy metals concentrations of the treated ashes met the legislative limits in most cases. The products from thermochemical treatment are suited raw materials for P-fertiliser production. Relevant process parameters such as temperature, type and concentration of Cl-donor and retention time were optimised for the thermochemical treatment step. KW - Sewage sludge KW - Mono-incineration KW - Ash treatment KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - Phosphorus-fertiliser PY - 2007 SN - 1345-9678 SN - 1347-5320 VL - 48 IS - 12 SP - 3056 EP - 3061 PB - Japan Institute of Metals CY - Sendai AN - OPUS4-16647 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Peplinski, Burkhard A1 - Kley, Gerd A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg ED - Hilty, L. M. T1 - Thermo-chemical treatment of sewage sludge ashes aiming at marketable P-fertiliser products T2 - R'07 World Congress "Recovery of Materials and Energy for Resource Efficiency" CY - Davos, Switzerland DA - 2007-09-03 KW - P-recovery KW - Sewage sludge KW - Thermo-chemical treatment KW - Mineral phases KW - XRD PY - 2007 SN - 978-3-905594-49-2 SP - 14/1 EP - 14/7 PB - EMPA CY - Davos AN - OPUS4-16469 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Kley, Gerd A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg ED - Wang, B. ED - J.H. Song, ED - H. Abe, T1 - Thermal treatment of municipal sewage sludge aiming at marketable P-fertilisers T2 - 8th International Conference on Eco-materials (ICEM8 2007) CY - London, UK DA - 2007-07-09 KW - Sewage sludge KW - Mono-incineration KW - Ash treatment KW - Thermo-chemical treatment KW - P-fertiliser PY - 2007 SN - 978-1-902316-54-3 VL - 2 SP - 435 EP - 442 PB - Brunel University Press CY - London, UK AN - OPUS4-16470 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Simon, Franz-Georg A1 - Kalbe, Ute A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Adamczyk, Burkart A1 - Weimann, Karin T1 - Recovery of non-renewable resources from waste T2 - 7th International Conference on EcoBalance CY - Tsukuba, Japan DA - 2006-11-14 KW - Natural resources KW - Thermo-chemical treatment KW - Waste management KW - Sewage sludge KW - Aggregetes PY - 2006 IS - E2-4 SP - 499 EP - 502 PB - The Society of Non-Traditional Technology CY - Tsukuba, Japan AN - OPUS4-14115 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ante, A. A1 - Trumpler, A. A1 - Niermann, S. A1 - Decker, Renate A1 - Hermann, L. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - SUSAN - Sustainable and safe re-use of municipal sewage sludge for nutrient recovery KW - Sewage sludge KW - Phosphorus KW - Recycling KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - Heavy metal removal KW - Large scale consideration PY - 2010 SN - 0016-3651 VL - 151 IS - 13 SP - 78 EP - 84 PB - Oldenbourg-Industrieverl. CY - München AN - OPUS4-22097 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -