TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Suhendra, Suhendra A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Tetzlaff, K. T1 - Production of marketable multi-nutrient fertilisers from different biomass ashes and industrial by-products N2 - Sewage sludge ashes (SSA) contain considerable mass fractions of phosphorus (5-10 w-% P) suitable for fertiliser production. Unfortunately, also most of the heavy metals remain in the ashes. A thermochemical process was developed for the treatment of SSA to i) remove heavy metals and ii) transform phosphates into bio-available mineral phases. The technology was already demonstrated in technical scale (capacity of 300 kg/h) and the company OUTOTEC is currently planning the first industrial plant. In order to manufacture a marketable multi-nutrient fertiliser from the thermochemically treated SSA further wastes and industrial by-products were taken into account. Ammonium sulphate occurs as a by-product of the caprolactam production and was chosen as N-carrier (21 w-% N). Straw ash was tested as potassium carrier (11-15 w-% K). Granulation campaigns were carried out with intensive mixers in lab-, medium-and technical scale. NPS-and NPKS-fertilisers were produced that were characterised by suitable particle size distributions and strength. T2 - ASH Utilisation 2012 CY - Stockholm, Sweden DA - 25.01.2012 KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Recycling fertiliser KW - Heavy metals KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - Bioavailability PY - 2012 SP - 1 EP - 7 CY - Stockholm, Sweden AN - OPUS4-25496 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Thermochemical treatment of sewage sludge ash with sodium additives under reducing conditions analyzed by thermogravimetry N2 - Phosphorus (P) for fertilizer use can be recovered from sewage sludge ash (SSA). To enhance the bioavailability of P and reduce the heavy metal content of SSA, it can be treated thermochemically with Na2CO3 or Na2SO4 at 950 °C in a rotary kiln using dry sewage sludge or lignite as reducing agent. These processes were investigated by thermogravimetry/differential thermal analysis coupled with gas analysis. Reducing conditions in this experimental setup were provided by 2 % hydrogen in the Ar carrier gas. During SSA + Na2CO3 treatment CO2, CO and water were detected in the off-gas. During SSA + Na2SO4 treatment SO2, some CO2 and water were detected. Heavy metal removal was more efficient for SSA + Na2CO3 compared to the sulfate variant. A SSA + Na2SO4 + lignite variant which also formed CO shifted the heavy metal removal to the results obtained with Na2CO3 which was obviously due to the additional reduction potential. However, Zn evaporation was not achieved with the Na2SO4 variants which were most probably due to immobilization as ZnS. KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Thermochemical treatment KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Reducing conditions KW - Heavy metal evaporation KW - FT-IR gas analysis PY - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-5016-z SN - 1388-6150 SN - 1418-2874 SN - 0368-4466 SN - 1572-8943 VL - 123 IS - 2 SP - 1045 EP - 1051 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht AN - OPUS4-34556 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Herzel, Hannes A1 - Amidani, L. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Chemical state of mercury and selenium in sewage sludge ash based P-fertilizers N2 - Phosphorus-fertilizers from secondary resources such as sewage sludge ash (SSA) will become more important in the future as they could substitute conventional fertilizers based on the nonrenewable resource phosphate rock. Thermochemical approaches were developed which remove heavy metals from SSA prior to its fertilizer application on farmlands. We analyzed the chemical state of mercury and selenium in SSA before and after thermochemical treatment under different conditions for P-fertilizer production by X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. In some incineration plants the mercury loaded carbon adsorber from off-gas cleaning was collected together with the SSA for waste disposal. SSAs from those plants contained mercury mainly bound to carbon/organic material. The other SSAs contained inorganic mercury compounds which are most probably stabilized in the SSA matrix and were thus not evaporated during incineration. During thermochemical treatment, carbon-bound mercury was removed quantitatively. In contrast, a certain immobile fraction of inorganic mercury compounds remained in thermochemically treated SSA, which were not clearly identified. HgSe might be one of the inorganic compounds, which is supported by results of Se K-edge XANES spectroscopy. Furthermore, the chemical state of selenium in the SSAs was very sensitive to the conditions of the thermochemical treatment. KW - X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Mercury KW - Selenium KW - Mercury selenide (HgSe) PY - 2016 UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.079 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.079 VL - 313 SP - 179 EP - 184 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam, Netherlands AN - OPUS4-35718 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Fiedler, F. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Vogel, Christian A1 - Senz, R. T1 - Determination of chromium (VI) in primary and secondary fertilizer and their respective precursors N2 - Hexavalent chromium species (Cr(VI)) are often carcinogenic, of high acute toxicity, highly mobile, and thus pose a severe risk to health and environment. Fertilizers usually contain significant amounts of chromium. Therefore, a reliable analysis of chromium and the fraction of Cr(VI) are crucial for safe use of fertilizers. This problem is expected to increase in the future, since more and more recycled fertilizers emerge due to increasing fertilizer demand and respective supply risks. However, existing analytical methods have been developed for conventional fertilizers and have to be tested whether they are suitable for the new materials. Thus, we performed a wet-chemical extraction for Cr(VI) on several matrices as well as respective quality control experiments including spiking with Cr(III) and Cr(VI)compounds. We found the Cr(VI) amounts to be below 2 mg/kg except for a thermally post-treated sewage sludge ash (SSA) that showed 12.3 mg/kg. The presence of organic matter e.g. in sludge or precipitated struvite caused a reduction of spiked Cr(VI) and thus no satisfying recovery for Quality control. Cr(VI) reduction was also observed for SSA, presumably due to the presence of Fe(II) compounds. Even though the tested procedure can be hampered in some recycled fertilizer matrices, it might be adapted to be applicable also for these complex samples. KW - Chromium speciation KW - Recycling fertilizers KW - Matrix dependencies PY - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.011 SN - 0045-6535 VL - 182 SP - 48 EP - 53 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-40101 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Krüger, Oliver ED - Thomé-Kozmiensky, K.J. ED - Beckmann, M. T1 - Wertstoffpotential in deutschen Klärschlammaschen KW - Klärschlammasche KW - Ressourcen KW - Wertstoffpotential KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-935317-92-4 VL - 10 SP - 997 EP - 1014 PB - TK Verlag Karl Thomé-Kozmiensky CY - Neuruppin AN - OPUS4-27683 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Resource recovery potential of sewage sludge ashes (SSA) T2 - Crete 2012 - 3rd International conference on industrial and hazardous waste management CY - Chania, Crete, Greece DA - 2012-09-12 KW - Sewage sludge ash KW - Phosphorous recovery KW - Mass balance KW - Resource recovery potential PY - 2012 SN - 978-960-8475-17-5 SN - 2241-3138 IS - Session 5: Recovery opportunities SP - 73 EP - 74 AN - OPUS4-26570 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Krüger, Oliver T1 - Das Potential deutscher Klärschlammaschen für die Werkstoffrückgewinnung N2 - Über den derzeitigen und zukünftigen Umgang mit Klärschlamm wird in Deutschland seit Jahren kontrovers diskutiert. Zum einen enthalten kommunale Klärschlamme Nährstoffe, die sinnvoller Weise wieder in die landwirtschaftliche Nahrungsmittelproduktion eingebracht werden sollten. In diesem Zusammenhang steht Phosphor im Vordergrund, da diese Ressource begrenzt ist und deren zukünftig zu erwartende Knappheit neben der geringen Anzahl an Exportländern für Rohphosphate zu unberechenbaren Preissprüngen am Weltmarkt führen können. Zum anderen stellt Klärschlamm die Schadstoffsenke in der Abwasserreinigung dar, was den direkten landwirtschaftlichen Einsatz dieses Abfalls bedenklich macht. Zwar nahm die Konzentration der umweltrelevanten Schwermetalle in Klärschlämmen in den vergangenen Jahren deutlich ab (Wiechmann, Dienemann et al. 2012), die Belastung mit organischen Schadstoffen (z.B. Pharmazeutika, endokrin wirksame Substanzen, persistente organische Stoffe etc.) ist jedoch unüberschaubar und dürfte sich einem sinnvollen „Monitoring“ weitgehend entziehen. Das daraus resultierende Risiko für Mensch und Umwelt ist schwer einschätzbar und wird aufgrund der Beschaffenheit der diffusen Schadstoffquellen (z.B. Eintrag von Pharmaka und deren Metabolite über menschliche Ausscheidungen) unkalkulierbar bleiben. T2 - 3. VDI-Fachkonferenz - Klärschlammbehandlung CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 26.09.2012 KW - Klärschlammasche KW - Phosphorrückgewinnung KW - Technologiemetalle PY - 2012 SN - 978-3-942980-87-6 SP - 11 EP - 18 CY - Düsseldorf AN - OPUS4-26725 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Roskosch, A. A1 - Adam, Christian A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Wiechmann, B. T1 - Klärschlamm - Potenziale alternativer Verwertungswege N2 - In Deutschland werden gegenwärtig etwa 53 % der kommunalen Klärschlämme in Mono- und Müllverbrennungsanlagen sowie Kraft- und Zementwerken thermisch und 47 % stofflich, d.h. landwirtschaftlich (30 %) oder in landschaftsbaulichen Maßnahmen u.ä. verwertet (17 %). Bezogen auf die etwa 9,4 Mrd Kubikmeter Abwasser, die pro Jahr in Deutschland anfallen, kann von einem Potenzial von 75000 t Phosphor/a (davon ca. 67500 t P/a im Klärschlamm) ausgegangen werden. Bislang werden in der Literatur ca. 37 Verfahren zur abwasserseitigen Rückgewinnung von Phosphor beschrieben, die im Labor, im Technikumsmaßstab oder in Pilotanlagen erprobt worden sind. Weltweit wurden bisher ca. 12 davon großtechnisch umgesetzt. Etwa vier verschiedene Verfahrenstechniken lassen sich derzeit in Deutschland finden. Einige Verfahren arbeiten mit Ionenaustauschern, zum überwiegenden Teil handelt es sich jedoch um Fällungs- oder Kristallisationsverfahren, bei denen Magnesium-Ammonium-Phosphat (MAP, Struvit) entweder aus den Haupt- oder Nebenströmen einer Kläranlage oder aus dem Schlamm bzw. Schlammwasser gewonnen wird. Für den Nährstoff Phosphor konnte in den Klärschlammaschen ein Gehalt von durchschnittlich 7 % ermittelt werden. Daraus ergibt sich ein Potenzial von etwa 17500 t P/a (Tendenz steigend). Je nach Verfahren kann mit einem Rückgewinnungspotenzial von etwa 60 bis 90 % Phosphor aus der Asche (ca. 55 bis 80 % Pges bezogen auf den Kläranlagenzulauf) gerechnet werden KW - Klärschlamm KW - Phoshorrückgewinnung PY - 2012 SN - 1438-5716 SN - 0043-0986 IS - Sonderheft 2012 / Modernisierungsreport 2013 SP - 23 EP - 26 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-26970 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Sewage sludge ashes - composition, mass flows, and recovery potential N2 - Sewage sludge ashes (SSA) represent a possible source of phosphorus (P) and technology metals. So far, the sole external source for P, that is indispensable for all animate beings, is rock phosphate, a finite resource. The EU depends completely on the import from possible politically instable regions. Furthermore, rock phosphate is often contaminated with heavy metals like Cd and U, leading to health and environmental hazards. P recovered from SSA might diminish these problems. SSA of German mono incineration facilities are analyzed for their elemental composition. More than 95% of the emerging SSA is monitored, enabling the determination of complete mass flows of the ashes and their components. Initial results indicate a P recovery potential of 16,000 t/a (11% of the annual P demands for fertilizer production). The concentrations of Cd and U in SSA are one to two Orders of magnitude lower than in rock phosphate and could help to reduce possible hazards. T2 - 14th International waste management and landfill symposium - Sardinia 2013 CY - Cagliari, Italy DA - 30.09.2013 PY - 2013 SP - 1 EP - 5 PB - CISA Publisher AN - OPUS4-29734 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krüger, Oliver A1 - Fattah, K. P. A1 - Adam, Christian T1 - Phosphorus recovery from the wastewater stream - necessity and possibilities N2 - The annual demand of phosphorus (P) for fertilizer use is more than 550,000 t in Germany. Several of the input streams like mineral fertilizer produced from phosphate rock or sewage sludge are problematic due to contamination with heavy metals and organic pollutants and/or supply risks. Phosphorus recovery from the wastewater stream might help to diminish these problems. Several procedures have been developed to recover P from either sewage sludge ash (SSA) or wastewater via precipitation or crystallization as struvite. This study determined the elemental composition and trace metal mass fractions of 252 SSA samples and 17 struvite samples from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) to see whether there are differences related to the source of the sludge (municipal/industrial) or the stage of the WWTP where the struvite is produced. Results indicated that there is no clear trend of the elemental mass fractions related to the source of the sludge. All struvite samples show very low heavy metal contents, even though the struvite precipitated from the sludge shows slightly elevated heavy metal mass fractions compared to struvite crystallized from sludge liquor. Struvite is a clean and plant available material for fertilizer production from wastewater streams and has some advantages for the wastewater treatment plant. However, since the P recovery rate of struvite processes is low (7–11%) compared to that from SSA processes (90%), recovery from SSA is necessary for a substantial P recovery from the wastewater stream. T2 - 3rd International Conference on Water, Energy and Environment (ICWEE) CY - Sharjah, United Arab Emirates DA - 24.03.2015 KW - Struvite KW - Phosphorus recovery KW - Wastewater KW - Sewage sludge ash PY - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1103315 SN - 1944-3994 SN - 1944-3986 VL - 57 IS - 33 SP - 15619 EP - 15627 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - Philadelphia, USA AN - OPUS4-36260 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -