TY - CONF A1 - Goedecke, Caroline A1 - Sojref, Regine A1 - Fettig, I. A1 - Piechotta, Christian T1 - TiO2 based photocatalysis for the removal of emerging pollutants N2 - Advanced oxidation processes have become an important part of research due to their capacity to degrade many environmental pollutants during water treatment. Especially the heterogeneous photocatalysis is a promising method because it often results in a full mineralization of many hazardous compounds. Incomplete degradation reactions can result in transformation products due to oxidative conditions. The transformation products may have a higher toxicity than the precursor substances and are often only partly removed during water treatment. Since a lot of these compounds are still unknown, transformation products are not detected by target analysis used in sewage treatment plants and are often released into the aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, extensive and effective non-target analytical methods are necessary for the monitoring and identification of the transformation products which can be generated during waste water treatment. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most frequently used photocatalyst because of its inexpensiveness, non-toxicity, chemical stability and its high photocatalytic activity. If TiO2 is irradiated electron-hole pairs are generated on the surface of the TiO2, resulting in the formation of active oxidized species such as hydroxyl radicals which can react with environmental pollutants. A model system has been developed to simulate photocatalytic reactions in a laboratory scale. The commonly used pharmaceuticals metformin and gabapentin were selected as model substances because of their high input in waste water and the little information about their fate during water treatment. Metformin is the drug of choice for treating type 2 diabetes. More than half of the total amount of pharmaceuticals in the environment are the antidiabetic agent metformin and its major transformation product guanylurea. Gabapentin is used as antiepileptic drug and for the treatment of neuropathic pain. It is found in waste water influent in the high ng/L range. First results of the optimization of the photocatalyst and its application are shown. T2 - ISEAC39 CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 19.07.2016 KW - granulation KW - photocatalysis KW - environmental pollutants KW - advanced oxidation processes PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-37219 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Goedecke, Caroline A1 - Fettig, I. A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Sojref, Regine T1 - Heterogeneous photocatalysis - a promising method for the removal of environmental contaminants from water N2 - In recent years advanced oxidation processes have become an important part of research due to their capacity to degrade many environmental pollutants during water treatment. Especially the heterogeneous photocatalysis is a promising method because it often results in a full mineralization of many hazardous organic compounds. However incomplete degradation reactions during this process can result in transformation products due to the oxidative conditions. The transformation products may have a higher toxicity than the precursor substances and are often only partly removed during the waste water treatment. Since a lot of these compounds are still unknown, the transformation products are not detected by target analysis used in sewage treatment plants and are often released into the aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, extensive and effective non-target analytical methods are necessary for the monitoring and identification of the transformation products which can be generated during waste water treatment. Among various semiconductors, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most frequently used photocatalyst because of its inexpensiveness, non-toxicity, chemical stability and its high photocatalytic activity. If TiO2 is irradiated with light of an energy higher than the band gap of the semiconductor, electron-hole pairs are generated on the surface of the TiO2, resulting in the formation of active oxidized species such as hydroxyl radicals which can react with environmental pollutants. To study photocatalytic reactions, a model system has been developed to simulate environmental relevant conditions for photocatalytic reactions of organic substances on a laboratory scale. The commonly used pharmaceuticals metformin and gabapentin were selected as model substances because of their high input in waste water and the little information about their occurrence, behavior and fate in the environment. Metformin is the drug of choice for treating type 2 diabetes. The drug therapy for diabetes mellitus has increased significantly in recent years. More than half of the total amount of pharmaceuticals in the environment are the antidiabetic agent metformin and its major transformation product guanylurea. Gabapentin is an analogon of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which is used as antiepileptic drug and for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Gabapentin is found in waste water influent in the high ng/L range. First results of the optimization of the photocatalyst and its application are shown. T2 - NonTarget 2016 CY - Ascona, Switzerland DA - 29.05.2016 KW - photocatalysis KW - transformation KW - non target analysis PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36381 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Goedecke, Caroline A1 - Piechotta, Christian T1 - Transformation of environmental pollutants on the example of selected compounds T2 - Metabolisation and metabolomics of priority pollutants: Transformation reactions, products and processes in the environment and technical systems CY - Aarhus University, Rosklide, Dänemark DA - 2014-06-22 PY - 2014 AN - OPUS4-31854 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Goedecke, Caroline A1 - Sojref, Regine T1 - Immobilisierung von TiO2-Pulvern für die photokatalytische Abwasser-Nachreinigung N2 - Aufgrund der demographischen Entwicklung und dem damit verbundenen gesteigertem Bedarf an Medikamenten besteht in Deutschland das Problem des Eintrags von Rückständen und Transformationsprodukten über das Abwasser in die Umwelt. In herkömmlichen Reinigungsverfahren werden Medikamentenrückstände häufig unvollständig entfernt oder in andere teilweise toxischere Verbindungen umgewandelt (z. B. durch Ozonierung). Eine perspektivisch aussichtsreiche Möglichkeit zur Beseitigung dieser Schadstoffe ist die Oxidation zu Wasser und Kohlendioxid durch Bestrahlung des vorgeklärten Abwassers mit UV-Licht in Gegenwart von Photokatalysatoren wie z. B. TiO2. Für vergleichende Untersuchungen der photokalalytischen Aktivität von TiO2-Submikro- und Nanopulvern im Labormaßstab wurde Methylenblau als Modellsubstanz gewählt. Kommerziell erhältliche TiO2-Pulver wurden Testlösungen zugesetzt und der zeitlich fortschreitende Abbau von Methylenblau unter Bestrahlung mit UV-Licht in beobachtet. Für die technische Nutzung der photokatalytischen Abwaserreinigung ist die Immobilisierung der eingesetzten Pulver mit der Möglichkeit der Rückgewinnung erforderlich, sowohl aus Umweltschutzgründen als auch für die Wirtschaftlichkeit des Verfahrens. Aufbaugranulation wurde als ein prinzipiell auch großtechnisch realisierbares Verfahren der Immobilisierung gewählt. In einem Intensivmischer wurden Granulate auf der Basis von Submikrometer-SiO2 unter Verwendung eines anorganischen Binders hergestellt. Das photokatalytisch aktive TiO2 wurde in Anteilen von 10-25 Ma.-% entweder dem Ausgangspulver zugemischt oder am Ende des Granulierprozesses als Granulat-Coating aufgebracht. Eine Temperung der Granalien bei Temperaturen von maximal 300°C – 500°C erwies sich als ausreichend, um deren Stabilität beim Einsatz in Methylenblau-Lösung im Batch-Verfahren zu gewährleisten. Tests zum Einsatz der SiO2-TiO2-Granulate als Photokatalysatoren zum Abbau von Methylenblau-Lösungen unter UV-Bestrahlung verliefen erfolgreich. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich die Granalien nach erfolgtem Farbstoffstoff-Abbau aus den Lösungen rückgewinnen und erneut verwenden ließen. Die recycelten Granulate wiesen eine ähnliche photokatalytische Aktivität wie frisch hergestellte auf. T2 - Tagung "Aufbereitung und Recycling" CY - Freiberg, Germany DA - 09.11.2016 KW - Photokatalyse KW - Aufbaugranulation KW - Abwasser PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38337 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Goedecke, Caroline A1 - Fettig, Ina A1 - Piechotta, Christian T1 - A novel GC-MS-method for the determinationof metformin in water samples T2 - ICCE 2015 CY - Leipzig DA - 2015-09-20 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-34512 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Goedecke, Caroline A1 - Piechotta, Christian T1 - Untersuchung der Transformation von umweltrelevanten Schadstoffen am Beispiel von 4-n-Octylphenol T2 - Anakon 2015 CY - Graz, Austria DA - 2015-03-23 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33548 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Goedecke, Caroline A1 - Fettig, Ina A1 - Piechotta, Christian T1 - Development of GC-MS method for the analysis of metformin in water T2 - 11. Langenauer Wasserforum CY - Langenau DA - 2015-11-08 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-35021 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Goedecke, Caroline A1 - Mülow-Stollin, Ulrike A1 - Hering, S. A1 - Richter, Janine A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - A first pilot study on the sorption of environmental pollutants on various microplastic materials N2 - With the drastic increase in plastic production, the input of plastic particles into the environment has become a recognised problem. Xenobiotics are able to sorb to polymer materials, and this process is further enhanced where they Encounter microplastics (plastic fragments <5 mm). In this work we studied the sorption of metformin, a type-2 diabetes drug, and difenoconazole, a fungicide, onto the virgin polymer materials polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS). Additionally, PP was cryo-milled and PA was treated with acid to investigate the influence of an increase in surface area and chemical modification. The material properties were also studied by dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Sorption experiments were performed on the basis of a full factorial design examining the effect of agitation, pH value, and salinity. Experimental results showed that difenoconazole sorbs readily to all microplastics, whereas the more polar analyte metformin did not show any affinity to the materials used. For difenoconazole the governing factor in all cases is agitation, while both pH and salinity exhibited only a slight influence. The modification of polymers leads to enhanced sorption, indicating that an increase in surface area (cryo-milled PP) or inner volume (acid-treated PA) strongly favours adsorption. Moreover, long-term experiments demonstrated that the time until equilibrium is reached depends strongly on the particle size. KW - Difenoconazole KW - Metformin KW - Plastic debris KW - Polymer KW - Dynamic scanning calorimetry PY - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-402393 SN - 2380-2391 VL - 4 IS - 1 SP - Article 1000191, 1 EP - 8 PB - Omics International CY - Los Angeles AN - OPUS4-40239 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Goedecke, Caroline A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Sojref, Regine T1 - Transformation of the antidiabetic drug metformin N2 - For years there have been more and more reports on the presence of drugs in the aquatic environment. Due to the demographic change, the consumption of pharmaceuticals has risen sharply. After taking the drugs, they are partly metabolized in the human body. However, the metabolism is not complete so that both the metabolites and non-metabolized amounts of the parent compounds are excreted. These compounds reach the waste water and afterwards the sewage treatment plants. In sewage treatment plants transformation products can be formed by the oxidative conditions during wastewater treatment processes. The transformation products may have a higher toxicity than the actual environmental pollutants and are often only partly removed during the waste water treatment. Since a lot of these compounds are still unknown, the transformation products are not detected by target analysis used in sewage treatment plants and are often released undetected in the aquatic ecosystems. The released substances may be subject to additional transformation processes in the environment. Pharmaceuticals produced in high amounts can be already detected in the μg/L range in water bodies worldwide. Metformin and its major transformation product guanylurea are one of the main representatives. Metformin is the drug of choice for treating type 2 diabetes. The drug therapy for diabetes mellitus has increased significantly in recent years. In the year 2015 1500 tons of metformin were prescribed in Germany (for statutory insured persons). Metformin is not metabolized in the human body and is excreted unchanged therefore concentrations between 57 μg/L and 129 μg/L are found in German waste water treatment plants influents. In this work the transformation of the antidiabetic drug metformin is investigated. The degradation of metformin is initialize by commercial water treatment techniques like UV-radiation or noncommercial techniques like heterogenous photocatalysis based on titanium dioxide. The degradation of metformin and resulting transformation products are analyzed by LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS. T2 - ANAKON 2017 CY - Tübingen, Germany DA - 03.04.2017 KW - Metformin KW - Transformation PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40254 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Goedecke, Caroline A1 - Mülow-Stollin, U. A1 - Hering, S. A1 - Richter, Janine A1 - Piechotta, Christian A1 - Paul, Andrea A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Investigation of sorption of environmental pollutants to virgin and aged microplastic N2 - Plastics are used in many applications, such as packaging, building and construction, mobility and transport and more. Due to their favourable properties like light weight, flexible processing and low costs their production and consequently their input into natural systems has increased significantly over the last decades. In the environment (photo )oxidation processes and mechanical abrasion lead to the decomposition of the plastics. During this process microplastics (<5 mm) can be formed. It has been shown that environmental pollutants can sorb to these microplastics.[1,2] Nevertheless, knowledge on this topic is still limited. Our work aims at the investigation of the sorption behaviour of the triazole fungicide difenoconazole to simulated microplastics made of virgin polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS). Sorption experiments were planned based on a full factorial design with agitation, salinity, and pH value as parameters. The results of our study revealed that difenoconazole indeed, has sorbed to all microplastics tested here. Data analysis showed that agitation is the main influencing factor, whereas salinity and the pH value held little to no significance on the amount of sorbed difenoconazole. To simulate the behaviour of naturally aged microplastics, sorption to cryo-milled PP and acid-treated PA was also studied. The thus treated samples were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC). FTIR spectroscopy did not show any changes in the chemical structure but GPC and DSC measurements indicated a systematic chain scission of the treated PA. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images illustrate that milling of the microplastics leads to non-spherical, star-shaped particles. This fact has a huge influence on the surface properties and consequently on the absorption. The results of our study are important in terms of i) creating realistic sorption scenarios with relevant parameters for the sorption process, as well as for ii) the choice of proper materials to simulate naturally occurring microplastics. We could show that not only the characteristics of the material like particle size distribution or surface properties are important, but also the applied analytical technique which is used for the characterization of the material . Since there is no standard methodology for microplastic identification and quantification, we suggest to combine several methods to obtain a reliable overall characterization. T2 - ICCE 2017 CY - Oslo, Norway DA - 18.06.2017 KW - Sorption KW - Microplastics KW - Environmental pollutants KW - Dynamic scanning calorimetry PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40748 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -