TY - CONF A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Detektion von Mikroplastik in Flaschenwasser mittels thermoanalytischer Verfahren N2 - Im Vortrag wird ein Messfiltertiegel als Zusatztool für die TED-GC/MS vorgestellt, welcher für die Probenaufbereitung von kleinen Partikelfrachten oder kleinen Partikelgrößen genutzt werden kann. Er ist Filtereinheit und Messtiegel in einem, wodurch Verluste bei der Überführung der Probe in das Messgefäß sowie Kontaminationen vermindert werden. Das beispiel ist hier die Filtration von Flaschenwasser mit anschließender Detektion mit der TED-GC/MS. T2 - BVL_Kick-off Meeting "Mikroplastik in Lebensmitteln" CY - Online meeting DA - 03.12.2020 KW - Mikroplastik KW - TED-GC/MS KW - Kleine Partikel KW - Geringe Partikelfrachten KW - Mikroplastik-Massengehalte PY - 2020 AN - OPUS4-51794 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wawrzyn, Eliza A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Ciesielski, M. A1 - Kretzschmar, B. A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Döring, M. T1 - Are novel aryl phosphates competitors for bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) in halogen-free flame-retarded polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends? N2 - The reactivity of the flame retardant and its decomposition temperature control the condensed-phase action in bisphenol A polycarbonate/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene/polytetrafluoroethylene (PC/ABSPTFE) blends. Thus, to increase charring in the condensed phase of PC/ABSPTFE + aryl phosphate, two halogen-free flame retardants were synthesized: 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexylbisphenol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (TMC-BDP) and bisphenol A bis(diethyl phosphate) (BEP). Their performance is compared to bisphenol A bis(diphenyl phosphate) (BDP) in PC/ABSPTFE blend. The comprehensive study was carried out using thermogravimetry (TG); TG coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TG-FTIR); the Underwriters Laboratory burning chamber (UL 94); limiting oxygen index (LOI); cone calorimeter at different irradiations; tensile, bending and heat distortion temperature tests; as well as rheological studies and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). With respect to pyrolysis, TMC-BDP works as well as BDP in the PC/ABSPTFE blend by enhancing the cross-linking of PC, whereas BEP shows worse performance because it prefers cross-linking with itself rather than with PC. As to its fire behavior, PC/ABSPTFE + TMC-BDP presents results very similar to PC/ABSPTFE + BDP; the blend PC/ABSPTFE + BEP shows lower flame inhibition and higher total heat evolved (THE). The UL 94 for the materials with TMC-BDP and BDP improved from HB to V0 for specimens of 3.2 mm thickness compared to PC/ABSPTFE and PC/ABSPTFE + BEP; the LOI increased from around 24% up to around 28%, respectively. BEP works as the strongest plasticizer in PC/ABSPTFE, whereas the blends with TMC-BDP and BDP present the same rheological properties. PC/ABSPTFE + TMC-BDP exhibits the best mechanical properties among all flame-retarded blends. KW - Polycarbonate (PC) KW - Aryl phosphate KW - Flame retardancy KW - Pyrolysis KW - PC/ABS PY - 2012 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.06.015 SN - 0014-3057 SN - 1873-1945 VL - 48 IS - 9 SP - 1561 EP - 1574 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-26292 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Weathering resistance of halogen-free fire retardant polymeric materials T2 - MODEST CY - Liège, Belgium DA - 2008-09-06 PY - 2008 AN - OPUS4-18004 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Schartel, Bernhard A1 - Trubiroha, Peter T1 - Influence of weathering on the stability of flame retardancy in polymeric materials for outdoor use T2 - 4th European weathering symposium - Natural and artificial ageing of polymers CY - Budapest, Hungary DA - 2009-09-16 KW - Flame retardancy KW - Weathering KW - Stability KW - Polymeric material KW - Outdoor PY - 2009 SN - 978-3-9810472-8-8 IS - CEEES Publication No. 11 SP - 313 EP - 326 PB - DWS Werbeagentur und Verlag GmbH CY - Karlsruhe AN - OPUS4-20060 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Bannick, C.G. A1 - Szewzyk, R. A1 - Ricking, M. A1 - Schniegler, S. A1 - Obermaier, N. A1 - Barthel, A. K. A1 - Altmann, Korinna A1 - Eisentraut, Paul T1 - Development and testing of a fractionated filtration for sampling of microplastics in water N2 - A harmonization of sampling, sample preparation and detection is pivotal in order to obtain comparable data on microplastics (MP) in the environment. This paper develops and proposes a suitable sampling concept for waterbodies that considers different plastic specific properties and influencing factors in the environment. Both artificial water including defined MP fractions and the discharge of a wastewater treatment plant were used to verify the derived sampling procedure, sample preparation and the subsequent analysis of MP using thermal extraction-desorption gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS). A major finding of this paper is that an application of various particle size classes greatly improves the practical handling of the sampling equipment. Size classes also enable the TED-GC-MS to provide any data on the MP size distribution, a substantial sampling property affecting both the necessary sampling volume and the optimal sampling depth. In the artificial water with defined MP fractions, the recovery rates ranged from 80 to 110%, depending on the different MP types and MP size classes. In the treated wastewater, we found both Polyethylene and polystyrene in different size classes and quantities. KW - Microplastics KW - Sampling KW - Sampling techniques KW - Water PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.045 SN - 0043-1354 VL - 149 SP - 650 EP - 658 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-47200 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eitzen, L. A1 - Paul, S. A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Altmann, Korinna A1 - Jekel, M. A1 - Ruhl, A. T1 - The challenge in preparing particle suspensions for aquatic microplastic research N2 - The occurrence of small particles consisting of organic polymers, so-called microplastic (MP), in aquatic Environments attracts increasing interest in both public and science. Recent sampling campaigns in surface Waters revealed substantial numbers of particles in the size range from a few micrometers to a few millimeters. In order to validate sample preparation, identification and quantification and to investigate the behavior of MP particles and potential toxic effects on organisms, defined MP model particles are needed. Many studies use spherical compounds that probably behave differently compared to irregularly shaped MP found in environmental samples. However, preparation and handling of MP particles are challenging tasks and have been systematically investigated in the present study. Polystyrene (PS) as a commonly found polymer with a density slightly above that of water was selected as polymer type for milling and fractionation studies. A cryogenic ball mill proved to be practical and effective to produce particles in the size range from 1 to 200 μm. The yield of small particles increased with increasing pre-cooling and milling durations. Depending on the concentration and the size, PS particles do not completely disperse in water and particles partly creep vertically up along glass walls. Stabilized MP suspensions without use of surfactants that might harm organisms are needed for toxicological studies. The stabilization of PS particle suspensions with ozone treatment reduced the wall effect and increased the number of dispersed PS particles but increased the dissolved organic carbon concentration and changed the size Distribution of the particles. KW - Reference material KW - Microplastic PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.09.008 SN - 0013-9351 SN - 1096-0953 VL - 168 SP - 490 EP - 495 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-46462 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - New sampling strategies for optimised microplastic analysis in surface waters N2 - The occurrence of microplastic particles (MP) in nearly each environmental compartment but especially in water is well documented in an increasing amount of publication within the last few years. However, a comprehensive understanding of MP occurrence, sources and pathways in the environment as well as effects of MP on the environment is still unclear. Many of the studies are not compatible, because they used different sampling, sample preparation and detection techniques, resulting in a very broad variation and very different dimension of archived results. Hence a useful avoiding strategy for reduction the MP entry in the environment is not possible. Furthermore, the existing methods are often very time consuming, need user knowledge and labour force, which is often not acceptable for the routine monitoring of an action or sanction. The call for harmonised methods become loud and louder and promising efforts are done in this area. However, the scientific discussion is often focus on advantages and disadvantages of detection tools and sample preparation, less initiative is given to the sampling strategy. That is a pity, because every environmental scientist knows, a good analytical result depend on a good sampling strategy. The sampling of water seems on the first view easy because the sampling process include already an up concentration of the MP by means of sieves and filters. However, this filtering of water is often limited by filter cake on the sieves, consisting of high amount of natural particular matter. Hence often a small water volume is filtered, which will not own a representative amount of trait carriers or complex sieves cascades are used, which need a high technical equipment. Recently we presented a fast thermoanalytical method for the detection of polymers fractions in water samples. This method, thermo-extraction desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS) can analyse MP in water filtrates without sample preparations within 2-3 hours. Advantageous is the additional analysis of rubber particles from tires beside the MP. In order to come even faster we now start to develop new sampling strategies, which should be use for different water systems. It is intended to reduce the effort in the field and to elongate times for sampling to obtain a representatives result without random effects. In the present presentation we will show first result using a sedimentation box for sampling of MP from surface water. Advantages and disadvantages will be discussed and comparison to data from conventional fractionated filtration will be given. T2 - SETAC CY - Helsinki, Finland DA - 26.05.2019 KW - Microplastics KW - Sampling KW - Sampling techniques KW - Water PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48118 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Bahr, Horst A1 - Schartel, Bernhard T1 - Weathering resistance of halogen-free flame retardance in thermoplastics N2 - The influence of weathering on the fire retardancy of polymers is investigated by means of a cone calorimeter test, before and after artificial weathering. The surface degradation was monitored using different techniques (ATR–FTIR, microscopy, colour measurement). Different kinds of polymeric materials were chosen, all as they are used in practice: polycarbonate (PC) blends, polyamide (PA) and polypropylene (PP) flame-retarded with arylphosphate, melamine cyanurate (MC) and intumescent formulation based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP), respectively. All samples show material degradation at the surface due to weathering. No significant weathering influence occurs on the flame retardancy when it is a bulk property, as was observed for aryl phosphates in PC blends and MC in PA. When the fire retardancy is dominated by a surface mechanism, dependence on the duration of weathering is detected: for intumescent formulations based on ammonium APP in PP, a worsening in the formation of the intumescent network was observed. KW - Fire retardancy KW - Weathering resistance KW - Degradation KW - Intumescence KW - Cone calorimeter PY - 2010 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.08.020 SN - 0141-3910 SN - 1873-2321 VL - 95 IS - 12 SP - 2421 EP - 2429 PB - Applied Science Publ. CY - London AN - OPUS4-22612 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Elert, Anna Maria A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Dümichen, Erik A1 - Eisentraut, Paul A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Comparison of different methods for MP detection: What can we learn from them, and why asking the right question before measurments matters? N2 - In recent years, an increasing trend towards investigating and monitoring the contamination of the environment by microplastics (MP) (plastic pieces < 5 mm) has been observed worldwide. Nonetheless, a reliable methodology that would facilitate and automate the monitoring of MP is still lacking. With the goal of selecting practical and standardized methods, and considering the challenges in microplastics detection, we present here a critical evaluation of two vibrational spectroscopies, Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and two extraction methods: thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS) and liquid extraction with subsequent size exclusion chromatography (SEC) using a soil with known contents of PE, PP, PS and PET as reference material. The obtained results were compared in terms of measurement time, technique handling, detection limits and requirements for sample preparation. The results showed that in designing and selecting the right methodology, the scientific question that determines what needs to be understood is significant, and should be considered carefully prior to analysis. Depending on whether the object of interest is quantification of the MP particles in the sample, or merely a quick estimate of sample contamination with plastics, the appropriate method must be selected. To obtain overall information about MP in environmental samples, the combination of several parallel approaches should be considered. KW - Microplastics KW - FTIR imaging KW - Raman imaging KW - TED-GC-MS KW - SEC KW - Analysis and identification PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.074 SN - 0269-7491 SN - 1873-6424 VL - 231 IS - 2 SP - 1256 EP - 1264 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-42157 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -