TY - CONF A1 - Agea Blanco, Boris A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Meyer, Christian A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Günster, Jens T1 - Quantification of sand erosion on PV solar glass N2 - Solar glass in arid and semi-arid regions is exposed to sand storms which can affect the durability of PV modules. Related erosion processes have been extensively studied but the results given are difficult to compare due to being obtained by different variables like particle speed and sand mass. This study correlates the damage of solar panels to the cumulative impact energy as a global parameter. T2 - 91. Glastechnische Tagung CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 29.05.2017 KW - Glass KW - Sandblasting KW - Erosion KW - Sandstorm KW - Transmittance KW - Roughness PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42856 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Agea Blanco, Boris A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Müller, Ralf T1 - Sintering and Foaming of Barium Silicate Glass Powders N2 - The manufacture of sintered glasses and glass-ceramics, glass matrix composites, and glass-bounded ceramics or pastes is often affected by gas bubble formation. Against this background, we studied sintering and foaming of barium silicate glass powders used as SOFC sealants using different powder milling procedures. Sintering was measured by means of heating microscopy backed up by XPD, differential thermal analysis, vacuum hot extraction (VHE), and optical and electron microscopy. Foaming increased significantly as milling progressed. For moderately milled glass powders, subsequent storage in air could also promote foaming. Although the powder compacts were uniaxially pressed and sintered in air, the milling atmosphere significantly affected foaming. The strength of this effect increased in the order Ar ≈ N2 < air < CO2. Conformingly, VHE studies revealed that the pores of foamed samples predominantly encapsulated CO2, even for powders milled in Ar and N2. Results of this study thus indicate that foaming is caused by carbonaceous species trapped on the glass powder surface. Foaming could be substantially reduced by milling in water and 10 wt% HCl. T2 - 91. Glastechnische Tagung CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 29.05.2017 KW - Glass powder sintering KW - Milling KW - Foaming KW - Degassing KW - SOFC PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42858 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Agea Blanco, Boris A1 - Reinsch, Stefan A1 - Müller, Ralf A1 - Günster, Jens T1 - The Effect of Sandblasting on Module Glazing N2 - Surface roughness, RZ, normal transmittance, ΤN, total transmittance, ΤT, and photovoltaic (PV) module efficiency, ηS, were measured for commercial solar glass plates and PV test modules identically sandblasted with different loads of quartz sand (200–400 μm), impact inclination angles, and sand particle speed. Measured data are presented versus the specific energy uptake during sand blasting, E (J/m2). Cracks, adhering particles, and scratch-like textures probably caused by plastic flow phenomena could be observed after sand blasting. Their characteristic size was much smaller than that of sand particles. After blasting and subsequent cleaning, the glass surface was still covered with adhering glass particles. These particles, cracks, and scratch-like textures could not be removed by cleaning. For sand blasting with α = 30° inclination angle and E = 30 000 J/m2, normal transmittance, total transmittance, and relative module efficiency decreased by 29%, 2% and ∽2%, respectively. This finding indicates that diffusive transmission of light substantially contributes to PV module efficiency and that the module efficiency decrease caused by sand erosion can be better estimated from total than by normal transmittance measurements. T2 - 7th SOPHIA PV-Module Reliability Workshop CY - Freiburg, Germany DA - 06.06.2017 KW - Photovoltaic Module KW - Sandstorm KW - Erosion KW - Sandblasting KW - Transmittance KW - Roughness KW - Efficiency PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-42861 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -