TY - CONF A1 - Binder, Christian T1 - Ignition Sensitivity of Nonmetallic Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Air (NITROX) - A Never Ending Story in SCUBA Diving? T2 - ASTM 12th International Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2009-10-07 PY - 2009 N1 - Geburtsname von Kasch, Thomas: Tillack, Th. - Birth name of Kasch, Thomas: Tillack, Th. AN - OPUS4-20754 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Binder, Christian A1 - Arlt, Karin A1 - Brock, Thomas A1 - Hartwig, Peter A1 - Hesse, Olaf A1 - Kasch, Thomas T1 - The importance of quality assurance and batch testing on nonmetallic meaterials used for oxygen service N2 - In oxygen components, even for high pressure oxygen service, it is possible to use organic seals, lubricants, or filling liquids, provided their oxygen compatibility has been checked. However, fire incidents in oxygen systems still occur because these materials ignite and burn. There are many reasons, such as incorrect design, contamination, faulty operation, unsuitable materials, etc., why this happens. Another cause that is overseen very often is proper maintenance on the user´s side. It is very important to replace in a component a worn out seal by the same one with identical oxygen compatibility properties. On the part of the producer or distributor of materials, batch testing and also a quality assurance system play a key role in the safety of an oxygen component. Any change in the manufacturing process of a material, or in its composition, and even its further processing may have an impact on its oxygen compatibility and finally on the component in which it is used. Numerous investigations by BAM over decades reveal the influence of minor constituents and fillers on a material´s oxygen compatibility. The test results in this paper show how important it is to regularly perform batch testing on nonmetallic materials used for oxygen service and to have a quality assurance system that helps minimize incidents where unsuitable materials are chosen by accident. KW - Oxygen compatibility KW - Nonmetallic materials KW - Pneumatic impact KW - Flammability KW - Components KW - Maintenance KW - Batch testing KW - Quality assurance PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI102309 SN - 1546-962X VL - 6 IS - 8 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - American Society for Testing and Materials CY - West Conshohocken, Pa. AN - OPUS4-20740 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Binder, Christian A1 - Brock, Thomas A1 - Hesse, Olaf A1 - Lehné, Siegfried A1 - Kasch, Thomas T1 - Ignition sensitivity of nonmetallic materials in oxygen-enriched air (NITROX): a never ending story in SCUBA diving? N2 - Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) divers use different mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen as breathing gas. The so-called NITROX mixture often contains more oxygen than is contained in air and may increase the fire hazard in diving equipment. The SCUBA diving community, however, still differentiates between NITROX mixtures that contain more than 40 % oxygen or less. They consider a mixture with up to 40 % oxygen often as regular air. In filling operations of SCUBA cylinders, gas flows from high pressure to low pressure. Because of compressive heating, a sudden temperature rise in the gas occurs and nonmetallic materials, e.g., seals may ignite. BAM has used the pneumatic impact test to investigate the ignition sensitivity of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), fluorelastomer (FPM), polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and nylon (PA 6.6) to gaseous impacts in synthetic air, in various NITROX mixtures, and in pure oxygen. The test results clearly show that for nonmetallic materials, the maximum pressure of nonreaction in NITROX mixtures decreases at a content of 29 % oxygen in comparison to those in air. In addition, autoignition temperatures of the nonmetallic materials were also determined. The findings of this investigation support very well the results of other publications on oxygen enrichment. As a consequence of this study, in SCUBA diving, the same safety requirements for NITROX mixtures with more than 21 % oxygen should be applied as for pure oxygen in the industry. KW - NITROX KW - SCUBA diving KW - Filling process KW - Pneumatic impact KW - Autoignition temperature KW - Flammability KW - Nonmetallic materials KW - Oxygen mixtures KW - Fire hazard KW - Oxygen enrichment PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI102262 SN - 1546-962X VL - 6 IS - 8 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - American Society for Testing and Materials CY - West Conshohocken, Pa. AN - OPUS4-20741 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Newton, B.E. A1 - Chiffoleau, G.J.A. A1 - Steinberg, T. A1 - Binder, Christian T1 - Adiabatic compression testing - part II: background and approach to estimating severity of test methodology N2 - Adiabatic compression testing of components in gaseous oxygen is a test method that is utilized worldwide and is commonly required to qualify a component for ignition tolerance under its intended service. This testing is required by many industry standards organizations and government agencies; however, a thorough evaluation of the test parameters and test system influences on the thermal energy produced during the test has not yet been performed. This paper presents a background for adiabatic compression testing and discusses an approach to estimating potential differences in the thermal profiles produced by different test laboratories. A "thermal profile test fixture" (TPTF) is described that is capable of measuring and characterizing the thermal energy for a typical pressure shock by any test system. The test systems at Wendell Hull and Associates, Inc., in the United States and at the BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing in Germany are compared in this manner and some of the data obtained are presented. The paper also introduces a new way of comparing the test method to idealized processes to perform system-by-system comparisons. Thus, the paper introduces an "idealized severity index" (ISI) of the thermal energy to characterize a rapid pressure surge. From the TPTF data a "test severity index" can also be calculated so that the thermal energies developed by different test systems can be compared to each other and to the ISI for the equivalent isentropic process. Finally, a "service severity index" is introduced to characterize the thermal energy of actual service conditions. This paper is the second in a series of publications planned on the subject of adiabatic compression testing. KW - Adiabatic compression KW - Pneumatic impact KW - Gaseous fluid impact KW - Isentropic compression KW - Oxygen KW - Shock-wave heating KW - Thermal profile KW - Severity index PY - 2009 DO - https://doi.org/10.1520/JAI102297 SN - 1546-962X VL - 6 IS - 8 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - American Society for Testing and Materials CY - West Conshohocken, Pa. AN - OPUS4-20742 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -