TY - CHAP A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Bevilacqua, A. A1 - Alejano, C. A1 - Conde, J.M. A1 - Einziger, R.E. A1 - Fukuda, S.-I. A1 - González Espartero, A. A1 - Gouzy-Portaix, S. A1 - Haddad Andalaf, R.E. A1 - Hambley, D. A1 - Issard, H. A1 - Kessler, J. A1 - Kurpaska, L. A1 - Legat, A. A1 - Qureshi, A.H. A1 - Ruiz, J. A1 - Shirai, K. A1 - Šmaižys, A. A1 - Verrastro, C.A. ED - González Espartero, A. T1 - Demonstrating performance of spent fuel and related storage system components during very long term storage - Final report of a coordinated research project N2 - This publication summarizes the work carried out during an IAEA coordinated research project (CRP) on safe and reliabe management of spent nuclear fuel. This work contributes to the overall goal of demonstrating the performance of spent nuclear fuel and related storage systems components over long durations, and facilitates the transfer of this knowledge to Member States. The technical areas addressed by the CRP participants were related to potential degradation mechanisms in metal casks and concrete overpacks, such as stress corrosion cracking; long term integrity and performance of the fuel cladding; thermo-mechanical behaviour of the metal seals; and long term gamma and neutron shielding capability. The participants also considered past and ongoing demonstration programmes. For each technical topic addressed the main conclusions have been drawn, including information on the development of specific monitoring and inspection techniques as well as future opportunities for closing relevant data gaps. A major achievement is also the establishment of a worldwide network of experts working on current research projects to demonstrate the long term performance of spent fuel in dry storage systems. KW - Spent fuel KW - Storage system components KW - Very long term storage PY - 2019 UR - https://www.iaea.org/publications/13553/demonstrating-performance-of-spent-fuel-and-related-storage-system-components-during-very-long-term-storage SN - 978–92–0–103319–2 SN - 1011–4289 VL - 1878 SP - 1 EP - 198 PB - IAEA Publishing Section CY - Vienna, Austria AN - OPUS4-48519 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Bevilacqua, A. A1 - Carlsen, B. A1 - Chiguer, M. A1 - González-Espartero, A. A1 - Grahn, P. A1 - Saegusa, T. A1 - Sampson, M. A1 - Seelev, I. A1 - Wasinger, K. A1 - Waters, M. ED - González-Espartero (IAEA), A. T1 - Storing spent fuel until transport to reprocessing or disposal N2 - Spent fuel storage periods well beyond those originally foreseen are a reality. This publication offers several ideas and approaches that may be considered to address the increasingly longer storage times. The aim is to raise awareness, encourage dialogue and provide ideas on how to manage spent fuel. Key messages include the following: - Delays in reprocessing or disposal could result in spent fuel being stored for 100 years or longer. Safe, secure and effective storage of spent fuel manages fuel degradation while preserving future fuel cycle options. - Ageing management programmes apply engineering, operations and maintenance actions to ensure safety is maintained during storage, future handling and transport. - Site selection and facility and equipment design can significantly reduce the risks and costs of spent fuel storage over longer periods. - Spent fuel storage configurations can be selected to accommodate uncertain storage periods, to facilitate ageing management and to provide flexibility needed to accommodate the uncertainty of future end points, such as reprocessing or disposal. - By considering multiple licence renewals, regulatory frameworks can be designed to ensure safe storage until an acceptable end point is achieved. - Safety can be assured by maintaining shielding, containment, decay heat removal and criticality control. Navigating the complexity of societal beliefs and values, as well as political systems, has proven to be a greater challenge for the management of spent fuel than maintaining its safety and security or addressing the technical and economic aspects. - Sustainable spent fuel management requires policies and strategies to provide a clear, consistent and stable direction because they drive the need for spent fuel storage as well as the available options and timing for achieving an acceptable end point. Unless States address spent fuel reprocessing and disposal on a sufficient scale to accommodate their spent fuel discharges, then storage for longer and longer periods becomes the de facto end point — which is not considered to be consistent with the responsibility to protect human health and the environment. An effective, periodic licence renewal process can ensure effective ageing management and strong institutional control. Hence, spent fuel can be safely and securely stored for as long as it may be necessary until transport for reprocessing or disposal. However, the risks and costs of storing the growing inventory of spent fuel will continue to increase; and in the absence of an end point, it will eventually become a significant societal burden. KW - Storing spent fuel KW - Extended storing KW - Unknown storage duration PY - 2019 UR - https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/P1846_web.pdf SN - 978-92-0-100719-3 SN - 1995-7807 SP - 1 EP - 54 PB - IAEA Publishing Section CY - Wien, Austria AN - OPUS4-47693 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bevilacqua, N. A1 - Asset, T. A1 - Schmid, M. A. A1 - Markötter, Henning A1 - Manke, I. A1 - Atanassov, P. A1 - Zeis, R. T1 - Impact of catalyst layer morphology on the operation of high temperature PEM fuel cells N2 - Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a well-established method to analyze a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). However, without further data processing, the impedance spectrum yields only qualitative insight into the mechanism and individual contribution of transport, kinetics, and ohmic losses to the overall fuel cell limitations. The distribution of relaxation times (DRT) method allows quantifying each of these polarization losses and evaluates their contribution to a given electrocatalyst's depreciated performances. We coupled this method with a detailed morphology study to investigate the impact of the 3D-structure on the processes occurring inside a high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC). We tested a platinum catalyst (Pt/C), a platinum-cobalt alloy catalyst (Pt3Co/C), and a platinum group metal-free iron-nitrogen-carbon (Fe–N–C) catalyst. We found that the hampered mass transport in the latter is mainly responsible for its low performance in the MEA (along with its decreased intrinsic performances for the ORR reaction). The better performance of the alloy catalyst can be explained by both improved mass transport and a lower ORR resistance. Furthermore, single-cell tests show that the catalyst layer morphology influences the distribution of phosphoric acid during conditioning. KW - High-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell KW - Platinum-free catalyst KW - Mass transport KW - Oxygen reduction reaction KW - Distribution of relaxation times analysis PY - 2021 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-520917 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powera.2020.100042 VL - 7 SP - 100042 PB - Elsevier Ltd. AN - OPUS4-52091 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Droste, Bernhard A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Bevilacqua, A. A1 - Reiche, I. A1 - Harvey, J. A1 - Hirose, M. A1 - Kumano, Y. A1 - McConnell, P. A1 - Saegusa, T. A1 - Einziger, R. ED - González-Espartero, A. T1 - Methodology for a Safety Case of a Dual Purpose Cask for Storage and Transport of Spent Fuel N2 - Spent nuclear fuel which is generated in the operation of nuclear reactors needs to be safely managed following its removal from the reactor core. On-site power reactor storage pools were designed on the assumption that after a short period of time spent nuclear fuel would be removed for reprocessing and disposal or further storage elsewhere. The amount of highly radioactive spent fuel that needs to be stored over longer periods of time is growing and additional storage capacity is required. One of the widely used options for additional storage capacity is the use of casks for dry storage of spent fuel. Among various existing dry storage concepts, several Member States are utilizing a concept of dual purpose casks (DPCs). This publication provides practical advice on the structure and contents of a DPC integrated safety case with reference to existing IAEA requirements relevant to the licensing and use of transport and storage casks for spent fuel. KW - Dual Purpose Cask KW - Spent Fuel KW - Storage KW - Transport PY - 2020 UR - https://www.iaea.org/publications/10966/methodology-for-a-safety-case-of-a-dual-purpose-cask-for-storage-and-transport-of-spent-fuel SN - 978-92-0-131620-2 SN - 1011–4289 SP - 1 EP - 109 PB - IAEA Publishing Section CY - Vienna, Austria AN - OPUS4-51962 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -