TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - aRTist - Analytical RT Inspection Simulation Tool for Industrial Application T2 - 17th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Shanghai, China DA - 2008-10-25 KW - Computer Simulation KW - Radiography KW - Computed Tomography KW - Ray Tracing PY - 2008 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - International Committee for Non-Destructive Testing CY - Shanghai AN - OPUS4-18584 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - aRTist - Analytical RT Inspection Simulation Tool T2 - DIR 2007 - International Symposium on Digital industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography CY - Lyon, France DA - 2007-06-25 KW - Computer Simulation KW - Radiography KW - Computed Tomography KW - Ray Tracing PY - 2007 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/dir2007/papers/s1.pdf SP - 1 EP - 5 CY - Lyon, France AN - OPUS4-16086 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Schumm, A. A1 - Tabary, J. A1 - Duvauchelle, P. ED - Thompson, D. O. ED - Chimenti, D. E. T1 - A proposed benchmark problem for scatter calculations in radiographic modelling T2 - 35th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Chicago, IL, USA DA - 2008-07-20 KW - Radiography KW - Justifications or modifications of Monte Carlo methods KW - Emission KW - Absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation KW - X-ray scattering KW - Radiographie KW - Simulation KW - Benchmark KW - Monte Carlo Verfahren KW - Streustrahlung PY - 2009 SN - 978-0-7354-0629-2 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings IS - 1096 SP - 1930 EP - 1937 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-20134 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe A1 - Alekseychuk, Oleksandr A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Rost, P. A1 - Schmid, M. T1 - Korrosionsmapping an Rohrleitungen T2 - DGZfP-JAHRESTAGUNG 2002 CY - Weimar, Germany DA - 2002-05-06 PY - 2002 AN - OPUS4-19974 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Schumm, A. A1 - Tabary, J. A1 - Duvauchelle, P. ED - Thompson, D.O. ED - Chimenti, D.E. T1 - Radiographic benchmark problem 2009 - scatter calculations in modelling T2 - 36th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Kingston, RI, USA DA - 2009-07-26 KW - Radiography KW - Justifications or modifications of Monte Carlo methods KW - Emission KW - Absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation KW - X-ray scattering KW - Simulation KW - Röntgenspektrum Benchmark KW - Monte Carlo Modell PY - 2010 SN - 978-0-7354-0748-0 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 1211 SP - 2117 EP - 2124 CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-21137 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Skachkov, M. A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten ED - Thompson, D.O. ED - Chimenti, D.E. T1 - Simulation of electron transport T2 - 36th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Kingston, RI, USA DA - 2009-07-26 KW - Electron transport KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Stopping power KW - Simulation KW - Elektronentransport PY - 2010 SN - 978-0-7354-0748-0 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 1211 SP - 572 EP - 578 CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-21134 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Warrikhoff, A. ED - Thompson, D.O. ED - Chimenti, D.E. T1 - Simulation and experimental verification of X-ray spectra T2 - 36th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Kingston, RI, USA DA - 2009-07-26 KW - X-ray KW - Spectrum KW - Simulation KW - Röntgenspektrum KW - Dekonvolution PY - 2010 SN - 978-0-7354-0748-0 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 1211 SP - 535 EP - 540 CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-21136 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Zhukovskiy, M. A1 - Skachkov, M. A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas T1 - Monte Carlo simulating the electron emission from surfaces of objects being under radiation T2 - 10th European conference on non-destructive testing CY - Moscow, Russia DA - 2010-06-07 KW - Simulation KW - Elektronentransport PY - 2010 IS - Paper 4.02.18 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-22764 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Warrikhoff, A. T1 - Optimization of X-ray sources by modeling T2 - 10th European conference on non-destructive testing CY - Moscow, Russia DA - 2010-06-07 KW - Simulation KW - Elektronentransport KW - Röntgenquellen PY - 2010 IS - Paper 4.02.18 SP - 1 EP - 10 AN - OPUS4-22766 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Simulation supported reliability analysis in radiography T2 - 10th European conference on non-destructive testing CY - Moscow, Russia DA - 2010-06-07 KW - Simulation KW - Zuverlässigkeit KW - POD PY - 2010 IS - Paper 4.02.18 SP - 1 EP - 13 AN - OPUS4-22767 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Simulation of Complex Scan Paths for 3D Reconstruction T2 - International Symposium on Digital Industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 2011-06-20 PY - 2011 AN - OPUS4-24383 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schulze, M. A1 - Staude, Andreas A1 - Neukamm, M. A1 - Neuschaefer-Rube, U. A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Bartscher, M. A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Hilpert, U. ED - Weckenmann, A. T1 - Hochgenaue Geometriebestimmung von Mikrobauteilen mit Computertomographie (CT) N2 - Ziel des Vorhabens ist die hochgenaue und vollständige Erfassung innerer und äußerer Geometrien von Mikrobauteilen mittels Mikro-Computertomographie (µCT). Industriell wichtige Mikrobauteile sind z.B. Einspritzsysteme, Festplattenkomponenten oder Instrumente für die minimal-invasive Chirurgie. Typische Bauteilgrößen liegen hier im Bereich 0,1 mm - 100mm; typische zu messende Strukturen haben Größen von 0,5 µm - 500 µm. Mit klassischen Methoden der Messtechnik ist eine schnelle und hochgenaue Erfassung der gesamten Oberfläche von Mikrobauteilen bisher kaum möglich. Innenstrukturen von Mikrobauteilen können mit keiner optischen oder taktilen Messtechnik zerstörungsfrei gemessen werden. Diese Einschränkungen sollen mittels hochgenauer µCT überwunden werden. Hierzu soll der Messprozess simuliert werden, um die Anwendung von Korrekturverfahren zur Genauigkeitssteigerung zu ermöglichen. CT-Messungen an kalibrierten Mikroprüfkörpern sollen die Korrekturverfahren verifizieren. Für die Kalibrierung der Prüfkörper sollen Multisensor-Verfahren entwickelt und getestet werden. Diese sollen es erlauben, Prüfkörper gleichzeitig hochgenau und mit großer Messpunktdichte zu kalibrieren. Es ist geplant, die an Prüfkörpern erreichten Messunsicherheiten und Auflösungen zum Projektabschluss an realen, industriellen Mikrobauteilen (z.B. Mikrozahnrädern) messtechnisch nachzuweisen. T2 - Abschlusskolloquium DFG Schwerpunktprogramm 1159 - Neue Strategien der Mess- und Prüftechnik für die Produktion von Mikrosystemen und Nanostrukturen CY - Erlangen, Deutschland DA - 06.10.2010 PY - 2011 SN - 978-3-8440-0358-1 SN - 0945-0769 SP - 36 EP - 52 PB - Shaker Verlag GmbH AN - OPUS4-24875 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Przybilla, Waldemar ED - Thompson, D.O. ED - Chimenti, D.E. T1 - Measurement and modeling of scatter ratios at high energies N2 - Determining scatter ratios at high energies (> ~ 1MeV) presents challenges not immediately obvious from measurements at conventional X-ray energies. This includes reduced attenuation even in heavy elements as well as a stronger forward bias of scattering. In order to check the reliability of different measurement setups with regard to material thicknesses, distances, and collimation, attenuation and scattering were separately simulated using a Monte Carlo model. The simulation results help in understanding the sources of radiation scattered into the detection area, thereby aiding in eliminating undesired contributions. T2 - 37th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - San Diego, CA, USA DA - 18.07.2010 KW - Radiography KW - Optimisation KW - X-ray detection KW - Simulation KW - High energy KW - Co-60 KW - Modeling KW - Scatter PY - 2011 SN - 978-0-7354-0888-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3591895 SN - 0743-0760 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings IS - 1335 SP - 517 EP - 524 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville, NY AN - OPUS4-25358 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Realistic Simulation of CT Systems - An Introduction to The CTSimU2 Project N2 - The project series CTSimU was initiated with the goal to develop a set of procedures to enable the determination of the task-specific measurement uncertainty of a CT system numerically by radiographic simulation. The first project (2019-2022) “Radiographic Computed Tomography Simulation for Measurement Uncertainty Evaluation - CTSimU” was focused on the sufficient physical correctness of the radiographic simulation and created as a result a test framework for simulation softwares and a draft of a VDI standard in the series VDI/VDE 2630 for this application. However, for the realistic simulation of a CT system in a simulation software (i.e. a digital twin), not only the correctness of the simulation software itself is crucial, but also the quality of the parameterization of the CT system in the simulation software - this represents the starting point of the 2nd project “Realistic Simulation of real CT systems with a basic-qualified Simulation Software - CTSimU2” (2022-2024). The parameterization of a CT system in a simulation software can be divided into four steps: after the data acquisition at the real CT system (step 1) follows the evaluation of the acquired data for the generation of general parameter specifications (step 2). It follows the transfer of the parameters into the specific simulation software (step 3) and the validation of the resulting simulation parameters by a suitable test (step 4). The intended result of the project CTSimU2 is a draft VDI standard (for VDI/VDE 2630) for this test, which contains an informative annex on the state of the art regarding the possibilities for parameter determination. T2 - 13th European Conference on Non-Destructive Testing (ECNDT) CY - Lisbon, Portugal DA - 03.07.2023 KW - X-ray computed tomography KW - dXCT KW - Simulation PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58923 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Virtual CT with aRTist N2 - The software aRTist is a simulation tool for the generation of realistic radiographs of virtual radiographic superstructures. With radiographic simulations, virtual component models can be scanned as in a computer tomograph. Industrial X-ray computed tomography (CT) enables the non-destructive detection of internal and external surfaces as well as inhomogeneities of technical objects. Virtual CT offers new possibilities for the investigation of parameter influences of this complex testing and measuring technique. In addition to the option of switching physical effects on and off, scanning movements can also be tested before their technical realization. The virtual CT generates projection images from different directions for the subsequent reconstruction of a volume model of the examined object. The reconstruction of the simulated scans is carried out with the algorithms and programs for real scans. Tomographic scans consist of a large number of projections, which practically cannot be generated individually by the user of a simulation. The software offers various options for the automated simulation of tomographic scans. These range from standard CT to scans on free trajectories or with individual projection matrices. T2 - 12th Conference on Industrial Computed Tomography (iCT) 2023 CY - Fürth, Germany DA - 27.02.2023 KW - X-ray computed tomography KW - Simulation PY - 2023 AN - OPUS4-58919 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Virtuelle CT N2 - Das Computerprogramm aRTist ist ein praktisches Simulationswerkzeug zur Erzeugung realistischer Radiographien virtueller Durchstrahlungsaufbauten. Mit Durchstrahlungssimulationen können Bauteile, repräsentiert durch STL-Geometrien, wie in einem Computertomografen gescannt werden. Dabei werden verschiedenste Parameter gezielt und exakt berücksichtigt. Die Virtuelle Computertomografie bietet neue Möglichkeiten der Untersuchung von Parametereinflüssen. Neben der Möglichkeit, physikalische Effekte an- und abzuschalten, z.B. die Streustrahlung, können auch Scanbewegungen getestet werden, bevor diese technisch realisiert werden. Das für die Forschung entwickelte Simulationsprogramm aRTist bietet mit seiner intuitiven grafischen Benutzeroberfläche vielfältige Anwendungsmöglichkeiten auch in Praxis und Entwicklung, beispielsweise zur Parameteroptimierung, für Machbarkeitsstudien oder zur Abschätzung der Unsicherheit dimensioneller Messungen. KW - Vituelle Computertomographie Simulation PY - 2020 SN - 2199-8299 VL - 2020 IS - April SP - 50 EP - 51 PB - TeDo Verlag GmbH CY - Marburg AN - OPUS4-50691 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - AdvanCT Virtual CT N2 - Simulation becomes more and more important in modern CT imaging. It is increasingly used to optimize techniques for complex applications, and for educational purposes. Simulation can also be used for uncertainty estimation of dimensional CT measurements. The radiographic simulator aRTist is a modelling tool which simulates X-ray imaging using a hybrid analytical and Monte-Carlo method to efficiently model the radiation transport. In addition to the relevant physical effects such as absorption and scattering, simplified fast models are employed to describe the characteristics of the X-ray source and the detector. aRTist is well equipped to model realistic X-ray imaging setups due to the ability to load exported CAD object descriptions. By repetitive simulation runs aRTist can function as virtual CT device. A simple CT scan module is contained in aRTist which allows the simulation of standard (circular cone beam) scanning trajectories. AdvanCT is a module for aRTist which allows to set up more complex scanning trajectories by attaching geometrical modification functions to the objects in the radiographic scene. In this way, advanced scanning modes can be realized. In addition to deterministic motion, also random variations can be introduced. By combining random variations with deterministic motion, non-ideal (realistic) CT scan geometries can be simulated, e.g. focal spot drift and mechanical instability of the axis of rotation. The AdvanCT module conveniently allows to construct these scenarios in a graphical interface and provides a preview before starting the (potentially long running) batch job. Therefore, deviations from ideal CT scan trajectories can be easily adjusted which is a necessary step towards uncertainty determination from simulation. T2 - dXCT conference 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 17.05.2021 KW - X-ray Virtual Computer Tomography Simulation PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52953 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - CTSimU — Durchstrahlungssimulation für die Messunsicherheitsbestimmung beim Messen geometrischer Merkmale mittels Röntgen- Computertomographie N2 - Die industrielle Röntgen-Computertomographie (CT) ist in der geometrischen Messtechnik die einzige Technologie, die sowohl innen- als auch außenliegende Merkmale eines Werkstücks mit einer Messung zerstörungsfrei messen kann. Die Güte der Messung kann mittels einer dem Messwert beigeordneten Messunsicherheit angegeben werden. Allerdings sind zur Ermittlung der Messunsicherheit für eine Messgröße einer CT-Messung nach Stand der Technik (VDI/VDE 2630 Blatt 2.1) zwanzig Wiederholmessungen an kalibrierten Werkstücken notwendig. Da die Messung mit realen CT-Messgeräten zeit- und kostenintensiv ist, wird analog zur taktilen Koordinatenmesstechnik eine numerische Messunsicherheitsbestimmung durch Simulation angestrebt (vgl. VDI/VDE 2617 Blatt 7, GUM Supplement 1). Die Simulation bietet den Vorteil, dass sie sowohl zeitsparend als auch kosten- und ressourceneffizient ist. Allerdings ist die Zuverlässigkeit der verschiedenen Simulationsumgebungen momentan nicht quantifizierbar. Für eine glaubwürdige Anwendung von Simulationsumgebungen für die Messunsicherheitsbestimmung benötigen Anwender eine Beurteilung derselben – auch um eine Norm- bzw. Richtliniensicherheit in der Praxis sicherzustellen. Das Ziel dieses Projekts ist es daher, einen Richtlinienentwurf VDI/VDE 2630 Blatt 2.2 „Basisqualifizierung von Softwaresystemen für die Simulation geometrischer Messungen mit Röntgen-Computertomografie“ zu erstellen. Auf dieser Basis soll es möglich sein, die Eignung von Simulationsumgebungen zur Ermittlung der aufgabenspezifischen Messunsicherheit zu bewerten. Dazu wird ein Testframework entwickelt, mit welchem Durchstrahlungssimulationssoftwares basisqualifiziert werden können. Das Projekt wird in der Förderrichtlinie WIPANO durch das Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie gefördert. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2021 CY - Online meeting DA - 10.05.2021 KW - Computertomographie Simulation PY - 2021 AN - OPUS4-52753 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Gollwitzer, Christian A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Radiographic simulator aRTist: version 2 N2 - Computer simulation of radiography can be used for different purposes in NDT, such as qualification of NDT systems, optimization of radiographic parameters, feasibility analysis, model-based data interpretation, and training of NDT/NDE personnel. BAM has been working on modeling in the field of radiographic testing for many years. With the gathered theoretical background and the familiarity with practical requirements of industrial application the simulation software aRTist has been developed. This analytical simulator includes a description of the radiation source, the interaction of radiation with test pieces and flaws, and the detection process with special focus on film and digital industrial radiology. It features high processing speed with nearinteractive frame rates and a high level of realism. Here we focus on the recent developments of the simulator, notably the release of aRTist version 2. Extended functionality regarding automated virtual computed tomography now allows for arbitrary scan paths. Another program extension supports reliability investigations and provides a user interface for planning automatic simulations with varying parameters and defects. T2 - 18th WCNDT - World conference on nondestructive testing CY - Durban, South Africa DA - 16.04.2012 KW - X-ray imaging KW - Radiographic testing KW - Simulation KW - Computed tomography PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-620-52872-6 SP - 1 EP - 7 (Paper 333) AN - OPUS4-27398 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Warrikhoff, A. T1 - Simulating X-ray spectra: from tube parameters to detector output N2 - A model is discussed which describes the generation of X-rays in conventional tubes using tabulated bremsstrahlung energy spectra depending on three variables: the target atomic number, the incident electron kinetic energy, and the fraction of energy radiated. Additionally a parameter-free description of the characteristic radiation is included. The constructed model includes technical tube parameters like kilovoltage, target material, and angles of electron incidence and photon emission to also account for self-absorption in the target, as well as radiographic parameters like filtering. In order to verify model results, detector response is also considered. The validity of the proposed model is shown by measurements. Future work includes the extension of the model to transmission targets. This research was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology under contract MNPQ transfer II D 5-30/06. T2 - 18th WCNDT - World conference on nondestructive testing CY - Durban, South Africa DA - 2012-04-16 KW - X-ray KW - Spectrum KW - Simulation PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-620-52872-6 SP - 1 EP - 8 (Paper 336) AN - OPUS4-27399 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gollwitzer, Christian A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Baron, H.-U. A1 - Ewert, Uwe T1 - Reliability investigations of radiographic testing using aRTist as a simulation tool N2 - Within the framework of the European project PICASSO, the radiographic simulator aRTist (analytical Radiographic Testing inspection simulation tool) developed by BAM has been extended for reliability assessment of film and digital radiography. A simulation supported probability of detection (POD) methodology has been developed and the validity of the approach has been studied using an application from the aeronautics industry. An experimental POD has been determined with the help of a specialized software tool, developed to aid with the collection of large series of POD data. The resulting POD is compared to simulations of the same setting using aRTist and the newly available module for simulation supported POD. A quantitative agreement within a few percent is achieved between the experimental and the simulation supported POD. T2 - 18th WCNDT - World conference on nondestructive testing CY - Durban, South Africa DA - 2012-04-16 KW - X-ray imaging KW - Probability of detection KW - Simulation PY - 2012 SN - 978-0-620-52872-6 SP - 1 EP - 10 (Paper 338) AN - OPUS4-27400 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Schumm, A. A1 - Guerin, P. ED - Chimenti, D.E. ED - Bond, L.J. ED - Thompson, D.O. T1 - A proposed benchmark for simulation in radiographic testing N2 - The purpose of this benchmark study is to compare simulation results predicted by various models of radiographic testing, in particular those that are capable of separately predicting primary and scatter radiation for specimens of arbitrary geometry. T2 - 40th Annual review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation CY - Baltimore, Maryland, USA DA - 21.07.2013 KW - Benchmark KW - Simulation KW - Radiographic testing PY - 2014 SN - 978-0-7354-1212-5 SN - 978-0-7354-1211-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4865082 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 1581 SP - 2101 EP - 2106 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-30756 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Zuverlässigkeit radiografischer Prüfungen und Simulationen T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2013 CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 2013-05-06 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29751 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger ED - Chimenti, D.E. ED - Bond, L.J. ED - Thompson, D.O. T1 - A benchmark concept for simulation in radiographic testing N2 - The new standard ISO 17636–2:2013 'NDT of welds: Radiographic testing - Part 2: X- and gamma ray techniques with digital detectors' describes a complex procedure for film replacement by phosphor imaging plates and digital detector arrays. RT modeling software should consider these detector types, X-ray film, and the standard requirements for image quality. Practitioners expect the same visibility of image quality indicators (IQI) in the simulated radiographs as in the experimental exposures. The proposed benchmark test is based on the comparison of experimental radiographs taken at BAM with modeled ones of participants. The experimental setup and the determination of the equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS) as described in the procedure of ASTM E 746 are used for quantitative evaluation of the achievable contrast sensitivity for step hole IQIs as considered in Annex B of ISO 17636-2. System classification data for Computed Radiography (CR) and film systems will be provided by BAM according to ISO 11699–1 for selected film systems and according to ASTM E 2446 for selected CR systems. The classification of films and digital detectors is based on the measurement of the dose response function, the basic spatial resolution (SRb) of the image, and the measured image noise, which depends on the detector efficiency, the quantum statistics, and the detector fixed pattern noise. T2 - 40th Annual review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation CY - Baltimore, Maryland, USA DA - 21.07.2013 KW - Digital radiography KW - Computed radiography KW - Benchmark KW - EPS KW - Modeling KW - Simulation KW - Contrast to noise ratio KW - Observer model PY - 2014 SN - 978-0-7354-1212-5 SN - 978-0-7354-1211-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4865044 SN - 0094-243X N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 33A SP - 1816 EP - 1823 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-30904 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Schumm, A. A1 - Lucet-Sanchez, F. A1 - Guerin, P. ED - Chimenti, D.E. ED - Bond, L.J. T1 - Radiography benchmark 2014 N2 - The purpose of the 2014 WFNDEC RT benchmark study was to compare predictions of various models of radiographic techniques, in particular those that predict the contribution of scattered radiation. All calculations were carried out for homogenous materials and a mono-energetic X-ray point source in the energy range between 100 keV and 10 MeV. The calculations were to include the best physics approach available considering electron binding effects. Secondary effects like X-ray fluorescence and bremsstrahlung production were to be taken into account if possible. The problem to be considered had two parts. Part I examined the spectrum and the spatial distribution of radiation behind a single iron plate. Part II considered two equally sized plates, made of iron and aluminum respectively, only evaluating the spatial distribution. Here we present the results of above benchmark study, comparing them to MCNP as the assumed reference model. The possible origins of the observed deviations are discussed. T2 - 41st Annual review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation CY - Boise, Idaho, USA DA - 20.07.2014 KW - Radiography KW - Spectrum KW - Modeling KW - Validation PY - 2015 SN - 978-0-7354-1292-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4914809 N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 1650 SP - 1834 EP - 1846 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-33083 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Ewert, Uwe ED - Chimenti, D.E. ED - Bond, L.J. T1 - Fast model of electron transport for radiographic spectrum simulation N2 - Correctly modeling the continuous photon spectrum of X-ray tubes requires detailed knowledge of the probability distribution of electron properties at the time of X-ray photon creation, in particular electron energy, depth within the target, and direction of movement. Semi-analytical X-ray spectrum models frequently assume a very simplified or even uniform distribution of electron direction. In the case of thick targets and small deviations from normal incidence this is a useful approximation. For thin targets or large deviations from normal incidence the correct distribution of electron directions becomes more important. As calculation speed is an important aspect of semi-analytical models compared to Monte Carlo simulations, fast evaluation of the distribution of electron properties is highly desirable. The approach presented here numerically evaluates the evolution of a discrete probability distribution of electron properties due to single electron scatter interactions within a plane target. This allows capturing the important aspects of the electron distribution while achieving runtimes of a few seconds up to a minute on a standard office PC. T2 - 41st Annual review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation CY - Boise, Idaho, USA DA - 20.07.2014 KW - Radiography KW - Spectrum KW - Modeling KW - Valildation PY - 2015 SN - 978-0-7354-1292-7 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4914656 N1 - Serientitel: AIP conference proceedings – Series title: AIP conference proceedings VL - 1650 SP - 579 EP - 585 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-33082 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Durchstrahlungssimulation mit aRTist - Kombination von analytischen und Monte-Carlo-Methoden T2 - DACH-Jahrestagung 2015 CY - Salzburg, Austria DA - 2015-05-11 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33586 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Radiography simulation with aRTist - Combining analytical and Monte Carlo methods N2 - Modelling becomes more and more important in modern NDE. It is increasingly used to optimize techniques for complex applications and to support the preparation of written procedures. Hence, computer simulation nowadays has to be able to handle all significant properties of an NDE system with sufficient accuracy. In case of radiographic applications this includes models of the radiation source, of the interaction of radiation with materials, of the detection process, and the geometrical description of the part or the construction. Depending on the given inspection problem and the influencing factors that should be addressed by the simulation an appropriate physical model has to be chosen to describe the underlying interaction mechanisms. The simulator aRTist combines analytical and Monte Carlo methods to efficiently model the radiation transport. Simulation is a powerful tool to separate different influencing factors. Here we focus on Monte-Carlo simulation of scatter contributions within aRTist. T2 - DIR 2015 - International symposium on digital industrial radiology and computed tomography CY - Ghent, Belgium DA - 22.06.2015 KW - CT KW - Multi-angle radiography KW - Modelling KW - Laminography KW - Radiographic testing (RT) PY - 2015 SP - 1 EP - 7 AN - OPUS4-33738 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Radiography simulation with aRTist - combining analytical and Monte-Carlo methods T2 - Digital Industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography (DIR 2015) CY - Ghent, Belgium DA - 2015-06-22 PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-33595 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - A general spectrum model for X-ray generators N2 - A fast quantitative model for the energy spectra of radiation emitted by X-ray tubes is described, handling thin as well as thick plane targets of arbitrary materials. The developed model is based on fundamental interaction cross sections, describing electron and photon transport via numerical integration of discretized distributions. While the focus lies on bremsstrahlung production, modeling of characteristic radiation is fully integrated. The model does not include any free parameters. The validity of the model is shown through comparison with measurements and Monte Carlo simulations for several combinations of target material and acceleration potential between 30 kV and 450 kV. KW - Modeling KW - X-ray KW - Spectrum KW - Bremsstrahlung KW - Electron transport PY - 2016 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2015.12.007 SN - 0963-8695 VL - 79 SP - 92 EP - 97 PB - Butterworth-Heinemann CY - Oxford AN - OPUS4-35263 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Schumm, A. A1 - Duvauchelle, P. A1 - Kaftandjian, V. A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Tabary, J. A1 - Mathy, F. A1 - Legoupil, S. ED - Büyüköztürk, O. T1 - Modelling of radiographic inspections N2 - Computer modelling of non-destructive testing methods has come a long way from the beginnings in the mid 90s to today. Radiographic modelling for components with higher wall thicknesses, as they are typical for nuclear applications, must include precise predictions of scattered radiation and its impact in terms of contrast reduction. Dedicated or general purpose Monte Carlo methods with the ability to calculate higher order scattering events are the state of the art for these applications. Aerospace applications, on the other hand, have stronger requirements on the modelling code's capabilities to import complex CAD geometries, and can benefit from faster analytical scatter models, limited to first or second order scattering events. Similar distinctions can be made for the various approaches proposed to accurately model geometrical and film unsharpness, film granularity, film responses, film/foil cartridges and photon noise. This article presents a state-of-the-art review of radiographic modelling from the perspective of two important application domains with very different requirements, nuclear and aerospace. T2 - NDTMS-2011 CY - Istanbul, Turkey DA - 15.05.2011 KW - Computer modelling KW - Monte-Carlo KW - Radiography KW - Film KW - Selenium PY - 2013 SN - 978-94-007-0722-1 SN - 978-94-007-0723-8 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0723-8_99 VL - 6 SP - 697 EP - 702 PB - Springer Netherlands AN - OPUS4-36655 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Müller, Christina A1 - Tillack, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Scharmach, Martina T1 - Wie kann man den Einfluß der industriellen Anwendungsfaktoren innerhalb der ZfP-Zuverlaessigkeitsformel messen? N2 - Dieses Poster beschäftigt sich mit der Zuverlässigkeitsformel und der Metrik für die Messung der Zuverlässigkeit T2 - DGZfP Jahrestagung 2000 CY - Innsbruck, Austria DA - 29.05.2000 KW - Anwendungszuverlässigkeit KW - Anwendungsparameter KW - ZfP-System PY - 2000 PB - Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-35849 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Combining analytical and Monte Carlo modelling for industrial radiology N2 - Modelling becomes more and more important in modern NDE. It is increasingly used to optimize techniques for complex applications, to support the preparation of written procedures, and for education purposes. To describe the complete chain of RT, the model includes simulating all necessary properties of X- or Gamma-ray sources, the interaction of photons with material with special attention to scattered radiation, the detection process, and the complete geometrical RT setup handling arbitrary parts or constructions. Depending on the given inspection problem and the influencing factors that should be addressed by the simulation, an appropriate physical model has to be chosen to describe the underlying interaction mechanisms. The simulator aRTist combines analytical and Monte Carlo methods to efficiently model the radiation transport such that transmission as well as scatter techniques can be modelled. In this contribution we focus on Monte Carlo simulation of scatter contribution within aRTist. Examples for RT/tomographic applications and back-scatter techniques are presented to demonstrate the usability of the presented simulation tool for a broad range of radiological applications. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Radiography KW - Simulation PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36617 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - A fast general spectrum model for quantitative radiography simulation N2 - A model is presented that employs a unified approach for simulating the photon energy spectra for transmission and direct beam targets composed of arbitrary homogeneous materials. In order to achieve this, a detailed model of electron transport within the target is employed. The validity of the developed model is shown through comparisons with Monte Carlo simulations as well as measurements for a number of different configurations. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Modelling KW - Radiography KW - Simulation KW - X-ray spectrum PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36628 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Supercomputing the cascade processes of radiation transport N2 - Modeling of the photon-electron cascade process in multicomponent objects of complex geometrical structure by use of hybrid supercomputers is considered. An approach to computing the cascade processes is developed. The approach has three key properties allowing the effective use of heterogeneous structure of computers for solving the tasks of radiation transport in complex multi-scale geometries. Firstly, two different discreet geometrical description of an object being under radiation is used: triangulated model for photon transport and voxel model for elec-tron transport. Secondly, small parameter of the problem is explicitly taking into ac-count for modeling surface effects (for instance, electron emission). Thirdly, the ef-fective calculation decomposition between CPU and GPU is developed for signifi-cant increasing the speed of calculations of processes in question. Modeling of ex-periment on researching the bremsstrahlung generated by electron beam in Ta target is carried out. Comparison of computing and experimental results shows satisfactory consent. T2 - 19th World Conference on Non-Destructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Modelling KW - Monte Carlo method KW - Photon-electron transport PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-36608 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Hilpert, U. A1 - Bartscher, M. A1 - Neugebauer, M. A1 - Goebbels, Jürgen A1 - Weidemann, Gerd A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Simulation-aided computed tomography (CT) for dimensional measurements N2 - Carrying out dimensional measurements by CT means assessing coordinates in space. CT must therefore be treated as a coordinate measuring technique similar to optical or tactile Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMMs). The well-established standards and guidelines for the acceptance- and verificationtesting of CMMs require the use of calibrated reference standards to achieve measurement machine characteristics. Hence, transferring these concepts from coordinate metrology to CT, a dedicated CT-specific reference standard was designed, manufactured and calibrated using a tactile CMM. For comparison purposes, a CAD model was created by reverse engineering using the calibration data. The calibrated model was fed into a virtual CT and the measurement process was simulated. The reference standard was measured by micro-CT. By comparing the characteristics of the measurement output of CT and the output gained from simulation, the influences of measurement artefacts can be judged, for the first time, in analogy to existing Guidelines of coordinate metrology. T2 - DIR 2007 - International Symposium on Digital industrial Radiology and Computed Tomography CY - Lyon, France DA - 25.06.2007 KW - Computed tomography KW - X-ray KW - Simulation KW - Coordinate metrology PY - 2007 UR - http://www.ndt.net/article/dir2007/papers/12.pdf SP - Paper 6, 1 EP - 15 AN - OPUS4-37045 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Martin Tschaikner, Martin A1 - Hohendorf, Stefan A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Haith, M. I. A1 - Huthwaite, P. A1 - Lowe, M. J. S. T1 - Corrosion monitoring with tangential radiography and limited view computed tomography N2 - Accurate and reliable detection of subsea Pipeline corrosion is required in order to verify the integrity of the pipeline. A laboratory trial was conducted with a representative pipe sample. The accurate measurement of the wall thickness and corrosion was performed with high energy X-rays and a digital detector array. A 7.5 MV betatron was used to penetrate a stepped pipe and a welded test pipe of 3 m length and 327 mm outer diameter, with different artificial corrosion areas in the 24 mm thick steel wall. The radiographs were taken with a 40 x 40 cm² digital detector array, which was not large enough to cover the complete pipe diameter after magnification. A C-arm based geometry was tested to evaluate the potential for automated inspection in field. The primary goal was the accurate measurement of wall thickness conforming to the standard. The same geometry was used to explore the ability of a C-arm based scanner in asymmetric mode for computed tomography (CT) measurement, taking projections covering only two thirds of the pipe diameter. The technique was optimized with the modelling Software aRTist. A full volume of the pipe was reconstructed and the CT data set was used for reverse engineering, providing a CAD file for further aRTist simulations to explore the technique for subsea inspections. T2 - 42nd Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY - Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA DA - 26.07.2015 KW - Corrosion monitoring KW - Tangential radiography KW - Computed tomography PY - 2016 SN - 978-0-7354-1353-5 DO - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4940574 SN - 0094-243X VL - 1706 SP - 110003-1 EP - 110003-8 PB - AIP Publishing AN - OPUS4-37555 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haith, M. I. A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Hohendorf, Stefan A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Huthwaite, P. A1 - Lowe, M. J. S. A1 - Zscherpel, Uwe T1 - Radiographic modelling for NDE of subsea pipelines N2 - This work presents an investigation of the accuracy of a radiographic simulation model applied to subsea pipeline inspections. Experimental measurements of a sample in a water tank are used to develop a set of calibrated simulation parameters for the modelling software aRTist. Image quality parameters such as signal-tonoise ratio, contrast and basic spatial resolution are compared with the aim of matching simulated values to experimental results. With this method signal-to-noise ratio was successfully matched while differences were still found in contrast-to-noise ratio comparisons. This means that measurements depending on absolute intensity are not accurate enough, however wall thickness measurements in tangential images, which are not based on absolute intensity, were found to produce similar results in simulated and experimental cases. The differences in contrast and intensity are thought to be due to detector backscatter and additional scatter from out-of-setup objects within the exposure bay, due to a lack of source collimation. These would affect the experimental results but were not included in the simulated setup. This was investigated by including different proportions of peripheral water and other objects in the modelled setup and examining the effect on Image quality parameters. Results show that this additional scatter has a significant impact on the radiograph, particularly on image contrast, and is therefore the likely cause of differences between experimental and simulated images. This implies that it will be very difficult to completely match simulated to experimental results, as including all possible scattering objects in the model would be very complex. An improvement could be made by using real subsea data to estimate this additional scattering, which could then be used to calibrate the model. However there would still be significant uncertainty in the ability of the model to accurately produce realistic intensity and contrast. KW - Digital radiography KW - Modelling validation KW - Subsea pipeline inspection KW - Tangential radiography PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2016.11.006 SN - 0963-8695 SN - 1879-1174 VL - 86 SP - 113 EP - 122 AN - OPUS4-39053 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Computersimulation in der Durchstrahlungsprüfung N2 - Vorstellung der Software "aRTist" zur Computersimulation von Durchstrahlungsprüfungen und deren Anwendungsfelder. T2 - DGZfP-Arbeitskreis Berlin, 385. Sitzung CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 07.03.2017 KW - Radiography KW - Simulation PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40165 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Wieder, Frank A1 - Vogel, Justus A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Messerschmid, Magdalena ED - Xu, C. T1 - Scatter imaging – Simulation of aperture focusing by deconvolution N2 - X-ray scatter imaging is a well-established NDT technique to inspect complex objects using only a single-sided access. We present a specially designed multi-slit scatter camera consisting of several twisted slits which are parallelly arranged in a metal block. The camera projects one image per slit to the digital detector array, where the images are overlaying each other. The aperture is corrected based on a de-convolution algorithm to focus the overlaying projections into a single representation of the object. To achieve high scatter intensities from an object, it is necessary to optimize the parameters of the scatter system by simulation. T2 - IEEE Far East NDT New Technology & Application Forum CY - Xi'an, China DA - 22.06.2017 KW - Scatter imaging KW - Computer simulation KW - Aperture focusing KW - Deconvolution PY - 2018 SN - 978-1-5386-1615-4 DO - https://doi.org/10.1109/FENDT.2017.8584606 SP - 301 EP - 306 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway, NJ AN - OPUS4-48395 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Artistlib - remote control the radiographic simulator aRTist from Python N2 - The software aRTist is a simulation tool for the generation of realistic radiographs of virtual radiographic superstructures. With radiographic simulations, virtual component models can be scanned as in a computed-tomography scanner. In modern radiography, simulation has become an important tool to minimize cost- and time-intensive measurements. It is increasingly used to optimize techniques for complex applications, to support the method developments, and for educational purposes. With Artistlib, we have started the development of a programming interface to support use cases where the interactive use of the graphical user interface is not suitable. The open-source Python library is intended to remote control and automate the radiographic simulator aRTist. T2 - 10th International Symposium on Digital Industrial Radiography and Computed Tomography (DIR 2025) CY - Paris, France DA - 01.07.2025 KW - Computed Tomography KW - Numerical Simulation PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63703 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Realistische Simulation von Röntgencomputertomografie-Systemen N2 - Die Entwicklung und Bewertung realitätsnaher Nachbildungen eines industriellen CTSystems in einer Simulationssoftware waren Inhalt des WIPANO Forschungsprojektes CTSimU2 – „Realistische Simulation realer Röntgencomputertomografie-Systeme mit basisqualifizierter Simulationssoftware“. Als Voraussetzung dienen dabei Simulationssoftwares, die durch das Testframework aus dem Vorprojekt CTSimU1 basisqualifiziert wurden. Das Testframework testet die hinreichende physikalische Korrektheit und Funktionalität einer Simulationssoftware (Basisqualifizierung der Software). Für eine realitätsnahe Nachbildung ist nicht nur die Güte der Simulationssoftware, sondern insbesondere die Güte der Parametrisierung des realen CT-Systems in der Simulationssoftware ausschlaggebend. Dabei kann das Vorgehen der Parametrisierung in vier Schritte unterteilt werden: die Datenaufnahme am realen CT-System (Schritt 1), die Auswertung der aufgenommenen Daten für die Generierung allgemeiner Parameterangaben (Schritt 2), die Übertragung der Parameter in die spezifischen Simulationssoftwares (Schritt 3) und die Validierung der resultierenden Simulationsergebnisse Simulationsparameter durch einen geeigneten Test an dimensionellen Messgrößen (Schritt 4) Ziel des Projektes war es neben der Erarbeitung allgemeiner Methoden zur Datenaufnahme und Auswertung der Daten, die Entwicklung eines Tests, auf dessen Basis die ausreichend korrekte Simulation einer realen Anlage im Hinblick auf eine spätere Messunsicherheitsbestimmung beurteilt werden kann. Die erarbeiteten Ergebnisse sollen wie bereits im Vorprojekt CTSimU1 in einen Richtlinienentwurf für die Richtlinienreihe VDI/VDE 2630 übertragen werden. Dieser Beitrag fasst die Arbeiten und Ergebnisse des Projekts zusammen. T2 - DGZfP Jahrestagung 2025 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 26.05.2024 KW - Computertomografie KW - Simulation PY - 2025 AN - OPUS4-63705 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Jaczinski, Jessica T1 - Virtual XCT - Simulation of Industrial XCT-Systems with aRTist N2 - One of the few 3D methods, that can be used to analyze an object non-destructively, is X-ray computed tomography (CT). The determination of the object's deviations, such as shape and the internal structure of objects, including defects and material degradation, is of particular interest to industry. The ability of CT to scan an object with its internal and external features at once causes increasing adoption in dimensional metrology. This includes the need to determine the measurement uncertainty. Experimental uncertainty determination by conducting repeated CT measurements is costly and time-consuming. The simulation of the CT measurement process offers the possibility of determining the task-specific measurement uncertainty numerically in a resource-efficient manner. There are already several software programs available that simulate CT systems, such as aRTist. Once the virtual replica of a CT system has been completed, it’s accuracy must be evaluated quantitively in comparison to the CT measurements. To focus on analyzing the quality of the simulated CT images different metrics are introduced for the comparison of experimental and simulated CT projections. The results of the comparisons are presented, and conclusions are drawn how to improve the simulation of industrial CT systems. T2 - MPA Seminar 2024 CY - Stuttgart, Germany DA - 08.10.2024 KW - X-ray Computed tomography KW - Simulations KW - Virtual XCT KW - Digital Twin PY - 2024 AN - OPUS4-61346 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Virtual CT with Complex scanning trajectories in aRTist N2 - The simulator aRTist combines analytical and Monte Carlo methods to efficiently model the radiographic process of industrial radiology. In this contribution we focus on virtual computer tomography, the simulation of tomographic scans. The possibilities to simulate complex scanning trajectories are shown in combination with the tomographic reconstruction using individual projection matrices. T2 - The 4th Annual Advances in X-Ray Imaging Workshop CY - Diamond Light Source, Didcot, UK DA - 11.06.2019 KW - X-ray Computer-tomography simulation PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-48297 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Virtual CT acquisition and reconstruction of complex and noisy scanning trajectories in aRTist N2 - In modern CT imaging, simulation has become an important tool to minimize cost- and time-intensive measurements. It is increasingly used to optimize techniques for complex applications, to support the preparation of written procedures, and for educational purposes. We extended the CT simulation software ‘aRTist’ with a module to set-up arbitrary trajectories including disturbing influences during the scan. Moreover, such geometric deviations can be compensated by the internal reconstruction tool. T2 - 9th Conference on Industrial Computed Tomography (iCT) CY - Padua, Italy DA - 13.02.2019 KW - Simulation KW - Arbitrary trajectories KW - Projection matrix KW - Filtered back projection PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-47476 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Radiographic Simulator aRTist - Computer simulation for industrial Tomography N2 - aRTist is an easy-to-use and practical simulation tool to generate realistic radiographic images from CAD objects. A dedicated add-on module makes CT simulation easy (virtual computer tomography). Just choose the number of projections. Unlike in the practice, simulation can separately image the primary and scatter radiation. This allows studying the scattering artefacts in CT (gray-level variations in regions of homogeneous material). T2 - 5. Jenaer μCT-Workshop CY - Jena, Germany DA - 20.11.2019 KW - Vitual computer tomography simulation PY - 2019 AN - OPUS4-49826 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Janczynski, Jessica A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Ulbricht, Alexander T1 - VIRTUELLE XCT – Simulation industrieller XCT-Systeme mit aRTist N2 - Eine der wenigen 3D-Methoden, mit denen ein Objekt zerstörungsfrei analysiert werden kann, ist die Röntgen-Computertomographie (XCT). Die Bestimmung von Formabweichungen und die innere Struktur von Objekten, einschließlich Defekten, ist für die Industrie von besonderem Interesse. Die Möglichkeit der XCT, ein Objekt mit seinen inneren und äußeren Strukturen gleichzeitig abzubilden, führt auch zu einer zunehmenden Anwendung der XCT in der dimensionellen Messtechnik einschließlich der Bestimmung der Messunsicherheit. Die experimentelle Ermittlung der Unsicherheit durch wiederholte XCT-Messungen ist kosten- und zeitintensiv. Die Simulation der XCT eröffnet die Möglichkeit, die aufgabenspezifische Messunsicherheit ressourceneffizient numerisch zu ermitteln. Es gibt bereits mehrere Softwarelösungen, die XCT-Systeme simulieren können, wie z. B. aRTist. Sobald ein XCT-System virtuelle nachgebildet wurde, muss seine Genauigkeit quantitativ im Vergleich zu den XCT-Messungen bewertet werden. Zur Bewertung der Qualität simulierter XCT-Bilder werden verschiedene Metriken für den Vergleich experimenteller und simulierter XCT-Projektionen eingeführt. Die Ergebnisse der Vergleiche werden präsentiert und Schlussfolgerungen gezogen, wie die Simulation industrieller XCT-Systeme verbessert werden kann. T2 - DGZfP-Jahrestagung 2025 CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 26.05.2025 KW - XCT KW - Simulation KW - Vergleich Messung vs. Simulation PY - 2015 AN - OPUS4-63293 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Illemann, J. A1 - Meinel, Dietmar A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Effektive Bestimmung der Fokusparameter von Mikrofokus-Röntgenquellen N2 - Mikrofokus-Röntgenquellen werden in der industriellen CT flexibelverwendet, um mit kleiner Leistung hohe Auflösung zu erzielen oder mit verminderter Auflösung bei höherer Leistung kürzere Messzeiten zu erreichen. Insbesondere Quellen in offener Bauweise benötigen Wartung wie Filamentwechsel und Nachstellen der Fokusparameter. Ziel ist es, einen optimal kleinen Quellfleck bei bekannter Spannung einzustellen und dessen Größe zu bestimmen. Zur Überprüfung der Quellfleckgröße sind bereits Verfahren unter Verwendung lithographisch hergestellter Masken mit Strichmustern oder Siemenssternen aus Mikrometer dünnen Schichten aus stark absorbierendem Material wie z.B. Gold bekannt. Diese erfordern wegen der geringen Absorption eine lange Messzeit und sind nur kostenintensiv herzustellen. Ihre Verwendung zur regelmäßigen Qualitätsüberprüfung von CT-Anlagen ist daher nicht verbreitet. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die richtungsabhängige Quellfleckgröße absolut zu bestimmen, wobei nur einfach zu beschaffende Wolframspitzen verwendet werden. Dazu werden radiographische Bilder in hoher Vergrößerung aufgenommen und die Grauwertverteilung parametrisiert. Unter Verwendung der Kenntnis von Targetmaterial und Spannung wird eine eineindeutige Zuordnung zur Quellfleckgröße vorgenommen. Dieses erfordert eine extensive Simulation für verschiedene Spannungen, Fokusgrößen und andere Einflussgrößen, sowie die experimentelle Verifikation an verschiedenen CT-Anlagen im Vergleich zu einer bekannten Methode. Erste Ergebnisse werden vorgestellt und die praktische Implementierung unter Angabe der Einschränkungen der Verwendbarkeit diskutiert. Die Autoren hoffen, damit einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Verbesserung der Qualitätssicherung und zur Arbeitseffizienz in der Mikrocomputertomographie leisten zu können. T2 - DGZfP DACH-Jahrestagung 2019 CY - Friedrichshafen, Germany DA - 27.05.2019 KW - Mikro-Computertomographie KW - Röntgenröhre KW - Quellfleckgröße KW - Brennfleck PY - 2019 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-485960 UR - https://www.ndt.net/search/docs.php3?id=24551 UR - https://www.ndt.net/article/dgzfp2019/papers/Mi.2.A.3.pdf IS - NDT.net Issue: 2019-08 SP - 1 EP - 13 AN - OPUS4-48596 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Alekseychuk, V. O. A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Plotzki, D. A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Simulation-Assisted Augmentation of Missing Wedge and Region-of-Interest Computed Tomography Data N2 - This study reports a strategy to use sophisticated, realistic X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) simulations to reduce Missing Wedge (MW) and Region-of-Interest (RoI) artifacts in FBP (Filtered Back-Projection) reconstructions. A 3D model of the object is used to simulate the projections that include the missing information inside the MW and outside the RoI. Such information augments the experimental projections, thereby drastically improving the reconstruction results. An X-ray CT dataset of a selected object is modified to mimic various degrees of RoI and MW problems. The results are evaluated in comparison to a standard FBP reconstruction of the complete dataset. In all cases, the reconstruction quality is significantly improved. Small inclusions present in the scanned object are better localized and quantified. The proposed method has the potential to improve the results of any CT reconstruction algorithm. KW - Computed tomography KW - Missing wedge KW - Region of interest KW - Augmented data KW - CT simulation KW - aRTist PY - 2024 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-593799 UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/10/1/11 DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging10010011 SN - 2313-433X VL - 10 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - MDPI CY - Basel AN - OPUS4-59379 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Ballach, F. A1 - Bartscher, M. A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Borges de Oliveira, F. A1 - Braun, M. A1 - Dennerlein, F. A1 - Flessner, M. A1 - Fuchs, P. A1 - Günnewig, O. A1 - Hausotte, T. A1 - Hess, J. A1 - Kasperl, S. A1 - Kirschbaum, K. A1 - Li, K. A1 - Maass, N. A1 - Mayer, T. A1 - Orth, Anthony A1 - Reuter, T. A1 - Suppes, A. A1 - von Schmid, M. A1 - Weiß, D. T1 - Realistische Simulation realer Röntgencomputertomografie-Systeme mit basisqualifizierter Simulationssoftware – CTSimU2 BT - Abschlussbericht N2 - Das Förderprojekt CTSimU2 baute auf den Ergebnissen des Projektes CTSimU auf. Dieses Vorprojekt erarbeitete ein (Basis-)Qualifizierungsframework für Simulationssoftwares zur Anwendung bei der Röntgen-CT für dimensionelle Messungen. Dabei stand die ausreichende physikalische Korrektheit der Durchstrahlungssimulation im Vordergrund. Für die realitätsnahe Simulation einer CT-Anlage in einer Simulationssoftware (Digitales Modell) ist jedoch nicht nur die Korrektheit der Simulationssoftware selbst, sondern auch die Güte der Parametrisierung des realen CT-Systems in der Simulationssoftware entscheidend – dies stellte den Ausgangspunkt dar. Die Parametrisierung eines CT-Systems in einer Simulationssoftware lässt sich in vier Schritte unterteilen: nach der Datenaufnahme am realen CT-System folgt die Auswertung der aufgenommenen Daten für die Generierung allgemeiner Parameterangaben. Als letztes folgte die Übertragung der Parameter in die spezifischen Simulationssoftwares und die Validierung der resultierenden Simulationsparameter. Die Methodik der Datenaufnahme am CT und die Auswertung der Daten wurde in einem Werkzeugkasten allgemein beschrieben. Der dritte Schritt, die Umsetzung der Parameter, war softwarespezifisch und wurde beispielhaft mit den vorhandenen Simulationssoftwares durchgeführt. Die Validierung der Parameter war standardisierbar und konnte durch den entwickelten Test geleistet werden, auf dessen Basis die ausreichend korrekte Simulation einer realen Anlage beurteilt werden konnte. Endresultat des Projektes war ein Richtlinienentwurf (z. B. VDI/VDE 2630) zu diesem Test, der einen informativen Annex zum Stand der Technik bezüglich der Möglichkeiten zur Parameterbestimmung enthält. Mit einer Simulationssoftware, die die Basisqualifizierung aus CTSimU bestanden hat und einen Parameterdatensatz für ein reales CT-System enthält, der den Test aus CTSimU2 bestanden hat, können realistische Simulationen dieses CT-Systems möglich sein. KW - Computertomografie KW - Simulation KW - Dimensionelles Messen PY - 2025 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-641719 DO - https://doi.org/10.34657/21602 N1 - Dieses Projekt wurde durch die Förderrichtlinie WIPANO gefördert und durch das Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz (2022 -2025) finanziert. Der Projektträger Jülich verwaltet die Projekte der Förderrichtlinie WIPANO. SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - TIB Technische Informationsbibliothek CY - Hannover AN - OPUS4-64171 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger A1 - Kolkoori, Sanjeevareddy A1 - Bellon, Carsten T1 - Quantitative simulation of back scatter X-ray imaging and comparison to experiments N2 - X-ray backscatter imaging is a well established NDT technique to inspect complex objects using only a single-sided access. In difference to conventional transmission X-ray radiography, the X-ray backscatter imaging utilizes the scattered radiation caused by the Compton scattering effect. In order to achieve high backscatter intensities from a test object, it is necessary to optimize the backscatter system parameters namely the angle between source and slit camera, the slit collimator system, the shielding between source and scatter camera, and the type of detector. In addition, the scatter phenomena in to the investigated object need to be understood. In this contribution, we present a Monte Carlo model McRay which considers all relevant single and multiple interactions of photons and electrons. This model can be used to simulate back scatter techniques. It allows not only calculating the scatter image for a given experimental setup but also registering the spectrum of the detected scattered photons. Both aspects are important to understand the imaging process, to interpret the results, and to optimize the backscatter camera investigated here. Additionally experimental results will be presented and compared with simulations. T2 - 19th World Conference on Nondestructive Testing CY - Munich, Germany DA - 13.06.2016 KW - Radiology KW - Back-scatter techniques KW - Simulation KW - Monte Carlo methods KW - Measurements PY - 2016 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-365897 SN - 978-3-940283-78-8 VL - 158 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung (DGZfP) CY - Berlin, Germany AN - OPUS4-36589 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Gollwitzer, Christian A1 - Fratzscher, Daniel A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - Simulation of complex scan paths for 3D reconstruction N2 - X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a volumetric (3D) Imaging diagnostic method, well established in the medical field, and in industrial NDE as well. Developments in industrial CT aim to extent the applicability to complex structures, which do not allow the access of all directions. This are e.g. limited view, data and angle CT applications. New reconstruction algorithms are required on one side, and the accuracy has to be improved on the other side. Numerical Simulation can support such developments by providing well defined data sets for the testing of reconstruction algorithms. This approach of virtual CT is realized within the radiographic simulator aRTist, developed by BAM. The poster shows the possibilities of this tool to consider complex scan paths. Simulated data sets have been reconstructed by an versatile backprojection algorithm. T2 - International symposium on digital industrial radiology and computed tomography CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.06.2011 KW - Radiographie KW - Computer-Simulation KW - 3D-Rekonstruktion PY - 2011 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-243928 SN - 978-3-940283-34-4 IS - DGZfP-BB 128 (Poster 17) SP - 1 EP - 4 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e.V. (DGZfP) AN - OPUS4-24392 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Gollwitzer, Christian A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Deresch, Andreas A1 - Ewert, Uwe A1 - Jaenisch, Gerd-Rüdiger T1 - On POD estimations with radiographic simulator aRTist N2 - The computer simulation of radiography is applicable for different purposes in NDT such as for the qualification of NDT systems, the optimization of system parameters, feasibility analysis, model-based data interpretation, education and training of NDT/NDE personnel, and others. Within the framework of the European project PICASSO simulators will be adapted to support reliability assessments of NDT tasks. The radiographic simulator aRTist developed by BAM is well suited for this task. It combines analytical modelling of the RT inspection process with the CAD-orientated object description applicable to various industrial sectors such as power generation, aerospace, railways and others. The analytic model includes the description of the radiation source, the interaction of Radiation with the material of the part, and the detection process with special focus to DIR. To support reliability estimations the simulation tool is completed by a tool for probability of detection (POD) estimation. It consists of a user interface for planning automatic simulation runs with varying parameters, specifically defect variations. Further, an automatic image analysis procedure is included to evaluate the defect visibility and calculate the POD therefrom. T2 - International symposium on digital industrial radiology and computed tomography CY - Berlin, Germany DA - 20.06.2011 KW - Radiographie KW - Computersimulation KW - Probability of detection PY - 2011 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-245092 SN - 978-3-940283-34-4 IS - DGZfP-BB 128 (Tu.2.3) SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Deutsche Gesellschaft für zerstörungsfreie Prüfung e.V. (DGZfP) AN - OPUS4-24509 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Osterloh, Kurt A1 - Bellon, Carsten A1 - Hohendorf, Stefan A1 - Kolkoori, Sanjeevareddy A1 - Wrobel, Norma A1 - Nusser, A. A1 - Freitag, M. A1 - Bücherl, T. A1 - Bar, D. A1 - Mor, I. A1 - Tamin, N. A1 - Weiss-Babai, R. A1 - Bromberger, B. A1 - Dangendorf, V. A1 - Tittelmeier, K. T1 - Computed tomography with X-rays and fast neutrons for restoration of wooden artwork N2 - The objects of this investigation were sculptures taken from a ca. three hundred years old baroque epitaph of a church in Tonning, a town in Northern Germany. Around 1900 it was found in a disastrous state heavily damaged by wood-worm. At that time, the whole artwork was treated with the tar extract carbolineum as a remedy. Nowadays, this substance has been identified as carcinogenic, and its presence can be perceived by its stench and visually at certain spots on the surface where it has penetrated the covering paint. A gold-painted sculpture of a massive wooden skull was interrogated with X-rays and fast neutrons to investigate the internal distribution of the carbolineum. The X-ray tomography, with its excellent spatial resolution revealed galleries left over from the worm infestation in the outer areas and cracks in the central region. The golden color coating appeared as a thick and dense layer. In comparison the tomography with fast neutrons, though being of lower resolution and yet unresolved artefacts revealed sections of slightly different densities in the bulk of the wood. These differences we attribute to the differences in the distribution of the impregnant in the wood, visible due to its higher hydrogen content making it less transparent for neutrons. T2 - WCNR-10 - 10th World conference on neutron radiography CY - Grindelwald, Switzerland DA - 05.10.2014 KW - Computed tomography KW - Neutron radiology KW - Conservation of wooden artwork PY - 2015 UR - https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-323050 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2015.07.066 SN - 1875-3892 VL - 69 SP - 472 EP - 477 PB - Elsevier B.V. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-32305 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -