TY - GEN A1 - Blind, K. A1 - Jungmittag, A. A1 - Mangelsdorf, Axel T1 - The economic benefits of standardization - An update of the study carried out by DIN in 2000 N2 - Economists have been searching for the sources of economic growth since the end of the 18th century. For Adam Smith the division of labour and the accumulation of capital were causes for the increasing wealth of nations. The Austrian-American economist Joseph Alois Schumpeter further established that innovations in products and processes are prerequisites for economic growth: »The fundamental drive that starts up the capitalist machine and keeps it running comes from the new consumer goods, the new production and transport methods, the new markets, the new forms of industrial organisation, which capitalist entrepreneurship creates.« Building on these fundamental ideas, during the 1950s American Robert M. Solow – later a Nobel prize winner – developed the first formal mathematical model of economic growth. Solow was able to use a simple model to Show that economic growth within the USA could be described by three determinants: an increase in capital (e.g. machinery and infrastructure), an increase in labour, and technical progress. Later other economists were able to further refine Solow‘s growth theory. While technical progress was accepted during the early years as a fact, it became ever easier to theoretically describe and quantify its causes. The central idea of these new models is that the state and businesses invest in research and development, thus continually stimulating economic growth through new products and production methods. KW - Standards KW - Economic growth KW - Value KW - Technical progress PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 20 CY - Berlin AN - OPUS4-25073 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mangelsdorf, Axel T1 - The role of technical standards for trade between China and the European Union JF - Technology analysis & strategic management N2 - The paper addresses the role of technical standards in bilateral trade relationship between the European Union (EU) and China. Traditional aggregate demand functions for imports and exports have been applied to estimate the effects of national and international standards. The panel dataset covers 14 years (1995–2008) and 36 two-digit technological fields based on the International Classification of Standards (ICS). The results indicate negative effects of purely national Chinese standards but positive effects of Chinese international standards for European exports. European standards and European standards aligned with international standards have a positive impact on exports and imports. Based on these results, we conclude that both China and the EU should increase their efforts to harmonise national standards. KW - Technical barriers to trade KW - Standards KW - Panel analysis KW - Standardisation policy PY - 2011 DO - https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2011.592267 SN - 0953-7325 VL - 23 IS - 7 SP - 725 EP - 743 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis CY - Abingdon, Oxfordshire AN - OPUS4-25074 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -