TY - JOUR A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Local Corrosion of Martensitic Stainless Steels during Exposure to Saline Aquifer Water and CO2 Environment N2 - Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is well acknowledged to mitigate climate change. Therefore, pipe Steels suitable for CCS technology require resistance against the corrosive environment of a potential CCS-site, e.g. heat, pressure, salinity of the aquifer, CO2-partial pressure. Samples of different mild and high alloyed stainless injection-pipe Steels partially heat treated: 42CrMo4, X20Cr13, X46Cr13, X35CrMo4 as well as X5CrNiCuNb16-4 were kept at T=60 °C and ambient pressure as well as p=100 bar for 700 h - 8000 h in a CO2-saturated synthetic aquifer environment similar to possible geological on-shore CCS-sites in the northern German Basin. Main corrosion products analysed on pits are FeCO3 and FeOOH. The carbon content does not show significant influence on the pitting behaviour. Generally, higher chromium Content results in better corrosion resistance. Although X35CrMo17-1 and X5CrNiCuNb16-4 show low surface corrosion rates, their resistance against local corrosion in CCS environment is not significantly better compared to the much less costly Steels X20Cr13 and X46Cr13. KW - Corrosion KW - CCS KW - Carbon storage KW - Aquifer KW - Heat treatment PY - 2018 DO - https://doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2018.9.1.694 SN - 2010-0221 VL - 9 SP - 26 EP - 31 PB - International Association of Computer Science and Information Technology Press CY - Singapore AN - OPUS4-46627 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Borehole integrity of austenitized and annealed pipe steels suitable for carbon capture and storage (CCS) N2 - Properties of pipe steels for CCS (carbon capture and storage) technology require resistance against the corrosive environment of a potential CCS-site (heat, pressure, salinity of the aquifer, CO2-partial pressure). The influence of austenitzing in heat treatment routines of two different injection pipe steels (1.4034, X46Cr13 and 1.4021, X20Cr13) was evaluated. Steel coupons were austenitized at different temperatures (900-1050 °C) for different lengths of time (30-90 min) before quenching and annealing prior to long term corrosion experiments (60°C, 100 bar, artificial brine close to a CCS-site in the Northern German Basin, Germany). In general, fewer pits are found on X46Cr13. Comparing steels with 13% chromium each the higher carbon content of X46Cr13 (0.46% C) results in a lower number of pits compared to X20Cr13 (0.20% C). It is found that neither the carbon content of the steels nor austenitizing temperature has much influence, but local corrosion behaviour is most susceptible towards austenitzing time. T2 - 6th International Conference on Future Environment and Energy (ICFEE 2016) CY - Pattaya, Thailand DA - 23.01.2016 KW - CCS KW - CO2 KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - Heat treatment PY - 2016 SP - 9 EP - 14 AN - OPUS4-38980 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Potential of martensitic stainless steel X5CrNiCuNb 16-4 as pipe steel in corrosive CCS environment N2 - Pipe steels suitable for carbon capture and storage technology (CCS) require resistance against the corrosive environment of a potential CCS-site (heat, pressure, salinity of the aquifer, CO2-partial pressure). X5CrNiCuNb16-4 has been proven to be sufficient resistant in corrosive environments, but shows rather unusual corrosion behaviour in CCS environment. Therefore differently heat treated coupons of 1.4542 were kept at T=60 °C and ambient pressure as well as p=100 bar for 700 h - 8000 h in an a) water saturated supercritical CO2 and b) CO2-saturated synthetic aquifer environment similar to on-shore CCS-sites in the Northern German Basin. Additionally fatigue tests were performed via push-pull tests with a series of 30 specimens was tested at stress amplitudes between 150 MPa and 500 MPa (sinusoidal dynamic test loads, R=-1; resonant frequency ~ 30 Hz). Best corrosion resistance in the liquid phase is achieved via normalizing prior to exposure and hardening+tempering at 670 °C leads to lowest corrosion rates in the supercritical phase. With no regard to atmosphere discontinuously ellipsoidal surface corrosion regions appear after exposure of 4000 h and more. The endurance limit of X5CrNiCuNb16-4 measured in air is reduced by more than 50% when exposed to CCS environment (maximum number of cycles (10 x 106) at a stress amplitude of 150 MPa) The scatter range TN = 1:34 is disproportionately large contributing to an overall unusual corrosion behaviour. KW - Corrosion KW - CCS KW - Carbon storage KW - Aquifer KW - Heat treatment KW - Fatigue KW - Endurance limit PY - 2017 DO - https://doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2017.8.7.998 SN - 2010-0264 VL - 8 IS - 7 SP - 466 EP - 473 AN - OPUS4-41863 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Wojtas, P. A1 - Spengler, I. A1 - Linke, B. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel ED - Villacampa, V. ED - Brebbia, C.A. ED - Mammoli, A.A. T1 - Influence of heat treatment on the corrosion behavior of steels exposed to CCS environment N2 - The influence of heat treatment on pit corrosion needs to be considered to guarantee reliability and safety during the injection of compressed emission gasses – mainly containing CO2 – into deep geological layers (CCS-technology, Carbon Capture and Storage). In laboratory experiments different heat treated steels used as injection pipe with 13% Chromium and 0.46% Carbon (X46Cr13, 1.4034) as well as 0.2% Carbon (X20Cr13, 1.4021) were tested. Also X5CrNiCuNb16-4 (1.4542) was investigated as typical steel used for geothermal pumps. Keeping stable environmental conditions in laboratory experiments the samples were exposed to the distinct synthetic aquifer environment saturated with technical CO2 at a flow rate of 3 l/h for up to 6 months. Independent of the exposure time the least amount of pits is found on hardened steels with martensitic microstructure where X5CrNiCuNb16-4 shows fewer pits than X46Cr13 and X20Cr13. Regarding steels with similar Cr-content the higher Ccontent in 1.4034 results in fewer pits compared to 1.4021. KW - Steel KW - Heat treatment KW - Pit corrosion KW - CCS KW - CO2-injection KW - CO2-storage PY - 2011 SN - 978-1-84564-508-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.2495/ESUS110411 SN - 1746-448X SN - 1743-3541 SP - 487 EP - 498 PB - WIT Press CY - Southampton, UK AN - OPUS4-23840 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Wojtas, P. A1 - Spengler, I. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Effect of heat treatment of injection pipe steels on the formation of local corrosion in CCS-environment N2 - When engineering a Carbon Capture and Storage site (CCS) local corrosion (pitting) of the injection pipe steel may become an issue when emission gasses from oxyfuel power plants are compressed into deep geological layers. This highly corrosive environment arises when the flue gasses, mainly composed of CO2 , are injected into saline aquifer water. Immediately carbonic acid is formed causing corrosive attack of the injection steels. The influence of heat treatment on the local corrosion resistance was demonstrated in laboratory experiments at 60 °C and ambient pressure for three steels X46Cr13 (1.4034), X20Cr13 (1.4021) and X5CrNiCuNb16-4 (1.4543) under a similar liquid corrosive environment as found at a geological onshore CCS-site in the Northern German Bassin. T2 - 2nd Oxyfuel combustion conference CY - Yeppoon, Queensland, Australia DA - 12.09.2011 KW - Steel KW - Pipe KW - Corrosion KW - Heat treatment KW - CO2-injection KW - CO2-storage CCS KW - Carbonate KW - Ambient pressure KW - CCS KW - Steels PY - 2011 SP - 1 EP - 3 AN - OPUS4-25536 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Zastrow, Philip A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Influence of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of stainless steels during CO2-sequestration into saline aquifer N2 - The appropriate strength of steels used for saline aquifer carbon capture and storage sites (CCS) is usually achieved by applying heat treatments. Thus, heat treatment influences the corrosion resistance for injection pipe steels with 13% chromium and different carbon content: 1.4034/X46Cr13 and 1.4021/X20Cr13 in CO2 saturated saline aquifer water at 60 °C, 1 and 100 bar. X46Cr13 shows better corrosion resistance with respect to corrosion rate, number of pits and maximum intrusion depth. Low corrosion rates are obtained for steels with martensitic microstructures exposed to supercritical CO2 at 100 bar, whereas normalized steels show better corrosion resistance at ambient pressure. KW - Steel KW - Heat treatment KW - CO2 injection KW - Carbon capture and storage (CCS) KW - Corrosion PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.02.016 SN - 1750-5836 VL - 15 SP - 213 EP - 224 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - New York, NY [u.a.] AN - OPUS4-27994 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Pfennig, Anja A1 - Schulz, S. A1 - Werlitz, T. A1 - Bülow, E. A1 - Wetzlich, S. A1 - Tietböhl, J. A1 - Frieslich, C. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - Influence of heat treatment on the corrosion of steels in CCS environment N2 - To predict the reliability and safety during the injection of compressed emission gasses - mainly containing CO2 - into deep geologica! layers (CCS-technoIogy, Carbon Capture and Storage), the influence of heat treatment on pit corrosion needs to be considered. In laboratory Experiments different heat treated steeis used as injection pipe with 13% Chromium and 0.46% Carbon (X46CrI3, 1.4034) and 0.2% Carbon (X20Crl3. 1.4021) as well as 16% Chromium Steel XöCrNiCuNb 16-4 (1.4542) were tested. The samples were exposed up to 1 year to the distinct synthetic aquifer environment saturated with technical CO2 at a flow rate of 3 l/h. The corrosion rate generally does not exceed 0.03 mm/year. Pits with maximum pit heights around 300 µm were obtained for hardened X20Crl3 with martensitic microstructure. The least amount of pits is found on X46Crl3. The higher carbon content in, X46Crl3 (0.46% C), results in a lower amount ofpits compared to X20Crl3 (0.20%). T2 - TMS 2012 - 141st Annual Meeting & Exhibition CY - Orlando, FL, USA DA - 11.03.2012 KW - CCS KW - Carbon capture and storage KW - Corrosion KW - Steel KW - Pipeline KW - Carbon KW - Heat treatment KW - CO2-storage PY - 2012 SN - 978-1-11829-607-3 VL - 1 IS - Supplemental Proceedings SP - 103 EP - 110 PB - John Wiley & Sons CY - Hoboken, NJ, USA AN - OPUS4-28007 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pfennig, A. A1 - Wolf, M. A1 - Kranzmann, Axel T1 - The role of surface texture on the corrosion fatigue behavior of high alloyed stainless steel exposed to saline aquifer water environment N2 - Corrosion fatigue specimen with different surfaces (technical surfaces after machining and polished surfaces) of high alloyed martensitic stainless steel X46Cr13 (1.4043) and duplex stai nless steel X2CrNiMoN22 3 2 (1.4462) were compared at load amplitudes from 175 MPa to 325 MPa in the geothermal brine of the N orthern German Basin at 98 °C. Surface corrosion layers and pits reveal carbonate corrosion products on the surface such as FeCO 3 and FeOOH as the main precipitation phases with no dependence on the original surface roughness . At high stress amplitudes above 275 MPa technical surfaces (P50% at σa 300 MPa=5 × 10 5 ) resulted in more cycles to failure than polished (P50% at σa 300 MPa=1.5 × 10 5 ). The greater slope coefficient for technical surfaces k = 19.006 compared to polished surfaces k =8.78 demonstrate s earlier failure at given stress amplitude σa . KW - Corrosion KW - CCS KW - Carbon storage KW - Aquifer KW - Heat treatment PY - 2019 DO - https://doi.org/10.17706/ijmse SN - 2315-4527 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 26 EP - 33 PB - IAP - International Academy Publishing CY - San Bernardino, CA AN - OPUS4-50365 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -