TY - CONF A1 - Erhard, Anton A1 - Völzke, Holger A1 - Droste, Bernhard A1 - Wolff, Dietmar A1 - Wille, Frank T1 - Nuclear power plant waste management strategy in Germany N2 - The shut-down of eight nuclear power plants and the phase out of the nuclear energy genera� tion in Germany, due to a decision of the German government after the Fukushima accident, has rapidly forced the need for transportation and storage of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) from shut-down reactors in this country. In accordance with the present strategy in Germany, which is characterized by searching for appropriate final repository areas, only the dry interim stor� age facilities are available for storage nuclear waste of the decommissioned plants as well as the operating plants. Therefore, the transportation and the storage casks must be available for both types of light water reactors. But for the time being this is the bottleneck. Unfortunately the prognoses are neglecting the fact, that such a high number of casks are needed in a very short space of time. This requires the acceleration of formal activeness in relation to the li� censes but also an increase of the production. In the meanwhile to get this process started, the only possibility is the storage in the pools at the plant site. Anyway, for the time being, this is one of the problems for dismantling the eight plants which have been shut down due to the decision of the Government, which is now fixed in the last amended German Atomic Energy Act dated 24th of February 2012. Starting to dismantle in the radioactive regions of the plants requires empty pools. For emptying the pools of damaged SNF special procedures regarding the transportation and storage are necessary. The transportation of damaged SNF requires special casks or at least special procedures and therefore also a special licenses. This paper describes the challenge for the management in transportation and storage of SNF in Germany after the shut-down of the nuclear power plants by reason of the Fukushima acci� dent. T2 - PATRAM 2013 - 17th International symposium on the packaging and transportation of radioactive materials CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 18.08.2013 PY - 2013 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Omnipress AN - OPUS4-30135 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bovtun, Viktor Petrovic A1 - Döring, Joachim A1 - Bartusch, Jürgen A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Erhard, Anton A1 - Kreutzbruck, Marc A1 - Yakymenko, Y. T1 - Enhanced electromechanical response of ferroelectret ultrasonic transducers under high voltage excitation N2 - Polypropylene based ferroelectret films exhibit a strong electromechanical activity and provide a promising solution for the air coupled ultrasonic (ACUS) transducers. Ultrasonic transmission between two air coupled ferroelectret transducers in dependence on the amplitude and polarity of the high voltage exciting pulse revealed a strongly non-linear electromechanical response of the ferroelectret transmitter which provides an increase in the transmitter efficiency. The authors present a simple model describing both promotion and competition of the piezoelectric and electrostriction contributions, as well as increase in the transducer constant under high voltage excitation. Enlargement of the inverse transducer constant of the polypropylene ferroelectret film by a factor of 4 was demonstrated. The non-linear properties of the polypropylene ferroelectrets result in a strong increase in their ACUS figure of merit under the high voltage excitation, which exceeds the results of their technological optimisation. Consequently, enhancement of the ACUS system transmission by 12 dB and signal to noise ratio by 32 dB was achieved. KW - Air coupled ultrasonics KW - Non-contact transducers KW - Ferroelectrets KW - Piezoelectric effect KW - Electrostriction KW - Cellular polypropylene KW - Ultrasonic transducer PY - 2013 DO - https://doi.org/10.1179/1743676112Y.0000000021 SN - 1743-6753 SN - 1743-6761 VL - 112 IS - 2 SP - 97 EP - 102 PB - Maney CY - London AN - OPUS4-27880 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erhard, Anton T1 - Nuclear Power Plant Waste Management Strategy in Germany T2 - 17th International Symposium on the Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM 2013) CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 2013-08-18 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-28883 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erhard, Anton A1 - Otremba, Frank A1 - Mohr, F. A1 - Kilian, R. T1 - Alloy 800 steam generator tube stress corrosion cracks - Detection N2 - Intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) in Alloy 800 steam generator tubes was until recently an unknown damage mechanism for this material. But in the meanwhile such cracks were detected within the tube sheet between upper and lower mechanical tube expansion and in the outer tube bündle periphery. The detection and the sizing of such defects were not reliable with the common NDT methods. Steam generator (SG) tube integrity constitutes the main barrier against release of activity to the secondary Circuit. When through wall cracks occur, primary water can leak into the secondary circuit due to the influence of the pressure difference between the primary and secondary circuit. Such cracks may have safety relevance if the crack growth is not negligible. Therefore optimized inspection methods are necessary fortube integrity assessment. The overall requirements in this particular case are to guarantee the tube integrity in the time between the periodically in-service inspections until the next inspection by placing special emphases of NDT methods. In the present contribution, NDT methods for the inspection of defects like IGSCC are presented. Some Statements about the root cause for this special degradation mechanism will also be described. T2 - 9th International conference on NDE in relation to structural integrity for nuclear and pressurized components CY - Seattle, USA DA - 22.05.2012 PY - 2013 SN - 978-92-79-28212-6 DO - https://doi.org/10.2790/74243 SN - 1018-5593 SP - 862 EP - 870 AN - OPUS4-28886 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erhard, Anton T1 - Anforderungen an moderne ZfP-Verfahren in der Kerntechnik T2 - Symposium Zerstörungsfreie Prüfungen in der Kerntechnik CY - Hamburg, Germany DA - 2013-09-18 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29026 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Döring, Joachim A1 - Bartusch, Jürgen A1 - Gaal, Mate A1 - Kreutzbruck, Marc A1 - Erhard, Anton A1 - Bovtun, Viktor Petrovic T1 - Ferroelektret-Prüfköpfe für die zerstörungsfreie Prüfung mit Luftultraschall N2 - Für die luftgekoppelte Ultraschall-Prüfung wird der Prototyp eines neuartigen Prüfkopfes vorgestellt. Statt eines piezokeramischen Ultraschall-Wandlers mit einer λ/4-Anpassschicht wird eine Ferroelektret-Folie aus schaumförmigem Polypropylen eingesetzt. Durch die außerordentlich geringe akustische Impedanz der Folie reduzieren sich die Reflexionsverluste an den Grenzschichten zur Luft so stark, dass bei diesem Prüfkopf auf eine λ/4-Anpassschicht verzichtet werden kann. Außerdem ist die Folie hochspannungsfest. Sie konnte mit Spannungen von mehr als 3500 V angesteuert werden und erlaubte eine Vorspannung am Ultraschall-Wandler des Empfangsprüfkopfes von 2000 V. Mithilfe der hohen Anregungsspannung stieg die Amplitude des akustischen Prüfimpulses auf das 11,2-Fache. Die Empfindlichkeit des Empfängers erhöhte sich durch die Vorspannung weiter um den Faktor 4,3. Insgesamt steigt die Amplitude am Empfänger also auf das 48-Fache, bei gleichbleibendem Rauschpegel. Ein abschließender Vergleich mit kommerziellen Luftultraschall-Prüfköpfen belegt die Überlegenheit der Folien-Prüfköpfe. Damit rückt der Einsatz einer vollwertigen Impuls-Echo-Technik auch bei der luftgekoppelten Ultraschallprüfung deutlich näher. KW - Prüfkopf KW - Ferroelektret KW - Luftultraschall KW - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung PY - 2013 SN - 0025-5300 VL - 55 IS - 2 SP - 96 EP - 102 PB - Hanser CY - München AN - OPUS4-27778 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Erhard, Anton ED - Czichos, Horst T1 - Non-destructive evaluation N2 - Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods are employed in the technical field as a precautionary to avoid accidence or emergency situations for the human and the environment. A risk situation in the technical field could happen if the load of a component is increasing and the wall thickness due to defect growth is decreasing until a critical defect situation. The result of such scenarios could be catastrophic breakdown of the component with sometimes severe aftermath for the human. PY - 2013 SN - 978-3-642-25849-7 SN - 978-3-642-25850-3 DO - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25850-3_9 IS - Chapter 9 SP - 161 EP - 174 PB - Springer CY - Berlin Heidelberg AN - OPUS4-27739 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erhard, Anton T1 - ZfP als Basis für die Bewertung der Bauteilintegrität T2 - 200. Sitzung des Arbeitskreises Magdeburg CY - Magdeburg, Germany DA - 2013-03-06 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-27643 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erhard, Anton T1 - Ultrasonic Inspection of Type B Packages T2 - 17th International Symposium on Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Materials (PATRAM) 2013 CY - San Francisco, CA, USA DA - 2013-08-18 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-28704 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erhard, Anton T1 - Overview about BAM T2 - Workshop mit SANDIA National Laboratories CY - Albuquerque, NM, USA DA - 2013-04-26 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-28275 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Erhard, Anton T1 - Comparison of Pre- and In-Service Inspection Techniques in Belgium and Germany against the backdrop of Ultrasonic Indications found at the Reactor Pressure Vessel of Doel-3 N2 - The Belgian Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (FANC) informed the public in August 2012 about the finding of thousands of flaws in the core area of the reactor pressure vessel of the nuclear power plant Doel-3. This information also prompted activities in Germany. The relation to Germany was very close, since the ingots of the forged rings came from Germany. That is why questions have arisen concerning quality management during fabrication: heat treatment, pre-service inspection in general, and NDT methods in particular. The focus will be on the rules and standards at the time of fabrication in relation to the required NDT methods and their failure sensibility levels. In addition, NDT registration levels and documentation and acceptance criteria at that time are also of interest. In the German Nuclear Safety Standard KTA, it is required that the employed NDT method is based on the state-of-the-art of science and technology. After having obtained the knowledge of the flaw situation in Doel-3, the discussion regarding the inspection areas for in-service inspection of the reactor pressure vessel rose up in Germany: Is it still enough to examine only the welds, including the head affected zones, or is it necessary to examine the whole rings, i.e. including the base metal? This paper will try to give answers to these questions in the light of the standards used in Germany. In addition, the information and experiences gained from pre-service inspection as well as many inservice inspections - which are required to be carried out every 4 to 5 years – will be described. T2 - 10th International Conference on NDE in relation to Structural Integrity for Nuclear and Pressurized Components CY - Cannes, France DA - 01.10.2013 PY - 2013 AN - OPUS4-29488 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -