TY - CONF A1 - Elert, Anna Maria A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Dümichen, Erik A1 - Eisentraut, Paul A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Comparison of methods used for microplastics detection N2 - The pollution of the environment with microplastics MP (particles < 5mm) is a problem of increasing concern.1 A consistent methodology that facilitates detection of MP is still missing. Here we present the data recorded by applying different MP identification methods to a soil fortified with known amounts of MP. T2 - MoDeSt Konferenz CY - Krakau, Poland DA - 4.09.2016 KW - Microplastics KW - Raman KW - FTIR KW - TED-GC-MS KW - GPC PY - 2016 AN - OPUS4-38161 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Elert, Anna Maria T1 - Application of NanoIR interdisciplinary research at BAM N2 - Atomic force microscopy based Infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) is a quickly evolving technique that provides chemical analysis and compositional mapping with spatial resolution far below conventional optical diffraction limits. This is possible since the detection method is based on a very sharp AFM tip which starts to oscillate when the sample starts to thermally expand (the changed is caused by the absorption of IR wavelength) where the thermal expansion is related to the IR absorption. This presentation briefly described the application of that new technique from polymer characterization and utilization of AFM-IR in material research, up to life science applications. T2 - AFM-IR Workshop: Nanoscale IR Spectroscopy CY - Dresden, Germany DA - 29.11.2017 KW - NanoIR KW - AFM KW - Composite KW - Polyurethane PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-43221 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Geburtig, Anja A1 - Elert, Anna Maria A1 - Weidner, Steffen T1 - Einfluss von Feuchte und Nässe auf die Witterungs-induzierte Alterung am Beispiel eines Polyurethans N2 - In diesem Beitrag soll der relative Einfluss des Wassers als Feuchte und Nässe unter den Beanspruchungsfaktoren untersucht werden. Die Unterscheidung von Luftfeuchte und Nässe bezüglich ihrer Wirkung ist dabei notwendig, weil die stehende Nässe zusätzliche Extraktionswirkung besitzt und auch die verfügbare Sauerstoffmenge beeinflusst. Dazu wurde ein Polymer, das im Rahmen des BAM-internen Projektes PolyComp untersucht wird, künstlich bewittert. Hierzu wurde ein Fluoreszenzlampengerät mit UV-A 340 nm Leuchtstoffröhren verwendet, in dessen Probenraum durch zusätzliche Kammern die gleichzeitige Bewitterung unter drei unterschiedlichen Feuchte-Varianten realisiert wurde (bei konstanter Temperatur): - UV und trocken - UV und hohe Luftfeuchte - UV und stehende Nässe Das gleichzeitige Einwirken der einzelnen Einflussfaktoren kann dabei konkurrierende oder aufeinander folgende chemische Reaktionen und physikalische Prozesse und somit ein anderes Ergebnis bewirken, als wenn sie isoliert nacheinander auf eine Probe eingewirkt hätten. Über die erwähnten Varianten hinaus kann auch noch der spezifische Einfluss der UV-Strahlung mit untersucht werden, weil die Proben im Bereich ihrer Befestigung verdeckt sind. Die Methodik und erste Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung werden präsentiert. T2 - 46. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation (GUS) 2017 CY - Stutensee-Blankenloch bei Karlsruhe, Germany DA - 22.03.2017 KW - Polyurethan KW - TPU KW - Bewitterung KW - UV KW - Feuchte KW - Nässe PY - 2017 SN - 978-3-9816286-9-2 VL - 46 SP - 251 EP - 261 PB - Gesellschaft für Umweltsimulation e. V CY - Pfinztal (Berghausen) AN - OPUS4-39906 LA - deu AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wesch, Ch. A1 - Elert, Anna Maria A1 - Wörner, M. A1 - Braun, Ulrike A1 - Klein, R. A1 - Paulus, M. T1 - Assuring quality in microplastic monitoring: About the value of clean-air devices as essentials for verified data N2 - Avoiding aerial microfibre contamination of environmental samples is essential for reliable analyses when it comes to the detection of ubiquitous microplastics. Almost all laboratories have contamination problems which are largely unavoidable without investments in clean-air devices. Therefore, our study supplies an approach to assess background microfibre contamination of samples in the laboratory under particle-free air conditions. We tested aerial contamination of samples indoor, in a mobile laboratory, within a laboratory fume hood and on a clean bench with particles filtration during the examining process of a fish. The used clean bench reduced aerial microfibre contamination in our laboratory by 96.5%. This highlights the value of suitable clean-air devices for valid microplastic pollution data. Our results indicate, that pollution levels by microfibres have been overestimated and actual pollution levels may be many times lower. Accordingly, such clean-air devices are recommended for microplastic laboratory applications in future research work to significantly lower error rate KW - Microplastics KW - FTIR KW - Quality KW - Environmental Science KW - Biological techniques PY - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-412402 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 7 SP - Article 5424, 1 EP - 8 PB - Nature AN - OPUS4-41240 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - CONF A1 - Elert, Anna Maria A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Dümichen, Erik A1 - Eisentraut, Paul A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Challenges in Microplastics identification is one Detection method enough? N2 - Long-term accumulation and fragmentation of plastic waste in ecosystems is currently a global subject of scientific and social concern. The combination of mechanical abrasion with degradation by UV radiation, and oxidation leads to the formation of small plastic particles (size less than 5 mm) which are not only distributed in oceanic and costal water, but also in sediments and terrestrial compartment. Since the contamination of the environment with plastic particles became emerging issue, an increasing trend towards investigating and controlling the MP pollution of the environment can be observed worldwide. Nonetheless, the reliable methodology that would facilitate and automate the monitoring of MP is still missing. Aiming at the selection of practical and standardized methods we present here a critical comparison of two vibrational spectroscopies, Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and two extraction methods: thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS) and liquid extraction with subsequent size exclusion chromatography (SEC) using a soil (reference material) with known contents of PE, PP, PS and PET. The results are compared in terms of the measurements time, technique handling, detection limits and requirement for sample preparation. The comparison of Raman and FTIR spectra provides broader understanding of the polymeric origin of the analysed particles. Furthermore, at the level of individual particle, Raman imaging yields additional information on the stage of the polymer degradation and contamination on the surface. On the other hand, by applying the thermal and liquid extraction methods the fast and quantitative analysis of MP content is possible. Therefore, to establish reliable, standardized detection methods a combination of several parallel approaches should be considered. T2 - ICCE 2017 CY - Oslo, Norway DA - 18.06.2017 KW - Microplastics KW - TED-GC-MS KW - Vibrational Spectroscopy PY - 2017 AN - OPUS4-40942 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Elert, Anna Maria A1 - Becker, Roland A1 - Dümichen, Erik A1 - Eisentraut, Paul A1 - Falkenhagen, Jana A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Braun, Ulrike T1 - Comparison of different methods for MP detection: What can we learn from them, and why asking the right question before measurments matters? N2 - In recent years, an increasing trend towards investigating and monitoring the contamination of the environment by microplastics (MP) (plastic pieces < 5 mm) has been observed worldwide. Nonetheless, a reliable methodology that would facilitate and automate the monitoring of MP is still lacking. With the goal of selecting practical and standardized methods, and considering the challenges in microplastics detection, we present here a critical evaluation of two vibrational spectroscopies, Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and two extraction methods: thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS) and liquid extraction with subsequent size exclusion chromatography (SEC) using a soil with known contents of PE, PP, PS and PET as reference material. The obtained results were compared in terms of measurement time, technique handling, detection limits and requirements for sample preparation. The results showed that in designing and selecting the right methodology, the scientific question that determines what needs to be understood is significant, and should be considered carefully prior to analysis. Depending on whether the object of interest is quantification of the MP particles in the sample, or merely a quick estimate of sample contamination with plastics, the appropriate method must be selected. To obtain overall information about MP in environmental samples, the combination of several parallel approaches should be considered. KW - Microplastics KW - FTIR imaging KW - Raman imaging KW - TED-GC-MS KW - SEC KW - Analysis and identification PY - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.074 SN - 0269-7491 SN - 1873-6424 VL - 231 IS - 2 SP - 1256 EP - 1264 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-42157 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brzeska, J. A1 - Elert, Anna Maria A1 - Morawska, M. A1 - Sikorska, W. A1 - Kowalczuk, M. A1 - Rutkowska, M. T1 - Branched Polyurethanes Based on Synthetic Polyhydroxybutyrate with Tunable Structure and Properties N2 - Branched, aliphatic polyurethanes (PURs) were synthesized and compared to linear analogues. The influence of polycaprolactonetriol and synthetic poly([R,S]-3-hydroxybutyrate) (R,S-PHB) in soft segments on structure, thermal and sorptive properties of PURs was determined. Using FTIR and Raman spectroscopies it was found that increasing the R,S-PHB amount in the structure of branched PURs reduced a tendency of urethane groups to hydrogen bonding. Melting enthalpies (on DSC thermograms) of both soft and hard segments of linear PURs were higher than branched PURs, suggesting that linear PURs were more crystalline. Oil sorption by samples of linear and branched PURs, containing only polycaprolactone chains in soft segments, was higher than in the case of samples with R,S-PHB in their structure. Branched PUR without R,S-PHB absorbed the highest amount of oil. Introducing R,S-PHB into the PUR structure increased water sorption. Thus, by operating the number of branching and the amount of poly([R,S]-3-hydroxybutyrate) in soft segments thermal and sorptive properties of aliphatic PURs could be controlled. KW - IR KW - Polyurethane KW - PUR KW - RAMAN PY - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-457087 VL - 10 IS - 8 SP - 826, 1 EP - 12 PB - MDPI AN - OPUS4-45708 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Theiler, Geraldine A1 - Wachtendorf, Volker A1 - Elert, Anna Maria A1 - Weidner, Steffen T1 - Effects of UV radiation on the friction behavior of thermoplastic polyurethanes N2 - The effects of weathering exposure on unfilled and filled thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) materials are described as performed under different humidity conditions. For this purpose, a weathering device was used with UV-A 340 nm lamps at a constant temperature of 40 °C. The effects of environmental (UV and humidity condition) degradation on the frictional properties of TPU materials are presented along with surface analyses to characterize the chemistry of the degradative process. Photooxidative degradation of unfilled polymer leads to deterioration of physical and mechanical properties, which affects its tribological behavior significantly. Due to crosslinking, the stiffness of the material increases, reducing drastically the friction coefficient of unfilled TPUs. The frictional behavior of glass fiber reinforced TPU is less affected by radiation. KW - Photooxidation KW - UV radiation KW - Friction KW - TPU KW - Humidity PY - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.08.006 SN - 0142-9418 SN - 1873-2348 VL - 70 SP - 467 EP - 473 PB - Elsevier Ltd. CY - Amsterdam AN - OPUS4-45709 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirner, Sabrina V. A1 - Slachciak, Nadine A1 - Elert, Anna Maria A1 - Griepentrog, Michael A1 - Fischer, Daniel A1 - Hertwig, Andreas A1 - Sahre, Mario A1 - Dörfel, Ilona A1 - Sturm, Heinz A1 - Pentzien, Simone A1 - Koter, Robert A1 - Spaltmann, Dirk A1 - Krüger, Jörg A1 - Bonse, Jörn T1 - Tribological performance of titanium samples oxidized by fs-laser radiation, thermal heating, or electrochemical anodization N2 - Commercial grade-1 titanium samples (Ti, 99.6%) were treated using three alternative methods, (i) femtosecond laser processing, (ii) thermal heat treatment, and (iii) electrochemical anodization, respectively, resulting in the formation of differently conditioned superficial titanium oxide layers. The laser processing (i) was carried out by a Ti:sapphire laser (pulse duration 30 fs, central wavelength 790 nm, pulse repetition rate 1 kHz) in a regime of generating laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). The experimental conditions (laser fluence, spatial spot overlap) were optimized in a sample-scanning setup for the processing of several square-millimeters large surface areas covered homogeneously by these nanostructures. The differently oxidized titanium surfaces were characterized by optical microscopy, micro Raman spectroscopy, variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, and instrumented indentation testing. The tribological performance was characterized in the regime of mixed friction by reciprocating sliding tests against a sphere of hardened steel in fully formulated engine oil as lubricant. The specific tribological performance of the differently treated surfaces is discussed with respect to possible physical and chemical mechanisms. KW - Femtosecond laser KW - Titanium KW - Oxidation KW - Friction PY - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-445609 SN - 0947-8396 SN - 1432-0630 VL - 124 IS - 4 SP - 326, 1 EP - 10 PB - Springer-Verlag AN - OPUS4-44560 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Elert, Anna Maria A1 - Kanerva, M A1 - Puolakka, A A1 - Takala, T.M. A1 - Mylläri, V A1 - Jönkkäri, I A1 - Sarlin, E A1 - Seitsonen, J A1 - Ruokolainen, J A1 - Saris, P A1 - Vuorinen, J T1 - Antibacterial polymer fibres by rosin compounding and melt-spinning N2 - The antibacterial features of natural pine/spruce rosin are well established, yet the functionality in various thermoplastics has not been surveyed. This work focuses on the processing of industrial grade purified rosin mixed with polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polylactic acid (PLA), polyamide (PA) and corn starch based biopolymer (CS). Homopolymer masterbatches were extrusion-compounded and melt-spun to form fibres for a wide range of products, such as filters, reinforcements, clothing and medical textiles. Due to the versatile chemical structure of rosin, it was observed compatible with all the selected polymers. In general, the rosin-blended systems were shear-thinning in a molten condition. The doped fibres spun of PE and PP indicated adequate melt-spinning capability and proper mechanical properties in terms of ultimate strength and Young's modulus. The antibacterial response was found dependent on the selected polymer. Especially PE with a 10 wt% rosin content showed significant antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli DH5α and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12598 when analysed in the Ringer's solution for 24 h. KW - Rosin KW - Antibacterial KW - Thermoplastics PY - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:b43-481785 SN - 2352-4928 VL - 20 SP - 527 EP - 527 PB - Elsevier AN - OPUS4-48178 LA - eng AD - Bundesanstalt fuer Materialforschung und -pruefung (BAM), Berlin, Germany ER -